====== Barem ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Barem (Brem,) also known as Bunabun, is spoken by nearly 1,200 people people (2003) living … … around Masor mountain to the coast, from the Dibor river in the south to Bunabun village in the north … … To the southwest is spoken Barem's nearest relative Manep; to the northwest is spoken Amako … … in the Sumkar (formerly Bogia) district of Papua New Guinea's Madang province (Z'graggen 1971: …, 1975: …, Pick 2020: 36-38.) ===== Dialects ===== Pick (2020: 36-38) distinguishes four dialects of Barem as follows:\\ \\ Barem Bunabun – Bunabun village north of the Dibor near the coast Asumbin – inland Qkuan Kambuar – around the Dibor and in Tokain village to the south Kimbu Kambuar – inland from Tokain\\ \\ Kimbu Kambuar is now extinct, the Kimbu community having abandoned it in favor of Qkuan Kambuar and Tok Pisin. Qkuan Kambuar is now itself endangered.\\ \\ It is unclear from the information given how these dialects should be classified relative to one another, though Pick gies a few words to illustrate how Kimbu Kambuar differed from Bunabun and Qkuan Kambuar. |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Bunabun |Qkuan |Kimbu | |branch |ombek |ombek |ombe | |you're talking|mataβ orakan|mataβ oramkan|mata urampkan| |liver |gaman |gaman |gamaŋ | ===== Sources ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Capell (1951-1952: 193-195) grammar sketch of and (pp. 203-205) 84 comparative terms for Bunabun Z'graggen (1980: 1-159) 315 comparative terms and (p. 161) pronominal paradigms for Bunabun Pick (2020: 36-76) sketch grammar of and (pp. …) … for Barem ===== Phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Pick (2020: 39-56) gives 15 to 18 consonats and 5 vowels for Barem as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | m | n | | [ŋ] | | p | t | | k | | b | d | dʒ | g | | [mb] | [nd] | [ndʒ] | [ŋg] | | ɸ | s | | | | w | r | j | | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | i | | u | | e | | o | | | a | | In addition ot the simple vowels given above, five diphthongs are found as follows: |< - 60px 60px >| | iᵉ | | | iᵃ | uᵃ | | aⁱ | aᵘ | While not listed in the inventory, a sixth apparent diphthong /uᵒ/ is found in a number of examples.\\ \\ Plain voiced and prenasalized voiced stops are nearly in complementary distribution. Initially, only plain voiced /b d dʒ g/ are found<. Medially, /mb nd n dʒ ŋg/ are much more common; however a small number of words, perhaps all loans, are found with medial plain voiced stops, such that what were originally position-governed allophones have become contrstive. This motivates Pick to analyze them synchronically as clusters, which in turn requires velar nasal /ŋ/ to be treated as a phoneme. It is highly probably then that Barem originally had only 14 consonants as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | m | n | | | | p | t | | k | | mb | nd | ndʒ | ŋg | | ɸ | s | | | | w | r | j | | When preceding another stop in a cluster, voiceless stops /p t k/ can be realized as fricatives [ɸ θ s x]. Velar /k/ is always realized as [x] when preceding another /k/.\\ \\ …\\ ===== Pronouns ===== Pick (2020: 313-315) gives free pronouns for Bunabun and Qkuan Kambuar dialects in two case forms as follows: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Bunabun |Qkuan |Bunabun |Qkuan | | |nominative|nominative|possessive|possessive| |1 sg.|inie |ine |iniar |inor | |2 sg.|nene |nane |nanar |nanor | |3 sg.|ono |une |onor |unor | |1 pl.|inuo |ino |inior |ininor | |2 pl.|ane |nano |anar |nananor | |3 pl.|ono |uno |onor |ununor | Pick (2020: 65-69, 308-310) gives verbal direct and indirect objects for both Bunabun and Qkuan Kambuar dialects in four paradigms as follows: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |direct object|direct object |indirect object|indirect object | | |/aŋg-/ "see" |/aŋgar-/ "show"|/Ø-/ "give" |/kima-/ "tell"\\ /kanaw-/ "ask"| |1 sg. |iw- |iw- |-i |-i | |2 sg. |naw- |naw- |-n |-n | |3 sg. |Ø- |uw- |-w |-t | |1/2/3 pl.|imb- |imb- |-ind |-ind | ===== Verbal morphology ===== Pick (2020: 57-65) gives subject desinences for final verbs in three tense/mood forms as follows: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Bunabun |Qkuan Kambuar|Bunabun |Qkuan Kambuar|Bunabun |Qkuan Kambuar| | |remote past |remote past |hodiernal|hodiernal |irrealis|irrealis | |1 sg.|-me |-eme |-ke |-ke |-imba |-imba | |2 sg.|-an ~ -en ~ -on|-Vn |-kan |-kan |-embin |-eŋambin | |3 sg.|-ad ~ -ed ~ -od|-Vr |-ko ~ -ka|-eko |-emda |-eŋgara | |1 pl.|-min |-mind |-kin |-gind |-ombin |-ombin | |2 pl.|-ma |-ema |-ka |? |-emba |-eŋamba | |3 pl.|-mid |-mind |-kid |-gind |-omdi |-omdi | (The designations of Qkuan Kambuar tenses are historically accurate, but the distinction between the two realis tenses is well into the process of collapsing, with some subject markers falling out of use.)\\ \\ …\\ \\ \\  Iimperatives are found with only three person.numbers as follows: |< - 100px 100px 100px >| | |Bunabun|Qkuan | |2 sg.|-ak |-ak | |1 pl.|-om |-em | |2 pl.|-awmbo |-amnor| Pick (2020: 69-74) gives subject desinences for same-subject medial verbs as follows: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Bunabun |Qkuan |both dialects|both dialects| | |perfective|perfective|imperfective |irrealis | |1 sg.|-memba |-memba |-omada |-mba | |2 sg.|-minbi |-minbi |-omada |-mbi | |3 sg.|-da |-era |-omada |-mba | |1 pl.|-minbi |-minbi |-omadi |-mba | |2 pl.|-mamba |-mamba |-omadi |-mba | |3 pl.|-di |-minda |-omadi |-mba | Different-subject medial verbs are indicated by the addition of a suffix /-na/ to the hodiernal tense form of final verbs (above.) ===== Loans to and from neighboring languages ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ \\ …\\ \\ \\