====== Bore ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
Bore (Boroi,) also known as Gamei (Gamai, Gamay,) is spoken in two dialects by approximately 2,000 people (1989) living around the mouth of the Ramu river in the lower Ramu subdistrict of Papua New Guinea's Madang province (Parrish 1989: 1.)

===== Sources =====
Capell (1951-1952: 198-200) 80 comparative terms for Gamai

Z'graggen (1972) 406 comparative terms for Gamei

Parrish (1989) grammar of Bore

Foley (2005: 116-118) 62 comparative terms for Gamay

===== Phonology =====
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Parrish (1989: 1-3) gives 16 consonants and 6 vowels for Bore as followe:

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|  m   |  n   |     |  ŋ   |
|  p   |  t   |     |  k   |
|  b   |  d   |     |  g   |
|  mb  |  nd  |     |  ŋg  |
|      |  l   |     |      |
|  w   |  r   |  j  |      |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i  |  ɨ  |  u  |
|  e  |     |  o  |
|     |  a  |     |


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===== Pronouns =====
Parrish (1989: 14-18) gives Bore pronouns as follows, with Z'graggen's (1972) Gamei forms presented for comparison:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Parrish|Z'graggen|
|1 sg.|akku   |ʌuk      |
|2 sg.|u      |un       |
|3 sg.|ma     |mʌn      |
|1 pl.|ai     |(a)i     |
|2 pl.|ne     |nen      |
|3 pl.|mi     |mɪn      |
|1 dl.|aŋga   |ʌŋk      |
|2 dl.|oŋgo   |oŋk      |
|3 dl.|ma-niŋ |manɪŋ    |

The most conspicuous difference between Parrish's and Z'graggen's attestations is the presence of a final apical nasal /n/ on seveal of the latter. Parrish (pp. 17-18, 19) characterizes this suffix /-n/ as an exclusive which indicates that "the following object is being specified according to an exclusive reference by the speaker." Cognates of this suffix are found throughout the Ramu River family.



===== Nominal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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