====== Maklew ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
Maklew is spoken by approximately 200 people (2010) living in Welbuti village on the Mawek river, a tributary of the Bulaka, in the Okaba subdistrict of the Merauke regency of Indonesia's Papua province. According to Lebold, Kriens and de Vries, children are abandoning the use of Maklew in favor of Indonesian. Residents of Welbuti report two other villages, Woboyu and Dodolim, in which the same language is alleged to be spoken in a dialect Drabbe calls Nggarùm (Drabbe 1950: 49, Lebold, Kriens and de Vries 2010: 8, 14, 16, 25, q.v. p. 7.)

===== Sources =====
Drabbe (1950) grammar and (pp. 566-574) 422 comparative terms for Maklèw

Nevermann (1952) gives ethnographic notes, language notes and up to (pp. 81-82) 90 comparative terms for Makleu(ga) of Welbuti village

Lebold, Kriens and de Vries (2010: 46-52) 239 comparative terms for Maklew of Welbuti

===== Phonology =====
Drabbe (1950: 549) gives 15 consonants and 8 vowels for Maklèw as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m   |  n   |     |  ŋ   |
|  p   |  t   |     |  k   |
|  mb  |  nd  |     |  ŋg  |
|  f   |  s   |     |  h   |
|  w   |  l   |  j  |      |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i  |  y  |  u  |
|  e  |     |     |
|  ɛ  |  ə  |  ɔ  |
|     |  a  |     |

**[under construction]**\\
\\

…

===== Pronouns =====
Drabbe (1950: 550-551) gives pronouns for Maklèw in three case forms as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |subject|oblique       |possessive    |
|1 sg.|ŋəllo  |ŋəl-el ≈ ŋl-el|ŋəl-aŋ ≈ ŋl-aŋ|
|2 sg.|obe    |aw-ol         |aw-aŋ         |
|3 sg.|ib     |ib-el         |ib-aŋ         |
|1 pl.|ŋag    |ŋag-ol        |ŋag-aŋ        |
|2 pl.|omle   |al-el         |al-aŋ         |
|3 pl.|imel   |iml-el        |iml-aŋ        |

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Drabbe (1950: 552-556) gives Maklèw desinence paradigms for the root /-pəs-/ “jump” in five basic tense forms as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        ||present/today|yesterday    |distant past    |future       |imperative|
|        ||             |             |                |             |          |
|1 sg.   ||ep-pəs-'oma  |ema-pəs-ø    |eme-ŋa-pəs-'oma |bema-pəs-ka  |          |
|2 sg.   ||ep-pəs-'o    |ema-pəs-ø    |eme-ŋa-pəs-'o   |beba-pəs-ø   |          |
|3 sg. m.||ep-pəs-'o    |ema-pəs-ø    |eme-i-ps-'a     |beba-pəs-p   |          |
|3 sg. f.||ep-a-ps-'o   |ema-pəs-ane  |em-a-pəs-'pu    |bia-pəs-pe   |          |
|1 pl.   ||ema-pəs-ø    |ema-pəs-ø    |eme-ima-ps-'a   |bema-pəs-ba  |          |
|2 pl.   ||ema-pəs-'woga|ema-pəs-'woga|eme-ima-pəs-'aga|bia-pəs-boga |          |
|3 pl.   ||ema-pəs-'wa  |ema-pəs-'wa  |em-o-pəs-'pu    |bia-pəs-'bopa|          |
|1 dl.   ||epo-p's-o    |ema-pəs-ø    |eme-ŋapo-ps-'o  |bia-pəs-pa   |          |
|2 dl.   ||epo-ps-'oga  |ema-pəs-'woga|eme-ima-pəs-'a  |bia-pəs-ga   |          |
|3 dl.   ||epo-ps-'o    |ema-pəs-'wa  |em-o-pəs-'pu    |bia-pəs-pa   |          |

(Bracketed forms are not directly attested but are inferred from the text.)\\
\\

Durative aspect is distinguished in three tense forms as follows. The present/today past/yesterday past and distant past forms are preceded by the participle phrase /pəs-wo l/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        ||today/yesterday|distant past|future|
|        ||               |            |      |
|1 sg.   ||               |            |      |
|2 sg.   ||               |            |      |
|3 sg. m.||               |            |      |
|3 sg. f.||               |            |      |
|1 pl.   ||               |            |      |
|2 pl.   ||               |            |      |
|3 pl.   ||               |            |      |
|1 dl.   ||               |            |      |
|2 dl.   ||               |            |      |
|3 dl.   ||               |            |      |

Negative … tenses as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        ||present/today|yesterday|distant past|future||
|        ||             |         |            |      ||
|1 sg.   ||             |         |            |      ||
|2 sg.   ||             |         |            |      ||
|3 sg. m.||             |         |            |      ||
|3 sg. f.||             |         |            |      ||
|1 pl.   ||             |         |            |      ||
|2 pl.   ||             |         |            |      ||
|3 pl.   ||             |         |            |      ||
|1 dl.   ||             |         |            |      ||
|2 dl.   ||             |         |            |      ||
|3 dl.   ||             |         |            |      ||

Negative durative … :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        ||today/yesterday|distant past|future|
|        ||               |            |      |
|1 sg.   ||               |            |      |
|2 sg.   ||               |            |      |
|3 sg. m.||               |            |      |
|3 sg. f.||               |            |      |
|1 pl.   ||               |            |      |
|2 pl.   ||               |            |      |
|3 pl.   ||               |            |      |
|1 dl.   ||               |            |      |
|2 dl.   ||               |            |      |
|3 dl.   ||               |            |      |

The irregular verb “be” is given in three tense forms as follows (pp. 580-581):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        ||present   |past     |future        |
|        ||          |         |              |
|1 sg.   ||em-'ak    |eim'aka  |bema-ŋajk-ka  |
|2 sg.   ||eme-n     |eimna    |beba-ŋajk-ø   |
|3 sg. m.||a         |e'jokwa  |beba-ŋajk-ap  |
|3 sg. f.||'akane    |aku'pu   |bia-ŋajk-ap   |
|1 pl.   ||eme-b     |eimeba   |bema-ŋaik-a'ni|
|2 pl.   ||eme-'boga |eime'baga|bia-ŋajk-a'ga |
|3 pl.   ||a'ba      |eiba     |bia-ŋajk-apa  |
|1 dl.   ||em-'aŋgo  |eimama   |bia-ŋajk-a'pa |
|2 dl.   ||em-a'ŋo-ga|eima'naga|bia-ŋaijk-ga  |
|3 dl.   ||'aŋo      |eiŋ'wa   |bia-ŋajk-pa   |

Verbal objects are given for future forms of … verbs as follows. No dual forms are given:\\
\\

…\\
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