====== Lower Ramu River ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
The Lower Ramu River family consists of of eight languages spoken around and inland of the mouth of the Ramu River on the north coast of the Bogia subdistrict of Papua New Guinea's Madang province (Z'graggen 1971: 74-79.) At least one of its members, Watam, is also spoken immediately across the border to the west in East Sepik province. It is called the Ruboni Stock in the works of Z'graggen, who first recognized the unity of the family.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of Lower Ramu River is as follows:\\
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Lower Ramu River

Ruboni Range

Kire (Giri)

Sepen

Mikarew

Ramu Coast

East Ramu Coast

Awar

Bosngun

North Ramu Coast

Boroi (Gamei)

Kaian

Watam\\
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Z'graggen (1971: 78-79) gives lexicostatistical relationships between languages of the Ruboni Stock as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|       |  Giri  |  Sepen  |  Mikarew  |  Awar  |  Bosngun  |  Gamei  |  Kaian  |  Watam  |
|Giri   |  ---   |   60    |    42     |   22   |    19     |   19    |   16    |   18    |
|Sepen  |   60   |   ---   |    60     |   18   |    18     |   16    |   15    |   17    |
|Mikarew|   42   |   60    |    ---    |   15   |    14     |   12    |   14    |   16    |
|Awar   |   22   |   18    |    15     |  ---   |    63     |   41    |   39    |   38    |
|Bosngun|   19   |   18    |    14     |   63   |    ---    |   45    |   42    |   42    |
|Gamei  |   19   |   16    |    12     |   41   |    45     |   ---   |   77    |   72    |
|Kaian  |   16   |   15    |    14     |   39   |    42     |   77    |   ---   |   77    |
|Watam  |   18   |   17    |    16     |   38   |    41     |   72    |   77    |   ---   |

===== Sources =====
**[under construction]**\\
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…

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Lower Ramu|Ramu Coast|Ruboni Range|
||****      |****      |****        |
||          |          |            |


===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
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|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Lower Ramu|Ramu Coast|Ruboni Range|
|1 sg.|*…        |          |            |
|2 sg.|*…        |          |            |
|3 sg.|*…        |          |            |
|1 pl.|*…        |          |            |
|2 pl.|*…        |          |            |
|3 pl.|*…        |          |            |
|1 dl.|*…        |          |            |
|2 dl.|*…        |          |            |
|3 dl.|*…        |          |            |


===== Loans from Bogia Bay =====
**[under construction]**\\
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|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Bogia Bay|Ramu Coast|Ruboni Range|
|louse    |         |          |            |
|mosquito |         |          |            |
|cassowary|         |          |            |