====== Moam River ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== The Moam River family consists of four languages spoken east of the Ramu river along and to the southeast of the Moam river, a tributary of the Ramu, in the Bogia subdistrict of Papua New Guinea's Madang province (Z'graggen 1971: 79-80.) It is called the Ataitan Family in the works of Z'graggen, after the names of its members,Andarum (i.e. Kaje,) Tanguat, Igom and Tangu (Tanggu.) ===== Subclassification ===== The internal classification of Moam River is as follows,with Z'graggen's language names in parentheses where they differ from current nomenclature::\\ \\ Moam River Kaje (Andarum) Tanguat Igom-Tanggu Igom Tanggu (Tangu)\\ \\ Z'graggen (1971: 80) gives lexicostatistical relationships between the languages of the Ataitan Family as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | | Andarum | Tanguat | Igom | Tangu | |Andarum| --- | 37 | 39 | 36 | |Tanguat| 37 | --- | 41 | 41 | |Igom | 39 | 41 | --- | 65 | |Tangu | 36 | 41 | 65 | --- | ===== Sources ===== Capell (1951-1952: 141-143) grammar sketches of and (pp. 198-200) 78 comparative terms for Igom and (pp. 201-209) 81 terms for Tanggum Z'graggen (1969, 1971: 79-80) brief descriptions of and (pp. 90-91) 16 comparative terms for Tangu, Igom, Tanguat and Andarum Z'graggen (1972) 431 comparative terms for Tangu, Igom, Tanguat and Andarum Burridge (1969) ethnography of Tangu Lotterman (1992) sketch phonology of Tanggu (Nai) Lotterman and Mackenzie (2005) Tanggu Foley (2005: 119-121) 59 comparative terms for Tangu and 60 terms for Igom drawn from Capell (1951-1952) ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Proto-Moam River had 14 or 15 consonants and at least 4 vowels as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | *ŋ | | *p | *t | *s | *k | | *mb | *nd | [*ndz] | *ŋg | | *w | *r | *j | *ɣ | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | *ʉ | *u | | | *a | | Any consonant can occur medially.\\ \\ Only a restricted set of consonants occurs initially in words with more than one syllable: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | *ŋ | | *w | *r | *j | *ɣ | Only a restricted set of consonants occurs finally: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | *ŋ | | *p | *t | *s | *k | | | *r | | *ɣ | The majority of roots are of the form /*(C)VCVC(VC)/. Final vowels are not found on roots with more than two syllables. There are a small number of vowel-final roots /*(C)VCV/. Two pronouns are monosyllables /*CV/. Consonant clusters do not occur.\\ \\ \\ Initial consonants in monosyllables correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Moam R. | Andarum. | Tanguat | Igom | Tanggu | | *mV | mV | mV | mV | mV | | *nV | ? | nV | nV | nV | | *kV | kV | kV | kV | kV | In roots with more than one syllable, initial consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Moam R. | Andarum. | Tanguat | Igom | Tanggu | | *m- | Ø | m | m | m | | *w- | Ø | w | w | w | | *r- | Ø | Ø | r | r | | *j- | Ø | Ø | j | Ø | | *ɣ₁- | Ø | Ø | ɣ | ɣ | | *ɣ₂- | Ø | Ø | ɣ | Ø | Medial consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Moam R. | Andarum. | Tanguat | Igom | Tanggu | | *-m- | m | m | m | m | | *-n- | n | n | n | n | | *-ŋ- | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | | *-p- | w (?) | p | p | p | | *-t- | t | t | t | t | | *-s- | s | s | s | s | | *-k- | k | k | k | k | | *-mb- | mb | mb | mb | mb | | *-nd- | nd | nd | nd | nd | | *-ndz- | ndz | ndz | ndz | ndz | | *-ŋg- | ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | | *-w- | w | w | w | w | | *-r- | r | r | r | r | | *-j- | j | j | j | j | | *-ɣ- | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | Final consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Moam R. | Andarum. | Tanguat | Igom | Tanggu | | *-m | m | m | m | m | | *-n | n | n | n | n | | *-ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | | *-p | p | p | p | p | | *-t | t | t | t | t | | *-s | s | j | s | s | | *-k | k | k | k | k | | *-r | r | r | r | r | | *-j | | | | | | *-ɣ | ŋ | k | ŋ | w | Vowels correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Moam R. | Andarum. | Tanguat | Igom | Tanggu | These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with all attestations drawn from Capell (1951-1952) and Z'graggen (1971, 1972) as indicated. For clarity of presentation, the general dispositions of initial consonants will presented first, then those of medial consonants, then those of final cononants. Some details of the forms which follow are necessarily tentative.\\ \\ \\ Only a restricted set of consonants occurs initially in roots with more than one syllable, namely nasals /*m *n *ŋ/ and non-stops /*w *r *j *ɣ/. Initial consonants of monosyllables develop differently than those of roots with more than one syllable, while the set of freestanding monosyllables is very limited, so it's difficult to say whether consonants which have not been found in initial position were formally prohibited in monosyllables or are simply not attested in the limited dataset.\\ \\ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***mV#** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**?** |**m** |**m** | |3 sg.|*ma(-n) |mʌ ~ mɛ | |mʌ-ŋga | |mʌn |maːn | |3 dl.|*ma(-ni) |mɛːɲ(-gin)|ma-paj |mʌ-ŋgʌ-pɛ| |ma-ɲaɪ |ma-pai | In the monosyllabic root for the third person, initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is dropped in Tanguat. It's not clear whether this is because initial /*m/ is always dropped in Tanguat, or because it has been suffixed so is no longer a monosyllable, such that the loss of /*m/ is regular anyway (below): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***mV#** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |…|*mV | | | | | | | … prefix …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen |Capell | | |***m-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |see/watch|*m-ʉŋgʉan-| | |məŋgʉan- | |mʉŋgian-di-| | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***kV#** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |1 sg.|*ku |ko |ku |ko-ʌ | |kʊ-aβ |ku | Verbal prefixes /*nd- *ŋg-/ are in a phonotactic class of their own, as they are monosyllabic roots but follow patterns of loss characterisstic of the initial consonants of roots with more than one syllable (below.) That these are prefixes is evident by the facts that these patterns don't occur in nominals and that several verbs can appear with either of them.\\ \\ … /*nd-/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen |Capell | | |***nd(-)**|**Ø** |**nd** |**nd** |**** |**nd** |**** | |give |*nd-aniŋ- |ɲiŋ- |nd-aneŋ-g-| | |nd-aniŋ-gi- | | |chop/fell|*nd-uŋu- |- |ma-nd-uŋu-|nd-uŋ- | |ma-nd-uŋ(ʷa)-| | |hear/know|*nd-ukuar-|kuʌːr- |nd-ukuar- |- | | | | … /*ŋg-/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***ŋg(-)**|**Ø** |**Ø** |**ŋg** |**ŋg** |**ŋg** |**** | |tie |*ŋg-ʉtaŋ- |tʌŋ- | |ŋgətʌŋ- | | | | |give |*ŋg-aniŋ- |ɲiŋ- | |ŋg-aniŋ- | |ŋg-aniŋgi | | |see |*ŋg-undu- |ndu- |ndo(-i)- | |ŋg-undo-|ŋg-undu-i- | | |hear/know|*ŋg-ukuar-|kuʌːr- | | | |ŋg-ukʷar-i- | | |buy |*ŋg-ujuak-|ik- |ujiɣ- |ŋg-iiːʌk-| |ma-ŋg-uzuak-i-| | … /*s-/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| || |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | ||***s(-)** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | …initial consonants …\\ \\ In disyllables of the form /*mVCVC/, initial /*m/ is dropped in Andarum and in Tanguat: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***m-/_VCVC**|**Ø** |**Ø** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |tongue |*mimiaɣ | |jiːmak |mímiaŋ | |mimiaβ | | |excrement |*minian |ɲí:n |nín |miɲaŋ | |miɲʌn | | |areca nut |*mindziak |tʃiaːk | | | | | | |dirty |*mʉnʉak | | |mʉneʌk- | | | | |clay pot |*mʉnaɣ | |nʌk |mʊnaːŋ- | |mʊnaβ | | |heart |*mʉnuk | | |munuk- | |mʊnʊk | | |betel pepper|*mʉndʉam |tom |dʉm-ʌk |mʉndiam | |mʉndiam | | |testicle(s) |*mʉŋgʉan | | |mʊŋgʉən | |mʊŋgʉan | | |slit drum |*mʉŋgun |kʊn |ŋgon-ʌk |muŋgun- | |mʊŋgʊn | | |grass skirt |*mamiaɣ | | |miamiɛŋ | |mamiaβ | | |moon |*manam |nam |anam-ak |manam |məˈnaːm-aka|manam |maˈnam | |cassowary |*mandVkVm |ndak me | | | | | | |nose |*munuam |nom-tsiaŋ | | | |mʊnʊam |munuam | |ripe |*munuap | |nuw-ʌk ~ nub(e)-|munuap- | |munuʌp-i | | |hand drum |*mumbuam |poːm |bum-ʌk |umbuom- (?) | |mʊmbʊam | | |arrow sp. |*muŋguan |ʊŋguan\\ ~ ŋguan|oŋgʌn-ak |mʊŋgʊan\\ ~ muŋgʉan-| |mʊŋgʊan | | One example in which initial /*m/ is unexpectedly retained in Andarum is likely a compound of third person singular /*ma/ (above) plus Ramu River dual /*-ni/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***m-/_VCV**|**m** |**** |**** |**** |**m** |**** | |3 dl.|*ma-ni |mɛːɲ | | | |maɲaɪ | | In one example known to have initial /*m/ in other subfamilies of Ramu River, /*m/ is unexpectedly dropped in Igom as well as in Andarum; this may indicate a loan from the Ruboni Range family to the north, or just a loan from Andarum into Igom: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***m-** |**Ø** |**** |**Ø** |**Ø** |**** |**** | |sea|*maŋar |ŋʌːr | |ŋar- |ˈŋaːr-aka| | | Several examples in which initial /*m/ is unexpectedly retained in Tanguat are loans from the Tomui River and Sogeram River subgroups of Ramu Tributaries or from other families in the region; these initials are designated as /*m₂/, and are included here even though they were probably not present in proto-Moam River because these loans help illustrate other phonological trends: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***m₂-/_VCVC**|**** |**m** |**m** |**** |**m** |**** | |meat/flesh|*m₂ʉrʉk | |mʉrʉg-ʌk |mʉətk- | | | | |ancestor |*m₂andup | |mʌːndʊw-a| | |mandʊp | | |cassowary |*m₂ajaum | |maim-ʌk |miaʊm | |miaʊm | | The only clear examples of initial apical nasal /*n/ are found in the first person singular accusative pronoun, and in the first and second person duals which are likely to be compounds; here /*n/ is dropped in Andarum and retained as such elsewhere: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***n-** |**Ø** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |1 sg. acc.|*na | | | | | |na | |1 dl. |*naŋgi |ŋgʌː(-gin)|naːŋk |nʌŋgi | |naŋgi |naŋgi | |2 dl. |*nuŋgi |ŋgoː(-gin)|noːŋk |nʊŋgi | |niŋgi |nuŋgi | Several other pronouns which appear to have initial /*n/ in attested forms are known to reflect disyllables of the form /*VCV/.\\ \\ Initial velar nasal /*ŋ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen |Capell | | |***ŋ-** |**Ø** |**** |**ŋ** |**** |**ŋ** |**** | |kill |*ŋak- | | |ŋak- | |ma-ŋak(-i)-| | |bite |*ŋak- | | |ŋak- | |ŋak-i- | | |carry on back|*ŋuk- |ok- |gog- |tsi-ŋuk- | |ŋuk-i- | | Neither voiceless stops /*p *t *s *k/ nor prenasalized voiced stops /*mb *nd *ndz *ŋg/ occur initially except in verbal prefixes (above.)\\ \\ Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is sometimes occluded to velar [ɣ g] in Tanguat, where it doesn't otherwise occur (below): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen |Capell | | |***w-** |**Ø** |**w [w ɣ g Ø]** |**w** |**** |**w** |**w** | |heavy |*wiri… |riap |iri- |wirieyi- | |wʉrʉag | | |sing/dance|*wiɣ- | |eg- ~ -ig- |wig- | |wigi(-a)- |-vi'g-i- | |singsing |*wiɣam | | |wiɣam | |wígʌm | | |man |*wVnik |oɲik |woneg-ak\\ ~woni-\\ ɣone- ~ gone-|wʊnik | |wʊɲɪk ~ wʊɲik|wunʲig-umba| |fat/grease|*wawiat |biːra ~ biːro|ɣawe-weg-ʌk |wawi-pak | |wabia-pak | | |fear (v.) |*warʉap- | |arɛb̵- ~ arub- |warʉap- | |wariap-i- | | |hear/know |*warak- | | |warʌk- | |warʌk-i- |bara- | |bean |*wajiak[ʉn]|eːg-siak |aʒíkɛrɛn |wajiɛkn- | |waziakʉn | | |net bag |*waɣan |aːn |agʌn-ak |wagán | |waɣan | | |nape |*wutuaɣ |tua-ŋgrip |otuak |wutuaŋ- | |ʊtʊaβ | | |sugarcane |*wuɣis |íːts |ogej-ek |wugos- | |bʊgʊas | | Initial apical non-stop /*r/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***r-** |**Ø** |**Ø** |**r** |**r Ø** |**r** |**r Ø** | |fly (n.) |*riɣindʉk | |iɣɛndɛg-ar |rʉgíndək- |iˈgindək-əmba|rigɪndʉk |ˈjindik-ɛr| |name |*riɣiaɣ |ŋˈgiː |iɣíˑp |rigiaŋ- | |rigiaβ | | |male |*rʉman |maɲ |man-ʌk | | |rʊman | | |fire |*rʉɣuɣ |gʊ |wʌːg |rʊɣʊŋ- |ˈlugu-ka |rʊɣʊb |roːguːp | |hair/feather|*… | |ʊɣʊtsɪn ~\\ aɣʊtsɨn|rʉɣesn- ~\\ rʉgətsn-| |rigɪasin ~\\ -dɨgʌsɪn|ɣasianda | |firewood |*raɣʉas |ɛːs |aɣəj-ʉk |ragəs- | |raɣʊas | | |rain |*raɣuan |ɔːn |aβun-ʌk |raɣuan- |ra'gʷan-aka |rawan |'ṛavan | |river |*raɣut | | |raɣut- | |ragʊt | | |salt |*raɣur | | | | |ragʊr̃ ~ r̃ʌgʊr̃ | | |cough |*r[u]kuiŋ-|kʷiŋ- | |ukʷiŋ- (?) |kɛːŋ-g- |rikiŋ-g- | | |fence |*ruwuat |mbʌːt | |ɽ̀wat | |rʊwʌt | | |call out |*ruwuaɣ- |o gu- | |ruag- | |ruwa-i- | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***r-** |**Ø** |**Ø** |**Ø** |**** |**r̃** |**** | |leaf|*rapar |wʌːr |par-ak |paːt- | |r̃apar | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***R-** |**r Ø** |**Ø** |**r** |**** |**** |**** | |tobacco|*… |(r)itɛɪrop|itsʌrap |rítsar- | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***[r/ɣ]-** |**** |**Ø** |**ɣ** |**** |**r** |**** | |eat/drink|*[r/ɣ]am- |mʌː- |am(b)- |ɣʌm- |kam-i- |ram-i(ɛ)- |-m-i- | |arm/hand |*[r/ɣ]apar | |aɸar-ak~apar-a|ɣapʌr- ~ ɣapar-| |rapar | | |stand |*[r/ɣ]ambʉak-|pauk- |amba- |ɣambʉək- |rambia- |ṛambʉak- |ləmbeaga| |sleep |*[r/ɣ]aŋgu- |ŋgu- |oŋgɔ(-i)- |ɣaŋguŋ- | |raŋgu- ~ɣaŋgu-| | |get up |*[r/ɣ]arip… | |areb(ug)- |ɣaripik- | |ɽaripɽak- | | |wind |*[r/ɣ]uwʉan |boanɛ | |ɣʊwʊən- |ubwe'an-aka|rʊwʉən |vœaŋgu- | Only traces of initial non-stop /*j/ are discernible when it is retained sporadically in Igom: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***j-** |**Ø** |**Ø** |**j Ø** |**Ø j** |**Ø** |**Ø** | |come |*jiɣ- | |iɣ- |jig- |-'igi- |igi- |-giji | |forest |*jʉɣur | | |jʊɣʊr- | |íɣʊr̃ | | |mother |*jamʉaŋ | |amʉ̃ŋ~amʉŋ-ʌk| | |jamʉaŋ |-jamœaŋ | |father |*japʉak | |apək | | |japʉak |-japiak | |face |*jandziaɣ |aːmtsiʌk |antsɨɣ-ək |jendʒian |ˈendʲiaka |andʒiab\\ ~ anʒiaβ| | |sago |*jaŋgiaɣ | |ɛŋgig-ʉk |ŋgíaŋ- |ˈjaŋgíamba |aŋgiaβ |ŋiˈava | |cut (grass)|*jaŋgum- | |aŋgom-b- |jaŋgum- | |aŋgum-bi- | | |speech |*jawiak[a]| | |jaβiaka | |wiaka | | |dog |*jarʉaj |ríː |ari-ʌk |jariaŋ- |ari-ˈaka |arʉai |ɽiei | |fly (v.) |*jarapʉk- |raːpʉg(a)-| |jarapʌk- | | | | |red |*jaɣʉap |ʌːp |aɣʉw-ak |jaɣiəp- |jgoi'ap-aka|ʌgᵊʌp |'ɣəp-aka| |go |*juɣ- | |oɣ- |jugʷ(-o)-|g-i- |uw(-o)- |-wu'g-i | |comb |*juɣuin |oːɣʊɲ |ʊɣoɲ-ak |jigʊɲ- | | | | It is possible that some roots shown here with an initial vowel actually had an initial /*j/ which is not attested in Igom.\\ \\ Initial velar non-stop /*ɣ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***ɣ₁-** |**Ø** |**Ø** |**ɣ [ɣ g]** |**ɣ [ɣ g]**|**ɣ [ɣ g]** |**ɣ [ɣ g]**| |liver |*ɣ₁ijaram |geːram (?)|ziram-ak |gieram- | |giəram ~ iəram| | |skin/bark |*ɣ₁inuaɣ(-tʉk)| |ɲia-təɣ-ok ~\\ ɲa-toɣ-ok|ɣiɲaŋ-~-giɲaŋ-|-ginʲa-ka |-gʊɲʊaβ |-gunuˈar | |think |*ɣ₁ʉnʉak | | |gʉɲak-nək- | |ɣʉɲəak-nik- | | |root |*ɣ₁ʉndʉar |tʌro |ndʉrʉgɛn |ɣɨndʉar- | |-ɣʊndʉar | | |mami yam |*ɣ₁amaɣ |mʌːŋɔ |amʌk ~ ama- |ɣamaŋ- | |ɣamaβ~gamaβ | | |speak |*ɣ₁ak- |ak-ræːk- |k(-e)- ~ k-i- |ɣak- |-a'kaɣa- |ɣak-i- ~ ak-i-| | |wing |*ɣ₁awʉak |wok- |awʊk- |ɣaβuək- | |-gawʉak | | |bone |*ɣ₁awaŋ | |awaŋ-ʌk |ɣaβaŋ- ~ɣaβaŋ-|ɣaˈbaŋ-aka |ɣawaŋ |ˈɣavaŋ | |knife sp. |*ɣ₁ajʉam |ɛːm | |ɣajem- | | | | |back |*ɣ₁aɣʉaɣ | |aɣə- |ɣaɣəaŋ- | |ɣaɣab | | |wash/bathe|*ɣ₁uruaɣ- |uruæ- |oroa(j)- |ɣuruʌg- | |(ɣ)uruwaj-i- | | | |***ɣ₂-** |**Ø** |**Ø** |**ɣ [ɣ g]** |**Ø** |**Ø** |**Ø** | |bow |*ɣ₂imiaŋ |mɛːŋ |míŋ-ʌk |ɣimiaŋ- | |iːmiaŋ |mi'aŋ-əmba | |stone axe |*ɣ₂inaŋ |ɲʌŋ |-gʉinaŋ-ʌk |ɣínaŋ- | |inaŋ | | |head/skull|*ɣ₂ituat[ʉ/a]k| |totag-ʌk |ɣutuok- |utuˈaːtak |itʊatʉk | | |be crooked|*ɣ₂ikuak- | |iku(g)- |ɣukʷok-ikuk- | |ikuʌk | | |lip(s) |*ɣ₂iriaɣ | |irɛɣ-ʉk |grʉ- | |iriaβ | | |blood |*ɣ₂irʉan |rion |irən |ɣʉrʉən |eliˈana |irian |riœen | |armpit |*ɣ₂irʉak |dãkɛ-tsiãŋ|ɛrʊŋ-tsʊmok |ɣrʊag-tsín- | |ɪriak-siŋ | | |fall over |*ɣ₂irʉak- |riak- |wuri'ak-a- |(i)ɣʉrʉak- | |iriak-i- |-ɣuri- | |shoulder |*ɣ₂ʉmbʉak |wʌk-ɛtʌp | |ɣʉmbuək | |ʊmbʉʌk | | |inside |*ɣ₂ʉtʉaŋ |tõŋ |a-g̵itʉŋʌk |gʉtʉaŋ | |ʌtʌŋ- | | |path |*ɣ₂ʉwʉan |bɔn |ʊβʊn-ʌk |ɣʊən- |wiˈan-əmba |wʉan |vœˈani | |tanget |*ɣ₂ambaŋ |mbaːn | |ɣambaŋ- | |ambaŋ | | |vine |*ɣ₂aŋgatʉk |ŋgʌːto |aŋgaːtʉg-ín |ɣaŋgʌtk- | |aŋgʌtɨk | | |cane |*ɣ₂arʉam |rom |arʉm-ʌk |garʉəm- | |arʉam | | |big |*ɣ₂arum | | |ɣarum- ~ arum-|a'rum-aka |arum |arum | |yes |*ɣ₂aruŋ |aruŋ- | |ɣaruŋ | |aruŋgi | | |stone |*ɣ₂aɣuatVk |ɔːta |agutug-ok |gawʊotk- |aˈgʷataka |watʉk |watɛg | |thigh |*ɣ₂umbuan |mbuan |ʊmboane |ɣumbuan- |ˈmbʷan-aka | |mboˈane | |one |*ɣ₂unuan |nʊana | |ɣunua- |unu-ˈaka |ʊnʊan |unuˈam | |knee |*[ɣ₁]utuap |top |tup |wutuap ~ utuap| |gʊtʊʌp | | |ear |*ɣ₂ukuar |kʷʌːra(m) |koa-tsiɣ-ʌk |ɣukuar |uˈkʷaːr-aka|ʊkʊʌr |ukʷar | |old |*ɣ₂uɣuar |uːr |obur-ʌk |ɣuguʌr- | |ugʷʌr | | Any consonant can occur medially.\\ \\ Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-m-** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |vomit |*imik- |mik- |mɛg- |mik- | |mik-i- | | |areca nut |*[i]miak | |mɛag-ʌk |miak- | |meak- | | |laugh |*[i]miar- |mæːr- |mɪr- |miar- | | | | |sew |*[i][ndz/j]am-|dʒʌːm- | | | | | | |village |*ʉmʉaŋ |mʊ: |muŋg-ʉk |mʉəŋg- |'miaŋg-aka|mʉaŋk |'mɛaŋga | |stomach |*ʉmʉas |mɔ̃ːts ~ mɔts|maj-ək\\ ~ mʉj-ək|mʉəts- |ˈmøe (?) |mʉʌs ~ mʉʌts | | |sister |*inuamʉŋ |noːma |nʊmoŋ |ɲʊəmʊŋ ~\\ ɲʊəmʉŋ| |nʊamʊŋ ~\\ nʊamʉŋ| | |woman |*amʉan[i] |moɲo ~ moɲ |amoɲ-ak ~\\ aməɲ |mʉəɲ ~ amʉəɲ |ˈmɛi-mba |amʉan ~ mʉan |mei-mba | |brain(s) |*umuaniŋ |moɲa |moɲiŋ-ak |mʊoɲiŋ | | | | |tomorrow |*umum |mum |mom |mum |mo:m |mum- | | |tongue |*mimiaɣ | |jiːmak |mímiaŋ | |mimiaβ | | |grass skirt|*mamiaɣ | | |miamiɛŋ | |mamiaβ | | |male |*rʉman |maɲ |man-ʌk | | |rʊman | | |mother |*jamʉaŋ | |amʉ̃ŋ~amʉŋ-ʌk | | |jamʉaŋ |-jamœaŋ | |bow |*ɣ₂imiaŋ |mɛːŋ |míŋ-ʌk |ɣimiaŋ- | |iːmiaŋ |mi'aŋ-əmba| |mami yam |*ɣ₁amaɣ |mʌːŋɔ |amʌk ~ ama- |ɣamaŋ- | |ɣamaβ~gamaβ | | When word-medial /*m/ is the final segment of a verbal root …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***-m(-)**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |die |*arʉam- |ram- |arəm(-b)-|arʉam- | |ariam-b- | | |be many |*umbuam- | |mboam |boam-b- | |bam-ba | | |cut (grass)|*jaŋgum- | |aŋgom-b- |jaŋgum- | |aŋgum-bi-| | |eat/drink |*[r/ɣ]am- |mʌː- |am(-b)- |ɣʌm- |kam-i-|ram-i(ɛ)-|-mi- | Medial /*n/ is generally retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-n-** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |dirty |*mʉnʉak | | |mʉneʌk- | | | | |clay pot|*mʉnaɣ | |nʌk |mʊnaːŋ- | |mʊnaβ | | |moon |*manam |nam |anam-ak |manam |məˈnaːm-aka|manam |maˈnam | |nose |*munuam |nom-tsiaŋ| | | |mʊnʊam |munuam | |ripe |*munuap | |nuw-ʌk ~ nub(e)-|munuap- | |munuʌp-i | | |think |*ɣ₁ʉnʉak | | |gʉɲak-nək-| |ɣʉɲəak-nik-| | |one |*ɣ₂unuan |nʊana | |ɣunua- |unu-ˈaka |ʊnʊan |unuˈam | When medial /*n/ is preceded or followed by high front vowel /*i/, it is typically realized as a palatal [ɲ]. This palatalization is not phonemic: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-n-/i_** |**n [ɲ n]**|**n [n ɲ]** |**n [ɲ]** |**n** |**n [ɲ n]** |**n** | |wild fowl sp.|*inia |ɲʌ | | | | | | |water |*anʉam |nam |anam-ʌk |ɲʉəm- |ˈniam-aka|anʉam |niam | |garden |*[i]niaŋ |ɲiaŋ | |ɲiaŋ- | |ɲaŋ | | |leg |*[i]niaŋ | |ɲaŋ-ak | | | | | |vulva |*[i]niaɣ |ɲɛ |nimgənʌk |ɲaŋ- | |ɲiaβ | | |sister |*inuamʉŋ |noːma |nʊmoŋ |ɲʊəmʊŋ ~\\ ɲʊəmʉŋ| |nʊamʊŋ ~\\ nʊamʉŋ | | |excrement |*minian |ɲí:n |nín |miɲaŋ | |miɲʌn | | |stone axe |*ɣ₂inaŋ |ɲʌŋ |-gʉinaŋ-ʌk |ɣínaŋ- | |inaŋ | | |skin/bark |*ɣ₁inuaɣ(-tʉk)| |ɲia-təɣ-ok ~\\ ɲa-toɣ-ok|ɣiɲaŋ-~-giɲaŋ- |-ginʲa-ka|-gʊɲʊaβ |-gunuˈar | | |***-n-/_i** |**n [ɲ n]**|**n [ɲ n]** |**n [ɲ n]** |**** |**n [ɲ n]** |**n** | |1 pl. |*ani |ɛːɲ |naɪ |nɛ | |nʌɪ |nai | |give |*aniŋ- |ɲiŋ- |nd-aneŋ-g- |ŋg-aniŋ- | |ŋg-aniŋ-gi-\\ nd-aniŋ-gi-| | |scratch |*aniaŋ- |niŋ- |aniŋ(-g)- |ɲæŋ- | |aɲiaŋ-gi- | | |louse |*akuniŋ |ɣoɲo |akoɲiŋ-ʌk |kʊɲiŋ- | |kʊiŋ | | |brain(s) |*umuaniŋ |moɲa |moɲiŋ-ak |mʊoɲiŋ | | | | |wallaby |*uniak |niak |uɲig-ʌk |ɲiʌk- | |nʊok | | |3 dl. |*ma-ni |mɛːɲ | | | |maɲaɪ | | |man |*wVnik |oɲik |woneg-ak |wʊnik | |wʊɲɪk ~ wʊɲik |wunʲig-umba| When word-medial /*n/ is the final segment of a verbal root …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-n(-)**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |see/watch|*ʉŋgʉan- | | |m-əŋgʉan-| |m-ʉŋgian-di-| | |be angry |*ambin- |mbin(-i)-| | | |ambin-di- | | Medial velar nasal /*ŋ/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-ŋ-** |**ŋ** |**ŋ** |**ŋ** |**ŋ** |**** |**** | |work (v.) |*iŋar- | | | | |iŋari- | | |tree possum|*aŋik | |aŋɪg-ʉk | | | | | |chop/fell |*uŋu- |m-uŋu- |ma-nd-uŋu-|nd-uŋ- | |ma-nd-uŋ(ʷa)-| | |sea |*maŋar |ŋʌːr | |ŋar- |ˈŋaːr-aka| | | When word-medial /*ŋ/ is the final segment of a verbal root …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-ŋ(-)**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |tie |*ʉtaŋ- |tʌŋ- | |ŋg-ətʌŋ- | | | | |scratch|*aniaŋ- |niŋ- |aniŋ(-g)- |ɲæŋ- | |aɲiaŋ-gi- | | |give |*aniŋ- |ɲiŋ- |nd-aneŋ-g-|ŋg-aniŋ- | |ŋg-aniŋ-gi-\\ nd-aniŋ-gi-| | |go |*aŋ- |m-aŋ- |aŋ-i- | | | | | |cough |*rukuiŋ- |kʷiŋ- | |ukʷiŋ- |kɛːŋ-g-|rikiŋ-g- | | Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is sometimes lenited to [ɸ w] in Andarum and Tanguat: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***-p-** |**w** |**p [p ɸ w]** |**p** |**** |**p** |**** | |group |*-Vpak | |-weg-ʌk |-pak | |-[a]pak | | |jump |*upuak- |puk-ap(ig)-|pək-awʉ(ga)- |puak- | |pu(a)k-i-| | |blow (fire)|*ukuap- |-ukop- |kuβ- |kuap- | |kuap | | |fear (v.) |*warʉap- | |arɛb̵- ~ arub-|warʉap- | |wariap-i-| | |leaf |*rapar |wʌːr |par-ak |paːt- | |r̃apar | | |arm/hand |*[r/ɣ]apar | |aɸar-ak~apar-a|ɣapʌr- ~ ɣapar-| |rapar | | |get up |*[r/ɣ]arip…| |areb(ug)- |ɣaripik- | |ɽaripɽak-| | |father |*japʉak | |apək | | |japʉak |-japiak| |fly (v.) |*jarapʉk- |raːpʉg(a)- | |jarapʌk- | | | | Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-t-** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t [t tʰ]**|**t** | |skin/bark |*-tʉk | |-tʉg-ʌːk ~\\ -təɣ-ok~-toɣ-ok| | | | | |bamboo |*itam |tʌːm | | | | | | |shin |*itandaŋ |tʌːndaŋ-gʌr | | | |itandaŋ | | |wooden plate|*ituŋ |tʊŋ |itoŋ-ʌk |utuŋ- | |ítʊŋ | | |tie |*ʉtaŋ- |tʌŋ- | |ŋg-ətʌŋ- | | | | |elbow |*… | | |βʊtaŋ- | |ambʉtʌβ | | |short |*atʉap | |tʉw-ak | | | | | |men's house |*atat | |atʌr-ʌk | | |atʌt | | |fill |*[u]tu- |tu- ~ to- |tu- |tu-pʌk- | |tu-pak-i- | | |roast |*utu- |tʃ-ut(-ig)-\\ ~ tʃ-ut(-ug)-|ut(-i)- | | |m-ut(u) | | |kunai grass |*utuam |toma |tumun-ʌk |tuam- | |tʰʊam | | |fall down |*utuak- | |tug- | | |tuak-i- | | |nape |*wutuaɣ |tua-ŋgrip |otuak |wutuaŋ- | |ʊtʊaβ | | |head/skull |*ɣ₂ituat[ʉ/a]k| |totag-ʌk |ɣutuok- |utuˈaːtak|itʊatʉk | | |inside |*ɣ₂ʉtʉaŋ |tõŋ |a-g̵itʉŋʌk |gʉtʉaŋ | |ʌtʌŋ- | | |vine |*ɣ₂aŋgatʉk |ŋgʌːto |aŋgaːtʉg-ín |ɣaŋgʌtk- | |aŋgʌtɨk | | |stone |*ɣ₂aɣuatVk |ɔːta |agutug-ok |gawʊotk- |aˈgʷataka|watʉk |watɛg | |knee |*[ɣ₁]utuap |top |tup |wutuap ~ utuap| |gʊtʊʌp | | Medial laminal voiceless /*s/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-s-** |**s [ts t]**|**s [ts]** |**s [s ts]** |**s [tʲ]** |**s** |**s** | |saliva |*imbiasar |mbiːæto | |biʌsar- | |imbiasar | | |be cooked |*[i]si- |tsí- |dʒíː- |si-ejɪ- | |tsí-aɣ(a) | | |yesterday |*iɣisi |giːtsɪ | |igísi ~ gísi |-gisi- |gisi ~ isi |jisi | |hair/feather|*… | |ʊɣʊtsɪn ~\\ aɣʊtsɨn|rʉɣesn- ~\\ rʉgətsn-| |rigɪasin ~\\ -dɨgʌsɪn|ɣasianda| |spirit sp. |*asiŋ | |asiŋ-ʌk | | | | | |crocodile |*asik | |atsɪg-ʌk | | |asi ~ si | | |ashes |*aw[ʉa]si[n]|watsia | |βʉətsin- |wɛˈtʲin-aka|awisɪn |vœˈasiam| |penis |*usiaɣ | |tsʊgʉ |tsíɛŋ | |ʊsʊaβ ~wʊsʊaβ | | Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is sometimes lenited to /ɣ/ in Andarum, and is otherwise retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-k-** |**k [k ɣ Ø]**|**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** | |vomit |*imik- |mik- |mɛg- |mik- | |mik-i- | | |weep/cry |*ik- | |ik(-ə)- |ik- | |ik-i- | | |throw |*ʉkaw- | |kaːβ(a)-\\ ~ kaːβ(i)-| | | | | |basket sp. |*akʉram | | | | |akəram | | |bury |*akʉɣ- | |akʉg- | | | | | |this/here |*[a]ka |kǎː |ka |ka | |ka | | |mouth |*akam |ɣʌːm-tsiaŋ |akam-ak |kam-tsik |ˈkam-aka |akʌm ~ kʌm |ˈkaːm-siak| |speech |*akam | | |kʌːm- | |ʌkam-ba | | |house |*[a]kuap |kɔp |kuβ-ʌk | | | | | |arm |*akur | |akur-ak | | | | | |louse |*akuniŋ |ɣoɲo |akoɲiŋ-ʌk |kʊɲiŋ- | |kʊiŋ | | |jump |*upuak- |puk-ap(ig)- |pək-awʉ(ga)- |puak- | |pu(a)k-i- | | |fall down |*utuak- | |tug- | | |tuak-i- | | |snake |*ukiak |uwɛk |ukɪg-ʌk |kíak- |kiˈak-aka |kiak |ˈgajag | |dig |*uku- |ku- |ku- |s-ukʷo- | |-kʷ- | | |blow (fire) |*ukuap- |-ukop- |kuβ- |kuap- | |kuap | | |rat |*ukuat |ʊʌt |ukʌr-ak |kʷaːt- | |koʌt | | |long |*ukuaŋ |koːŋ |kuŋ(g)- |kuaŋ- |'gwa:n-aka (?)|kʷaŋ-ʉn |kuɔ'ŋ-œ | |hear/know |*ukuar- |kuʌːr- |nd-ukuar- |- | |ŋg-ukʷar-i- | | |buy |*ujuak- |ik- |ujiɣ- |ŋg-iiːʌk- | |ma-ŋg-uzuak-i-| | |cassowary |*mandVkVm |ndak me | | | | | | |kill |*ŋak- | | |ŋak- | |ma-ŋak(-i)- | | |bite |*ŋak- | | |ŋak- | |ŋak-i- | | |carry on back|*ŋuk- |ok- |gog- |tsi-ŋuk- | |ŋuk-i- | | |hear/know |*warak- | | |warʌk- | |warʌk-i- |bara- (?) | |smoke |*wukuaj |kui | |wʊkoj- | |ʊkʷaɪ | | |cough |*rukuiŋ- |kʷiŋ- | |ukʷiŋ- (?) |kɛːŋ-g- |rikiŋ-g- | | |stand |*[r/ɣ]ambʉak-|pauk- |amba- |ɣambʉək- |rambia- |ṛambʉak- |ləmbeaga | |be crooked |*ɣ₂ikuak- | |iku(g)- |ɣukʷok-ikuk-| |ikuʌk | | |fall over |*ɣ₂irʉak- |riak- |wuri'ak-a- |(i)ɣʉrʉak- | |iriak-i- |-ɣuri- | |speak |*ɣ₁ak- |ak-ræːk- |k(-e)- ~ k-i- |ɣak- |-a'kaɣa- |ɣak-i- ~ ak-i-| | |ear |*ɣ₂ukuar |kʷʌːra(m) |koa-tsiɣ-ʌk |ɣukuar |uˈkʷaːr-aka |ʊkʊʌr |ukʷar | |fly (v.) |*jarapʉk- |raːpʉg(a)- | |jarapʌk- | | | | Medial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-mb-** |**mb [mb p ]**|**mb [mb b]**|**mb [mb b β]**|**mb** |**mb [mb b]**|**mb** | |saliva |*imbiasar |mbiːæto | |biʌsar- | |imbiasar | | |urine |*imbim |pím |bɛːm-tok |bím- | |bim | | |stick (n.) |*ʉmbʉan | |mbon-ʌk |-mbʉn | | | | |canoe |*ʉmbar | | | | |mbʌːr-ak | | |be angry |*ambin- |mbin(-i)- | | | |ambin-di- | | |old man/o. bro.|*ambʉak |mbok |ambʉg-ak |mbəak | |ambʉak | | |elbow |*ambutaɣ | | |βʊtaŋ- | |ambʉtʌβ | | |upper leg |*umbuam |pom |mbum-ak | | |bʊam | | |be many |*umbuam- | |mboam |boam-b- | |bam-ba | | |chicken |*umbuat |mboʌːt |umboʌr-ʌk |boat- | |boʌt | | |butterfly |*umbuar[im] |mbʊar-mbʊarɛ | | | |boarim | | |hand drum |*mumbuam |poːm |bum-ʌk |umbuom- | |mʊmbʊam | | |stand |*[r/ɣ]ambʉak-|pauk- |amba- |ɣambʉək- |rambia- |ṛambʉak- |ləmbeaga| |shoulder |*ɣ₂ʉmbʉak |wʌk-ɛtʌp | |ɣʉmbuək | |ʊmbʉʌk | | |tanget |*ɣ₂ambaŋ |mbaːn | |ɣambaŋ- | |ambaŋ | | |thigh |*ɣ₂umbuan |mbuan |ʊmboane |ɣumbuan- |ˈmbʷan-aka| |mboˈane | Medial apical prenasalized stop /*nd/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-nd-** |**nd [nd t]**|**nd [nd d]**|**nd [nd d]**|**nd [nd d]**|**nd [nd d]**|**nd** | |shin |*itandaŋ |tʌːndaŋ-gʌr | | | |itandaŋ | | |younger brother|*indʉaŋ |ǹdiaŋ |indæŋ |indʉaŋ | | | | |arrow sp. |*indʉak |ndiak |indʉg-ak | |indi'ak-əmba | |'ndɛ:ok-əmba| |that/there |*anda |dãː |andʌ- |da | |da | | |tooth |*andar |ndʌːr |andar-ak |dʌːr- | |andʌr | | |spirit sp. |*anduar | | |dʊʌr | |andʊar | | |rope |*anduar | | |duʌr | |andʊar | | |vein |*aŋgʉndʉŋ | |aŋgʉndʉŋ-ʌk | | |aŋgaŋdʉŋ | | |see |*undu- |ndu- |ndo(-i)- | |ŋg-undo- |ŋg-undu-i- | | |bow string |*unduam |oroːm |anduam-ʌk |undʊam | |dʊam | | |stump |*unduam | | |dum- | |dʊam | | |tree possum |*[u]nduan |ndʊʌn | | | | | | |g-string |*unduaŋ |tɔŋ |ndʊŋ-ok |unduaŋ- | |ʊndʊaŋ | | |wall |*unduaŋ |ntuːn-tuŋa | |dʊŋ-dʊŋ-ok | | | | |male |*unduar | | | |duara- | |ndrɔ- | |betel pepper |*mʉndʉam |tom |dʉm-ʌk |mʉndiam | |mʉndiam | | |cassowary |*mandVkVm |ndak me | | | | | | |ancestor |*m₂andup | |mʌːndʊw-a | | |mandʊp | | |fly (n.) |*riɣindʉk | |iɣɛndɛg-ar |rʉgíndək- |iˈgindək-əmba|rigɪndʉk |ˈjindik-ɛr | |root |*ɣ₁ʉndʉar |tʌro |ndʉrʉgɛn |ɣɨndʉar- | |-ɣʊndʉar | | Medial prenasalized voiced /*ndz/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-ndz-**|**ndz [nts s\\ tʃ]**|**ndʒ** |**ndz [nts ndʒ]**|**** |**ndz [ndz ts\\ ndʒ]**|**ndz [ndʲ]**| |taro |*indzuak |sɪɔːk |ndʒíg-oːk|ntsiɛk- | |tsʊak |ndʲɔka | |salt |*ʉndzaŋ | |dʒaŋ-gre | | | | | |old (person)|*andzaŋ | | |ndʒaŋ ~ dʒaŋ | |andzaŋ | | |areca nut |*mindziak |tʃiaːk | | | | | | |face |*jandziaɣ |aːmtsiʌk |antsɨɣ-ək|jendʒian |ˈendʲia-ka|andʒiab~anʒiaβ | | Medial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-ŋg-** |**ŋg [ŋg g]** |**ŋg** |**ŋg [ŋg ŋ g]** |**ŋg** |**ŋg [ŋg ŋ g]** |**ŋg [ŋg ŋ]**| |left (side) |*iŋgi[n] |ŋgíŋgənam |iŋgɛŋgabor-ʌk|gíŋgt- | | |iŋgindʉk | |young/new |*iŋgam |góʌːm-on |iŋg-ʌk |iŋgam- ~ ŋgam-\\ ~ iŋam-| |iŋgʌm-ʉn\\ ~ iŋam| | |ground possum|*iŋgʉan |ŋgian |iŋgən-ʌk |ɪŋgən- | |iŋgᶶan | | |stomach |*iŋguan | |iŋgun-ɛk | | | | | |see/watch |*ʉŋgʉan- | | |məŋgʉan- | |mʉŋgian-di- | | |carry |*aŋgiar- |ŋgɛːr- |w-aŋgir- |naŋgiʌr- | |aŋgiar/td> | | |banana |*aŋgʉan |ŋgon |aŋgʉn-ʌk |gən | |aŋgʌn |ˈgən-umba | |rib(s) |*aŋgʉar |ŋgɔrʌ | | | |aŋgʉʌr̃ | | |vein |*aŋgʉndʉŋ | |aŋgʉndʉŋ-ʌk | | |aŋgaŋdʉŋ | | |leg |*aŋgar |ŋgʌr | | | | | | |mosquito |*aŋguan |gʊan |aŋgʊn |guʌn- | |aŋgʊan |ˈgʷan-əmba | |neck |*aŋgum |æŋgom |aŋgom-ʌk |gum- | |aŋgʊm ~ ŋgʊm | | |breast |*uŋgiaɣ |ŋguɛ́ |oŋgiɣ-ək |ŋgiaŋ |ˈgiːi-mba |gíaβ | | |crocodile |*uŋguam |ŋgʊam | | | | | | |arm/hand |*uŋguap |ʊŋgʊʌp ~ŋgoap | |ʊgʊap | |ʊŋgʊap |ŋguaːp | |bird |*uŋguarak |ŋguara |uŋgʌr:ɣ-ʌk |ŋguʌrak- |ugʷaˈrak-əmba|goarak |ŋgʷaˈraːg | |testicle(s) |*mʉŋgʉan | | |mʊŋgʉən | |mʊŋgʉan | | |slit drum |*mʉŋgun |kʊn |ŋgon-ʌk |muŋgun- | |mʊŋgʊn | | |arrow sp. |*muŋguan |ʊŋguan\\ ~ ŋguan|oŋgʌn-ak |mʊŋgʊan\\ ~ muŋgʉan- | |mʊŋgʊan | | |1 dl. |*naŋgi |ŋgʌː(-gin) |naːŋk |nʌŋgi | |naŋgi |naŋgi | |2 dl. |*nuŋgi |ŋgoː(-gin) |noːŋk |nʊŋgi | |niŋgi |nuŋgi | |sleep |*[r/ɣ]aŋgu-|ŋgu- |oŋgɔ(-i)- |ɣaŋguŋ- | |raŋgu- ~ɣaŋgu- | | |sago |*jaŋgiaɣ | |ɛŋgig-ʉk |ŋgíaŋ- |ˈjaŋgía-mba |aŋgiaβ |ŋiˈava | |cut (grass) |*jaŋgum- | |aŋgom-b- |jaŋgum- | |aŋgum-bi- | | |vine |*ɣ₂aŋgatʉk |ŋgʌːto |aŋgaːtʉg-ín |ɣaŋgʌtk- | |aŋgʌtɨk | | Medial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is often occluded to [b mb] in Andarum, a phenomenon shared with the Porapora River languages to the west: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***-w-** |**w [w b mb]**|**w [w β]** |**w [w β]** |**w [w β]**|**w** |**w [w β]**| |belly |*iwak |mbʌːk | |wak- | |wʌk |ˈivag | |throw |*ʉkaw- | |kaːβ(a)-\\ ~ kaːβ(i)-| | | | | |swell |*[i]waɣ- |bæ- |wa(-j)- |wag- | |waj-i- | | |ashes |*aw[ʉa]si[n] |watsia | |βʉətsin- |wɛˈtʲin-aka|awisɪn |vœˈasiam | |cloud/sky |*uwiɣaɣ |bí |wígʉk |wigɪaŋ-~wigɪɛŋ-| |wíaβ | | |coconut |*uwuaŋ |mbaŋ |waŋa |waŋ- |ˈwaŋ-aka |wʌŋ |wan | |fat/grease |*wawiat |biːra ~ biːro |ɣawe-weg-ʌk |wawi-pak | |wabia-pak| | |fence |*ruwuat |mbʌːt | |ɽ̀wat | |rʊwʌt | | |call out |*ruwuaɣ- |o gu- | |ruag- | |ruwa-i- | | |wind |*[r/ɣ]uwʉan |boanɛ | |ɣʊwʊən- |ubwe'an-aka|rʊwʉən |vœaŋgu- | |path |*ɣ₂ʉwʉan |bɔn |ʊβʊn-ʌk |ɣʊən- |wiˈan-əmba |wʉan |vœˈani | |shadow/soul|*[ɣ₁/ɣ₂]ʉwʉak|w̯ʊʌk | |ɣʊwʉak- | | | | |shadow/soul|*[ɣ₁/ɣ₂]ʉwʉak|w̯ʊʌk | |ɣʊwʉak- | | | | |wing |*ɣ₁awʉak |wok- |awʊk- |ɣaβuək- | |-gawʉak | | |bone |*ɣ₁awaŋ | |awaŋ-ʌk |ɣaβaŋ- ~ɣaβaŋ- |ɣaˈbaŋ-aka |ɣawaŋ |ˈɣavaŋ | Medial /*r/ is generally retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-r-** |**r [r d]** |**r** |**r** |**r** |**r** |**r** | |laugh |*[i]miar- |mæːr- |mɪr- |miar- | | | | |work (v.) |*iŋar- | | | | |iŋari- | | |swim |*iri[ɣ]- |d-irig- |ri- | | | |rie(i)- | |pig |*ʉram |doːm |ram-ʌk |ram- |ˈram-aka |ram |ɽam | |basket sp. |*akʉram | | | | |akəram | | |carry |*aŋgiar- |ŋgɛːr- |w-aŋgir- |naŋgiʌr- | |aŋgiar/td> | | |before |*arin |rin- | |r̃íːn | |arín | | |die |*arʉam- |ram- |arəm(-b)- |arʉam- | |ariam-b- | | |eye |*araik | |raiɣ-ak |rek |ˈraik-əmba | |raiika | |butterfly |*umbuar[im]|mbʊar-mbʊarɛ| | | |boarim | | |hear/know |*ukuar- |kuʌːr- |nd-ukuar- |- | |ŋg-ukʷar/td> | | |bird |*uŋguarak |ŋguara |uŋgʌr:ɣ-ʌk |ŋguʌrak- |ugʷaˈrak-əmba|goarak |ŋgʷaˈraːg| |yam |*uruaŋ |ⁱruam |ʊrʊŋ-ʌt |ruaŋ- | |rʊaŋ |ruˈaŋ | |forest |*uruaŋ | |orowaŋ-ʉk | | | | | |day b. y./a. t.|*uruar |ruʌː |orʌr |ruʌ- | |ruʌr | | |plant (v.) |*uɣuar- |bʌːr- |war(-i)- |uɣuwʌr- | |uwar-i- | | |meat/flesh |*m₂ʉrʉk | |mʉrʉg-ʌk |mʉətk- | | | | |heavy |*wiri… |riap |iri- |wirieyi- | |wʉrʉag | | |fear (v.) |*warʉap- | |arɛb̵- ~ arub-|warʉap- | |wariap/td> | | |hear/know |*warak- | | |warʌk- | |warʌk/td> |bara- | |dog |*jarʉaj |ríː |ari-ʌk |jariaŋ- |ari-ˈaka |arʉai |ɽiei | |fly (v.) |*jarapʉk- |raːpʉg(a)- | |jarapʌk- | | | | |lip(s) |*ɣ₂iriaɣ | |irɛɣ-ʉk |grʉ- | |iriaβ | | |fall over |*ɣ₂irʉak- |riak- |wuri'ak-a- |(i)ɣʉrʉak- | |iriak-i- |-ɣuri- | |blood |*ɣ₂irʉan |rion |irən |ɣʉrʉən |eliˈan-aka |irian |riœen | |armpit |*ɣ₂irʉak |dãkɛ-tsiãŋ |ɛrʊŋ-tsʊmok |ɣrʊag-tsín- | |ɪriak-siŋ | | |liver |*ɣ₁ijaram |geːram |ziram-ak |gieram- | |giəram ~ iəram| | |wash/bathe |*ɣ₁uruaɣ- |uruæ- |oroa(j)- |ɣuruʌg- | |(ɣ)uruwaj-i- | | |get up |*[r/ɣ]arip…| |areb(ug)- |ɣaripik- | |ɽaripɽak- | | |cane |*ɣ₂arʉam |rom |arʉm-ʌk |garʉəm- | |arʉam | | |big |*ɣ₂arum | | |ɣarum- ~ arum-|a'rum-aka |arum |arum | |yes |*ɣ₂aruŋ |aruŋ- | |ɣaruŋ | |aruŋgi | | Medial /*j/ is sometimes occluded to [z] in Tangu and to [ʒ] in Tanguat: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-j-** |**j [Ø]**|**j [j ʒ]**|**j** |**** |**j [j z]** |**** | |buy |*ujuak- |ik- |ujiɣ- |ŋg-iiːʌk-| |ma-ŋg-uzuak-i-| | |cassowary|*m₂ajaum | |maim-ʌk |miaʊm | |miaʊm | | |bean |*wajiak[ʉn]|eːg-siak |aʒíkɛrɛn |wajiɛkn- | |waziakʉn | | |sore (n.)|*wujuam |iːm | |wij:em- | |wʊzʊam | | |liver |*ɣ₁ijaram |geːram |ziram-ak |gieram- | |giəram ~ iəram| | |knife sp.|*ɣ₁ajʉam |ɛːm | |ɣajem- | | | | When medial /*j/ follows high front vowel /*i/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen |Capell | | |***…** |**gʲ** |**z r** |**gʲ** |**** |**gʲ z j**|**** | |alone/only|*… | |-rín |gín | |zɪn ~ jɪn | | Medial velar non-stop /*ɣ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-ɣ-** |**ɣ [Ø g]**|**ɣ [ɣ g]** |**ɣ [ɣ g k]** |**ɣ [g]** |**ɣ [g k Ø]** |**ɣ [Ø ɣ]**| |swell |*[i]waɣ- |bæ- |wa(-j)- |wag- | |waj-i- | | |sun |*ʉɣar |gɪʌr |ɣʌːr-ʌk |ɣar- |ˈŋgaːr-aka (?)|ɣaːr̃ |ɣaːɽ | |yesterday |*iɣisi |giːtsɪ | |igísi ~ gísi |-gisi- |gisi ~ isi |jisi | |bury |*akʉɣ- | |akʉg- | | | | | |bone |*aɣar |ʌːr ~ ʌr | | | | | | |cloud/sky |*uwiɣaɣ |bí |wígʉk |wigɪaŋ-~wigɪɛŋ- | |wíaβ | | |pandanus |*uɣi[s] | |ogi-ʌk | | | | | |spear |*uɣuk |oːk |uɣog-ʌk |uɣʊk- | |wʊk | | |buttocks |*uɣur |gurʌ | |ʊɣur- | | | | |sing/dance |*wiɣ- | |eg- ~ -ig- |wig- | |wig-i(a)- |-vi'g-i- | |singsing |*wiɣam | | |wiɣam | |wígʌm | | |net bag |*waɣan |aːn |agʌn-ak |wagán | |waɣan | | |sugarcane |*wuɣis |íːts |ogej-ek |wugos- | |bʊgʊas | | |name |*riɣiaɣ |ŋˈgiː |iɣíˑp |rigiaŋ- | |rigiaβ | | |fly (n.) |*riɣindʉk | |iɣɛndɛg-ar |rʉgíndək- |iˈgindək-əmba |rigɪndʉk |ˈjindik-ɛr | |fire |*rʉɣuɣ |gʊ |wʌːg |rʊɣʊŋ- |ˈlugu-ka |rʊɣʊb |roːguːp | |hair/feather|*… | |ʊɣʊtsɪn ~\\ aɣʊtsɨn|rʉɣesn- ~\\ rʉgətsn-| |rigɪasin ~\\ -dɨgʌsɪn|ɣasianda | |firewood |*raɣʉas |ɛːs |aɣəj-ʉk |ragəs- | |raɣʊas | | |river |*raɣut | | |raɣut- | |ragʊt | | |salt |*raɣur | | | | |ragʊr̃ ~ r̃ʌgʊr̃ | | |call out |*ruwuaɣ- |o gu- | |ruag- | |ruwai-- | | |come |*jiɣ- | |iɣ- |jig- |-'igi- |igi- |-giji | |forest |*jʉɣur | | |jʊɣʊr- | |íɣʊr̃ | | |red |*jaɣʉap |ʌːp |aɣʉw-ak |jaɣiəp- |jgoi'ap-aka |ʌgᵊʌp |'ɣəp-aka | |go |*juɣ- | |oɣ- |jugʷ(-o)- |g-i- |uw(-o)- |-wu'g-i | |comb |*juɣuin |oːɣʊɲ |ʊɣoɲ-ak |jigʊɲ- | | | | |back |*ɣ₁aɣʉaɣ | |aɣə- |ɣaɣəaŋ- | |ɣaɣab | | |wash/bathe |*ɣ₁uruaɣ- |uruæ- |oroa(j)- |ɣuruʌg- | |(ɣ)uruwaj-i- | | … /*ɣ/ followed by … /*ua/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***-ɣ-/_ua**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |fog |*iɣuaɣ |uˈɣu | |ɨwaŋ- | |iwʌːβ | | |flying fox|*aɣuar[im] |ɔːr |aɣor-ak |korím- | |akʷorɪm | | |night |*uɣuam | |uma |woama - gʉən| |wam | | |plant (v.)|*uɣuar- |bʌːr- |war(-i)- |uɣuwʌr- | |uwar | | |rain |*raɣuan |ɔːn |aβun-ʌk |raɣuan- |ra'gʷan-aka|rawan |'ṛavan | |stone |*ɣ₂aɣuatVk |ɔːta |agutug-ok|gawʊotk- |aˈgʷataka |watʉk |watɛg | |old |*ɣ₂uɣuar |uːr |obur-ʌk |ɣuguʌr- | |ugʷʌr | | Only a restricted set of consonants occurs finally, including nasals /*m *n *ŋ/, voiceless /*p *t *s *k/ and non-stops /*r *j *ɣ/.\\ \\ Final bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |urine |*imbim |pím |bɛːm-tok |bím- | |bim | | |water |*anʉam |nam |anam-ʌk |ɲʉəm- |ˈniam-aka |anʉam |niam | |bamboo |*itam |tʌːm | | | | | | |young/new |*iŋgam |góʌːm-on |iŋg-ʌk (?)|iŋgam- ~ ŋgam-\\ ~ iŋam-| |iŋgʌm-ʉn\\ ~ iŋam| | |liver |*… |geːram |ziram-ak |gieram- | |giəram ~ iəram | | |basket sp. |*akʉram | | | | |akəram | | |mouth |*akam |ɣʌːm-tsiaŋ|akam-ak |kam-tsik |ˈkam-aka |akʌm ~ kʌm |ˈkaːm-siak| |speech |*akam | | |kʌːm- | |ʌkam-ba | | |neck |*aŋgum |æŋgom |aŋgom-ʌk |gum- | |aŋgʊm ~ ŋgʊm | | |pig |*ʉram |doːm |ram-ʌk |ram- |ˈram-aka |ram |ɽam | |tomorrow |*umum |mum |mom |mum |mo:m |mum- | | |upper leg |*umbuam |pom |mbum-ak | | |bʊam | | |kunai grass |*utuam |toma |tumun-ʌk |tuam- | |tʰʊam | | |bow string |*unduam |oroːm |anduam-ʌk |undʊam | |dʊam | | |stump |*unduam | | |dum- | |dʊam | | |crocodile |*uŋguam |ŋgʊam | | | | | | |night |*uɣuam | |uma |woama\\ - gʉən (?) | |wam | | |moon |*manam |nam |anam-ak |manam |məˈnaːm-aka|manam |maˈnam | |cassowary |*mandVkVm |ndak me | | | | | | |cassowary |*m₂ajaum | |maim-ʌk |miaʊm | |miaʊm | | |betel pepper|*mʉndʉam |tom |dʉm-ʌk |mʉndiam | |mʉndiam | | |nose |*munuam |nom-tsiaŋ | | | |mʊnʊam |munuam | |hand drum |*mumbuam |poːm |bum-ʌk |umbuom- | |mʊmbʊam | | |singsing |*wiɣam | | |wiɣam | |wígʌm | | |sore (n.) |*wujuam |iːm | |wij:em- | |wʊzʊam | | |cane |*ɣ₂arʉam |rom |arʉm-ʌk |garʉəm- | |arʉam | | |big |*ɣ₂arum | | |ɣarum- ~ arum- |a'rum-aka |arum |arum | |knife sp. |*ɣ₁ajʉam |ɛːm | |ɣajem- | | | | Final apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |ground possum|*iŋgʉan |ŋgian |iŋgən-ʌk |ɪŋgən- | |iŋgᶶan | | |stomach |*iŋguan | |iŋgun-ɛk | | | | | |stick (n.) |*ʉmbʉan | |mbon-ʌk |-mbʉn | | | | |tree possum |*[a]nduan |ndʊʌn | | | | | | |banana |*aŋgʉan |ŋgon |aŋgʉn-ʌk |gən | |aŋgʌn |ˈgən-umba | |mosquito |*aŋguan |gʊan |aŋgʊn |guʌn- | |aŋgʊan |ˈgʷan-əmba| |before |*arin |rin- | |r̃íːn | |arín | | |one |*ɣ₂unuan |nʊana | |ɣunua- |unu-ˈaka |ʊnʊan |unuˈam (?)| |excrement |*minian |ɲí:n |nín |miɲaŋ [sic] | |miɲʌn | | |testicle(s) |*mʉŋgʉan | | |mʊŋgʉən | |mʊŋgʉan | | |slit drum |*mʉŋgun |kʊn |ŋgon-ʌk |muŋgun- | |mʊŋgʊn | | |arrow sp. |*muŋguan |ʊŋguan\\ ~ ŋguan|oŋgʌn-ak |mʊŋgʊan\\ ~ muŋgʉan-| |mʊŋgʊan | | |net bag |*waɣan |aːn |agʌn-ak |wagán | |waɣan | | |male |*rʉman |maɲ |man-ʌk | | |rʊman | | |rain |*raɣuan |ɔːn |aβun-ʌk |raɣuan- |ra'gʷan-aka|rawan |'ṛavan | |hair/feather |*… | |ʊɣʊtsɪn ~\\ aɣʊtsɨn|rʉɣesn- ~\\ rʉgətsn-| |rigɪasin ~\\ -dɨgʌsɪn|ɣasianda | |alone/only |*… | |-rín |gín | |zɪn ~ jɪn | | |wind |*[r/ɣ]uwʉan|boanɛ | |ɣʊwʊən- |ubwe'an-aka|rʊwʉən |vœaŋgu- | |blood |*ɣ₂irʉan |rion |irən |ɣʉrʉən |eliˈan-aka |irian |riœen | |path |*ɣ₂ʉwʉan |bɔn |ʊβʊn-ʌk |ɣʊən- |wiˈan-əmba |wʉan |vœˈani | |thigh |*ɣ₂umbuan |mbuan |ʊmboane |ɣumbuan- |ˈmbʷan-aka | |mboˈane | Final velar nasal /*ŋ/ is retained as such except in Andarum where it is sporadically dropped: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-ŋ** |**ŋ [ŋ Ø]**|**ŋ** |**ŋ** |**ŋ** |**ŋ** |**ŋ** | |garden |*[i]niaŋ |ɲiaŋ | |ɲiaŋ- | |ɲaŋ | | |leg |*[i]niaŋ | |ɲaŋ-ak | | | | | |sister |*inuamʉŋ |noːma |nʊmoŋ |ɲʊəmʊŋ ~\\ ɲʊəmʉŋ| |nʊamʊŋ ~\\ nʊamʉŋ| | |shin |*itandaŋ |tʌːndaŋ-gʌr| | | |itandaŋ | | |wooden plate |*ituŋ |tʊŋ |itoŋ-ʌk |utuŋ- | |ítʊŋ | | |younger brother|*indʉaŋ |ǹdiaŋ |indæŋ |indʉaŋ | | | | |village |*ʉmʉaŋ |mʊ: |muŋg-ʉk |mʉəŋg- |'miaŋg-aka |mʉaŋk |'mɛaŋga | |salt |*ʉndzaŋ | |dʒaŋ-gre | | | | | |spirit sp. |*asiŋ | |asiŋ-ʌk | | | | | |old (person) |*andzaŋ | | |ndʒaŋ ~ dʒaŋ | |andzaŋ | | |louse |*akuniŋ |ɣoɲo |akoɲiŋ-ʌk |kʊɲiŋ- | |kʊiŋ | | |vein |*aŋgʉndʉŋ | |aŋgʉndʉŋ-ʌk | | |aŋgaŋdʉŋ | | |brain(s) |*umuaniŋ |moɲa |moɲiŋ-ak |mʊoɲiŋ | | | | |g-string |*unduaŋ |tɔŋ |ndʊŋ-ok |unduaŋ- | |ʊndʊaŋ | | |wall |*unduaŋ |ntuːn-tuŋa | |dʊŋ-dʊŋ-ok | | | | |long |*ukuaŋ |koːŋ |kuŋ(g)- |kuaŋ- |'gwa:n-aka (?)|kʷaŋ-ʉn |kuɔ'ŋ-œ | |coconut |*uwuaŋ |mbaŋ |waŋa |waŋ- |ˈwaŋ-aka |wʌŋ |wan | |yam |*uruaŋ |ⁱruam (?) |ʊrʊŋ-ʌt |ruaŋ- | |rʊaŋ |ruˈaŋ | |forest |*uruaŋ | |orowaŋ-ʉk | | | | | |mother |*jamʉaŋ | |amʉ̃ŋ~amʉŋ-ʌk| | |jamʉaŋ |-jamœaŋ | |bow |*ɣ₂imiaŋ |mɛːŋ |míŋ-ʌk |ɣimiaŋ- | |iːmiaŋ |mi'aŋ-əmba| |stone axe |*ɣ₂inaŋ |ɲʌŋ |-gʉinaŋ-ʌk |ɣínaŋ- | |inaŋ | | |inside |*ɣ₂ʉtʉaŋ |tõŋ |a-g̵itʉŋʌk |gʉtʉaŋ | |ʌtʌŋ- | | |tanget |*ɣ₂ambaŋ |mbaːn (?) | |ɣambaŋ- | |ambaŋ | | |bone |*ɣ₁awaŋ | |awaŋ-ʌk |ɣaβaŋ- ~ɣaβaŋ- |ɣaˈbaŋ-aka |ɣawaŋ |ˈɣavaŋ | |yes |*ɣ₂aruŋ |aruŋ- | |ɣaruŋ | |aruŋgi | | Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is lenited to /w/ [w β] in Tanguat when followed by the nominal article /-ak/, and is otherwise retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***-p** |**p** |**p ~ w- [w β]**|**p** |**** |**p** |**p** | |short |*atʉap | |tʉw-ak | | | | | |house |*[a]kuap |kɔp |kuβ-ʌk | | | | | |arm/hand|*uŋguap |ʊŋgʊʌp ~ŋgoap| |ʊgʊap | |ʊŋgʊap |ŋguaːp | |ancestor|*m₂andup | |mʌːndʊw-a | | |mandʊp | | |ripe |*munuap | |nuw-ʌk ~ nub(e)-|munuap- | |munuʌp-i | | |red |*jaɣʉap |ʌːp |aɣʉw-ak |jaɣiəp- |jgoi'ap-aka|ʌgᵊʌp |'ɣəp-aka| |knee |*[ɣ₁]utuap|top |tup |wutuap ~ utuap| |gʊtʊʌp | | Final apical voiceless stop /*t/ is lenited to [r] in Tanguat when followed by the nominal article /-ak/, and is otherwise retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | | |***-t** |**t** |**r** |**t** |**** |**t** |**** | |men's house|*atat | |atʌr-ʌk ~-dar-ag| | |atʌt | | |chicken |*umbuat |mboʌːt |umboʌr-ʌk |boat- | |boʌt | | |rat |*ukuat |ʊʌt |ukʌr-ak |kʷaːt- | |koʌt | | |river |*raɣut | | |raɣut- | |ragʊt | | |fence |*ruwuat |mbʌːt | |ɽ̀wat | |rʊwʌt | | Final laminal voiceless /*s/ is deoccluded to palatal [j] in Tanguat, a development shared with the languages of the Guam River subgroup to the south and southwest: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-s** |**s [s ts]** |**j** |**s [s ts]**|**** |**s [s ts]**|**** | |stomach |*ʉmʉas |mɔ̃ːts ~ mɔts|maj-ək\\ ~ mʉj-ək|mʉəts- |ˈmøe (?)|mʉʌs ~ mʉʌts| | |sugarcane|*wuɣis |íːts |ogej-ek |wugos- | |bʊgʊas | | |firewood |*raɣʉas |ɛːs |aɣəj-ʉk |ragəs- | |raɣʊas | | Final velar voiceless stop /*k/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-k** |**k [k Ø]**|**k [k g ɣ]** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k [k g]** | |areca nut |*[i]miak | |mɛag-ʌk |miak- | |meak- | | |arrow sp. |*indʉak |ndiak |indʉg-ak | |indi'ak-əmba | |'ndɛ:ok-əmba| |taro |*indzuak |sɪɔːk |ndʒíg-oːk |ntsiɛk- | |tsʊak |ndʲɔka | |belly |*iwak |mbʌːk | |wak- | |wʌk |ˈivag | |group |*-Vpak | |-weg-ʌk |-pak | |-[a]pak | | |old man/o. bro.|*ambʉak |mbok |ambʉg-ak |mbəak | |ambʉak | | |crocodile |*asik | |atsɪg-ʌk | | |asi ~ si (?) | | |tree possum |*aŋik | |aŋɪg-ʉk | | | | | |eye |*araik | |raiɣ-ak |rek |ˈraik-əmba | |raiika | |wallaby |*uniak |niak |uɲig-ʌk |ɲiʌk- | |nʊok | | |snake |*ukiak |uwɛk |ukɪg-ʌk |kíak- |kiˈak-aka |kiak |ˈgajag | |bird |*uŋguarak |ŋguara |uŋgʌr:ɣ-ʌk |ŋguʌrak- |ugʷaˈrak-əmba|goarak |ŋgʷaˈraːg | |spear |*uɣuk |oːk |uɣog-ʌk |uɣʊk- | |wʊk | | |skin/bark |*-tʉk | |-tʉg-ʌːk ~\\ -təɣ-ok~-toɣ-ok| | | | | |areca nut |*mindziak |tʃiaːk | | | | | | |dirty |*mʉnʉak | | |mʉneʌk- | | | | |heart |*mʉnuk | | |munuk- | |mʊnʊk | | |meat/flesh |*m₂ʉrʉk | |mʉrʉg-ʌk |mʉətk- | | | | |man |*wVnik |oɲik |woneg-ak |wʊnik | |wʊɲɪk ~ wʊɲik|wunʲig-umba | |fly (n.) |*riɣindʉk | |iɣɛndɛg-ar |rʉgíndək- |iˈgindək-əmba|rigɪndʉk |ˈjindik-ɛr | |father |*japʉak | |apək | | |japʉak |-japiak | |head/skull |*ɣ₂ituat[ʉ/a]k| |totag-ʌk |ɣutuok- |utuˈaːtak |itʊatʉk | | |armpit |*ɣ₂irʉak |dãkɛ-tsiãŋ |ɛrʊŋ-tsʊmok |ɣrʊag-tsín-| |ɪriak-siŋ | | |shoulder |*ɣ₂ʉmbʉak |wʌk-ɛtʌp | |ɣʉmbuək | |ʊmbʉʌk | | |think |*ɣ₁ʉnʉak | | |gʉɲak-nək- | |ɣʉɲəak-nik- | | |shadow/soul |*[ɣ₁/ɣ₂]ʉwʉak |w̯ʊʌk | |ɣʊwʉak- | | | | |vine |*ɣ₂aŋgatʉk |ŋgʌːto |aŋgaːtʉg-ín |ɣaŋgʌtk- | |aŋgʌtɨk | | |wing |*ɣ₁awʉak |wok- |awʊk- |ɣaβuək- | |-gawʉak | | |stone |*ɣ₂aɣuatVk |ɔːta |agutug-ok |gawʊotk- |aˈgʷataka |watʉk |watɛg | Prenasalized voiced stops /*mb *nd *ndz *ŋg/ do not occur finally.\\ \\ Bilabial non-stop /*w/ does not occur finally.\\ \\ Final apical non-stop /*r/ is generally retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-r** |**r** |**r** |**r** |**r** |**r** |**r** | |saliva |*imbiasar |mbiːæto (?)| |biʌsar- | |imbiasar | | |canoe |*ʉmbar | | | | |mbʌːr-ak | | |sun |*ʉɣar |gɪʌr |ɣʌːr-ʌk |ɣar- |ˈŋgaːr-aka (?)|ɣaːr̃ |ɣaːɽ | |tooth |*andar |ndʌːr |andar-ak |dʌːr- | |andʌr | | |spirit sp. |*anduar | | |dʊʌr | |andʊar | | |rope |*anduar | | |duʌr | |andʊar | | |arm |*akur | |akur-ak | | | | | |rib(s) |*aŋgʉar |ŋgɔrʌ | | | |aŋgʉʌr̃ | | |leg |*aŋgar |ŋgʌr | | | | | | |bone |*aɣar |ʌːr | | | | | | |male |*unduar | | | |duara- | |ndrɔ- | |day b. y./a. t.|*uruar |ruʌː |orʌr |ruʌ- | |ruʌr | | |buttocks |*uɣur |gurʌ | |ʊɣur- | | | | |sea |*maŋar |ŋʌːr | |ŋar- |ˈŋaːr-aka | | | |root |*ɣ₁ʉndʉar |tʌro |ndʉrʉgɛn |ɣɨndʉar- | |-ɣʊndʉar | | |ear |*ɣ₂ukuar |kʷʌːra(m) |koa-tsiɣ-ʌk |ɣukuar |uˈkʷaːr-aka |ʊkʊʌr |ukʷar | |leaf |*rapar |wʌːr |par-ak |paːt- | |r̃apar | | |salt |*raɣur | | | | |ragʊr̃ ~ r̃ʌgʊr̃| | |arm/hand |*[r/ɣ]apar| |aɸar-ak~apar-a|ɣapʌr- ~ ɣapar-| |rapar | | |forest |*jʉɣur | | |jʊɣʊr- | |íɣʊr̃ | | |old |*ɣ₂uɣuar |uːr |obur-ʌk |ɣuguʌr- | |ugʷʌr | | Final patalal non-stop /*j/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***-j** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |smoke|*wukuaj |kui | |wʊkoj- | |ʊkʷaɪ | | |dog |*jarʉaj |ríː |ari-ʌk |jariaŋ- |ari-ˈaka|arʉai |ɽiei | Final velar non-stop /*ɣ/ merges with /ŋ/ in Andarum and Igom, with /k/ [ k g ɣ] in Tanguat and with /w/ [β v p] in Tangu: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***-ɣ** |**ŋ [ŋ Ø]**|**k [k g ɣ]** |**ŋ** |**Ø** |**w [β b]** |**w [β v p]**| |vulva |*[i]niaɣ |ɲɛ |nimgənʌk |ɲaŋ- | |ɲiaβ | | |fog |*iɣuaɣ |uˈɣu | |ɨwaŋ- | |iwʌːβ | | |elbow |*ambutaɣ | | |βʊtaŋ- | |ambʉtʌβ | | |tail |*aŋuɣ |moːŋ |ŋok |ŋuŋ- | |ŋʊβ | | |penis |*usiaɣ | |tsʊgʉ |tsíɛŋ | |ʊsʊaβ ~wʊsʊaβ | | |breast |*uŋgiaɣ |ŋguɛ́ |oŋgiɣ-ək |ŋgiaŋ |ˈgiːi-mba |gíaβ | | |cloud/sky |*uwiɣaɣ |bí |wígʉk |wigɪaŋ-~wigɪɛŋ-| |wíaβ | | |tongue |*mimiaɣ | |jiːmak |mímiaŋ | |mimiaβ | | |clay pot |*mʉnaɣ | |nʌk |mʊnaːŋ- | |mʊnaβ | | |grass skirt|*mamiaɣ | | |miamiɛŋ | |mamiaβ | | |nape |*wutuaɣ |tua-ŋgrip |otuak |wutuaŋ- | |ʊtʊaβ | | |name |*riɣiaɣ |ŋˈgiː |iɣíˑp [sic] |rigiaŋ- | |rigiaβ | | |fire |*rʉɣuɣ |gʊ |wʌːg |rʊɣʊŋ- |ˈlugu-ka |rʊɣʊb |roːguːp | |face |*jandziaɣ |aːmtsiʌk |antsɨɣ-ək |jendʒian |ˈendʲia-ka |andʒiab\\ ~ anʒiaβ| | |sago |*jaŋgiaɣ | |ɛŋgig-ʉk |ŋgíaŋ- |ˈjaŋgía-mba|aŋgiaβ |ŋiˈava | |skin/bark |*ɣ₁inuaɣ(-tʉk)| |ɲia-təɣ-ok ~\\ ɲa-toɣ-ok|ɣiɲaŋ-~-giɲaŋ- |-ginʲa-ka |-gʊɲʊaβ |-gunuˈar (?) | |lip(s) |*ɣ₂iriaɣ | |irɛɣ-ʉk |grʉ- | |iriaβ | | |mami yam |*ɣ₁amaɣ |mʌːŋɔ |amʌk ~ ama- |ɣamaŋ- | |ɣamaβ~gamaβ | | |back |*ɣ₁aɣʉaɣ | |aɣə- |ɣaɣəaŋ- | |ɣaɣab | | … vowels ….\\ \\ … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***iC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |weep/cry |*ik- | |ik(-ə)- |ik- | |ik-i- | | | |***iCi** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CiCi** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***iCiC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |vomit |*imik- |mik- |mɛg- |mik- | |mik-i- | | |urine |*imbim |pím |bɛːm-tok |bím- | |bim | | |left (side)|*iŋgi[n] |ŋgíŋgənam|iŋgɛŋgabor-ʌk|gíŋgt- | | |iŋgindʉk | | |***CiCiC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |fly (n.) |*riɣindʉk | |iɣɛndɛg-ar |rʉgíndək-|iˈgindək-əmba|rigɪndʉk |ˈjindik-ɛr| | |***iCiaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |areca nut |*[i]miak | |mɛag-ʌk |miak- | |meak- | | |laugh |*[i]miar- |mæːr- |mɪr- |miar- | | | | |garden |*[i]niaŋ |ɲiaŋ | |ɲiaŋ- | |ɲaŋ | | |leg |*[i]niaŋ | |ɲaŋ-ak | | | | | |vulva |*[i]niaɣ |ɲɛ |nimgənʌk |ɲaŋ- | |ɲiaβ | | | |***CiCiaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |tongue |*mimiaɣ | |jiːmak |mímiaŋ | |mimiaβ | | |excrement |*minian |ɲí:n |nín |miɲaŋ | |miɲʌn | | |areca nut |*mindziak |tʃiaːk | | | | | | |name |*riɣiaɣ |ŋˈgiː |iɣíˑp |rigiaŋ- | |rigiaβ | | |bow |*ɣ₂imiaŋ |mɛːŋ |míŋ-ʌk |ɣimiaŋ- | |iːmiaŋ |mi'aŋ-əmba| |lip(s) |*ɣ₂iriaɣ | |irɛɣ-ʉk |grʉ- | |iriaβ | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***iCʉ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CiCʉ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***iCʉC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CiCʉC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***iCʉaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |younger brother|*indʉaŋ |ǹdiaŋ |indæŋ |indʉaŋ | | | | |arrow sp. |*indʉak |ndiak |indʉg-ak | |indi'ak-əmba| |'ndɛ:ok-əmba| |ground possum |*iŋgʉan |ŋgian |iŋgən-ʌk |ɪŋgən- | |iŋgᶶan | | | |***CiCʉaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |blood |*ɣ₂irʉan |rion |irən |ɣʉrʉən |eliˈana |irian |riœen | |armpit |*ɣ₂irʉak |dãkɛ-tsiãŋ|ɛrʊŋ-tsʊmok|ɣrʊag-tsín-| |ɪriak-siŋ| | |fall over |*ɣ₂irʉak- |riak- |wuri'ak-a- |(i)ɣʉrʉak- | |iriak-i- |-ɣuri- | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***iCu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CiCu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***iCuC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |wooden plate|*ituŋ |tʊŋ |itoŋ-ʌk |utuŋ- | |ítʊŋ | | | |***CiCuC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***iCuaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |taro |*indzuak |sɪɔːk |ndʒíg-oːk |ntsiɛk- | |tsʊak |ndʲɔka | |stomach |*iŋguan | |iŋgun-ɛk | | | | | |fog |*iɣuaɣ |uˈɣu | |ɨwaŋ- | |iwʌːβ | | |sister |*inuamʉŋ |noːma |nʊmoŋ |ɲʊəmʊŋ ~\\ ɲʊəmʉŋ| |nʊamʊŋ ~\\ nʊamʉŋ| | | |***CiCuaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |skin/bark |*ɣ₁inuaɣ(-tʉk)| |ɲia-təɣ-ok ~\\ ɲa-toɣ-ok|ɣiɲaŋ-~-giɲaŋ- |-ginʲa-ka|-gʊɲʊaβ |-gunuˈar| |head/skull |*ɣ₂ituat[ʉ/a]k| |totag-ʌk |ɣutuok- |utuˈaːtak|itʊatʉk | | |be crooked |*ɣ₂ikuak- | |iku(g)- |ɣukʷok-ikuk- | |ikuʌk | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell|Z'graggen |Capell | | |***iCa** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***iCia** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |wild fowl sp.|*inia |ɲʌ | | | | | | | |***CiCa** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***iCaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |bamboo |*itam |tʌːm | | | | | | |sew |*[i][ndz/j]am-|dʒʌːm- | | | | | | |work (v.) |*iŋar- | | | | |iŋari- | | |young/new |*iŋgam |góʌːm-on |iŋg-ʌk (?)|iŋgam- ~ ŋgam-\\ ~ iŋam-| |iŋgʌm-ʉn\\ ~ iŋam| | |belly |*iwak |mbʌːk | |wak- | |wʌk |ˈivag | |swell |*[i]waɣ- |bæ- |wa(-j)- |wag- | |waj-i- | | | |***CiCaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |singsing |*wiɣam | | |wiɣam | |wígʌm | | |stone axe |*ɣ₂inaŋ |ɲʌŋ |-gʉinaŋ-ʌk|ɣínaŋ- | |inaŋ | | |liver |*ɣ₁ijaram |geːram (?)|ziram-ak |gieram- | |giəram ~ iəram | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***ʉCʉ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CʉCʉ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***ʉCʉC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CʉCʉC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***ʉCʉaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |village |*ʉmʉaŋ |mʊ: |muŋg-ʉk |mʉəŋg- |'miaŋg-aka|mʉaŋk |'mɛaŋga| |stomach |*ʉmʉas |mɔ̃ːts ~ mɔts|maj-ək\\ ~ mʉj-ək|mʉəts- |ˈmøe (?) |mʉʌs ~ mʉʌts| | |stick (n.) |*ʉmbʉan | |mbon-ʌk |-mbʉn | | | | |see/watch |*ʉŋgʉan- | | |m-əŋgʉan- | |m-ʉŋgian-di-| | | |***CʉCʉaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |dirty |*mʉnʉak | | |mʉneʌk- | | | | |betel pepper|*mʉndʉam |tom |dʉm-ʌk |mʉndiam | |mʉndiam | | |testicle(s) |*mʉŋgʉan | | |mʊŋgʉən | |mʊŋgʉan | | |shoulder |*ɣ₂ʉmbʉak |wʌk-ɛtʌp | |ɣʉmbuək | |ʊmbʉʌk | | |think |*ɣ₁ʉnʉak | | |gʉɲak-nək-| |ɣʉɲəak-nik- | | |inside |*ɣ₂ʉtʉaŋ |tõŋ |a-g̵itʉŋʌk |gʉtʉaŋ | |ʌtʌŋ- | | |root |*ɣ₁ʉndʉar |tʌro |ndʉrʉgɛn |ɣɨndʉar- | |-ɣʊndʉar | | |path |*ɣ₂ʉwʉan |bɔn |ʊβʊn-ʌk |ɣʊən- |wiˈan-əmba|wʉan |vœˈani | |shadow/soul |*[ɣ₁/ɣ₂]ʉwʉak|w̯ʊʌk | |ɣʊwʉak- | | | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| || |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | ||***ʉCi** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||***CʉCi** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||***ʉCiC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||***CʉCiC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||***ʉCiaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||***CʉCiaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***ʉCu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CʉCu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***ʉCuC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CʉCuC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CʉCuC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |heart |*mʉnuk | | |munuk- | |mʊnʊk | | |slit drum|*mʉŋgun |kʊn |ŋgon-ʌk |muŋgun- | |mʊŋgʊn | | |fire |*rʉɣuɣ |gʊ |wʌːg |rʊɣʊŋ- |ˈlugu-ka|rʊɣʊb |roːguːp| |forest |*jʉɣur | | |jʊɣʊr- | |íɣʊr̃ | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***ʉCa** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CʉCa** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***ʉCaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |canoe |*ʉmbar | | | | |mbʌːr-ak | | |salt |*ʉndzaŋ | |dʒaŋ-gre | | | | | |throw |*ʉkaw- | |kaːβ(a)-\\ ~ kaːβ(i)-| | | | | |pig |*ʉram |doːm |ram-ʌk |ram- |ˈram-aka |ram |ɽam | |sun |*ʉɣar |gɪʌr |ɣʌːr-ʌk |ɣar- |ˈŋgaːr-aka (?)|ɣaːr̃ |ɣaːɽ | | |***CʉCaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |clay pot|*mʉnaɣ | |nʌk |mʊnaːŋ- | |mʊnaβ | | |male |*rʉman |maɲ |man-ʌk | | |rʊman | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***uCu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |chop/fell |*uŋu- |m-uŋu- |ma-nd-uŋu- |nd-uŋ- | |ma-nd-uŋ(ʷa)- | | | |***CuCu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***uCuC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |tomorrow |*umum |mum |mom |mum |mo:m |mum- | | | |***uCuaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |jump |*upuak- |puk-ap(ig)- |pək-awʉ(ga)- |puak- | |pu(a)k-i- | | |upper leg |*umbuam |pom |mbum-ak | | |bʊam | | |be many |*umbuam- | |mboam |boam-b- | |bam-ba | | |chicken |*umbuat |mboʌːt |umboʌr-ʌk |boat- | |boʌt | | |kunai grass |*utuam |toma |tumun-ʌk |tuam- | |tʰʊam | | |fall down |*utuak- | |tug- | | |tuak-i- | | |bow string |*unduam |oroːm |anduam-ʌk |undʊam | |dʊam | | |stump |*unduam | | |dum- | |dʊam | | |tree possum |*[u]nduan |ndʊʌn | | | | | | |male |*unduar | | | |duara- | |ndrɔ- | |blow (fire) |*ukuap- |-ukop- |kuβ- |kuap- | |kuap | | |rat |*ukuat |ʊʌt |ukʌr-ak |kʷaːt- | |koʌt | | |long |*ukuaŋ |koːŋ |kuŋ(g)- |kuaŋ- |'gwa:n-aka (?)|kʷaŋ-ʉn |kuɔ'ŋ-œ | |hear/know |*ukuar- |kuʌːr- |nd-ukuar- |- | |ŋg-ukʷar/td> | | |crocodile |*uŋguam |ŋgʊam | | | | | | |arm/hand |*uŋguap |ʊŋgʊʌp ~ŋgoap | |ʊgʊap | |ʊŋgʊap |ŋguaːp | |coconut |*uwuaŋ |mbaŋ |waŋa |waŋ- |ˈwaŋ-aka |wʌŋ |wan | |yam |*uruaŋ |ⁱruam |ʊrʊŋ-ʌt |ruaŋ- | |rʊaŋ |ruˈaŋ | |forest |*uruaŋ | |orowaŋ-ʉk | | | | | |day b. y./a. t.|*uruar |ruʌː |orʌr |ruʌ- | |ruʌr | | |buy |*ujuak- |ik- |ujiɣ- |ŋg-iiːʌk- | |ma-ŋg-uzuak-i-| | |night |*uɣuam | |uma |woama\\ - gʉən (?) | |wam | | |plant (v.) |*uɣuar- |bʌːr- |war(-i)- |uɣuwʌr- | |uwar-i- | | |brain(s) |*umuaniŋ |moɲa |moɲiŋ-ak |mʊoɲiŋ | | | | |butterfly |*umbuar[im]|mbʊar-mbʊarɛ | | | |boarim | | |bird |*uŋguarak |ŋguara |uŋgʌr:ɣ-ʌk |ŋguʌrak- |ugʷaˈrak-əmba |goarak |ŋgʷaˈraːg| | |***CuCuaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |nose |*munuam |nom-tsiaŋ | | | |mʊnʊam |munuam | |ripe |*munuap | |nuw-ʌk ~ nub(e)-|munuap- | |munuʌp-i | | |hand drum |*mumbuam |poːm |bum-ʌk |umbuom- (?) | |mʊmbʊam | | |arrow sp. |*muŋguan |ʊŋguan\\ ~ ŋguan|oŋgʌn-ak |mʊŋgʊan\\ ~ muŋgʉan-| |mʊŋgʊan | | |nape |*wutuaɣ |tua-ŋgrip |otuak |wutuaŋ- | |ʊtʊaβ | | |smoke |*wukuaj |kui | |wʊkoj- | |ʊkʷaɪ | | |sore (n.) |*wujuam |iːm | |wij:em- | |wʊzʊam | | |fence |*ruwuat |mbʌːt | |ɽ̀wat | |rʊwʌt | | |call out |*ruwuaɣ- |o gu- | |ruag- | |ruwa-i- | | |thigh |*ɣ₂umbuan |mbuan |ʊmboane |ɣumbuan- |ˈmbʷan-aka | |mboˈane | |one |*ɣ₂unuan |nʊana | |ɣunua- |unu-ˈaka |ʊnʊan |unuˈam | |knee |*[ɣ₁]utuap |top |tup |wutuap ~ utuap | |gʊtʊʌp | | |ear |*ɣ₂ukuar |kʷʌːra(m) |koa-tsiɣ-ʌk |ɣukuar |uˈkʷaːr-aka |ʊkʊʌr |ukʷar | |wash/bathe |*ɣ₁uruaɣ- |uruæ- |oroa(j)- |ɣuruʌg- | |(ɣ)uruwaj-i- | | |old |*ɣ₂uɣuar |uːr |obur-ʌk |ɣuguʌr- | |ugʷʌr | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***uCi** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CuCi** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***uCiC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |pandanus |*uɣi[s] | |ogi-ʌk | | | | | | |***CuCiC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |sugarcane|*wuɣis |íːts |ogej-ek |wugos- | |bʊgʊas | | | |***uCiaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |wallaby |*uniak |niak |uɲig-ʌk |ɲiʌk- | |nʊok | | |penis |*usiaɣ | |tsʊgʉ |tsíɛŋ | |ʊsʊaβ ~wʊsʊaβ| | |breast |*uŋgiaɣ |ŋguɛ́ |oŋgiɣ-ək |ŋgiaŋ |ˈgiːi-mba|gíaβ | | | |***CuCiaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***uCʉ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CuCʉ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***uCʉC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CuCʉC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***uCʉaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CuCʉaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |wind|*[r/ɣ]uwʉan|boanɛ | |ɣʊwʊən- |ubwe'an-aka|rʊwʉən |vœaŋgu-| … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| || |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | ||***uCa** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||***CuCa** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||***uCaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***aCa** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CaCa** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***aCaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |men's house|*atat | |atʌr-ʌk | | |atʌt | | |tooth |*andar |ndʌːr |andar-ak |dʌːr- | |andʌr | | |mouth |*akam |ɣʌːm-tsiaŋ|akam-ak |kam-tsik |ˈkam-aka |akʌm ~ kʌm |ˈkaːm-siak| |speech |*akam | | |kʌːm- | |ʌkam-ba | | |leg |*aŋgar |ŋgʌr | | | | | | | |***CaCaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |moon |*manam |nam |anam-ak |manam |məˈnaːm-aka|manam |maˈnam | |sea |*maŋar |ŋʌːr | |ŋar- |ˈŋaːr-aka | | | |hear/know |*warak- | | |warʌk- | |warʌk-i- |bara- | |net bag |*waɣan |aːn |agʌn-ak |wagán | |waɣan | | |leaf |*rapar |wʌːr |par-ak |paːt- | |r̃apar | | |arm/hand |*[r/ɣ]apar| |aɸar-ak~apar-a|ɣapʌr- ~ ɣapar-| |rapar | | |tanget |*ɣ₂ambaŋ |mbaːn | |ɣambaŋ- | |ambaŋ | | |mami yam |*ɣ₁amaɣ |mʌːŋɔ |amʌk ~ ama- |ɣamaŋ- | |ɣamaβ~gamaβ| | |bone |*ɣ₁awaŋ | |awaŋ-ʌk |ɣaβaŋ- ~ɣaβaŋ- |ɣaˈbaŋ-aka |ɣawaŋ |ˈɣavaŋ | |fly (v.) |*jarapʉk- |raːpʉg(a)-| |jarapʌk- | | | | |vine |*ɣ₂aŋgatʉk|ŋgʌːto |aŋgaːtʉg-ín |ɣaŋgʌtk- | |aŋgʌtɨk | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***aCi** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |1 pl. |*ani |ɛːɲ |naɪ |nɛ | |nʌɪ |nai | | |***CaCi** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |give |*aniŋ- |ɲiŋ- |nd-aneŋ-g- |ŋg-aniŋ- | |ŋg-aniŋ-gi-\\ nd-aniŋ-gi-| | | |***aCiC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |be angry |*ambin- |mbin(-i)- | | | |ambin-di- | | |tree possum|*aŋik | |aŋɪg-ʉk | | | | | | |***CaCiC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***aCiaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |scratch |*aniaŋ- |niŋ- |aniŋ(-g)- |ɲæŋ- | |aɲiaŋ-gi- | | |carry |*aŋgiar- |ŋgɛːr- |w-aŋgir- |naŋgiʌr- | |aŋgiar/td> | | | |***CaCiaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |grass skirt|*mamiaɣ | | |miamiɛŋ | |mamiaβ | | |fat/grease |*wawiat |biːra ~ biːro|ɣawe-weg-ʌk|wawi-pak | |wabia-pak | | |face |*jandziaɣ |aːmtsiʌk |antsɨɣ-ək |jendʒian |ˈendʲiaka |andʒiab\\ ~ anʒiaβ | | |sago |*jaŋgiaɣ | |ɛŋgig-ʉk |ŋgíaŋ- |ˈjaŋgíamba|aŋgiaβ |ŋiˈava | |speech |*jawiak[a] | | |jaβiaka | |wiaka | | |bean |*wajiak[ʉn]|eːg-siak |aʒíkɛrɛn |wajiɛkn- | |waziakʉn | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Capell |Z'graggen|Capell | | |***aCʉ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CaCʉ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***aCʉC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |vein |*aŋgʉndʉŋ | |aŋgʉndʉŋ-ʌk | | |aŋgaŋdʉŋ | | |basket sp. |*akʉram | | | | |akəram | | | |***CaCʉC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***aCʉaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |old man/o. bro.|*ambʉak |mbok |ambʉg-ak |mbəak | |ambʉak | | |water |*anʉam |nam |anam-ʌk |ɲʉəm- |ˈniam-aka |anʉam |niam | |short |*atʉap | |tʉw-ak | | | | | |banana |*aŋgʉan |ŋgon |aŋgʉn-ʌk |gən | |aŋgʌn |ˈgən-umba| |rib(s) |*aŋgʉar |ŋgɔrʌ | | | |aŋgʉʌr̃ | | |die |*arʉam- |ram- |arəm(-b)- |arʉam- | |ariam-b- | | |knife sp. |*ɣ₁ajʉam |ɛːm | |ɣajem- | | | | |ashes |*aw[ʉa]si[n] |watsia | |βʉətsin- |wɛˈtʲin-aka|awisɪn |vœˈasiam | | |***CaCʉaC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |fear (v.) |*warʉap- | |arɛb̵- ~ arub-|warʉap- | |wariap-i-| | |firewood |*raɣʉas |ɛːs |aɣəj-ʉk |ragəs- | |raɣʊas | | |stand |*[r/ɣ]ambʉak-|pauk- |amba- |ɣambʉək- |rambia- |ṛambʉak- |ləmbeaga | |mother |*jamʉaŋ | |amʉ̃ŋ~amʉŋ-ʌk | | |jamʉaŋ |-jamœaŋ | |father |*japʉak | |apək | | |japʉak |-japiak | |dog |*jarʉaj |ríː |ari-ʌk |jariaŋ- |ari-ˈaka |arʉai |ɽiei | |red |*jaɣʉap |ʌːp |aɣʉw-ak |jaɣiəp- |jgoi'ap-aka|ʌgᵊʌp |'ɣəp-aka | |wing |*ɣ₁awʉak |wok- |awʊk- |ɣaβuək- | |-gawʉak | | |cane |*ɣ₂arʉam |rom |arʉm-ʌk |garʉəm- | |arʉam | | |back |*ɣ₁aɣʉaɣ | |aɣə- |ɣaɣəaŋ- | |ɣaɣab | | … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River |Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum | | | |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Capell |Z'graggen |Capell | | |***aCu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |***CaCu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |sleep |*[r/ɣ]aŋgu-|ŋgu- |oŋgɔ(-i)-|ɣaŋguŋ- | |raŋgu- ~ɣaŋgu- | | | |***aCuC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |tail |*aŋuɣ |moːŋ |ŋok |ŋuŋ- | |ŋʊβ | | |neck |*aŋgum |æŋgom |aŋgom-ʌk |gum- | |aŋgʊm ~ ŋgʊm | | |arm |*akur | |akur-ak | | | | | |louse |*akuniŋ |ɣoɲo |akoɲiŋ-ʌk|kʊɲiŋ- | |kʊiŋ | | |elbow |*ambutaɣ | | |βʊtaŋ- | |ambʉtʌβ | | | |***CaCuC** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |river |*raɣut | | |raɣut- | |ragʊt | | |salt |*raɣur | | | | |ragʊr̃ ~ r̃ʌgʊr̃| | |cut (grass)|*jaŋgum- | |aŋgom-b- |jaŋgum- | |aŋgum-bi- | | |big |*ɣ₂arum | | |ɣarum- ~ arum-|a'rum-aka |arum |arum | |yes |*ɣ₂aruŋ |aruŋ- | |ɣaruŋ | |aruŋgi | | | |***aCuaC** |**** |**u** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |house |*[a]kuap |kɔp |kuβ-ʌk | | | | | |spirit sp. |*anduar | | |dʊʌr | |andʊar | | |rope |*anduar | | |duʌr | |andʊar | | |mosquito |*aŋguan |gʊan |aŋgʊn |guʌn- | |aŋgʊan |ˈgʷan-əmba| |flying fox |*aɣuar[im] |ɔːr |aɣor-ak |korím- | |akʷorɪm | | | |***CaCuaC**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |rain |*raɣuan |ɔːn |aβun-ʌk |raɣuan- |ra'gʷan-aka|rawan |'ṛavan | |stone |*ɣ₂aɣuatVk |ɔːta |agutug-ok|gawʊotk- |aˈgʷataka |watʉk |watɛg | ===== Pronouns ===== Moam River nominative pronouns are as follows, with attestations drawn from Capell (1951-1952: 142) and Z'graggen (1972) as indicated: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Moam River|Andarum |Tanguat |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| | | |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Z'graggen |Capell | |1 sg.|*ku(-aɣ) |ko |ku |ko-ʌ |kʊ-aβ |ku | |2 sg.|*unu(-aɣ) |no |nu |no-ʌ |nʊ-aβ |nu | |3 sg.|*ma(-n) |mʌ ~ mɛ |andʌːne |mʌŋga |mʌn |maːn | |1 pl.|*ani |ɛːɲ, nɛːn |naɪ |nɛ |nʌɪ |nai | |2 pl.|*ini(-aɣ) |ɟːɛ |ɲíːɣ |nía |ni-aβ |ni | |3 pl.|*? |mɛ |andaɲi, míg,\\ inʊmʌg|daŋgia, mʌŋgia|manda, danda|manda | |1 dl.|*naŋgi |ŋgʌː(-gin)|naːŋk |nʌŋgi |naŋgi |naŋgi | |2 dl.|*nuŋgi |ŋgoː(-gin)|noːŋk |nʊŋgi |niŋgi |nuŋgi | |3 dl.|*ma-ni |mɛːɲ(-gin)|kapaj, mapaj |mʌŋgʌpɛ |maɲaɪ |mapai | In addition to these, Capell (1951-1952: 142) gives Tanggum first person singular object /na/, the only person in which this distinction is drawn. The originality of this form is demonstrated by outcomparison to Ruboni Range /*na/ with the same meaning (q.v. Capell 1951-1952: 139, Stanhope 1972: 57-58.) ===== Nominal morphology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ ===== Verbal morphology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ ===== Loans to and from neighboring languages ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Igom and Tanggu share a number of basic terms with the Ruboni Range family immediately to the north; these are often found also in Ramu Coast but not in Andarum or Tanguat or in Guam River, suggesting Ruboni Range to be the lender |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Ruboni Range|Igom |Igom |Tangu |Tanggum| || |Z'graggen|Capell|Z'graggen|Capell | || | | | | | … Tomui River subgroup of West Madang …:\\ \\ …\\ \\ \\