====== Porapora River ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
The Porapora River family consists of two closely related languages, Abu and Gorovu, spoken from along and around the Porapora river, a tributary of the Sepik, to west of the Ramu river on either side of the border between Papua New Guinea's East Sepik and Madang provinces (Z'graggen 1971: 87-88.) It is called the Agoan Family in the works of Z'graggen, after the names of its members, Adjora (i.e. Abu) and Gorovu.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of Porapora River is as follows:\\
\\

Porapora River

Abu

Gorovu\\
\\

Z'graggen (1971: 87-88) gives a lexicostatistical relationship of 51% between Abu and Gorovu.

===== Sources =====
Z'graggen (1969, 1971: 87-88) brief descriptions of Adjora and Gorovu

Z'graggen (1972) 431 comparative terms for Adjora of Senae village and Gorovu of Bangapella village, formerly of Gorovu village

Laycock (1971) 251 comparative terms for Adjora, Gwin (Abu) and Yerany (Gorovu) villages (digitalized by Russell Barlow)

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Porapora River had 14 or 15 consonants and 4 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m   |  *n   |        |  *ŋ   |
|  *p   |  *t   |  [*s]  |  *k   |
|  *mb  |  *nd  |  *ndz  |  *ŋg  |
|  *w   |  *r   |   *j   |  *ɣ   |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i  |  *ʉ  |  *u  |
|      |  *a  |      |

…initially…

Any consonant can occur medially.\\
\\

Only a restricted set of consonants occurs finally:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |  *ŋ  |
|  *p  |  *t  |      |  *k  |
|  *w  |  *r  |  *j  |  *ɣ  |


Initial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Porapora  |  Gorovu  |  Adjora  |
|    *m-     |    m     |    m     |
|    *n-     |    n     |    n     |
|    *ŋg-    |          |          |

Subinitial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Porapora  |  Gorovu  |  Adjora  |
|    *ʉm-    |    m     |    m     |
|    *ʉn-    |          |          |
|    *ʉŋ-    |          |          |
|    *ʉp-    |          |          |
|    *ʉt-    |          |          |
|    *ʉk-    |          |          |
|   *ʉmb-    |          |          |
|   *ʉnd-    |          |          |
|   *ʉndz-   |          |          |
|   *ʉŋg-    |    g     |    ŋg    |
|    *ʉw-    |    b     |    b     |
|    *ʉr-    |          |          |
|    *ʉj-    |          |          |
|    *ʉɣ-    |    g     |    g     |

Medial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Porapora  |  Gorovu  |  Adjora  |
|    *-m-    |          |          |
|    *-n-    |    n     |    n     |
|  *-n-/#i_  |          |          |
|  *-n-/_i   |          |          |
|    *-ŋ-    |          |          |
|    *-p-    |          |          |
|    *-t-    |          |          |
|    *-s-    |          |          |
|    *-k-    |          |          |
|   *-mb-    |    w     |    mb    |
|   *-nd-    |          |          |
|   *-ndz-   |          |          |
|   *-ŋg-    |          |          |
|    *-w-    |          |          |
|    *-w-    |          |          |
|    *-r-    |          |          |
|    *-j-    |          |          |
|  *-j-/_ʉ   |          |          |
|    *-ɣ-    |          |          |

Final consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Porapora  |  Gorovu  |  Adjora  |
|    *-m     |          |          |
|    *-n     |          |          |
|    *-ŋ     |          |          |
|    *-p     |          |          |
|    *-t     |          |          |
|    *-k     |          |          |
|    *-w     |          |          |
|    *-r     |          |          |
|    *-j     |          |          |
|    *-ɣ     |          |          |

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with attestations drawn from Z'graggen (1971, 1972) and from Laycock (1971.).\\
\\

\\

Only a restricted set of consonants occurs initially. These are not synchronically disinguishable from their subinitial equivalents (below,) which become initial due to the regular loss of initial high central vowel /*ʉ/, but are distinct therefrom in other subgroups of Ramu River. It would have been possible then to reconstruct proto-Porepora River with a full range of initial consonants; we have opted for a slightly more archaic treatment to facilitate comparison with other Ramu River subgroups.\\
\\

Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is found in native words only in the third person pronouns …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|     |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|     |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|     |***m-**       |**m**    |**m**  |**m**    |**m**  |**m**  |
|3 sg.|*mʉ           |mʉ       |mə     |mə       |mə     |mə     |
|3 pl.|*mVnʉ         |mʌr      |marə   |mənʉ     |mən    |mənə   |

One example of initial /*m/ is a regional loan:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|        |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|        |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|        |***M-**       |**m**    |**m**  |**m**    |**m**  |**m**  |
|ancestor|*m[a]ruw      |mʉrʊβ    |       |mʌru     |       |       |

Initial apical nasal /*n/ …:

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|          |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|          |***n-**       |**?**    |**n**  |**n**    |**n**  |**n**  |
|1 sg. acc.|*na           |         |na-n   |na       |nə     |na ~ nə|

Initial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …:

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|          |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu   |Abu      |Abu                       |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu   |Yerany   |Adjora   |Adjora                    |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen|Laycock  |Z'graggen|Laycock                   |Laycock|
|          |***ŋg-_**     |****     |****     |****     |****                      |****   |
|1 sg. nom.|*ŋgu          |ŋgʉ      |ŋgu ~ ŋgə|         |ŋgu ~ ŋgʷu\\ ~ ŋgʷo ~ ŋgʷɔ|ŋgʷu   |


Subinitial consonants are those which which originally were medials of multisyllabic roots but have become initial in all three languages due to the mutual loss of destressed intiial high central vowel /*ʉ/\\
\\

Subiniital bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|    |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|    |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|    |***-m-/#ʉ_**  |**m**    |**m**  |**m**    |**m**  |**m**  |
|bow |*ʉmiŋ         |míŋ      |miŋ    |mɪŋ      |mi     |miŋ    |
|lake|*ʉmar         |mʌr      |mar    |mʌr      |       |       |

Subinitial apical nasal /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu        |Abu    |Abu    |
|        |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora     |Adjora |Gwin   |
|        |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen  |Laycock|Laycock|
|        |***n-/#ʉ_**   |**?**    |**n**  |**n**      |**n**  |**n**  |
|clay pot|*ʉnʉ          |nə       |       |nʉ         |       |       |
|sister  |*ʉnʉmu        |nʉmu     |nəmu   |nəmo ~ nʊmo|nəmɔ   |nəmɔ   |

Suinitial velar nasal /*ŋ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu           |Abu           |
|         |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora        |Gwin          |
|         |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock       |Laycock       |
|         |***-ŋ-/#ʉ_**  |**ŋ**    |**ŋ**  |**ŋ**    |**ŋ [ŋ g]**   |**ŋ**         |
|2 sg.    |*ʉŋu          |ŋʉ       |ŋə     |ŋʊ       |ŋɔ ~ ŋʷɔ ~ gʷɔ|ŋu ~ ŋʷu ~ ŋʷɔ|
|chop/fell|*ʉŋu-         |         |       |ŋu-      |              |              |

Subinitial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|          |***-p-/#ʉ_**  |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|blunt/dull|*ʉpamaj       |pamaɪ    |       |pamʌɪ    |       |       |
|parrot sp.|*ʉpar         |         |par    |         |paɾә   |       |

Subinitial apical voiceless stop /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Porapora River|Gorovu         |Gorovu |Abu          |Abu    |Abu    |
|             |              |Gorovu         |Yerany |Adjora       |Adjora |Gwin   |
|             |              |Z'graggen      |Laycock|Z'graggen    |Laycock|Laycock|
|             |***-t-/#ʉ_**  |**t**          |****   |**t**        |****   |****   |
|piece of wood|*ʉtʉ          |tʉ             |       |tʉ           |       |-tә́   |
|tie          |*ʉtʉ[ɣ]-      |mʉ-tʉ- ~ -tʉ-  |       |tʉg- ~ tʉ-   |       |       |
|bamboo       |*ʉtam         |tʌm            |tam    |             |       |       |
|throat       |*ʉtam         |tʌm            |       |tʌm          |       |       |
|shin         |*ʉtanda[ŋ]    |               |       |trʌː-gʌr     |       |       |
|testicle(s)  |*ʉtu          |tʊː-sí         |tuw-ar |tʊ ~ toː-tsʉ |túwə   |tɔˑ    |
|wooden plate |*ʉtuŋ         |tuŋ            |       |tʊŋ          |       |       |
|cut/chop     |*ʉtuka-       |tukʷa- ~ təkʷa-|       |tuko- ~ tukʷ-|       |       |
|fill         |*ʉtu[wa]-     |tua-           |       |tu-          |       |       |

No examples of subinitial laminal voiceless /*s/ have been found.

Subinitial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

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|     |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu          |Abu    |
|     |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora       |Gwin   |
|     |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock      |Laycock|
|     |***-k-/#ʉ_**  |**k**    |**k**  |**k**    |**k**        |**k**  |
|smoke|*ʉki[j]       |kí       |-ki    |         |-ki          |       |
|tree |*ʉkʉ          |kʉ       |kə     |kʉ́:     |kə           |kə     |
|dog  |*ʉku          |kʊ(a)    |kʷә    |koː      |ku-          |kʷɔ    |
|dig  |*ʉku-         |ku-      |       |         |             |       |
|ear  |*ʉkur         |kur̃ʉ    |kʷúrə  |kʊr      |kʷar- ~ kʷɔr-|kʷurə  |

Subinitial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu    |Abu         |Abu    |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu   |Yerany    |Adjora      |Adjora |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen|Laycock   |Z'graggen   |Laycock|Laycock|
|          |***-mb-/#ʉ_** |****     |****      |****        |****   |****   |
|hand drum |*ʉmbʉm        |mbʉm     |&nbspᵐbəm;|mpʉm        |mpəm   |mpəm   |
|upper leg |*ʉmbʉm        |mbʉm     |          |mpʉn-ʌɪ     |       |       |
|branch    |*ʉmbʉm        |         |          |mpʉm        |       |       |
|stick (n.)|*ʉmbʉn        |         |          |mpʉn ~ mpʉnʉ|       |       |
|carry     |*ʉmbʉka-      |mbʉka-   |          |mpʉka-      |       |       |
|shoulder  |*ʉmbʉk-akam   |mbʉaɣam  |          |pʉgakʌm     |       |mbəkáka|
|stand     |*ʉmb[ʉ/u]-    |bʉ-      |          |mpu-        |       |       |
|canoe     |*ʉmbar        |mbʌr     |mbar      |            |       |       |

Subinitial apical prenasalized voiced stop /*nd/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Porapora River   |Gorovu       |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|             |                 |Gorovu       |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|             |                 |Z'graggen    |Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|             |***-nd-/#ʉ_**    |****         |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|pus          |*ʉndʉn           |             |ndɨn   |         |ətɨn   |ⁿtɨn   |
|think        |*ʉndʉ[ŋ]-ʉndʉ[ŋ]-|ndʉ-ndʉ-     |       |         |       |       |
|swallow      |*ʉndʉŋga-        |mʉ-ndəka-    |       |ndʉŋka-  |       |       |
|root         |*ʉndʉrʉ[ɣ]       |ndrʉgʊ ~ ndrʉ|       |tʉrʉŋ    |       |       |
|who?         |*ʉndu            |du- (?)      |ndu    |         |ndu    |       |
|ground possum|*ʉndu            |ndú          |ntɔ    |ntoː     |       |       |
|meat         |*ʉndun           |dun          |nduˑn  |ntun     |ndúw-ej|ndun-aj|

Subinitial laminal prenasalized voiced /*ndz/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|     |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|     |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|     |***-ndz-/#ʉ_**|****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|stone|*ʉndzi[p/mb]ʉn|ndʒɪpᵊn  |dʲipən |dʒɪmpʉn  |       |       |
|flame|*ʉndzik       |dʒɪ      |       |         |       |       |
|salt |*ʉndzaŋ       |ndʒʌŋ    |ndʒaŋ  |ndʒaŋa   |       |ndʲaŋ  |

Suinitial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu            |Gorovu |Abu               |Abu    |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu            |Yerany |Adjora            |Adjora |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen         |Laycock|Z'graggen         |Laycock|Laycock|
|          |***-ŋg-/#ʉ_** |****              |****   |****              |****   |****   |
|watch     |*ʉŋgʉn[u]-    |                  |       |ŋkʉnu-            |       |       |
|make/build|*ʉŋgʉrʉ-      |ŋgr(ʉ)- ~ m-iŋgrʉ-|       |ŋkrʉ- ~gʉrʉ- ~krʉ-|       |       |
|slit drum |*ʉŋgun        |ŋgun              |ŋgʷun  |uŋkuːne (?)       |ŋkʷun  |ŋkʷun  |
|shoot (v.)|*ʉŋguni-      |ŋgiɲ- ~ ŋguɲ-     |       |kuiɲ-~mu-ŋkuɲ-    |       |       |

Suinitial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu         |Abu         |
|        |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora      |Gwin        |
|        |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock     |Laycock     |
|        |***w-/#ʉ_**   |**b**    |**b**  |**b**    |**b [b mb]**|**b [b mb]**|
|name    |*ʉwi          |bʉᵉ      |       |bíː      |            |            |
|liver   |*ʉwij[i]rʉm   |bidʒirʉm |       |         |            |            |
|fly (n.)|*ʉwirʉŋ       |brɨŋ     |bərә́ŋ |bɪrʉŋ    |            |bɪrəŋ       |
|basket  |*ʉwʉ          |bə       |       |bʉː      |            |            |
|push    |*ʉwʉn[u]-     |bʉn-     |       |bənu-    |            |            |
|bite    |*ʉw[ʉ/u]-     |bʉ       |       |buː      |            |            |
|coconut |*ʉwaŋ         |bʌŋ      |baŋ    |baŋ      |ᵐba         |mbaŋ        |
|belly   |*ʉwak         |bʌɣ      |baɣ    |ba       |bət         |baʔ ~ ba    |

Subinitial apical non=stop /*r/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu   |Abu      |Abu      |Abu      |
|         |              |Gorovu   |Yerany   |Adjora   |Adjora   |Gwin     |
|         |              |Z'graggen|Laycock  |Z'graggen|Laycock  |Laycock  |
|         |***-r-/ʉ_**   |**r [d]**|**r [d]**|**?**    |**r [d]**|**r [d]**|
|liver (?)|*ʉrimaŋ       |         |dʲimaŋ   |         |dimaŋ    |dimaŋ    |
|what?    |*ʉra          |dʌ       |         |dʌ-      |         |nda      |
|pig      |*ʉram         |dʌm      |dam      |         |         |         |

Subinitial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

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|            |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu         |Abu    |Abu     |
|            |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora      |Adjora |Gwin    |
|            |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen   |Laycock|Laycock |
|            |***-j-/#ʉ_**  |****     |****   |****        |****   |****    |
|penis       |*ʉji          |dʒi      |tʲaj   |tsi         |tʲɪ-   |tʲɪ-    |
|tongue      |*ʉjimba       |dʒ-aɪ    |dʲa-j  |dʒimba      |ⁿdʒumba|ⁿndʲimba|
|cough       |*ʉjiŋ         |dʒiŋ     |       |            |       |        |
|earth/ground|*ʉjirʉŋ       |dʒírʉŋ   |tʲirəŋ |dʒírʉŋ      |       |        |
|loincloth   |*ʉjaɣ         |dʒiʌgʉ   |tʲaɣ   |tsag ~ tsagʉ|tʲə    |tʲaɣ    |
|hot         |*ʉjuju        |dʒudʒu   |       |dʒudʒu      |       |        |

… /*j/ is a regional latter-day loan from Oceanic (cf. Manam [sokai ~ ˈsoʔaj] (Turner 1986: 10, 13..)

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|       |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|       |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|       |***J-**       |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|tobacco|*Jukaj        |dʒukuai  |tʲukʷej|dʒukai   |tʲúkʷe |tʲúkaj |

Subinitial velar non-stop /*ɣ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu              |Gorovu    |Abu         |Abu     |Abu       |
|          |              |Gorovu              |Yerany    |Adjora      |Adjora  |Gwin      |
|          |              |Z'graggen           |Laycock   |Z'graggen   |Laycock |Laycock   |
|          |***-ɣ-/#ʉ_**  |**g**               |**g**     |**g [g ŋg]**|**g**   |**g**     |
|after     |*ʉɣʉn[i]      |gʉn                 |          |gʉɲi        |        |          |
|see       |*ʉɣa[n/r]-    |gʌn-                |          |gʌr(u)-     |        |          |
|sun/day   |*ʉɣar         |gʌr                 |gar       |ŋgʌr        |gər     |gaɾ       |
|fire      |*ʉɣu          |gu(ᵊ)               |gʷə       |ŋgu         |gʷә́    |gʷə ~ gʷu-|
|night     |*ʉɣum         |gʉm- ~ gum-         |gum       |ŋgʉm-       |gum     |gəmə      |
|last night|*ʉɣumaɣ       |gumag\\ ~gʉmag-~guma|          |ŋgʉmʌg      |        |          |
|speech    |*ʉɣun         |gun                 |          |ŋgun        |        |          |
|seed      |*ʉɣurʉ        |                    |gʷurә́    |            |gә́rә   |gurә́     |
|pigeon sp.|*ʉɣurʉ        |                    |gʷúrə     |            |ᵑgʷurə  |gʷurə     |
|heart     |*ʉɣuraw       |gurʌu               |gʷurau    |gurʌva      |        |gʷurabɨ́r |
|speak     |*ʉɣuraw[ʉ]-   |guraw(ʉ)-           |          |gurʌβ-      |        |          |
|aupa      |*ʉɣujinʉ[ŋ]   |                    |gʷɔˑdʲirəŋ|            |gʷídʒɪnì|ŋgʷitʲɪnə |

One example …:


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|    |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|    |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|    |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|    |***-[w/ɣ]-**  |**b**    |**b**  |**g**    |**g**  |****   |
|rain|*a[w/ɣ][ʉ/u]n |abʉn     |abә́n  |agun     |agún   |       |


Any consonant can occur medially.\\
\\

Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages:

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|            |Porapora River|Gorovu              |Gorovu  |Abu         |Abu    |Abu       |
|            |              |Gorovu              |Yerany  |Adjora      |Adjora |Gwin      |
|            |              |Z'graggen           |Laycock |Z'graggen   |Laycock|Laycock   |
|            |***-m-**      |**m**               |**m**   |**m**       |**m**  |**m**     |
|garden      |*inaŋamʉn     |ɲaŋamʉn             |ɲɔŋáˑmən|ɲaŋʌmʉn     |ɲamən  |ɲəŋamən(ə)|
|unripe/green|*iŋgamanak    |ígamanʌg            |        |iŋganak (?) |       |          |
|dream       |*irʉma        |irəmʌ               |        |irma        |       |          |
|sew         |*ijam[u]-     |m-iʌm-              |        |ɛdʒɪmu-     |       |          |
|blunt/dull  |*ʉpamaj       |pamaɪ               |        |pamʌɪ       |       |          |
|sister      |*ʉnʉmu        |nʉmu                |nəmu    |nəmo ~ nʊmo |nəmɔ   |nəmɔ      |
|liver (?)   |*ʉrimaŋ       |                    |dʲimaŋ  |            |dimaŋ  |dimaŋ     |
|last night  |*ʉɣumaɣ       |gumag\\ ~gʉmag-~guma|        |ŋgʉmʌg      |       |          |
|ant sp.     |*ami[n/ŋ]     |                    |amɪŋ    |            |amí    |amin      |
|eat/drink   |*am[u]-       |amə-                |        |amu-        |       |          |
|woman       |*am…          |amíʊ                |amiyəɣ  |amʌɪ        |       |          |
|louse       |*amʉnak       |amrʉŋ               |amərәŋ́ |amʌna ~amaɲa|aməní  |amәrә́ŋ   |
|brain       |*umaniŋ       |umɪŋ                |        |omaɲa       |       |          |
|work        |*ubʉm[i]      |obʉm                |        |obʉmɛ       |       |          |

Medial apical nasal /*n/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

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|            |Porapora River|Gorovu     |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|            |              |Gorovu     |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|            |              |Z'graggen  |Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|            |***-n-**      |**n**      |**n**  |**n**    |**n**  |**n**  |
|axe         |*ina[ŋ]       |-ina       |ináŋ   |ína-     |ɪnáʔ   |iná    |
|unripe/green|*iŋgamanak    |ígamanʌg   |       |iŋganak  |       |       |
|watch       |*ʉŋgʉn[u]-    |           |       |ŋkʉnu-   |       |       |
|push        |*ʉwʉn[u]-     |bʉn-       |       |bənu-    |       |       |
|water       |*anʉm         |ʌnʉm ~ anəm|anəm   |anʉm     |anəm   |anəm   |
|taro        |*anam         |anʌm       |anám   |anʌm     |anám   |anam   |
|dry         |*ana[ŋ]       |anʌŋ       |anáŋ   |ana      |ná     |aná    |
|give        |*anaŋ-        |anaŋ-      |       |anʌŋ-    |       |       |
|thatch      |*unʉm         |unʉm       |       |onʉm     |       |       |

When medial /*n/ is either preceded or followed by high front vowel /*i/, it is realized as palatal [ɲ]. …:

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|         |Porapora River|Gorovu       |Gorovu  |Abu          |Abu    |Abu          |
|         |              |Gorovu       |Yerany  |Adjora       |Adjora |Gwin         |
|         |              |Z'graggen    |Laycock |Z'graggen    |Laycock|Laycock      |
|         |***n-/#i_**   |**n [ɲ]**    |****    |**n [ɲ]**    |****   |****         |
|vulva    |*ini          |ɲɪ           |ɲɨ      |ɲi           |ɲɨ     |ɲɨ           |
|excrement|*ininʉŋ       |ɲirʉŋ        |        |ɲínʉŋ        |       |             |
|garden   |*inaŋamʉn     |ɲaŋamʉn      |ɲɔŋáˑmən|ɲaŋʌmʉn      |ɲamən  |ɲəŋamən(ə)   |
|skin/bark|*inaŋap       |jaŋap ~ɲaŋafʉ|ɲәŋáp   |ɲaŋʌpʉ ~ɲaŋʌp|-əŋә́pɛ|ɲəŋap ~ ɲɪŋap|
|sand     |*inaɣam       |ɲagʌm        |        |ɲiaga        |       |ɲagam        |

…[ɲ] …:

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|          |Porapora River|Gorovu       |Gorovu |Abu           |Abu      |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu       |Yerany |Adjora        |Adjora   |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen    |Laycock|Z'graggen     |Laycock  |Laycock|
|          |***-n-/_i**   |**n [ɲ]**    |****   |**n [ɲ]**     |****     |****   |
|vulva     |*ini          |ɲɪ           |ɲɨ     |ɲi            |ɲɨ       |ɲɨ     |
|excrement |*ininʉŋ       |ɲirʉŋ        |       |ɲínʉŋ         |         |       |
|take      |*ʉni-         |m-ʉɲi-       |       |              |         |       |
|shoot (v.)|*ʉŋguni-      |ŋgiɲ- ~ ŋguɲ-|       |kuiɲ-~mu-ŋkuɲ-|         |       |
|after     |*ʉɣʉn[i]      |gʉn          |       |gʉɲi          |         |       |
|1 pl.     |*ani          |ʌɲɪ          |aɲi    |aɲi           |aɲɪ ~ aɲi|aɲi    |
|scratch   |*aniŋ-        |m-ʌɲiŋ-      |       |aɲiŋa-        |         |       |
|hold      |*akun[i]-     |m-aɣuɲ-      |       |akuɲI-        |         |       |
|brain     |*umaniŋ       |umɪŋ         |       |omaɲa         |         |       |
|take      |*[u]ni-       |m-ʉɲi-       |       |ɲu-           |         |       |
|2 pl.     |*uni          |ʊɲi          |uɲi    |oɲi           |uɲi      |uɲi    |

… /*n/ …:

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|         |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu    |Abu         |Abu     |Abu      |
|         |              |Gorovu   |Yerany    |Adjora      |Adjora  |Gwin     |
|         |              |Z'graggen|Laycock   |Z'graggen   |Laycock |Laycock  |
|         |***-n-**      |**r**    |**r**     |**n**       |**n**   |**n**    |
|excrement|*ininʉŋ       |ɲirʉŋ    |          |ɲínʉŋ       |        |         |
|aupa     |*ʉɣujinʉ[ŋ]   |         |gʷɔˑdʲirəŋ|            |gʷídʒɪnì|ŋgʷitʲɪnə|
|louse    |*amʉnak       |amrʉŋ    |amərәŋ́   |amʌna ~amaɲa|aməní   |amәrә́ŋ  |
|sago     |*andzinʉ[ŋ]   |ajirʉŋ   |aidʲirəŋ  |andʒína     |andʒɨ́nə|andʒinə  |
|firewood |*ajinʉɣ       |adʒirʉ   |adʲírəɣ   |adʒɪrʉŋ     |adʒini  |         |
|3 pl.    |*mVnʉ         |mʌr      |marə      |mənʉ        |mən     |mənə     |

One irregular reflex of /*n/ is probably a doublet in which the Abu form was borrowed immediately from another Ramu River language in which the occlusion of /*n/ to /nd/ is regular:

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|      |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|      |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|      |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|      |***-[n/nd]-** |**n**    |**n**  |**nd**   |**nd** |**nd** |
|paddle|*anaw         |ʌnau     |anáw   |andʌ     |andáʔ  |andá   |

Medial velar nasal /*ŋ/ is retained as such in both languages:

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|           |Porapora River|Gorovu       |Gorovu  |Abu             |Abu        |Abu          |
|           |              |Gorovu       |Yerany  |Adjora          |Adjora     |Gwin         |
|           |              |Z'graggen    |Laycock |Z'graggen       |Laycock    |Laycock      |
|           |***-ŋ-**      |**ŋ**        |****    |**ŋ**           |****       |****         |
|garden     |*inaŋamʉn     |ɲaŋamʉn      |ɲɔŋáˑmən|ɲaŋʌmʉn         |ɲamən      |ɲəŋamən(ə)   |
|skin/bark  |*inaŋap       |jaŋap ~ɲaŋafʉ|ɲәŋáp   |ɲaŋʌpʉ ~ɲaŋʌp   |-əŋә́pɛ    |ɲəŋap ~ ɲɪŋap|
|body       |*iŋʉ          |iŋʉ          |        |iŋʉ             |           |             |
|scratch    |*aniŋ-        |m-ʌɲiŋ-      |        |aɲiŋa-          |           |             |
|raw/new    |*aŋiakʉrʉ     |aŋiʌɣrʉ      |        |aŋiʌkr ~ aŋiʌkr̃|           |             |
|bandicoot  |*aŋim         |             |aɲím (?)|                |           |aŋɪm         |
|tree possum|*aŋik         |             |        |áŋi             |aní (?)    |aŋɛ́         |
|shadow/soul|*aŋiC         |aŋíŋ ~ aŋɪŋ  |        |                |aŋɪr ~ aŋi-|             |
|roof       |*aŋ[ʉ/u]n     |ŋun          |        |aŋʉn            |           |             |
|give       |*anaŋ-        |anaŋ-        |        |anʌŋ-           |           |             |
|village    |*uŋʉ          |uŋʉ          |uŋә́    |oŋu             |ɔŋә́       |ɔŋә́         |
|top        |*uŋun         |ŋun          |        |oŋʊn            |           |             |

Medial plain bilabial stop /*p/ is sometimes fricated to [ɸ f] in Gorovu:

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|          |Porapora River|Gorovu       |Gorovu       |Abu       |Abu        |Abu        |
|          |              |Gorovu       |Yerany       |Adjora    |Adjora     |Gwin       |
|          |              |Z'graggen    |Laycock      |Z'graggen |Laycock    |Laycock    |
|          |***-p-**      |**p [p ɸ f]**|**p [p ɸ]**  |**p**     |**p**      |**p**      |
|fingernail|*ipiŋ         |ifíŋ         |             |-pɪɪŋ     |-ipiŋ      |           |
|sit       |*ipʉr[ʉ]-     |ɸrə-         |             |epʉr-     |           |           |
|arrow sp. |*apʉm         |aɸʉm ~ afʉm  |             |apʉ̃m     |           |           |
|leaf      |*apar         |pʉ           |ɔpəɣ ~ pә́(ɣ)|apʌr      |aˑpə ~ apә́|aˑpə ~ apә́|
|swim      |*abarapV-     |abaraɸa-     |             |abarap(o)-|           |           |
|fly (v.)  |*aɣarapV-     |aragaɸa-     |             |ʌragʌp(u)-|           |           |
|mountain  |*upʉ          |upʉ          |uɸә́         |opʉ       |ɔpʰɨ́      |ɔpʉ        |

Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in both languages when followed by non-high front vowels /*ʉ *a *u/:

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|     |Porapora River |Gorovu        |Gorovu      |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|     |               |Gorovu        |Yerany      |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|     |               |Z'graggen     |Laycock     |Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|     |***-t-/_ʉ u a**|**t**         |****        |**t**    |****   |****   |
|heavy|*ikutʉ         |kutʉ          |            |ɪgutʉ    |       |       |
|sharp|*andʉtʉ        |ʌrʉtʉ         |            |antʉtʉ   |       |       |
|yam  |*utʉm          |otɛm          |ɔtәm ~ ɔ́təm|otʉm     |ɔtә́m  |ɔtә́m  |
|path |*utaɣ          |usʌ ~ usʌg (?)|utáɣ        |otʌg     |utágə  |ɔtáj   |

Medial laminal voiceless /*s/ has been found in only one example, where it may be a loan from the Guam and Moam River languages (cf. Abu /*uŋgʉm/ "crocodile"; several other examples of /*s/ in other subgroups of Ramu River have merged with paltal non-stop /*j/ in Porapora River):

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|         |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|         |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|         |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|         |***-s-**      |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|crocodile|*asik         |así      |así    |         |       |       |

Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is sometimes lenited to [ɣ] in Gorovu:

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|            |Porapora River|Gorovu         |Gorovu |Abu             |Abu    |Abu     |
|            |              |Gorovu         |Yerany |Adjora          |Adjora |Gwin    |
|            |              |Z'graggen      |Laycock|Z'graggen       |Laycock|Laycock |
|            |***-k-**      |**k g ɣ**      |****   |**k**           |****   |****    |
|heavy       |*ikutʉ        |kutʉ           |       |ɪgutʉ           |       |        |
|fog         |*[i/u]kun     |igʊn           |ikʷún  |okun            |ukər̃  |ukənə   |
|carry       |*ʉmbʉka-      |mbʉka-         |       |mpʉka-          |       |        |
|shoulder    |*ʉmbʉk-akam   |mbʉaɣam        |       |pʉgakʌm         |       |mbəkáka |
|cut/chop    |*ʉtuka-       |tukʷa- ~ təkʷa-|       |tuko- ~ tukʷ-   |       |        |
|raw/new     |*aŋiakʉrʉ     |aŋiʌɣrʉ        |       |aŋiʌkr ~ aŋiʌkr̃|       |        |
|mouth       |*akam         |ʌkʌm ~ aɣam    |akam   |akam            |akám-  |akam    |
|hawk sp.    |*akar         |               |akár   |                |akaɾә  |akarʷ(ә)|
|hold        |*akun[i]-     |m-aɣuɲ-        |       |akuɲI-          |       |        |
|rat         |*ukʉrʉk       |uɣrʉg ~ uɣrʉ   |ukәrә́ɣ|okrʉŋ           |       |ukә́rәŋ |
|betel pepper|*ukam         |oɣʌm           |ukám   |oːkʌm           |ukam   |ukam    |

One of the most conspicuous phonological differences between Gorovu and Abu is that medial prenasalized stops are devoiced in Abu but lenited and deoccluded in Gorovu.\\
\\

Medial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ is usually devoiced to [mp] in Adjora and is deoccluded to /w/ [w β] in Gorovu. This is distinct from the reflex of bilabial non-stop /*w/ [b] (below):

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|          |Porapora River|Gorovu       |Gorovu  |Abu                  |Abu               |Abu      |
|          |              |Gorovu       |Yerany  |Adjora               |Adjora            |Gwin     |
|          |              |Z'graggen    |Laycock |Z'graggen            |Laycock           |Laycock  |
|          |***-mb-**     |**w [w β ø]**|****    |**mb [mp mb]**       |****              |****     |
|mami      |*imbaŋ        |íwaŋ         |jɛβáŋ   |ɪmpaŋ                |(j)ɛmpaŋ          |jɛmpáŋ   |
|tongue    |*ʉjimba       |dʒ-aɪ        |dʲa-j   |dʒimba               |ⁿdʒumba           |ⁿndʲimba |
|breadfruit|*ambiŋ        |             |abíŋ    |                     |apíʔ              |ampiŋ    |
|house     |*ambʉ[ɣ]      |aβʉ          |aβә́    |ampʉ                 |ampә́             |ampә́    |
|head/top  |*amban        |awʌn ~ awan  |amban-aj|ampʌn ~ampan\\ ~ambʌn|ampar-i\\ ~ -ámban|ampən-ajə|
|big       |*ambak        |awʌg ~ awʌ   |aβaɣ    |                     |                  |         |
|eye       |*ambar        |áwʌr̃-áɪ     |awur-áj |ampʌr                |ampr̃-ár̃ə        |ampar    |
|male      |*amburaŋga[m] |awaraɣamᵅ    |        |ampurãŋka            |                  |         |
|thigh     |*umb[a]n      |uwʌn-aɪ      |        |ʊmpín                |                  |         |
|chicken   |*umbat        |owʌr         |ɔβár    |ompʌr ~ompʌra        |umpaɾә            |umpár    |

Medial apical prenasalized voiced stop /*nd/ …:

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|               |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu        |Abu    |Abu    |
|               |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora     |Adjora |Gwin   |
|               |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen  |Laycock|Laycock|
|               |***-nd-**     |**r**    |****   |**nd [nt]**|****   |****   |
|younger brother|*indʉŋ        |nɪrɨŋ    |irəŋ   |intʉ́ŋ     |ɛntɪŋ  |ɛntɪŋ  |
|arrow sp.      |*indʉk        |irʉg     |       |ɪntʉ       |       |       |
|string/rope    |*andʉm        |arʉm     |arəm   |           |       |       |
|sharp          |*andʉtʉ       |ʌrʉtʉ    |       |antʉtʉ     |       |       |
|grass skirt    |*andʉk        |         |       |antʉgʉ     |antí   |antɨ́  |
|tooth          |*and[ʉ/a]n    |arʌn-aɪ  |rán-aj |antʉn      |       |antɨ́n |
|pitpit sp.     |*andum        |         |arúm   |           |antəm  |       |
|spirit sp.     |*andur        |         |       |antur̃     |       |       |
|vein           |*aŋgʉnd[ʉ][ŋ] |         |       |aŋgri      |       |       |
|tree possum    |*undan        |urʌn     |uráŋ   |           |       |       |

In one example known to correspond to /*nd/ in other subfamilies of Ramu River, medial /*nd/ is realized in Adjora as [r] in a cluster with preceding /*t/:

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|    |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|    |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|    |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|    |***-nd-/tV_** |****     |****   |**r**    |****   |****   |
|shin|*ʉtanda[ŋ]    |         |       |trʌː-gʌr |       |       |

Medial laminal prenasalized voiced /*ndz/ …:

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|         |Porapora River|Gorovu      |Gorovu  |Abu       |Abu     |Abu    |
|         |              |Gorovu      |Yerany  |Adjora    |Adjora  |Gwin   |
|         |              |Z'graggen   |Laycock |Z'graggen |Laycock |Laycock|
|         |***-ndz-**    |**ndʒ dʒ j**|****    |**ndʒ ɲɟ**|****    |****   |
|areca nut|*indzak       |iaɣ         |jaɣ     |ɲɟa       |ɪtʲáʔ   |ntʲá   |
|sago     |*andzinʉ[ŋ]   |ajirʉŋ      |aidʲirəŋ|andʒína   |andʒɨ́nə|andʒinə|
|breast   |*undzi        |udʒí        |wuidʲɛ́ |oːndʒ:    |untʲɪ   |untʲɪ  |

Medial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ is usually devoiced to [ŋk] in Adjora and lenited to [g] in Gorovu, where it merges with the reflex of medial non-stop /*ɣ/ (below):

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|            |Porapora River|Gorovu       |Gorovu     |Abu           |Abu    |Abu        |
|            |              |Gorovu       |Yerany     |Adjora        |Adjora |Gwin       |
|            |              |Z'graggen    |Laycock    |Z'graggen     |Laycock|Laycock    |
|            |***-ŋg-**     |**g**        |****       |**ŋg [ŋk ŋg]**|****   |****       |
|left (side) |*iŋgi[r]      |             |           |iŋgír         |       |           |
|unripe/green|*iŋgamanak    |ígamanʌg     |           |iŋganak       |       |           |
|vine/rope   |*iŋgarʉk      |             |igərә́ɣ    |iŋkʌr         |əŋkəní |ɛŋkә́rәŋ   |
|mosquito    |*iŋgun        |igʊon        |gʷun       |iŋgʊr̃ᵊ       |ŋkʷuɲ  |ɛŋgʷúrə    |
|swallow     |*ʉndʉŋga-     |mʉ-ndəka- (?)|           |ndʉŋka-       |       |           |
|male        |*amburaŋga[m] |awaraɣamᵅ    |           |ampurãŋka     |       |           |
|1 dl.       |*aŋgʉ         |ʌgʉ          |agə        |aŋgʉ          |aŋgə   |aŋkə ~ aŋgə|
|banana      |*aŋgʉn        |agʉn         |aǥә́n      |aŋkʉn         |aŋkən  |aŋkә́n     |
|vein        |*aŋgʉnd[ʉ][ŋ] |             |           |aŋgri         |       |           |
|branch      |*aŋgan        |aŋʌr         |áŋànə      |              |aŋgan  |aŋkar      |
|leg         |*aŋgar        |agʌr         |aɣár ~ agár|aŋkʌr         |       |aŋkárə     |
|sleep       |*aŋgu-        |-agu-        |           |aŋkw-         |       |           |
|cockatoo sp.|*uŋgiw        |             |ugʲíβə     |              |ugʲeyw |ɔgʲiw      |
|2 dl.       |*uŋgʉ         |ʊgʉ          |ugə        |oŋgʉ          |uŋgə   |uŋkə-      |
|crocodile   |*uŋgʉm        |             |           |uŋkʉm         |ɔkә́m  |ɔŋkә́m     |
|arm/hand    |*uŋgaw        |             |           |oŋkʷo         |       |ŋgʷɔ       |
|bird        |*uŋgarak      |ugrʉŋ        |ugәrəŋ     |oŋkʌra        |ukanáme|ŋkanáma    |

Medial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River |Gorovu    |Gorovu |Abu       |Abu       |Abu    |
|          |               |Gorovu    |Yerany |Adjora    |Adjora    |Gwin   |
|          |               |Z'graggen |Laycock|Z'graggen |Laycock   |Laycock|
|          |***-b-**       |**b**     |****   |**b**     |****      |****   |
|fat/grease|*abʉt          |abrʉl     |abrɨ́ɣ |          |          |       |
|fruit     |*abʉj          |abʉ ~ abʉi|abúj   |abʉ       |abʉ́      |apʉ    |
|ashes     |*abVr[i/ʉ]n (?)|abrʉŋ     |       |abína     |aβɪní     |ábina  |
|swim      |*abarapV-      |abaraɸa-  |       |abarap(o)-|          |       |
|be angry  |*abu-          |-abu-     |       |abu-      |          |       |
|work      |*ubʉm[i]       |obʉm      |       |obʉmɛ     |          |       |
|pitpit sp.|*ubʉrʉ[n]      |          |ubәrә́n|          |ɔpә́ɾə (?)|ubә́rə |

… /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Porapora River|Gorovu      |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|        |              |Gorovu      |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|        |              |Z'graggen   |Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|        |***-w-**      |****        |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|speak   |*ʉɣuraw[ʉ]-   |guraw(ʉ)-   |       |gurʌβ-   |       |       |
|carry   |*awa-         |-au(a)--    |       |awa-     |       |       |
|hit/kill|*aw[u]-       |m-au- ~ -aw-|       |aw-      |       |       |
|hornbill|*awur         |            |awúrə  |         |awә́r  |awúlә́ |

Medial apical non-stop /*r/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Porapora River|Gorovu            |Gorovu |Abu               |Abu       |Abu      |
|               |              |Gorovu            |Yerany |Adjora            |Adjora    |Gwin     |
|               |              |Z'graggen         |Laycock|Z'graggen         |Laycock   |Laycock  |
|               |***-r-**      |**r**             |****   |**r**             |****      |****     |
|vine/rope      |*iŋgarʉk      |                  |igərә́ɣ|iŋkʌr             |əŋkəní (?)|ɛŋkә́rәŋ |
|moon           |*irʉ          |írʉ               |ɛrɨ́   |ir̃               |ɛrə       |ɛrɨ́     |
|dream          |*irʉma        |irəmʌ             |       |irma              |          |         |
|lip(s)         |*irʉp         |írʉp              |       |                  |          |         |
|blood/sap      |*irʉŋ         |írɨŋ ~ irʉŋ       |jirəŋ  |erʉŋ ~ irʉŋ       |ɛ́rən     |ɛ́rɛŋ    |
|root           |*ʉndʉrʉ[ɣ]    |ndrʉgʊ ~ ndrʉ     |       |tʉrʉŋ             |          |         |
|make/build     |*ʉŋgʉrʉ-      |ŋgr(ʉ)- ~ m-iŋgrʉ-|       |ŋkrʉ- ~gʉrʉ- ~krʉ-|          |         |
|liver          |*ʉwij[i]rʉm   |bidʒirʉm          |       |                  |          |         |
|fly (n.)       |*ʉwirʉŋ       |brɨŋ              |bərә́ŋ |bɪrʉŋ             |          |bɪrəŋ    |
|star           |*ʉ[w/j]irʉŋ   |dʒirʉŋ            |dʲiɪrəŋ|bírʉŋ             |bɪnəŋ     |bɪríŋ    |
|earth/ground   |*ʉjirʉŋ       |dʒírʉŋ            |tʲirəŋ |dʒírʉŋ            |          |         |
|seed           |*ʉɣurʉ        |                  |gʷurә́ |                  |gә́rә     |gurә́    |
|pigeon sp.     |*ʉɣurʉ        |                  |gʷúrə  |                  |ᵑgʷurə    |gʷurə    |
|heart          |*ʉɣuraw       |gurʌu             |gʷurau |gurʌva            |          |gʷurabɨ́r|
|speak          |*ʉɣuraw[ʉ]-   |guraw(ʉ)-         |       |gurʌβ-            |          |         |
|male           |*amburaŋga[m] |awaraɣamᵅ         |       |ampurãŋka         |          |         |
|swim           |*abarapV-     |abaraɸa-          |       |abarap(o)-        |          |         |
|raw/new        |*aŋiakʉrʉ     |aŋiʌɣrʉ           |       |aŋiʌkr ~ aŋiʌkr̃  |          |         |
|sago jelly     |*ari[k]       |                  |arí    |                  |aríʔ      |aré      |
|lime           |*ariw         |ʌriu              |aríβə  |ariu              |aríwә     |aríw     |
|cane           |*arʉm         |arʉm              |arә́m  |arʉm              |arә́m     |arәm     |
|go outside     |*arʉɣa-       |-ʌrəka-           |       |ʔar̃ga-           |          |         |
|egg            |*arʉr         |arʉrʉ             |árərə  |arʉr              |arəŋ      |arɨŋ     |
|good           |*araw         |arʌ ~ arʌg        |araɣ   |ʌrap              |ráβa      |arəβára  |
|wash/bathe     |*aru-         |uru- ~ -or-       |       |aru-              |          |         |
|four/five (?)  |*aɣʉri        |ʌgrí ~ -ʌgri      |-áŋəri |ʌgrí ~ -ʌgri      |-ágəre    |-ágəre   |
|fly (v.)       |*aɣarapV-     |aragaɸa-          |       |ʌragʌp(u)-        |          |         |
|rat            |*ukʉrʉk       |uɣrʉg ~ uɣrʉ      |ukәrә́ɣ|okrʉŋ             |          |ukә́rәŋ  |
|bird           |*uŋgarak      |ugrʉŋ             |ugәrəŋ |oŋkʌra            |ukanáme   |ŋkanáma  |
|pitpit sp.     |*ubʉrʉ[n]     |                  |ubәrә́n|                  |ɔpә́ɾə    |ubә́rə   |
|day b. y./a. t.|*urʉ          |                  |       |orʉ               |          |         |
|forest         |*uraŋ         |                  |       |orʌŋga            |          |         |
|ancestor       |*m[a]ruw      |mʉrʊβ             |       |mʌru              |          |         |

Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ when followed by vowels /*i *a *u/ is generally occluded to voiced affricate or stop [dʒ dʲ] in both languages.

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Porapora River |Gorovu   |Gorovu    |Abu          |Abu     |Abu      |
|         |               |Gorovu   |Yerany    |Adjora       |Adjora  |Gwin     |
|         |               |Z'graggen|Laycock   |Z'graggen    |Laycock |Laycock  |
|         |***-j-/_i u a**|****     |****      |****         |****    |****     |
|sew      |*ijam[u]-      |m-iʌm-   |          |ɛdʒɪmu-      |        |         |
|white    |*ija[ɣ]        |idʒʌ     |edʲaᵘɣ    |             |        |itʲáʔ    |
|liver    |*ʉwij[i]rʉm    |bidʒirʉm |          |             |        |         |
|hot      |*ʉjuju         |dʒudʒu   |          |dʒudʒu       |        |         |
|aupa     |*ʉɣujinʉ[ŋ]    |         |gʷɔˑdʲirəŋ|             |gʷídʒɪnì|ŋgʷitʲɪnə|
|firewood |*ajinʉɣ        |adʒirʉ   |adʲírəɣ   |adʒɪrʉŋ      |adʒini  |         |
|buy      |*uji[ɣ]-       |m-udʒi-  |          |odʒʉ(g)-     |        |         |
|sore (n.)|*ujim          |udʒɪm    |jɪm       |             |        |         |
|sugarcane|*ujit          |udirʉ    |udʒirә́ɣ  |odʒit ~ adʒít|ɪdʒɪm   |ɔdʒɪt    |

When/*j/ is followed by high central vowel /*ʉ/ it is not occluded and following /*ʉ/ is fronted to /i/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|     |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|     |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|     |***-j-/_ʉ**   |**j**    |**j**  |**j**    |**j**  |**j**  |
|knife|*ajʉm         |aim      |ajím   |         |ájɪm   |       |
|fish |*ajʉ[k]       |aji      |ajә́   |ai       |ajíʔ   |ajә́   |

Medial velar non-stop /*ɣ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Porapora River|Gorovu                      |Gorovu    |Abu         |Abu        |Abu           |
|             |              |Gorovu                      |Yerany    |Adjora      |Adjora     |Gwin          |
|             |              |Z'graggen                   |Laycock   |Z'graggen   |Laycock    |Laycock       |
|             |***-ɣ-**      |**g**                       |**g**     |**g**       |**g [g ɣ]**|**g**         |
|sand         |*inaɣam       |ɲagʌm                       |          |ɲiaga       |           |ɲagam         |
|come         |*iɣ[ʉ]-       |-igʉ-                       |          |eg-         |           |              |
|lizard       |*iɣum         |                            |ɪgúm      |            |ɪgím       |ɛgum          |
|go outside   |*arʉɣa-       |-ʌrəka-                     |          |ʔar̃ga-     |           |              |
|go outside   |*aɣ[ʉ]-       |                            |          |-ʔag-       |           |              |
|older brother|*aɣʉŋ         |ágʌg                        |agaɣ      |ágʉŋ        |aɣә́ŋ      |agә́n         |
|flying fox   |*aɣʉr         |agʉrʉ                       |agʷurә́   |agʉr̃       |agʷuɾə     |agʷúrə        |
|four/five (?)|*aɣʉri        |ʌgrí ~ -ʌgri                |-áŋəri (?)|ʌgrí ~ -ʌgri|-ágəre     |-ágəre        |
|build        |*aɣa-         |aga-                        |          |aga-        |           |              |
|net bag      |*aɣan         |agʌn                        |agán      |agʌn        |aganɛ́     |agan          |
|bone         |*aɣar         |agʌr                        |agárə     |agʌr        |agár       |agarə~agər-ájɛ|
|fly (v.)     |*aɣarapV-     |aragaɸa-                    |          |ʌragʌp(u)-  |           |              |
|pandanus     |*uɣiŋ         |ugɪn                        |ugiɲ      |ogíŋ        |ugʷéiɲ     |ogɪŋ          |
|walk/go      |*uɣ[ʉ]-       |ugʉ- ~ -ʉgʉ-\\ &nbsp~ m-ogʉ-|          |og-         |           |              |
|old (person) |*uɣar         |                            |          |ogʌr        |           |              |


Only a restricted set of consonants occurs finally, including nasals /*m *n *ŋ/, voiceless stops /*p *t *k/ and non-stops /*w *r *j *ɣ/.\\
\\

Final bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Porapora River|Gorovu     |Gorovu      |Abu      |Abu    |Abu        |
|            |              |Gorovu     |Yerany      |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin       |
|            |              |Z'graggen  |Laycock     |Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock    |
|            |***-m**       |**m**      |**m**       |**m**    |**m**  |**m**      |
|sand        |*inaɣam       |ɲagʌm      |            |ɲiaga    |       |ɲagam      |
|lizard      |*iɣum         |           |ɪgúm        |         |ɪgím   |ɛgum       |
|hand drum   |*ʉmbʉm        |mbʉm       |&nbspᵐbəm;  |mpʉm     |mpəm   |mpəm       |
|upper leg   |*ʉmbʉm        |mbʉm       |            |mpʉn-ʌɪ  |       |           |
|branch      |*ʉmbʉm        |           |            |mpʉm     |       |           |
|shoulder    |*ʉmbʉk-akam   |mbʉaɣam    |            |pʉgakʌm  |       |mbəkáka (?)|
|bamboo      |*ʉtam         |tʌm        |tam         |         |       |           |
|throat      |*ʉtam         |tʌm        |            |tʌm      |       |           |
|pig         |*ʉram         |dʌm        |dam         |         |       |           |
|night       |*ʉɣum         |gʉm- ~ gum-|gum         |ŋgʉm-    |gum    |gəmə       |
|arrow sp.   |*apʉm         |aɸʉm ~ afʉm|            |apʉ̃m    |       |           |
|water       |*anʉm         |ʌnʉm ~ anəm|anəm        |anʉm     |anəm   |anəm       |
|taro        |*anam         |anʌm       |anám        |anʌm     |anám   |anam       |
|string/rope |*andʉm        |arʉm       |arəm        |         |       |           |
|pitpit sp.  |*andum        |           |arúm        |         |antəm  |           |
|bandicoot   |*aŋim         |           |aɲím        |         |       |aŋɪm       |
|mouth       |*akam         |ʌkʌm ~ aɣam|akam        |akam     |akám-  |akam       |
|cane        |*arʉm         |arʉm       |arә́m       |arʉm     |arә́m  |arәm       |
|knife       |*ajʉm         |aim        |ajím        |         |ájɪm   |           |
|thatch      |*unʉm         |unʉm       |            |onʉm     |       |           |
|yam         |*utʉm         |otɛm       |ɔtәm ~ ɔ́təm|otʉm     |ɔtә́m  |ɔtә́m      |
|betel pepper|*ukam         |oɣʌm       |ukám        |oːkʌm    |ukam   |ukam       |
|crocodile   |*uŋgʉm        |           |            |uŋkʉm    |ɔkә́m  |ɔŋkә́m     |
|sore (n.)   |*ujim         |udʒɪm      |jɪm         |         |       |           |

Final apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Porapora River|Gorovu     |Gorovu  |Abu                  |Abu               |Abu       |
|           |              |Gorovu     |Yerany  |Adjora               |Adjora            |Gwin      |
|           |              |Z'graggen  |Laycock |Z'graggen            |Laycock           |Laycock   |
|           |***-n**       |**n**      |****    |**n [n r]**          |****              |****      |
|garden     |*inaŋamʉn     |ɲaŋamʉn    |ɲɔŋáˑmən|ɲaŋʌmʉn              |ɲamən             |ɲəŋamən(ə)|
|mosquito   |*iŋgun        |igʊon      |gʷun    |iŋgʊr̃ᵊ              |ŋkʷuɲ             |ɛŋgʷúrə   |
|fog        |*[i/u]kun     |igʊn       |ikʷún   |okun                 |ukər̃             |ukənə     |
|stick (n.) |*ʉmbʉn        |           |        |mpʉn ~ mpʉnʉ         |                  |          |
|pus        |*ʉndʉn        |           |ndɨn    |                     |ətɨn              |ⁿtɨn      |
|meat       |*ʉndun        |dun        |nduˑn   |ntun                 |ndúw-ej (?)       |ndun-aj   |
|stone      |*ʉndzi[p/mb]ʉn|ndʒɪpᵊn    |dʲipən  |dʒɪmpʉn              |                  |          |
|slit drum  |*ʉŋgun        |ŋgun       |ŋgʷun   |uŋkuːne (?)          |ŋkʷun             |ŋkʷun     |
|speech     |*ʉɣun         |gun        |        |ŋgun                 |                  |          |
|head/top   |*amban        |awʌn ~ awan|amban-aj|ampʌn ~ampan\\ ~ambʌn|ampar-i\\ ~ -ámban|ampən-ajə |
|tooth      |*and[ʉ/a]n    |arʌn-aɪ    |rán-aj  |antʉn                |                  |antɨ́n    |
|roof       |*aŋ[ʉ/u]n     |ŋun        |        |aŋʉn                 |                  |          |
|banana     |*aŋgʉn        |agʉn       |aǥә́n   |aŋkʉn                |aŋkən             |aŋkә́n    |
|branch     |*aŋgan        |aŋʌr       |áŋànə   |                     |aŋgan             |aŋkar     |
|rain       |*a[b/ɣ][ʉ/u]n |abʉn       |abә́n   |agun                 |agún              |          |
|net bag    |*aɣan         |agʌn       |agán    |agʌn                 |aganɛ́            |agan      |
|thigh      |*umb[a]n      |uwʌn-aɪ    |        |ʊmpín                |                  |          |
|tree possum|*undan        |urʌn       |uráŋ    |                     |                  |          |
|top        |*uŋun         |ŋun        |        |oŋʊn                 |                  |          |

Final velar nasal /*ŋ/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Porapora River|Gorovu     |Gorovu  |Abu        |Abu      |Abu    |
|               |              |Gorovu     |Yerany  |Adjora     |Adjora   |Gwin   |
|               |              |Z'graggen  |Laycock |Z'graggen  |Laycock  |Laycock|
|               |***-ŋ**       |**ŋ**      |**ŋ**   |**ŋ**      |**ŋ**    |**ŋ**  |
|fingernail     |*ipiŋ         |ifíŋ       |        |-pɪɪŋ      |-ipiŋ    |       |
|mami           |*imbaŋ        |íwaŋ       |jɛβáŋ   |ɪmpaŋ      |(j)ɛmpaŋ |jɛmpáŋ |
|excrement      |*ininʉŋ       |ɲirʉŋ      |        |ɲínʉŋ      |         |       |
|younger brother|*indʉŋ        |nɪrɨŋ      |irəŋ    |intʉ́ŋ     |ɛntɪŋ    |ɛntɪŋ  |
|blood/sap      |*irʉŋ         |írɨŋ ~ irʉŋ|jirəŋ   |erʉŋ ~ irʉŋ|ɛ́rən (?)|ɛ́rɛŋ  |
|bow            |*ʉmiŋ         |míŋ        |miŋ     |mɪŋ        |mi (?)   |miŋ    |
|wooden plate   |*ʉtuŋ         |tuŋ        |        |tʊŋ        |         |       |
|salt           |*ʉndzaŋ       |ndʒʌŋ      |ndʒaŋ   |ndʒaŋa     |         |ndʲaŋ  |
|fly (n.)       |*ʉwirʉŋ       |brɨŋ       |bərә́ŋ  |bɪrʉŋ      |         |bɪrəŋ  |
|coconut        |*ʉwaŋ         |bʌŋ        |baŋ     |baŋ        |ᵐba      |mbaŋ   |
|star           |*ʉ[w/j]irʉŋ   |dʒirʉŋ     |dʲiɪrəŋ |bírʉŋ      |bɪnəŋ    |bɪríŋ  |
|liver (?)      |*ʉrimaŋ       |           |dʲimaŋ  |           |dimaŋ    |dimaŋ  |
|cough          |*ʉjiŋ         |dʒiŋ       |        |           |         |       |
|earth/ground   |*ʉjirʉŋ       |dʒírʉŋ     |tʲirəŋ  |dʒírʉŋ     |         |       |
|breadfruit     |*ambiŋ        |           |abíŋ    |           |apíʔ (?) |ampiŋ  |
|older brother  |*aɣʉŋ         |ágʌg (?)   |agaɣ (?)|ágʉŋ       |aɣә́ŋ    |agә́n  |
|forest         |*uraŋ         |           |        |orʌŋga (?) |         |       |
|pandanus       |*uɣiŋ         |ugɪn       |ugiɲ    |ogíŋ       |ugʷéiɲ   |ogɪŋ   |

Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is like medial /*p/ sometimes fricated to [f β] in Gorovu:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Porapora River|Gorovu          |Gorovu |Abu          |Abu    |Abu          |
|         |              |Gorovu          |Yerany |Adjora       |Adjora |Gwin         |
|         |              |Z'graggen       |Laycock|Z'graggen    |Laycock|Laycock      |
|         |***-p**       |**p pV [p f β]**|****   |**p pV**     |****   |****         |
|lip(s)   |*irʉp         |írʉp            |       |             |       |             |
|skin/bark|*inaŋap       |jaŋap ~ɲaŋafʉ   |ɲәŋáp  |ɲaŋʌpʉ ~ɲaŋʌp|-əŋә́pɛ|ɲəŋap ~ ɲɪŋap|

The reflexes of final apical voiceless stop /*t/ are difficult to distinguish from those of non-stop /*r/ (below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu    |Abu          |Abu      |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu   |Yerany    |Adjora       |Adjora   |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen|Laycock   |Z'graggen    |Laycock  |Laycock|
|          |***-t**       |**r**    |****      |**t [t r]**  |****     |****   |
|fat/grease|*abʉt         |abrʉl (?)|abrɨ́ɣ (?)|             |         |       |
|chicken   |*umbat        |owʌr     |ɔβár      |ompʌr ~ompʌra|umpaɾә   |umpár  |
|sugarcane |*ujit         |udirʉ    |udʒirә́ɣ  |odʒit ~ adʒít|ɪdʒɪm (?)|ɔdʒɪt  |

Lminal voiceless /*s/ has not been found finally.\\
\\

Final velar voiceless stop /*k/ has in most all instances been dropped in both languages. There are several examples in which Gorovu finals [g ɣ ŋ] show it to have been retained in proto-Porapora River, as these correspond to final /*k/ in other subfamilies of Ramu River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Porapora River|Gorovu      |Gorovu |Abu         |Abu    |Abu     |
|            |              |Gorovu      |Yerany |Adjora      |Adjora |Gwin    |
|            |              |Z'graggen   |Laycock|Z'graggen   |Laycock|Laycock |
|            |***-k**       |**g ɣ ŋ ø** |****   |**ø g ŋ**   |****   |****    |
|arrow sp.   |*indʉk        |irʉg        |       |ɪntʉ        |       |        |
|areca nut   |*indzak       |iaɣ         |jaɣ    |ɲɟa         |ɪtʲáʔ  |ntʲá    |
|unripe/green|*iŋgamanak    |ígamanʌg    |       |iŋganak     |       |        |
|vine/rope   |*iŋgarʉk      |            |igərә́ɣ|iŋkʌr       |əŋkəní |ɛŋkә́rәŋ|
|flame       |*ʉndzik       |dʒɪ         |       |            |       |        |
|belly       |*ʉwak         |bʌɣ         |baɣ    |ba          |bət (?)|baʔ ~ ba|
|louse       |*amʉnak       |amrʉŋ       |amərәŋ́|amʌna ~amaɲa|aməní  |amәrә́ŋ |
|big         |*ambak        |awʌg ~ awʌ  |aβaɣ   |            |       |        |
|grass skirt |*andʉk        |            |       |antʉgʉ      |antí   |antɨ́   |
|crocodile   |*asik         |así         |así    |            |       |        |
|tree possum |*aŋik         |            |       |áŋi         |       |aŋɛ́    |
|rat         |*ukʉrʉk       |uɣrʉg ~ uɣrʉ|ukәrә́ɣ|okrʉŋ       |       |ukә́rәŋ |
|bird        |*uŋgarak      |ugrʉŋ       |ugәrəŋ |oŋkʌra      |ukanáme|ŋkanáma |

Final bilabial non-stop /*w/

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Porapora River|Gorovu        |Gorovu  |Abu      |Abu    |Abu      |
|            |              |Gorovu        |Yerany  |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin     |
|            |              |Z'graggen     |Laycock |Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock  |
|            |***-w**       |****          |****    |****     |****   |****     |
|heart       |*ʉɣuraw       |gurʌu         |gʷurau  |gurʌva   |       |gʷurabɨ́r|
|spear       |*aw           |ʌu            |awә́    |au       |awә́   |awʉ      |
|lime        |*ariw         |ʌriu          |aríβə   |ariu     |aríwә  |aríw     |
|good        |*araw         |arʌ ~ arʌg (?)|araɣ (?)|ʌrap     |ráβa   |arəβára  |
|ancestor    |*m[a]ruw      |mʉrʊβ         |        |mʌru     |       |         |
|cockatoo sp.|*uŋgiw        |              |ugʲíβə  |         |ugʲeyw |ɔgʲiw    |
|arm/hand    |*uŋgaw        |              |        |oŋkʷo    |       |ŋgʷɔ     |

One irregular reflex of final /*w/ is (above) probably a doublet in which the Abu form was borrowed immediately from another Ramu River language:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|      |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|      |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|      |***-w**       |**w**    |**w**  |**Ø**    |**Ø**  |**Ø**  |
|paddle|*anaw         |ʌnau     |anáw   |andʌ     |andáʔ  |andá   |

Final apical non-stop /*r/ is retained as such in both languages. It is often appended in Gorovu with a vowel copying that of the preceding syllable:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu       |Abu      |Abu          |Abu           |
|            |              |Gorovu   |Yerany       |Adjora   |Adjora       |Gwin          |
|            |              |Z'graggen|Laycock      |Z'graggen|Laycock      |Laycock       |
|            |***-r**       |**r rV** |****         |**r rV** |****         |****          |
|lake        |*ʉmar         |mʌr      |mar          |mʌr      |             |              |
|parrot sp.  |*ʉpar         |         |par          |         |paɾә         |              |
|canoe       |*ʉmbar        |mbʌr     |mbar         |         |             |              |
|ear         |*ʉkur         |kur̃ʉ    |kʷúrə        |kʊr      |kʷar- ~ kʷɔr-|kʷurə         |
|sun/day     |*ʉɣar         |gʌr      |gar          |ŋgʌr     |gər          |gaɾ           |
|leaf        |*apar         |pʉ       |ɔpəɣ ~ pә́(ɣ)|apʌr     |aˑpə ~ apә́  |aˑpə ~ apә́   |
|eye         |*ambar        |áwʌr̃-áɪ |awur-áj      |ampʌr    |ampr̃-ár̃ə   |ampar         |
|spirit sp.  |*andur        |         |             |antur̃   |             |              |
|hawk sp.    |*akar         |         |akár         |         |akaɾә        |akarʷ(ә)      |
|leg         |*aŋgar        |agʌr     |aɣár ~ agár  |aŋkʌr    |             |aŋkárə        |
|hornbill    |*awur         |         |awúrə        |         |awә́r        |awúlә́        |
|egg         |*arʉr         |arʉrʉ    |árərə        |arʉr     |arəŋ (?)     |arɨŋ (?)      |
|flying fox  |*aɣʉr         |agʉrʉ    |agʷurә́      |agʉr̃    |agʷuɾə       |agʷúrə        |
|bone        |*aɣar         |agʌr     |agárə        |agʌr     |agár         |agarə~agər-ájɛ|
|old (person)|*uɣar         |         |             |ogʌr     |             |              |

Final palatal non-stop /*ɣ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu    |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu    |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen |Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|          |***-j**       |****      |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|blunt/dull|*ʉpamaj       |pamaɪ     |       |pamʌɪ    |       |       |
|fruit     |*abʉj         |abʉ ~ abʉi|abúj   |abʉ      |abʉ́   |apʉ    |

Final velar non-stop /*ɣ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu              |Gorovu |Abu         |Abu    |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu              |Yerany |Adjora      |Adjora |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen           |Laycock|Z'graggen   |Laycock|Laycock|
|          |***-ɣ**       |****                |****   |****        |****   |****   |
|loincloth |*ʉjaɣ         |dʒiʌgʉ              |tʲaɣ   |tsag ~ tsagʉ|tʲə    |tʲaɣ   |
|last night|*ʉɣumaɣ       |gumag\\ ~gʉmag-~guma|       |ŋgʉmʌg      |       |       |
|firewood  |*ajinʉɣ       |adʒirʉ              |adʲírəɣ|adʒɪrʉŋ     |adʒini |       |
|path      |*utaɣ         |usʌ ~ usʌg          |utáɣ   |otʌg        |utágə  |ɔtáj   |


… vowels …\\
\\

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|           |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|           |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|           |***iCi**      |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|vulva      |*ini          |ɲɪ       |ɲɨ     |ɲi       |ɲɨ     |ɲɨ     |
|           |***iCiC**     |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|fingernail |*ipiŋ         |ifíŋ     |       |-pɪɪŋ    |-ipiŋ  |       |
|left (side)|*iŋgi[r]      |         |       |iŋgír    |       |       |
|excrement  |*ininʉŋ       |ɲirʉŋ    |       |ɲínʉŋ    |       |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Porapora River|Gorovu     |Gorovu |Abu        |Abu    |Abu    |
|               |              |Gorovu     |Yerany |Adjora     |Adjora |Gwin   |
|               |              |Z'graggen  |Laycock|Z'graggen  |Laycock|Laycock|
|               |***iCʉ**      |****       |****   |****       |****   |****   |
|body           |*iŋʉ          |iŋʉ        |       |iŋʉ        |       |       |
|moon           |*irʉ          |írʉ        |ɛrɨ́   |ir̃        |ɛrə    |ɛrɨ́   |
|come           |*iɣ[ʉ]-       |-igʉ-      |       |eg-        |       |       |
|               |***iCʉC**     |****       |****   |****       |****   |****   |
|younger brother|*indʉŋ        |nɪrɨŋ      |irəŋ   |intʉ́ŋ     |ɛntɪŋ  |ɛntɪŋ  |
|arrow sp.      |*indʉk        |irʉg       |       |ɪntʉ       |       |       |
|lip(s)         |*irʉp         |írʉp       |       |           |       |       |
|blood/sap      |*irʉŋ         |írɨŋ ~ irʉŋ|jirəŋ  |erʉŋ ~ irʉŋ|ɛ́rən  |ɛ́rɛŋ  |
|sit            |*ipʉr[ʉ]-     |ɸrə-       |       |epʉr-      |       |       |
|dream          |*irʉma        |irəmʌ      |       |irma       |       |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|        |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|        |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|        |***iCu**      |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|        |***iCuC**     |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|mosquito|*iŋgun        |igʊon    |gʷun   |iŋgʊr̃ᵊ  |ŋkʷuɲ  |ɛŋgʷúrə|
|lizard  |*iɣum         |         |ɪgúm   |         |ɪgím   |ɛgum   |
|heavy   |*ikutʉ        |kutʉ     |       |ɪgutʉ    |       |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Porapora River|Gorovu       |Gorovu  |Abu          |Abu     |Abu          |
|            |              |Gorovu       |Yerany  |Adjora       |Adjora  |Gwin         |
|            |              |Z'graggen    |Laycock |Z'graggen    |Laycock |Laycock      |
|            |***iCa**      |****         |****    |****         |****    |****         |
|            |***iCaC**     |****         |****    |****         |****    |****         |
|mami        |*imbaŋ        |íwaŋ         |jɛβáŋ   |ɪmpaŋ        |(j)ɛmpaŋ|jɛmpáŋ       |
|axe         |*ina[ŋ]       |-ina         |ináŋ    |ína-         |ɪnáʔ    |iná          |
|areca nut   |*indzak       |iaɣ          |jaɣ     |ɲɟa          |ɪtʲáʔ   |ntʲá         |
|sew         |*ijam[u]-     |m-iʌm-       |        |ɛdʒɪmu-      |        |             |
|white       |*ija[ɣ]       |idʒʌ         |edʲaᵘɣ  |             |        |itʲáʔ        |
|skin/bark   |*inaŋap       |jaŋap ~ɲaŋafʉ|ɲәŋáp   |ɲaŋʌpʉ ~ɲaŋʌp|-əŋә́pɛ |ɲəŋap ~ ɲɪŋap|
|sand        |*inaɣam       |ɲagʌm        |        |ɲiaga        |        |ɲagam        |
|unripe/green|*iŋgamanak    |ígamanʌg     |        |iŋganak      |        |             |
|vine/rope   |*iŋgarʉk      |             |igərә́ɣ |iŋkʌr        |əŋkəní  |ɛŋkә́rәŋ     |
|garden      |*inaŋamʉn     |ɲaŋamʉn      |ɲɔŋáˑmən|ɲaŋʌmʉn      |ɲamən   |ɲəŋamən(ə)   |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Porapora River   |Gorovu            |Gorovu    |Abu               |Abu    |Abu    |
|             |                 |Gorovu            |Yerany    |Adjora            |Adjora |Gwin   |
|             |                 |Z'graggen         |Laycock   |Z'graggen         |Laycock|Laycock|
|             |***ʉCʉ**         |****              |****      |****              |****   |****   |
|clay pot     |*ʉnʉ             |nə                |          |nʉ                |       |       |
|piece of wood|*ʉtʉ             |tʉ                |          |tʉ                |       |-tә́   |
|tree         |*ʉkʉ             |kʉ                |kə        |kʉ́:              |kə     |kə     |
|basket       |*ʉwʉ             |bə                |          |bʉː               |       |       |
|             |***ʉCʉC**        |****              |****      |****              |****   |****   |
|hand drum    |*ʉmbʉm           |mbʉm              |&nbspᵐbəm;|mpʉm              |mpəm   |mpəm   |
|upper leg    |*ʉmbʉm           |mbʉm              |          |mpʉn-ʌɪ           |       |       |
|branch       |*ʉmbʉm           |                  |          |mpʉm              |       |       |
|stick (n.)   |*ʉmbʉn           |                  |          |mpʉn ~ mpʉnʉ      |       |       |
|tie          |*ʉtʉ[ɣ]-         |mʉ-tʉ- ~ -tʉ-     |          |tʉg- ~ tʉ-        |       |       |
|pus          |*ʉndʉn           |                  |ndɨn      |                  |ətɨn   |ⁿtɨn   |
|think        |*ʉndʉ[ŋ]-ʉndʉ[ŋ]-|ndʉ-ndʉ-          |          |                  |       |       |
|make/build   |*ʉŋgʉrʉ-         |ŋgr(ʉ)- ~ m-iŋgrʉ-|          |ŋkrʉ- ~gʉrʉ- ~krʉ-|       |       |
|push         |*ʉwʉn[u]-        |bʉn-              |          |bənu-             |       |       |
|root         |*ʉndʉrʉ[ɣ]       |ndrʉgʊ ~ ndrʉ     |          |tʉrʉŋ             |       |       |
|after        |*ʉɣʉn[i]         |gʉn               |          |gʉɲi              |       |       |
|sister       |*ʉnʉmu           |nʉmu              |nəmu      |nəmo ~ nʊmo       |nəmɔ   |nəmɔ   |
|watch        |*ʉŋgʉn[u]-       |                  |          |ŋkʉnu-            |       |       |
|carry        |*ʉmbʉka-         |mbʉka-            |          |mpʉka-            |       |       |
|swallow      |*ʉndʉŋga-        |mʉ-ndəka-         |          |ndʉŋka-           |       |       |
|shoulder     |*ʉmbʉk-akam      |mbʉaɣam           |          |pʉgakʌm           |       |mbəkáka|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu     |
|            |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin    |
|            |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock |
|            |***ʉCi**      |****     |****   |****     |****   |****    |
|take        |*ʉni-         |m-ʉɲi-   |       |         |       |        |
|penis       |*ʉdzi         |dʒi      |tʲaj   |tsi      |tʲɪ-   |tʲɪ-    |
|name        |*ʉwi          |bʉᵉ (?)  |       |bíː      |       |        |
|            |***ʉCiC**     |****     |****   |****     |****   |****    |
|bow         |*ʉmiŋ         |míŋ      |miŋ    |mɪŋ      |mi (?) |miŋ     |
|flame       |*ʉndzik       |dʒɪ      |       |         |       |        |
|smoke       |*ʉki[j]       |kí       |-ki    |         |-ki    |        |
|cough       |*ʉjiŋ         |dʒiŋ     |       |         |       |        |
|stone       |*ʉndzi[p/mb]ʉn|ndʒɪpᵊn  |dʲipən |dʒɪmpʉn  |       |        |
|fly (n.)    |*ʉwirʉŋ       |brɨŋ     |bərә́ŋ |bɪrʉŋ    |       |bɪrəŋ   |
|star        |*ʉ[w/j]irʉŋ   |dʒirʉŋ   |dʲiɪrəŋ|bírʉŋ    |bɪnəŋ  |bɪríŋ   |
|earth/ground|*ʉjirʉŋ       |dʒírʉŋ   |tʲirəŋ |dʒírʉŋ   |       |        |
|liver       |*ʉwij[i]rʉm   |bidʒirʉm |       |         |       |        |
|tongue      |*ʉjimba       |dʒ-aɪ    |dʲa-j  |dʒimba   |ⁿdʒumba|ⁿndʲimba|
|liver (?)   |*ʉrimaŋ       |         |dʲimaŋ |         |dimaŋ  |dimaŋ   |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Porapora River|Gorovu              |Gorovu    |Abu           |Abu           |Abu           |
|             |              |Gorovu              |Yerany    |Adjora        |Adjora        |Gwin          |
|             |              |Z'graggen           |Laycock   |Z'graggen     |Laycock       |Laycock       |
|             |***ʉCu**      |****                |****      |****          |****          |****          |
|testicle(s)  |*ʉtu          |tʊː-sí              |tuw-ar    |tʊ ~ toː-tsʉ  |túwə          |tɔˑ           |
|who?         |*ʉndu         |du-                 |ndu       |              |ndu           |              |
|ground possum|*ʉndu         |ndú                 |ntɔ       |ntoː          |              |              |
|2 sg.        |*ʉŋu          |ŋʉ                  |ŋə        |ŋʊ            |ŋɔ ~ ŋʷɔ ~ gʷɔ|ŋu ~ ŋʷu ~ ŋʷɔ|
|chop/fell    |*ʉŋu-         |                    |          |ŋu-           |              |              |
|dog          |*ʉku          |kʊ(a)               |kʷә       |koː           |ku-           |kʷɔ           |
|dig          |*ʉku-         |ku-                 |          |              |              |              |
|fire         |*ʉɣu          |gu(ᵊ)               |gʷə       |ŋgu           |gʷә́          |gʷə ~ gʷu-    |
|             |***ʉCuC**     |****                |****      |****          |****          |****          |
|wooden plate |*ʉtuŋ         |tuŋ                 |          |tʊŋ           |              |              |
|meat         |*ʉndun        |dun                 |nduˑn     |ntun          |ndúw-ej       |ndun-aj       |
|ear          |*ʉkur         |kur̃ʉ               |kʷúrə     |kʊr           |kʷar- ~ kʷɔr- |kʷurə         |
|slit drum    |*ʉŋgun        |ŋgun                |ŋgʷun     |uŋkuːne (?)   |ŋkʷun         |ŋkʷun         |
|night        |*ʉɣum         |gʉm- ~ gum-         |gum       |ŋgʉm-         |gum           |gəmə          |
|speech       |*ʉɣun         |gun                 |          |ŋgun          |              |              |
|shoot (v.)   |*ʉŋguni-      |ŋgiɲ- ~ ŋguɲ-       |          |kuiɲ-~mu-ŋkuɲ-|              |              |
|hot          |*ʉjuju        |dʒudʒu              |          |dʒudʒu        |              |              |
|aupa         |*ʉɣujinʉ[ŋ]   |                    |gʷɔˑdʲirəŋ|              |gʷídʒɪnì      |ŋgʷitʲɪnə     |
|seed         |*ʉɣurʉ        |                    |gʷurә́    |              |gә́rә         |gurә́         |
|pigeon sp.   |*ʉɣurʉ        |                    |gʷúrə     |              |ᵑgʷurə        |gʷurə         |
|cut/chop     |*ʉtuka-       |tukʷa- ~ təkʷa-     |          |tuko- ~ tukʷ- |              |              |
|fill         |*ʉtu[wa]-     |tua-                |          |tu-           |              |              |
|last night   |*ʉɣumaɣ       |gumag\\ ~gʉmag-~guma|          |ŋgʉmʌg        |              |              |
|heart        |*ʉɣuraw       |gurʌu               |gʷurau    |gurʌva        |              |gʷurabɨ́r     |
|speak        |*ʉɣuraw[ʉ]-   |guraw(ʉ)-           |          |gurʌβ-        |              |              |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu         |Abu    |Abu     |
|          |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora      |Adjora |Gwin    |
|          |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen   |Laycock|Laycock |
|          |***ʉCa**      |****     |****   |****        |****   |****    |
|what?     |*ʉra          |dʌ       |       |dʌ-         |       |nda     |
|          |***ʉCaC**     |****     |****   |****        |****   |****    |
|lake      |*ʉmar         |mʌr      |mar    |mʌr         |       |        |
|parrot sp.|*ʉpar         |         |par    |            |paɾә   |        |
|canoe     |*ʉmbar        |mbʌr     |mbar   |            |       |        |
|bamboo    |*ʉtam         |tʌm      |tam    |            |       |        |
|throat    |*ʉtam         |tʌm      |       |tʌm         |       |        |
|salt      |*ʉndzaŋ       |ndʒʌŋ    |ndʒaŋ  |ndʒaŋa      |       |ndʲaŋ   |
|coconut   |*ʉwaŋ         |bʌŋ      |baŋ    |baŋ         |ᵐba    |mbaŋ    |
|belly     |*ʉwak         |bʌɣ      |baɣ    |ba          |bət (?)|baʔ ~ ba|
|pig       |*ʉram         |dʌm      |dam    |            |       |        |
|loincloth |*ʉjaɣ         |dʒiʌgʉ   |tʲaɣ   |tsag ~ tsagʉ|tʲə    |tʲaɣ    |
|see       |*ʉɣa[n/r]-    |gʌn-     |       |gʌr(u)-     |       |        |
|sun/day   |*ʉɣar         |gʌr      |gar    |ŋgʌr        |gər    |gaɾ     |
|blunt/dull|*ʉpamaj       |pamaɪ    |       |pamʌɪ       |       |        |
|shin      |*ʉtanda[ŋ]    |         |       |trʌː-gʌr    |       |        |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|   |              |Gorovu   |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|   |              |Z'graggen|Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|   |***uCu**      |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|   |***uCuC**     |****     |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|top|*uŋun         |ŋun      |       |oŋʊn     |       |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu  |Abu          |Abu    |Abu    |
|            |              |Gorovu   |Yerany  |Adjora       |Adjora |Gwin   |
|            |              |Z'graggen|Laycock |Z'graggen    |Laycock|Laycock|
|            |***uCi**      |****     |****    |****         |****   |****   |
|2 pl.       |*uni          |ʊɲi      |uɲi     |oɲi          |uɲi    |uɲi    |
|breast      |*undzi        |udʒí     |wuidʲɛ́ |oːndʒ:       |untʲɪ  |untʲɪ  |
|            |***uCiC**     |****     |****    |****         |****   |****   |
|cockatoo sp.|*uŋgiw        |         |ugʲíβə  |             |ugʲeyw |ɔgʲiw  |
|sore (n.)   |*ujim         |udʒɪm    |jɪm     |             |       |       |
|sugarcane   |*ujit         |udirʉ    |udʒirә́ɣ|odʒit ~ adʒít|ɪdʒɪm  |ɔdʒɪt  |
|buy         |*uji[ɣ]-      |m-udʒi-  |        |odʒʉ-        |       |       |
|pandanus    |*uɣiŋ         |ugɪn     |ugiɲ    |ogíŋ         |ugʷéiɲ |ogɪŋ   |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Porapora River|Gorovu                      |Gorovu      |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|               |              |Gorovu                      |Yerany      |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|               |              |Z'graggen                   |Laycock     |Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|               |***uCʉ**      |****                        |****        |****     |****   |****   |
|village        |*uŋʉ          |uŋʉ                         |uŋә́        |oŋu      |ɔŋә́   |ɔŋә́   |
|2 dl.          |*uŋgʉ         |ʊgʉ                         |ugə         |oŋgʉ     |uŋgə   |uŋkə-  |
|day b. y./a. t.|*urʉ          |                            |            |orʉ      |       |       |
|walk/go        |*uɣ[ʉ]-       |ugʉ- ~ -ʉgʉ-\\ &nbsp~ m-ogʉ-|            |og-      |       |       |
|               |***uCʉC**     |****                        |****        |****     |****   |****   |
|thatch         |*unʉm         |unʉm                        |            |onʉm     |       |       |
|yam            |*utʉm         |otɛm                        |ɔtәm ~ ɔ́təm|otʉm     |ɔtә́m  |ɔtә́m  |
|crocodile      |*uŋgʉm        |                            |            |uŋkʉm    |ɔkә́m  |ɔŋkә́m |
|rat            |*ukʉrʉk       |uɣrʉg ~ uɣrʉ                |ukәrә́ɣ     |okrʉŋ    |       |ukә́rәŋ|
|pitpit sp.     |*ubʉrʉ[n]     |                            |ubәrә́n     |         |ɔpә́ɾə |ubә́rə |
|work           |*ubʉm[i]      |obʉm                        |            |obʉmɛ    |       |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Porapora River|Gorovu        |Gorovu |Abu          |Abu    |Abu    |
|            |              |Gorovu        |Yerany |Adjora       |Adjora |Gwin   |
|            |              |Z'graggen     |Laycock|Z'graggen    |Laycock|Laycock|
|            |***uCa**      |****          |****   |****         |****   |****   |
|            |***uCaC**     |****          |****   |****         |****   |****   |
|thigh       |*umb[a]n      |uwʌn-aɪ       |       |ʊmpín (?)    |       |       |
|chicken     |*umbat        |owʌr          |ɔβár   |ompʌr ~ompʌra|umpaɾә |umpár  |
|tree possum |*undan        |urʌn          |uráŋ   |             |       |       |
|path        |*utaɣ         |usʌ ~ usʌg (?)|utáɣ   |otʌg         |utágə  |ɔtáj   |
|betel pepper|*ukam         |oɣʌm          |ukám   |oːkʌm        |ukam   |ukam   |
|arm/hand    |*uŋgaw        |              |       |oŋkʷo        |       |ŋgʷɔ   |
|old (person)|*uɣar         |              |       |ogʌr         |       |       |
|forest      |*uraŋ         |              |       |orʌŋga       |       |       |
|bird        |*uŋgarak      |ugrʉŋ         |ugәrəŋ |oŋkʌra       |ukanáme|ŋkanáma|
|brain       |*umaniŋ       |umɪŋ          |       |omaɲa        |       |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Porapora River|Gorovu     |Gorovu       |Abu                  |Abu               |Abu           |
|        |              |Gorovu     |Yerany       |Adjora               |Adjora            |Gwin          |
|        |              |Z'graggen  |Laycock      |Z'graggen            |Laycock           |Laycock       |
|        |***aCa**      |****       |****         |****                 |****              |****          |
|carry   |*awa-         |-au(a)--   |             |awa-                 |                  |              |
|build   |*aɣa-         |aga-       |             |aga-                 |                  |              |
|        |***aCaC**     |****       |****         |****                 |****              |****          |
|leaf    |*apar         |pʉ         |ɔpəɣ ~ pә́(ɣ)|apʌr                 |aˑpə ~ apә́       |aˑpə ~ apә́   |
|head/top|*amban        |awʌn ~ awan|amban-aj     |ampʌn ~ampan\\ ~ambʌn|ampar-i\\ ~ -ámban|ampən-ajə     |
|big     |*ambak        |awʌg ~ awʌ |aβaɣ         |                     |                  |              |
|eye     |*ambar        |áwʌr̃-áɪ   |awur-áj      |ampʌr                |ampr̃-ár̃ə        |ampar         |
|taro    |*anam         |anʌm       |anám         |anʌm                 |anám              |anam          |
|paddle  |*anaw         |ʌnau       |anáw         |andʌ                 |andáʔ             |andá          |
|dry     |*ana[ŋ]       |anʌŋ       |anáŋ         |ana                  |ná                |aná           |
|give    |*anaŋ-        |anaŋ-      |             |anʌŋ-                |                  |              |
|mouth   |*akam         |ʌkʌm ~ aɣam|akam         |akam                 |akám-             |akam          |
|hawk sp.|*akar         |           |akár         |                     |akaɾә             |akarʷ(ә)      |
|branch  |*aŋgan        |aŋʌr       |áŋànə        |                     |aŋgan             |aŋkar         |
|leg     |*aŋgar        |agʌr       |aɣár ~ agár  |aŋkʌr                |                  |aŋkárə        |
|good    |*araw         |arʌ ~ arʌg |araɣ         |ʌrap                 |ráβa              |arəβára       |
|net bag |*aɣan         |agʌn       |agán         |agʌn                 |aganɛ́            |agan          |
|bone    |*aɣar         |agʌr       |agárə        |agʌr                 |agár              |agarə~agər-ájɛ|
|swim    |*abarapV-     |abaraɸa-   |             |abarap(o)-           |                  |              |
|fly (v.)|*aɣarapV-     |aragaɸa-   |             |ʌragʌp(u)-           |                  |              |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Porapora River|Gorovu     |Gorovu  |Abu      |Abu        |Abu    |
|           |              |Gorovu     |Yerany  |Adjora   |Adjora     |Gwin   |
|           |              |Z'graggen  |Laycock |Z'graggen|Laycock    |Laycock|
|           |***aCi**      |****       |****    |****     |****       |****   |
|1 pl.      |*ani          |ʌɲɪ        |aɲi     |aɲi      |aɲɪ ~ aɲi  |aɲi    |
|           |***aCiC**     |****       |****    |****     |****       |****   |
|ant sp.    |*ami[n/ŋ]     |           |amɪŋ    |         |amí        |amin   |
|breadfruit |*ambiŋ        |           |abíŋ    |         |apíʔ       |ampiŋ  |
|scratch    |*aniŋ-        |m-ʌɲiŋ-    |        |aɲiŋa-   |           |       |
|crocodile  |*asik         |así        |así     |         |           |       |
|bandicoot  |*aŋim         |           |aɲím (?)|         |           |aŋɪm   |
|tree possum|*aŋik         |           |        |áŋi      |aní (?)    |aŋɛ́   |
|shadow/soul|*aŋiC         |aŋíŋ ~ aŋɪŋ|        |         |aŋɪr ~ aŋi-|       |
|sago jelly |*ari[k]       |           |arí     |         |aríʔ       |aré    |
|lime       |*ariw         |ʌriu       |aríβə   |ariu     |aríwә      |aríw   |
|sago       |*andzinʉ[ŋ]   |ajirʉŋ     |aidʲirəŋ|andʒína  |andʒɨ́nə   |andʒinə|
|firewood   |*ajinʉɣ       |adʒirʉ     |adʲírəɣ |adʒɪrʉŋ  |adʒini     |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Porapora River|Gorovu      |Gorovu |Abu         |Abu    |Abu        |
|             |              |Gorovu      |Yerany |Adjora      |Adjora |Gwin       |
|             |              |Z'graggen   |Laycock|Z'graggen   |Laycock|Laycock    |
|             |***aCʉ**      |****        |****   |****        |****   |****       |
|1 dl.        |*aŋgʉ         |ʌgʉ         |agə    |aŋgʉ        |aŋgə   |aŋkə ~ aŋgə|
|go outside   |*aɣ[ʉ]-       |            |       |-ʔag-       |       |           |
|             |***aCʉC**     |****        |****   |****        |****   |****       |
|arrow sp.    |*apʉm         |aɸʉm ~ afʉm |       |apʉ̃m       |       |           |
|house        |*ambʉ[ɣ]      |aβʉ         |aβә́   |ampʉ        |ampә́  |ampә́      |
|fat/grease   |*abʉt         |abrʉl       |abrɨ́ɣ |            |       |           |
|fruit        |*abʉj         |abʉ ~ abʉi  |abúj   |abʉ         |abʉ́   |apʉ        |
|water        |*anʉm         |ʌnʉm ~ anəm |anəm   |anʉm        |anəm   |anəm       |
|string/rope  |*andʉm        |arʉm        |arəm   |            |       |           |
|grass skirt  |*andʉk        |            |       |antʉgʉ      |antí   |antɨ́      |
|cane         |*arʉm         |arʉm        |arә́m  |arʉm        |arә́m  |arәm       |
|egg          |*arʉr         |arʉrʉ       |árərə  |arʉr        |arəŋ   |arɨŋ       |
|older brother|*aɣʉŋ         |ágʌg        |agaɣ   |ágʉŋ        |aɣә́ŋ  |agә́n      |
|flying fox   |*aɣʉr         |agʉrʉ       |agʷurә́|agʉr̃       |agʷuɾə |agʷúrə     |
|sharp        |*andʉtʉ       |ʌrʉtʉ       |       |antʉtʉ      |       |           |
|four/five (?)|*aɣʉri        |ʌgrí ~ -ʌgri|-áŋəri |ʌgrí ~ -ʌgri|-ágəre |-ágəre     |
|louse        |*amʉnak       |amrʉŋ       |amərәŋ́|amʌna ~amaɲa|aməní  |amәrә́ŋ    |
|go outside   |*arʉɣa-       |-ʌrəka-     |       |ʔar̃ga-     |       |           |

Roots of the form /*ajʉC/ become /ajiC/ in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu  |Abu      |Abu     |Abu     |
|     |              |Gorovu   |Yerany  |Adjora   |Adjora  |Gwin    |
|     |              |Z'graggen|Laycock |Z'graggen|Laycock |Laycock |
|     |***ajʉC**     |**ajiC** |**ajiC**|**ajiC** |**ajiC**|**ajiC**|
|knife|*ajʉm         |aim      |ajím    |         |ájɪm    |        |
|fish |*ajʉ[k]       |aji      |ajә́    |ai       |ajíʔ    |ajә́    |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu      |Gorovu |Abu      |Abu    |Abu    |
|          |              |Gorovu      |Yerany |Adjora   |Adjora |Gwin   |
|          |              |Z'graggen   |Laycock|Z'graggen|Laycock|Laycock|
|          |***aCu**      |****        |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|be angry  |*abu-         |-abu-       |       |abu-     |       |       |
|sleep     |*aŋgu-        |-agu-       |       |aŋkw-    |       |       |
|hit/kill  |*aw[u]-       |m-au- ~ -aw-|       |aw-      |       |       |
|wash/bathe|*aru-         |uru- ~ -or- |       |aru-     |       |       |
|          |***aCuC**     |****        |****   |****     |****   |****   |
|pitpit sp.|*andum        |            |arúm   |         |antəm  |       |
|spirit sp.|*andur        |            |       |antur̃   |       |       |
|hornbill  |*awur         |            |awúrə  |         |awә́r  |awúlә́ |
|hold      |*akun[i]-     |m-aɣuɲ-     |       |akuɲI-   |       |       |
|male      |*amburaŋga[m] |awaraɣamᵅ   |       |ampurãŋka|       |       |


A number of terms for body parts are suffixed with /*-aj/ [-aj -ai -aɪ]. With no information on the grammar of either language, it's difficult to say what this suffix might mean, though a possessive function would seem a priori quite likely:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu  |Abu      |Abu     |Abu      |
|         |              |Gorovu   |Yerany  |Adjora   |Adjora  |Gwin     |
|         |              |Z'graggen|Laycock |Z'graggen|Laycock |Laycock  |
|         |***-aj**      |**-ai**  |****    |**-ai**  |****    |****     |
|upper leg|*ʉmbʉm-aj     |         |        |mpʉn-ʌɪ  |        |         |
|meat     |*ʉndun-aj     |         |        |         |ndúw-ej |ndun-aj  |
|tongue   |*ʉjimba-aj    |dʒ-aɪ    |dʲa-j   |         |        |         |
|head/top |*amban-aj/td> |         |amban-aj|         |ampar-i<|ampən-ajə|
|eye      |*ambar-aj     |áwʌr̃-áɪ |awur-áj |         |        |         |
|tooth    |*and[ʉ/a]n-aj |arʌn-aɪ  |rán-aj  |         |        |         |
|bone     |*aɣar-aj      |         |        |         |        |agər-ájɛ |
|thigh    |*umb[a]n-aj   |uwʌn-aɪ  |        |         |        |         |


===== Pronouns =====
Porapora River free pronouns are as follows, with attestations drawn from Z'graggen (1972) and Laycock (1971.) Only in the first person singular is the nominative distinguished from the accusative:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Porapora River|Gorovu   |Gorovu            |Abu      |Abu                       |Abu           |
|          |              |Gorovu   |Yerany            |Adjora   |Adjora                    |Gwin          |
|          |              |Z'graggen|Laycock           |Z'graggen|Laycock                   |Laycock       |
|1 sg. nom.|*ŋgu          |ŋgʉ      |ŋgu ~ ŋgə         |         |ŋgu ~ ŋgʷu\\ ~ ŋgʷo ~ ŋgʷɔ|ŋgʷu          |
|1 sg. acc.|*na           |         |na-n              |na       |nə                        |na ~ nə       |
|2 sg.     |*ŋu           |ŋʉ       |ŋə                |ŋʊ       |ŋɔ ~ ŋʷɔ ~ gʷɔ            |ŋu ~ ŋʷu ~ ŋʷɔ|
|3 sg.     |*mʉ           |mʉ       |mə                |mə       |mə                        |mə            |
|1 pl.     |*ani          |ʌɲɪ      |aɲi               |aɲi      |aɲɪ ~ aɲi                 |aɲi           |
|2 pl.     |*uni          |ʊɲi      |uɲi               |oɲi      |uɲi                       |uɲi           |
|3 pl.     |*mV-nʉ        |mʌr      |marə              |mənʉ     |mən                       |mənə          |
|1 dl.     |*aŋgʉ         |ʌgʉ      |agə               |aŋgʉ     |aŋgə                      |aŋkə ~ aŋgə   |
|2 dl.     |*uŋgʉ         |ʊgʉ      |ugə               |oŋgʉ     |uŋgə                      |uŋkə-         |
|3 dl.     |?             |mʊwaŋ    |maɲ ~ məwaɲ\\ məkə|mɛm píndi|mamə ~ məmə               |mɛkə          |

Comparison to forms in other Ramu River languages shows Adjora's first person singular /na/ to have originated as an accusative or oblique form (q.v. Capell 1951-1952: 139, 142, Stanhope 1972: 57-58.)

As in other subfamilies of Ramu River such as Ruboni Range, the nominative form of the first person singular is without comparable examples and thus difficult to evaluate. Most likely, it originated as a suffixed form of /*na/; e.g. /*na-ku/.

Likewise, there are no clear parallels to apparent initial /*ŋ/ in the second person singular, the prevalent forms in other subfamilies being /*u/ or /*un/, where final /*n/ might be thought to be a suffix. It is therefore for the moment unclear whether [*ŋu] reflects a suffixed version /*uŋu/ or whether the original form of the second person singular was /*ŋu/ and initial /*ŋ/ has been retained only in Porapora River.



===== Verbal morphology =====
No information about Porapora River verbal morphology is currently available to us.



===== Loans from neighboring languages =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

….\\
\\

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