====== Trans-Enga ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
The Trans-Enga family, one of two primary subgroups of Enga-Southern Highlands, is comprised of six languages spoken over nearly the whole of Papua New Guinea's Enga Province and into the southernmost portions of East Sepik Province, with one language, Kyaka, spoken just over the eastern border in Western Highlands Province.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classiication of Trans-Enga is as follows:\\
\\

Trans-Enga

Ipili

Nete-Bisorio

Nete

Bisorio

East Trans-Enga

Lembena

Enga

Tsaka

Kyaka

===== History of classification =====
**[under construction]**

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Proto-Trans Enga had 11 consonants and 5 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m   |  *n   |      |       |
|  *p   |  *t   |      |  *k   |
|  *mb  |  *nd  |      |  *ŋg  |
|  *w   |  *l   |  *j  |       |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i  |      |  *u  |
|  *e  |      |  *o  |
|      |  *a  |      |

All Ipili forms in this section and those following are from Franklin (1975: 264-268, 1978: 84-85,) Nete from Davies and Comrie (1985: 283-311,) Lembena from Heineman (1998,) Tsaka Enga from Lang (1973), and Kyaka from Draper and Draper (2002.) Bisorio attestations are drawn from Davies and Comrie (1985: 283-311,) signified by [d&c], and Conrad and Lewis (1988: 260-264) [c&l].

===== Pronouns =====
The basic (absolutive) forms of personal pronouns in Trans-Enga languages are as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Trans-Enga|Ipili     |Nete    |Lembena        |Tsaka              |Kyaka   |
|1 sg.|*na(-mba) |ni(-mba)  |na-mba  |na(:)(-mba(la))|ná{:)(-mbá)        |na-(mba)|
|2 sg.|*ni(-mba) |(n)i-mba  |ni-mba  |ni(:)(-mba(la))|é-mbà              |e-mba   |
|3 sg.|*[e]-mba  |(e)-mba-ka|?       |mba(:)(-la)    |mbá:               |mba:    |
|1 pl.|*nani-ma  |?         |nani-ma?|nani(-mba(la)) |náì-ma             |na-mʷɨ  |
|2 pl.|          |jaka-mba  |jaɺa-mba|ɲa(:)(-mba(la))|ɲaká-mà            |naka-ma |
|3 pl.|          |jaka-mba  |[ɸidowa]|ɲa(:)(-mba(la))|ɲaká-mà            |naka-ma |
|1 dl.|*nali-mba |nali-pa   |naɺi-mba|nali(-mba(la)) |naɽí-mbà           |na-mbʷɨ |
|2 dl.|          |lija-mba  |?       |nili(-mba(la)) |ɲaká-mbà           |naka-mba|
|3 dl.|          |lija-mba  |niɛ-'mbʌ|nili(-mba(la)) |ɲaɽámbo ≈\\ ɲiʎámbò|naka-mba|

No Bisorio pronouns are attested besides first person singular [la-mba] (Davies & Comrie 1985: 310.)

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\