====== Mabulap-Numugen River ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
**[under construction]**\\
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The Mabulap-Numugen River family consists of as many as seven languages spoken …

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of Mabulap-Numugen River is as follows:\\
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Mabulap-Numugen River

Mabulap (Amaimon)

Numugen River

===== Sources =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Z'graggen (1980: 1-159) 320 comparative terms and (p. 164-165) pronominal paradigms for Wanuma (Usan,) Yaben, Yarawata, Bilakura (Karian,) Parawen, Ukuriguma and Amaimon

Reesink (1981) (unobtained)

Reesink (1983) subordination in Usan (unobtained)

Reesink (1984) grammar of Usan (unoibtained)

Reesink (1987) grammar of Usan

Reesink (1993) (unobtained)

Reesink (1994) (unobtained)

Reesink (2013) "give" in Usan

Lillie (2001) sketch phonology of Amaimon (Mabulap) of Tebesarik village

Pick (2020: …) grammar sketch of Karian, (pp. …) grammar sketch of Yaben and (pp. 397-429) reconstruction of proto-Numugen including (pp. 415-429) …

===== History of classification =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Z'graggen (1971: 54-55, 1975: 29) considers Amaimon to be a family-level isolate in the Pihom Stock subgroup of his Northern Adelbert Superphylum.

…Ross …

Pick (2020: 188-194) excludes Amaimon) from his Norht Delbert classification, saying of Amaimon as well as Omosan, Bargam (Mugil,) and Amako-Waskia (Isumrud Strait) (p. 192,) "I have not excluded these languages because I don't believe they are related to Northern Adelbert. They likely are related, and there are promising potential cognates between the Northern Adelbert languages and other languages in the area, and further research may show that the boundaries of NorthernAdelbert need to be adjusted."\\
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We find Mabulap (Amaimon) to be the nearest relative of the Numugen River subgroup within Adelbert Range.

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Proto-Mabulap-Numugen River had 13 to 19 consonants and 4 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|   *m    |   *n    |      |   *ŋ    |          |
|   *p    |   *t    |  *s  |   *k    |  [*kʷ]   |
|   *b    |   *d    |      |   *g    |  [*gʷ]   |
|  [*mb]  |  [*nd]  |      |  [*ŋg]  |  [*ŋgʷ]  |
|   *w    |   *ɺ    |  *j  |         |          |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i  |      |  *u  |
|      |  *ə  |      |
|      |  *a  |      |


…\\
\\

…\\
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Initial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Mab.-Num.  |  Mabulap  |  Numugen  |
|     *m-     |     m     |    *m     |
|     *n-     |     n     |    *n     |
|     *ŋ-     |    ŋ-     |    *n     |
|     *p-     |           |           |
|     *t-     |     t     |    *t     |
|     *s-     |     s     |    *Ø     |
|     *k-     |     k     |    *k     |
|    *kʷ-     |    kʷ     |    *kʷ    |
|     *b-     |           |    *b     |
|     *d-     |           |    *d     |
|   *d-/_i    |     s     |    *d     |
|     *g-     |     g     |    *g     |
|    *gʷ-     |           |   *gʷ-    |
|     *w-     |     Ø     |    *w     |
|     *j-     |     Ø     |    *j-    |

Medial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Mab.-Num.  |  Mabulap  |  Numugen  |
|    *-m-     |     m     |    *m     |
|    *-n-     |     n     |    *n     |
|    *-ŋ-     |     ŋ     |    *n     |
|    *-p-     |     p     |    *p     |
|    *-t-     |     t     |    *t     |
|   *-t-/_I   |     s     |    *t     |
|    *-s-     |     s     |    *Ø     |
|    *-k-     |     k     |    *k     |
|    *-kʷ-    |    kʷ     |    *kʷ    |
|    *-b-     |     b     |    *b     |
|    *-d-     |           |    *d     |
|   *-d-/i_   |     s     |    *d     |
|   *-d-/_i   |     s     |    *d     |
|    *-g-     |     g     |    *g     |
|    *-gʷ-    |    gʷ     |    *gʷ    |
|    *-mb-    |           |           |
|    *-nd-    |           |           |
|    *-ŋg-    |     ŋ     |    *ŋg    |
|    *-w-     |           |           |
|    *-ɺ-     |     l     |    *ɺ-    |
|    *-j-     |           |           |

Final consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Mab.-Num.  |  Mabulap  |  Numugen  |
|     *-m     |     m     |    *n     |
|     *-n     |     n     |    *n     |
|     *-ŋ     |     ŋ     |    *n     |
|     *-p     |           |           |
|     *-t     |           |           |
|     *-s     |           |           |
|     *-k     |           |           |
|     *-…     |           |           |
|     *-b     |           |           |
|     *-…     |           |           |
|     *-d     |           |           |
|     *-g     |           |           |
|     *-w     |           |           |
|     *-ɺ     |           |           |
|     *-j     |           |           |

Vowels correspond as follows:\\
\\

…\\
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These corerspondences are exemplified as follows, with Amaimon (Mabulap) attestations drtawn from Z'graggen (1980: 1-159) and Pick's proto-Numugen from Pick (2020: 215-288, 415-429.) In most instance Pick arrived at the same forms that we did, and his identifications of mid-central vowel /*ə/ (Pick's <e>) were more reliable, prompting improvements to our forms; however there remain a minrotiy of substantive differences which warrant two separate Numugen River columns as are given below.\\
\\

\\

…\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Mab.-Num.     |Amaimon                  |Numugen       |Numugen     |
|                 |              |Z'graggen                |              |Pick        |
|                 |***…**        |****                     |****          |****        |
|hair             |*im           |                         |*im           |*im         |
|younger s.s. sib |*iməka        |                         |*im[ə]ka      |*imeka      |
|excrement        |*ibi          |iːβi                     |*ibi          |*ibi        |
|sleep (v.)       |*in-          |-in-                     |*in-          |*in-        |
|dream (n.)       |*in-aw        |ina-                     |*inaw         |---         |
|1 pl.            |*ini          |ini-                     |*in[i]        |*in         |
|egg              |*inaw         |                         |*inaw         |*niaw       |
|yesterday        |*inukan       |                         |*inukan       |*inukʷan    |
|wash/bathe       |*it-          |-is-                     |*it-          |*it-        |
|stand up         |*[i]dəɺam-    |zɛlamu- ~ zela-          |*[i]d[ə]ɺam-  |            |
|roast            |*ida[t]-      |                         |*ida[t]-      |---         |
|walk/go          |*id[uw]-      |iz- ~ -idz-              |*id[uw]-      |---         |
|smoke/tobacco    |*ikab         |                         |*ikab         |*ikab       |
|hear             |*ig[V]-       |igi-                     |*ig[u]-       |---         |
|green            |*igəm         |                         |*igəm         |*igem       |
|laugh            |*igaɺ-        |                         |*igaɺ-        |---         |
|burn (tr.)       |*igum-        |                         |*igum-        |*igum-      |
|be               |*igʷ[a]-      |go-                      |*igʷ[a]-      |*igʷ-       |
|penis            |*igʷaɺ        |iːgʷal ~iːgʷale          |*igʷaɺ        |*iguar      |
|sea/salt         |*iwəɺ         |wɛl                      |*iwəɺ         |*iwer ~ *jer|
|go up            |*iɺ-          |i-                       |*iɺ-          |*ir-        |
|crocodile        |*ijamaji      |jamːail                  |*jamaj        |---         |
|who?             |*ijawu        |jau                      |*jaw          |---         |
|breast           |*amVn         |amun                     |              |            |
|net bag          |*abaw         |ʌba                      |*abaw         |*abaw       |
|2 pl.            |*ani          |ani                      |*ani          |*an         |
|tail             |*aduɺ         |aru-kɛm                  |*aduɺ         |---         |
|path             |*aɺVkVj       |                         |*aɺ[a]kVj     |*arakai     |
|die              |*um-          |um-                      |*um-          |*um-        |
|man              |*uma[d]       |uːma                     |              |            |
|plant (v.)       |*ub-          |                         |*ub-          |*ub-        |
|arm/hand         |*ubən         |bene                     |*ubən         |*uben       |
|draw water       |*un-          |unu-                     |*un-          |*un-        |
|name             |*unim         |unim                     |*unim         |*unim       |
|female           |*unad         |                         |*unad         |*unad       |
|give (3 sg.)     |*ut-          |                         |*ut-          |*ut-        |
|song             |*ud           |                         |*ud           |*ud         |
|dance (v.)       |*uw-          |                         |*uw-          |*uw-        |
|house            |*mənə         |mɔnɛ                     |*mənə         |---         |
|nose             |*məd          |mɛta                     |*məd          |---         |
|vomit (v.)       |*məŋiɺ-       |miŋil-                   |*məniɺ-       |---         |
|earth/ground     |*məkiw        |mɛːki ~ mɛki\\ ~ meki    |              |            |
|cassowary        |*m[ə/a]jiba[n]|mɛwa                     |*m[ə/a]jiba[n]|---         |
|taro             |*mam          |mʌːmu                    |*mam          |*mam        |
|what?            |*maj[a]       |ma-ma                    |*maj(-maj)    |*maj-maj    |
|fire             |*mud          |                         |*mud          |---         |
|eye              |*musag        |                         |*muag         |*mag        |
|saliva           |*muk          |muːku                    |*muk          |---         |
|flooring         |*[pə]ɺəm      |                         |*əɺəm         |*erem       |
|white            |*[p]awan      |                         |*awan         |*awan       |
|call out         |*[p]aɺ-       |                         |*aɺ-          |*ar-        |
|skin             |*[p]ugan      |                         |*gʷan         |*guan       |
|heavy            |*bin(-at)     |piːni                    |*bin(-at)     |*binat      |
|put              |*big(-iw)-    |                         |*big(-iw)-    |*bigʷ-      |
|stone axe        |*bəŋ          |bɛŋi ~ bɛŋ               |*bən          |*ben        |
|old. s.s. sib (1)|*bab          |                         |*bab          |*bab        |
|rattan           |*bunəm        |                         |*bunəm        |---         |
|sit              |*bugu-        |                         |*bugu-        |---         |
|fly (v.)         |*buŋg[ija]    |                         |*buŋgija      |---         |
|pig              |*buɺuk        |                         |*buɺuk        |*buruk      |
|eat              |*ni-          |ni-                      |*ni-          |*ni-        |
|2 sg.            |*nə           |nɛ-                      |*nə           |*ne         |
|mother (1)       |*na           |                         |*na           |*na         |
|mother (2)       |*na-nija      |nʌnia                    |*na-nija      |*nain       |
|stone            |*naməwən      |                         |*naməwən      |---         |
|kongkong         |*naməɺan      |namʌrʌn                  |*naməɺan      |---         |
|hot              |*nanaw        |                         |*nanaw        |*nanaw      |
|chest            |*təgum        |                         |*təgum        |---         |
|now/new          |*t[ə/a]mən    |tɛmɛn                    |*t[ə/a]mən    |*temen      |
|sky/cloud        |*t[ə/a]t      |tɛrɛ ~ tɛr ~ tɛl         |*tat          |*tat        |
|wooden plate     |*tabin        |tʌːbin                   |*tabin        |*tabin      |
|moon             |*takiw        |                         |*takiw        |---         |
|short            |*taj          |                         |*taj          |---         |
|stick (n.)       |*tukum        |tukum                    |*tukum        |---         |
|calf             |*dibuɺ        |                         |*dibuɺ        |*dibur      |
|full             |*dikʷaɺ       |siːkʷa-                  |*dikaɺ        |---         |
|ear              |*diwad        |zuar ~ zuʌr-             |              |            |
|long/right (side)|*dVgVn        |                         |*dVgVn        |*degen      |
|cough (n.)       |*du[k]un      |                         |*dukun        |*dukun      |
|snake            |*d[u]wag      |                         |*duwag        |*duag       |
|root             |*duɺu[n]      |                         |*duɺun        |*durun      |
|fat/grease       |*sidaŋ        |siraŋ                    |*idan         |---         |
|dog              |*sikaw        |sika                     |*ikaw         |*ikaw       |
|vine/rope        |*siwaɺ        |sʌla ~ sual              |*iwaɺ         |---         |
|bamboo           |*səŋi         |seŋi                     |*əni          |---         |
|clay pot\        |*səgi         |siːgi                    |*əgi          |*egi ~ *igi |
|sand             |*səɺəw        |sɛlɛ                     |*əɺəw         |*erew       |
|tooth            |*ŋ[ə/a]nag    |ŋanag ~ ŋʌnʌg-\\ ~ nanag-|*n[ə/a]nag    |*nanag      |
|tree             |*ŋam          |ŋʌmu                     |*nam          |*nam        |
|hand drum        |*kibəm        |                         |*kibəm        |*kibem      |
|shadow           |*kinakin      |kinikin                  |*kinakin      |---         |
|meat             |*kit          |                         |*kit          |*kit        |
|chop/fell        |*kikʷ[a]-     |kiku-                    |*kikʷa-       |*kikʷa-     |
|bow              |*kəmi         |kɛːmi                    |*kəmi         |*kemi       |
|speech           |*kəb          |kɛβ-                     |*kəb          |*keb        |
|near             |*kəni         |                         |*kəni         |---         |
|blood            |*kəd          |                         |*kəd          |*ked        |
|sap              |*kədi         |kese ~ kɛsɛ              |*kədi         |*kesi       |
|armpit           |*kədipan      |kɛpina                   |*kədipan      |---         |
|yellow           |*kəwəgap      |kogʌp                    |              |            |
|sago             |*kamaɺ        |kamʌr                    |*kamaɺ        |*kamar      |
|mouth            |*kabVɺ        |                         |*kabVɺ        |*kabar      |
|stump/base       |*kanam        |kanaim                   |*kanam        |---         |
|after/later      |*kanugadi     |kanaβas                  |*kaŋgadi      |---         |
|mosquito sp.     |*kadidiɺ      |                         |*kadidiɺ      |*sisir      |
|red              |*kad-at       |                         |*kadat        |*kadat      |
|mosquito         |*kasin        |kasin                    |*kain         |*kain       |
|top of tree      |*kawaɺ[ap]    |kwalap                   |*kawVɺ        |*kaur       |
|swell            |*kaɺim-       |                         |*kaɺim-       |*karim-     |
|sugarcane        |*kaji         |kʌi                      |*kaj          |*kai        |
|yam              |*k[a]jaw      |                         |*k[a]jaw      |---         |
|brain(s)         |*kum          |                         |*kum          |*-kum       |
|nape             |*kuman        |                         |*kuman        |*kuman      |
|fly (n.)         |*kuduɺuk      |                         |*kuduɺuk      |*kuduruk    |
|shadow           |*k[u]gud      |                         |*kugud        |*kugud      |
|betel pepper     |*kuwi[ja]     |kuːwiza                  |              |            |
|loincloth        |*kuɺaw        |kuːla                    |*kuɺaw        |*kuraw      |
|valley           |*kuɺum        |                         |*kuɺum        |*kurum      |
|black            |*kuɺun        |                         |*kuɺun        |*kurun      |
|see              |*-gV-         |-gi                      |*-gV-         |            |
|knee             |*gəta         |geːta ~ -geta            |*gətaɺik      |---         |
|one              |*gədika       |gɛsikʌkʌ                 |*gədika       |*g[e/a]di   |
|grass skirt      |*gəguɺ        |                         |*gəguɺ        |---         |
|liver            |*gama         |gamʌ- ~ gamʌː-           |              |            |
|louse            |*gun          |gunu                     |*gun          |*gun        |
|wind/cold        |*gugum        |ugum ~ uɣum              |*gugum        |---         |
|bite             |*guɺ-         |gul-                     |              |            |
|banana           |*kʷədi        |                         |*kʷədi        |*kʷedi      |
|sweat            |*kʷaɺ         |kʷʌːlɛ                   |*kʷaɺ         |---         |
|Gnetum sp.       |*kʷaɺi        |                         |*kʷaɺi        |*kʷari      |
|3 sg.            |*wə           |o-                       |*wə           |*we         |
|3 pl.            |*wə-də        |otɛ-                     |*wədə         |*wede       |
|sun              |*wədijəm      |                         |*wədijəm      |*wediem     |
|no/not/empty     |*wəjak        |ok-in ~ oːk-im           |*wəjak        |*ujak       |
|ashes            |*wam          |wam ~ wamu               |*wam          |            |
|pig              |*wasi         |wasi                     |              |            |
|shoot (v.)       |*waɺ-         |wʌl-                     |*waɺ-         |*war-       |
|sing             |*waɺ-         |-wʌr-                    |*waɺ-         |*war-       |
|1 sg.            |*jə           |ɛ-                       |*jə           |*je         |
|boil (v.)        |*jam-         |-amu-                    |*jam-         |*jam-       |
|water            |*jag          |ʌːgə                     |*jag          |*jag        |
|this             |*jaŋgu        |ɛŋʌ                      |*jaŋgu        |*jegu       |


Any consonant except apical non-stop /*ɺ/ and prenasalized voiced stops /*mb *ŋg/ can occur initially.\\
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Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num.     |Amaimon              |Numugen       |Numugen |
|            |              |Z'graggen            |              |Pick    |
|            |***m-**       |**m**                |***m**        |***m**  |
|hunger      |*min[ə]       |                     |*min…         |---     |
|house       |*mənə         |mɔnɛ                 |*mənə         |---     |
|nose        |*məd          |mɛta                 |*məd          |---     |
|vomit (v.)  |*məŋiɺ-       |miŋil-               |*məniɺ-       |---     |
|earth/ground|*məkiw        |mɛːki ~ mɛki\\ ~ meki|              |        |
|cassowary   |*m[ə/a]jiba[n]|mɛwa                 |*m[ə/a]jiba[n]|---     |
|taro        |*mam          |mʌːmu                |*mam          |*mam    |
|what?       |*maj[a]       |ma-ma                |*maj(-maj)    |*maj-maj|
|fire        |*mud          |                     |*mud          |---     |
|eye         |*musag        |                     |*muag         |*mag    |
|saliva      |*muk          |muːku                |*muk          |---     |

Initial apical nasal /*n/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen |Numugen|
|          |         |Z'graggen|        |Pick   |
|          |***n-**  |****     |****    |****   |
|eat       |*ni-     |ni-      |*ni-    |*ni-   |
|2 sg.     |*nə      |nɛ-      |*nə     |*ne    |
|mother (1)|*na      |         |*na     |*na    |
|mother (2)|*na-nija |nʌnia    |*na-nija|*nain  |
|stone     |*naməwən |         |*naməwən|---    |
|kongkong  |*naməɺan |namʌrʌn  |*naməɺan|---    |
|hot       |*nanaw   |         |*nanaw  |*nanaw |

Initial velar nasal /*ŋ/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon                  |Numugen   |Numugen|
|     |          |Z'graggen                |          |Pick   |
|     |***ŋ-**   |**ŋ [ŋ n]**              |***n**    |***n** |
|tooth|*ŋ[ə/a]nag|ŋanag ~ ŋʌnʌg-\\ ~ nanag-|*n[ə/a]nag|*nanag |
|tree |*ŋam      |ŋʌmu                     |*nam      |*nam   |

Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|        |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|        |***p-**  |****     |****   |****   |
|flooring|*[pə]ɺəm-|         |*əɺəm--|*erem- |
|white   |*[p]awan |         |*awan  |*awan  |
|call out|*[p]aɺ-  |         |*aɺ-   |*ar-   |
|skin    |*[p]ugan |         |*gʷan  |*guan  |

Initial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is generally retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon         |Numugen   |Numugen|
|            |          |Z'graggen       |          |Pick   |
|            |***t-**   |**t**           |***t**    |***t** |
|chest       |*təgum    |                |*təgum    |---    |
|now/new     |*t[ə/a]mən|tɛmɛn           |*t[ə/a]mən|*temen |
|sky/cloud   |*t[ə/a]t  |tɛrɛ ~ tɛr ~ tɛl|*tat      |*tat   |
|wooden plate|*tabin    |tʌːbin          |*tabin    |*tabin |
|moon        |*takiw    |                |*takiw    |---    |
|short       |*taj      |                |*taj      |---    |
|stick (n.)  |*tukum    |tukum           |*tukum    |---    |

No examples of initial /*t/ followed by high front vowel /*i/ have been found, suggesting that it was fricated to and merged with /*s/ (below); however there are several examples of /*s/ followed by mid central vowel /*ə/ such that it cannot in all instances be reduced to a conditioned variant of /*t/\\
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Initial laminal voiceless /*s/ is dropped in Numugen River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon    |Numugen|Numugen    |
|          |         |Z'graggen  |       |Pick       |
|          |***s-**  |**s**      |***Ø** |***Ø**     |
|fat/grease|*sidaŋ   |siraŋ      |*idan  |---        |
|dog       |*sikaw   |sika       |*ikaw  |*ikaw      |
|lime      |*siwan   |           |*iwan  |*iwan      |
|vine/rope |*siwaɺ   |sʌla ~ sual|*iwaɺ  |---        |
|bamboo    |*səŋi    |seŋi       |*əni   |---        |
|clay pot\ |*səgi    |siːgi      |*əgi   |*egi ~ *igi|
|sand      |*səɺəw   |sɛlɛ       |*əɺəw  |*erew      |

Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon    |Numugen     |Numugen |
|            |          |Z'graggen  |            |Pick    |
|            |***k-**   |****       |****        |****    |
|chop/fell   |*kikʷ[a]- |kiku-      |*kikʷa-     |*kikʷa- |
|hand drum   |*kibəm    |           |*kibəm      |*kibem  |
|shadow      |*kinakin  |kinikin    |*kinakin    |---     |
|meat        |*kit      |           |*kit        |*kit    |
|bow         |*kəmi     |kɛːmi      |*kəmi       |*kemi   |
|speech      |*kəb      |kɛβ-       |*kəb        |*keb    |
|near        |*kəni     |           |*kəni       |---     |
|blood       |*kəd      |           |*kəd        |*ked    |
|red         |*kəd-at   |           |*k[a]dat    |*kadat  |
|sap         |*kədi     |kese ~ kɛsɛ|*kədi       |*kesi   |
|armpit      |*kədipan  |kɛpina     |*kədipan    |---     |
|yellow      |*kəwəgap  |kogʌp      |            |        |
|yam         |*kəj[ə/a]w|           |*kəj[ə/a]w  |---     |
|stump       |*k[ə/a]nVm|kanaim     |*k[ə/a]n[a]m|---     |
|sago        |*kamaɺ    |kamʌr      |*kamaɺ      |*kamar  |
|mouth       |*kabVɺ    |           |*kabVɺ      |*kabar  |
|after/later |*kanugadi |kanaβas    |*kaŋgadi    |---     |
|mosquito sp.|*kadidiɺ  |           |*kadidiɺ    |*sisir  |
|mosquito    |*kasin    |kasin      |*kain       |*kain   |
|top of tree |*kawaɺ[ap]|kwalap     |*kawVɺ      |*kaur   |
|swell       |*kaɺim-   |           |*kaɺim-     |*karim- |
|sugarcane   |*kaji     |kʌi        |*kaj        |*kai    |
|brain(s)    |*kum      |           |*kum        |*-kum   |
|nape        |*kuman    |           |*kuman      |*kuman  |
|fly (n.)    |*kuduɺuk  |           |*kuduɺuk    |*kuduruk|
|shadow      |*k[u]gud  |           |*kugud      |*kugud  |
|betel pepper|*kuwi[ja] |kuːwiza    |            |        |
|loincloth   |*kuɺaw    |kuːla      |*kuɺaw      |*kuraw  |
|valley      |*kuɺum    |           |*kuɺum      |*kurum  |
|black       |*kuɺun    |           |*kuɺun      |*kurun  |

Initial rounded velar voiceless stop /*kʷ/ s retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|          |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|          |***kʷ-** |**kʷ**   |***kʷ**|***kʷ**|
|banana    |*kʷədi   |         |*kʷədi |*kʷedi |
|sweat     |*kʷaɺ    |kʷʌːlɛ   |*kʷaɺ  |---    |
|Gnetum sp.|*kʷaɺi   |         |*kʷaɺi |*kʷari |

Initial bilabial voiced stop /*b/ sometimes devoiced to [p] in Mabulap; it's unclear if this is phnemically distinct from initial /b/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Mab.-Num.  |Amaimon    |Numugen    |Numugen|
|                 |           |Z'graggen  |           |Pick   |
|                 |***b-**    |**b p (?)**|***b**     |***b** |
|heavy            |*bin(-at)  |piːni      |*bin(-at)  |*binat |
|put              |*big(-iw)- |           |*big(-iw)- |*bigʷ- |
|turn             |*biɺi[k/g]-|           |*biɺi[k/g]-|---    |
|stone axe        |*bəŋ       |bɛŋi ~ bɛŋ |*bən       |*ben   |
|old. s.s. sib (1)|*bab       |           |*bab       |*bab   |
|hold             |*buka-     |           |*buka-     |---    |
|sit              |*bugu-     |           |*bugu-     |---    |
|fly (v.)         |*buŋg[ija] |           |*buŋgija   |---    |
|pig              |*buɺuk     |           |*buɺuk     |*buruk |

Iniital apical voiced stop /*d/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|                 |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|                 |***d-**  |****     |***d** |***d** |
|long/right (side)|*dVgVn   |         |*dVgVn |*degen |
|cough (n.)       |*du[k]un |         |*dukun |*dukun |
|snake            |*d[u]wag |         |*duwag |*duag  |
|root             |*duɺu[n] |         |*duɺun |*durun |

When initial /*d/ is followed by high front vowel /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon     |Numugen|Numugen|
|    |          |Z'graggen   |       |Pick   |
|    |***d-/_i**|**s**       |***d** |***d** |
|calf|*dibuɺ    |            |*dibuɺ |*dibur |
|full|*dikʷaɺ   |siːkʷa-     |*dikaɺ |---    |
|ear |*diwad    |zuar ~ zuʌr-|       |       |

Initial velar voiced stop /*g/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon       |Numugen |Numugen  |
|           |         |Z'graggen     |        |Pick     |
|           |***g-**  |****          |****    |****     |
|knee       |*gəta    |geːta         |*gətaɺik|---      |
|grass skirt|*gəguɺ   |              |*gəguɺ  |---      |
|one        |*gədika  |gɛsikʌkʌ      |*gədika |*g[e/a]di|
|liver      |*gama    |gamʌ- ~ gamʌː-|        |         |
|louse      |*gun     |gunu          |*gun    |*gun     |

In one example initial /*g/ is seemingly irregularly dropped from Amaimon form, perhaps becaue it is followed by another /*g/; here we know /intiial /*g/ to be original because it has outcomparisons in KumilRiver and in KaukombarRiver:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon    |Numugen|Numugen|
|         |         |Z'graggen  |       |Pick   |
|         |***g-**  |**Ø**      |***g** |****   |
|wind/cold|*gugum   |ugum ~ uɣum|*gugum |---    |

Initial rounded velar voiced stop /*gʷ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|    |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|    |***gʷ-** |****     |****   |****   |
|skin|*[p]ugan |         |*gʷan  |*guan  |

Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon       |Numugen |Numugen|
|            |         |Z'graggen     |        |Pick   |
|            |***w-**  |****          |****    |****   |
|3 sg.       |*wə      |o-            |*wə     |*we    |
|3 pl.       |*wə-də   |otɛ-          |*wədə   |*wede  |
|sun         |*wədijəm |              |*wədijəm|*wediem|
|no/not/empty|*wəjak   |ok-in ~ oːk-im|*wəjak  |*ujak  |
|ashes       |*wam     |wam ~ wamu    |*wam    |       |
|pig         |*wati    |wasi          |        |       |
|shoot (v.)  |*waɺ-    |wʌl-          |*waɺ-   |*war-  |
|sing        |*waɺ-    |-wʌr-         |*waɺ-   |*war-  |

Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ is droppped in Amaimon:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|         |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|         |***j-**  |**Ø**    |***j** |***j** |
|1 sg.    |*jə      |ɛ-       |*jə    |*je    |
|boil (v.)|*jam-    |-amu-    |*jam-  |*jam-  |
|water    |*jag     |ʌːgə     |*jag   |*jag   |
|this     |*jaŋgu   |ɛŋʌ      |*jaŋgu |*jegu  |


Any consonant can occur medially.\\
\\

Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon        |Numugen     |Numugen|
|                |          |Z'graggen      |            |Pick   |
|                |***-m-**  |**m**          |**m**       |**m**  |
|younger s.s. sib|*iməka    |               |*im[ə]ka    |*imeka |
|stand up        |*[i]dəɺam-|zɛlamu- ~ zela-|*[i]d[ə]ɺam-|       |
|burn (tr.)      |*igum-    |               |*igum-      |*igum- |
|crocodile       |*ijamaji  |jamːail        |*jamaj      |---    |
|breast          |*amVn     |amun           |            |       |
|die             |*um-      |um-            |*um-        |*um-   |
|man             |*uma[d]   |uːma           |            |       |
|stone           |*naməwən  |               |*naməwən    |---    |
|kongkong        |*naməɺan  |namʌrʌn        |*naməɺan    |---    |
|now/new         |*t[ə/a]mən|tɛmɛn          |*t[ə/a]mən  |*temen |
|bow             |*kəmi     |kɛːmi          |*kəmi       |*kemi  |
|sago            |*kamaɺ    |kamʌr          |*kamaɺ      |*kamar |
|swell           |*kaɺim-   |               |*kaɺim-     |*karim-|
|nape            |*kuman    |               |*kuman      |*kuman |
|liver           |*gama     |gamʌ- ~ gamʌː- |            |       |
|boil (v.)       |*jam-     |-amu-          |*jam-       |*jam-  |

Medial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon                  |Numugen     |Numugen |
|           |          |Z'graggen                |            |Pick    |
|           |***-n-**  |**n**                    |**n**       |**n**   |
|sleep (v.) |*in-      |-in-                     |*in-        |*in-    |
|dream (n.) |*in-aw    |ina-                     |*inaw       |---     |
|1 pl.      |*ini      |ini-                     |*in[i]      |*in     |
|yesterday  |*inukan   |                         |*inukan     |*inukʷan|
|2 pl.      |*ani      |ani                      |*ani        |*an     |
|draw water |*un-      |unu-                     |*un-        |*un-    |
|name       |*unim     |unim                     |*unim       |*unim   |
|female     |*unad     |                         |*unad       |*unad   |
|hunger     |*min[ə]   |                         |*min…       |---     |
|house      |*mənə     |mɔnɛ                     |*mənə       |---     |
|heavy      |*bin-at   |                         |*bin-at     |*binat  |
|rattan     |*bunəm    |                         |*bunəm      |---     |
|mother (2) |*na-nija  |nʌnia                    |*na-nija    |*nain   |
|hot        |*nanaw    |                         |*nanaw      |*nanaw  |
|tooth      |*ŋ[ə/a]nag|ŋanag ~ ŋʌnʌg-\\ ~ nanag-|*n[ə/a]nag  |*nanag  |
|shadow     |*kinakin  |kinikin                  |*kinakin    |---     |
|stump      |*k[ə/a]nVm|kanaim                   |*k[ə/a]n[a]m|---     |
|after/later|*kanugadi |kanaβas                  |*kaŋgadi (?)|---     |

When apical /*n/ is preceded or follow by high front vowel /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Mab.-Num.  |Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
||           |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
||***-n-/_i**|****     |****   |****   |

Medial velar nasal /*ŋ/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|          |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|          |***-ŋ-** |****     |****   |****   |
|vomit (v.)|*məŋiɺ-  |miŋil-   |*məniɺ-|---    |
|bamboo    |*səŋi    |seŋi     |*əni   |---    |

Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ has been found in only one example, where it is reatained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon   |Numugen |Numugen|
|      |         |Z'graggen |        |Pick   |
|      |***-p-** |**p**     |***p**  |**?**  |
|armpit|*kədipan |kɛpina (?)|*kədipan|---    |

Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is uncommon. It is generally retained aas such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen |Numugen|
|            |         |Z'graggen|        |Pick   |
|            |***-t-** |**t**    |***t**  |***t** |
|give (3 sg.)|*ut-     |         |*ut-    |*ut-   |
|knee        |*gəta    |geːta    |*gətaɺik|---    |

When medial /*t/ is preceded by high front vowel /*i/ is is fricated to /s/ in Amaimon:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num.  |Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|          |           |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|          |***-t-/i_**|**s**    |***t** |***t** |
|wash/bathe|*it-       |-is-     |*it-   |*it-   |

No examples of medial /*t/ followed by /*i/ have been found, suggesting that it was fricated to and merged with /*s/ (below); however there are at least one examples of /*s/ followed by low central vowel /*a/ such that it cannot in all instances be reduced to a conditioned variant of /*t/\\
\\

Medial laminal voiceless /*s/ is dropped in Numugen River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|        |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|        |***-s-** |**s**    |***Ø** |***Ø** |
|eye     |*musag   |         |*muag  |*mag   |
|mosquito|*kasin   |kasin    |*kain  |*kain  |
|pig     |*wasi    |wasi     |       |       |

Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon              |Numugen  |Numugen  |
|                |         |Z'graggen            |         |Pick     |
|                |***-k-** |**k**                |***k**   |***k**   |
|younger s.s. sib|*iməka   |                     |*im[ə]ka |*imeka   |
|yesterday       |*inukan  |                     |*inukan  |*inukʷan |
|smoke/tobacco   |*ikab    |                     |*ikab    |*ikab    |
|path            |*aɺVkVj  |                     |*aɺ[a]kVj|*arakai  |
|earth/ground    |*məkiw   |mɛːki ~ mɛki\\ ~ meki|         |         |
|hold            |*buka-   |                     |*buka-   |---      |
|moon            |*takiw   |                     |*takiw   |---      |
|stick (n.)      |*tukum   |tukum                |*tukum   |---      |
|cough (n.)      |*du[k]un |                     |*dukun   |*dukun   |
|dog             |*sikaw   |sika                 |*ikaw    |*ikaw    |
|shadow          |*kinakin |kinikin              |*kinakin |---      |
|one             |*gədika  |gɛsikʌkʌ             |*gədika  |*g[e/a]di|

Medial rounded velar voiceless stop /*kʷ/ is retaained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen  |Numugen  |
|         |         |Z'graggen|         |Pick     |
|         |***-kʷ-**|**kʷ**   |***-kʷ-**|***-kʷ-**|
|full     |*dikʷaɺ  |siːkʷa-  |*dikaɺ   |---      |
|chop/fell|*kikʷ[a]-|kiku-    |*kikʷa-  |*kikʷa-  |

Medial bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is retained as such in both subgroups, sometimes with subphonemic lention to [β w] in Amaimon:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num.     |Amaimon      |Numugen       |Numugen|
|            |              |Z'graggen    |              |Pick   |
|            |***-b-**      |**b [b β w]**|***b**        |***b** |
|excrement   |*ibi          |iːβi         |*ibi          |*ibi   |
|net bag     |*abaw         |ʌba          |*abaw         |*abaw  |
|plant (v.)  |*ub-          |             |*ub-          |*ub-   |
|arm/hand    |*ubən         |bene         |*ubən         |*uben  |
|cassowary   |*m[ə/a]jiba[n]|mɛwa         |*m[ə/a]jiba[n]|---    |
|wooden plate|*tabin        |tʌːbin       |*tabin        |*tabin |
|calf        |*dibuɺ        |             |*dibuɺ        |*dibur |
|hand drum   |*kibəm        |             |*kibəm        |*kibem |
|mouth       |*kabVɺ        |             |*kabVɺ        |*kabar |

Medial apical voiced stop /*d/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon    |Numugen |Numugen |
|          |         |Z'graggen  |        |Pick    |
|          |***-d-** |**t [t r]**|***d**  |***d**  |
|tail      |*aduɺ    |aru-kɛm    |*aduɺ   |---     |
|fat/grease|*sidaŋ   |siraŋ      |*idan   |---     |
|red       |*kəd-at  |           |*k[a]dat|*kadat  |
|fly (n.)  |*kuduɺuk |           |*kuduɺuk|*kuduruk|
|3 pl.     |*wə-də   |otɛ-       |*wədə   |*wede   |
|sun       |*wədijəm |           |*wədijəm|*wediem |

When medial /*d/ is preceded or followed by high front vowel /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num.  |Amaimon        |Numugen     |Numugen  |
|            |           |Z'graggen      |            |Pick     |
|            |***-d-/i_**|****           |****        |****     |
|stand up    |*[i]dəɺam- |zɛlamu- ~ zela-|*[i]d[ə]ɺam-|         |
|roast       |*ida[t]-   |               |*ida[t]-    |---      |
|walk/go     |*id[uw]-   |iz- ~ -idz-    |*id[uw]-    |---      |
|            |***-d-/_i**|**s**          |***d**      |****     |
|sap         |*kədi      |kese ~ kɛsɛ    |*kədi       |*kesi    |
|armpit      |*kədipan   |kɛpina (?)     |*kədipan    |---      |
|after/later |*kanugadi  |kanaβas        |*kaŋgadi    |---      |
|mosquito sp.|*kadidiɺ   |               |*kadidiɺ    |*sisir   |
|one         |*gədika    |gɛsikʌkʌ       |*gədika     |*g[e/a]di|
|banana      |*kʷədi     |               |*kʷədi      |*kʷedi   |

Medial velar voiced stop /*g/ si retained as such in both subgroups, soemetimes with subphonemic lenition to [ɣ] in Amaimon:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Mab.-Num.   |Amaimon    |Numugen     |Numugen    |
|                 |            |Z'graggen  |            |Pick       |
|                 |***-g-**    |**g [g ɣ]**|***g**      |***g**     |
|see              |*-gV-       |-gi        |*-gV-       |           |
|hear             |*ig[V]-     |igi-       |*ig[u]-     |---        |
|green            |*igəm       |           |*igəm       |*igem      |
|laugh            |*igaɺ-(igu)-|           |*igaɺ-(igu)-|---        |
|burn (tr.)       |*igum-      |           |*igum-      |*igum-     |
|put              |*big(-iw)-  |           |*big(-iw)-  |*bigʷ-     |
|turn             |*biɺig-     |           |*biɺig-     |---        |
|sit              |*bugu-      |           |*bugu-      |---        |
|chest            |*təgum      |           |*təgum      |---        |
|long/right (side)|*dVgVn      |           |*dVgVn      |*degen     |
|clay pot\        |*səgi       |siːgi      |*əgi        |*egi ~ *igi|
|yellow           |*kəwəgap    |kogʌp      |            |           |
|after/later      |*kanugadi   |kanaβas (?)|*kaŋgadi    |---        |
|shadow           |*k[u]gud    |           |*kugud      |*kugud     |
|grass skirt      |*gəguɺ      |           |*gəguɺ      |---        |
|wind/cold        |*gugum      |ugum ~ uɣum|*gugum      |---        |

Medial rounded velar voiceled stop /*gʷ/ is retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon        |Numugen |Numugen    |
|     |         |Z'graggen      |        |Pick       |
|     |***-gʷ-**|**gʷ**         |***gʷ** |***gʷ *gu**|
|be   |*igʷ[a]- |go-            |*igʷ[a]-|*igʷ-      |
|penis|*igʷaɺ   |iːgʷal ~iːgʷale|*igʷaɺ  |*iguar     |

Medial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
||         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
||***-mb-**|****     |****   |****   |

Medial apical prenasalized stop /*nd/ …:\\
\\

Medial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon  |Numugen |Numugen|
|        |          |Z'graggen|        |Pick   |
|        |***-ŋg-** |**ŋ**    |***ŋg** |***g** |
|fly (v.)|*buŋg[ija]|         |*buŋgija|---    |
|this    |*jaŋgu    |ɛŋʌ      |*jaŋgu  |*jegu  |

Medial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is generally retained as scuh in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon        |Numugen |Numugen     |
|            |          |Z'graggen      |        |Pick        |
|            |***-w-**  |**w**          |***w**  |***w**      |
|sea/salt    |*iwəɺ     |wɛl            |*iwəɺ   |*iwer ~ *jer|
|who?        |*ijawu    |jau            |*jaw    |---         |
|dance (v.)  |*uw-      |               |*uw-    |*uw-        |
|white       |*[p]awan  |               |*awan   |*awan       |
|stone       |*naməwən  |               |*naməwən|---         |
|ear         |*diwad    |zuar ~ zuʌr-   |        |            |
|snake       |*d[u]wag  |               |*duwag  |*duag       |
|lime        |*siwan    |               |*iwan   |*iwan       |
|vine/rope   |*siwaɺ    |sʌla ~ sual (?)|*iwaɺ   |---         |
|yellow      |*kəwəgap  |kogʌp          |        |            |
|top of tree |*kawaɺ[ap]|kwalap         |*kawVɺ  |*kaur       |
|betel pepper|*kuwi[ja] |kuːwiza        |        |            |

Medial apical non-stop /*ɺ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon        |Numugen     |Numugen |
|           |          |Z'graggen      |            |Pick    |
|           |***-ɺ-**  |****           |***ɺ**      |***r**  |
|stand up   |*[i]dəɺam-|zɛlamu- ~ zela-|*[i]d[ə]ɺam-|        |
|laugh      |*igaɺ-    |               |*igaɺ-      |---     |
|go up      |*iɺ-      |i-             |*iɺ-        |*ir-    |
|path       |*aɺVkVj   |               |*aɺ[a]kVj   |*arakai |
|vomit (v.) |*məŋiɺ-   |miŋil-         |*məniɺ-     |---     |
|flooring   |*[pə]ɺəm- |               |*əɺəm--     |*erem-  |
|call out   |*[p]aɺ-   |               |*aɺ-        |*ar-    |
|turn       |*biɺig-   |               |*biɺig-     |---     |
|pig        |*buɺuk    |               |*buɺuk      |*buruk  |
|kongkong   |*naməɺan  |namʌrʌn        |*naməɺan    |---     |
|root       |*duɺu[n]  |               |*duɺun      |*durun  |
|sand       |*səɺəw    |sɛlɛ           |*əɺəw       |*erew   |
|top of tree|*kawaɺ[ap]|kwalap         |*kawVɺ      |*kaur   |
|swell      |*kaɺim-   |               |*kaɺim-     |*karim- |
|fly (n.)   |*kuduɺuk  |               |*kuduɺuk    |*kuduruk|
|loincloth  |*kuɺaw    |kuːla          |*kuɺaw      |*kuraw  |
|valley     |*kuɺum    |               |*kuɺum      |*kurum  |
|black      |*kuɺun    |               |*kuɺun      |*kurun  |
|bite       |*guɺ-     |gul-           |            |        |
|Gnetum sp. |*kʷaɺi    |               |*kʷaɺi      |*kʷari  |
|shoot (v.) |*waɺ-     |wʌl-           |*waɺ-       |*war-   |
|sing       |*waɺ-     |-wʌr-          |*waɺ-       |*war-   |

Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ … :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num.     |Amaimon       |Numugen       |Numugen |
|            |              |Z'graggen     |              |Pick    |
|            |***-j-**      |****          |****          |****    |
|crocodile   |*ijamaji      |jamːail       |*jamaj        |---     |
|who?        |*ijawu        |jau           |*jaw          |---     |
|cassowary   |*m[ə/a]jiba[n]|mɛwa          |*m[ə/a]jiba[n]|---     |
|what?       |*maj[a]       |ma-ma         |*maj(-maj)    |*maj-maj|
|mother (2)  |*na-nija      |nʌnia         |*na-nija      |*nain   |
|yam         |*kəj[ə/a]w    |              |*kəj[ə/a]w    |---     |
|sugarcane   |*kaji         |kʌi           |*kaj          |*kai    |
|sun         |*wədijəm      |              |*wədijəm      |*wediem |
|no/not/empty|*wəjak        |ok-in ~ oːk-im|*wəjak        |*ujak   |


… finally …\\
\\

Final bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon    |Numugen     |Numugen|
|          |          |Z'graggen  |            |Pick   |
|          |***-m**   |**m mV**   |**m**       |**m**  |
|hair      |*im       |           |*im         |*im    |
|green     |*igəm     |           |*igəm       |*igem  |
|name      |*unim     |unim       |*unim       |*unim  |
|taro      |*mam      |mʌːmu      |*mam        |*mam   |
|flooring  |*[pə]ɺəm- |           |*əɺəm--     |*erem- |
|rattan    |*bunəm    |           |*bunəm      |---    |
|chest     |*təgum    |           |*təgum      |---    |
|stick (n.)|*tukum    |tukum      |*tukum      |---    |
|tree      |*ŋam      |ŋʌmu       |*nam        |*nam   |
|hand drum |*kibəm    |           |*kibəm      |*kibem |
|stump     |*k[ə/a]nVm|kanaim     |*k[ə/a]n[a]m|---    |
|brain(s)  |*kum      |           |*kum        |*-kum  |
|valley    |*kuɺum    |           |*kuɺum      |*kurum |
|wind/cold |*gugum    |ugum ~ uɣum|*gugum      |---    |
|sun       |*wədijəm  |           |*wədijəm    |*wediem|
|ashes     |*wam      |wam ~ wamu |*wam        |       |

Final apical nasal /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon   |Numugen   |Numugen |
|                 |          |Z'graggen |          |Pick    |
|                 |***-n**   |**n nV**  |**n**     |**n**   |
|yesterday        |*inukan   |          |*inukan   |*inukʷan|
|breast           |*amVn     |amun      |          |        |
|arm/hand         |*ubən     |bene      |*ubən     |*uben   |
|white            |*[p]awan  |          |*awan     |*awan   |
|skin             |*[p]ugan  |          |*gʷan     |*guan   |
|heavy            |*bin      |piːni     |*bin      |*binat  |
|turn             |*biɺig-   |          |*biɺig-   |---     |
|stone            |*naməwən  |          |*naməwən  |---     |
|kongkong         |*naməɺan  |namʌrʌn   |*naməɺan  |---     |
|now/new          |*t[ə/a]mən|tɛmɛn     |*t[ə/a]mən|*temen  |
|wooden plate     |*tabin    |tʌːbin    |*tabin    |*tabin  |
|long/right (side)|*dVgVn    |          |*dVgVn    |*degen  |
|cough (n.)       |*du[k]un  |          |*dukun    |*dukun  |
|lime             |*siwan    |          |*iwan     |*iwan   |
|shadow           |*kinakin  |kinikin   |*kinakin  |---     |
|armpit           |*kədipan  |kɛpina (?)|*kədipan  |---     |
|mosquito         |*kasin    |kasin     |*kain     |*kain   |
|nape             |*kuman    |          |*kuman    |*kuman  |
|black            |*kuɺun    |          |*kuɺun    |*kurun  |
|louse            |*gun      |gunu      |*gun      |*gun    |

Final velar nasal /*ŋ/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon   |Numugen|Numugen|
|          |         |Z'graggen |       |Pick   |
|          |***-ŋ**  |****      |****   |****   |
|stone axe |*bəŋ     |bɛŋi ~ bɛŋ|*bən   |*ben   |
|fat/grease|*sidaŋ   |siraŋ     |*idan  |---    |

Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|      |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|      |***-p**  |****     |****   |****   |
|yellow|*kəwəgap |kogʌp    |       |       |

Final apical voiceless stop /*t/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon         |Numugen|Numugen|
|         |         |Z'graggen       |       |Pick   |
|         |***-t**  |****            |****   |****   |
|heavy    |*bin-at  |                |*bin-at|*binat |
|sky/cloud|*t[ə/a]t |tɛrɛ ~ tɛr ~ tɛl|*tat   |*tat   |
|meat     |*kit     |                |*kit   |*kit   |

Final laminal voiceless /*s/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
||         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
||***-s**  |****     |****   |****   |

Final velar voiceless stop /*k/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon       |Numugen |Numugen |
|            |         |Z'graggen     |        |Pick    |
|            |***-k**  |**k kV**      |***k**  |***k**  |
|saliva      |*muk     |muːku         |*muk    |---     |
|pig         |*buɺuk   |              |*buɺuk  |*buruk  |
|fly (n.)    |*kuduɺuk |              |*kuduɺuk|*kuduruk|
|no/not/empty|*wəjak   |ok-in ~ oːk-im|*wəjak  |*ujak   |

Final bilabial voiced stop /*b/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|                 |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|                 |***-b**  |**b [β]**|***b** |***b** |
|smoke/tobacco    |*ikab    |         |*ikab  |*ikab  |
|old. s.s. sib (1)|*bab     |         |*bab   |*bab   |
|speech           |*kəb     |kɛβ-     |*kəb   |*keb   |

Final apical voiceless stop /*d/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon     |Numugen|Numugen|
|      |         |Z'graggen   |       |Pick   |
|      |***-d**  |**t tV**    |***d** |***d** |
|female|*unad    |            |*unad  |*unad  |
|song  |*ud      |            |*ud    |*ud    |
|nose  |*məd     |mɛta        |*məd   |---    |
|ear   |*diwad   |zuar ~ zuʌr-|       |       |
|blood |*kəd     |            |*kəd   |*ked   |
|shadow|*k[u]gud |            |*kugud |*kugud |

Final velar voiceless stop /*g/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon                  |Numugen   |Numugen|
|     |          |Z'graggen                |          |Pick   |
|     |***-g**   |**g gV**                 |***g**    |***g** |
|eye  |*musag    |                         |*muag     |*mag   |
|snake|*d[u]wag  |                         |*duwag    |*duag  |
|tooth|*ŋ[ə/a]nag|ŋanag ~ ŋʌnʌg-\\ ~ nanag-|*n[ə/a]nag|*nanag |
|water|*jag      |ʌːgə                     |*jag      |*jag   |

Final bilabial non-stop /*w/ is dropped in Amaimon:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon              |Numugen   |Numugen|
|            |          |Z'graggen            |          |Pick   |
|            |***-w**   |**Ø**                |***w**    |***w** |
|dream (n.)  |*in-aw    |ina-                 |*inaw     |---    |
|egg         |*inaw     |                     |*inaw     |*niaw  |
|net bag     |*abaw     |ʌba                  |*abaw     |*abaw  |
|earth/ground|*məkiw    |mɛːki ~ mɛki\\ ~ meki|          |       |
|put         |*big-iw-  |                     |*big-iw-  |*bigʷ- |
|hot         |*nanaw    |                     |*nanaw    |*nanaw |
|moon        |*takiw    |                     |*takiw    |---    |
|dog         |*sikaw    |sika                 |*ikaw     |*ikaw  |
|sand        |*səɺəw    |sɛlɛ                 |*əɺəw     |*erew  |
|yam         |*kəj[ə/a]w|                     |*kəj[ə/a]w|---    |
|loincloth   |*kuɺaw    |kuːla                |*kuɺaw    |*kuraw |

Final apical non-stop /*ɺ/…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon        |Numugen |Numugen     |
|            |         |Z'graggen      |        |Pick        |
|            |***-ɺ**  |**ɺ ɺV [l r]** |***ɺ**  |***r**      |
|penis       |*igʷaɺ   |iːgʷal ~iːgʷale|*igʷaɺ  |*iguar      |
|sea/salt    |*iwəɺ    |wɛl            |*iwəɺ   |*iwer ~ *jer|
|tail        |*aduɺ    |aru-kɛm (?)    |*aduɺ   |---         |
|calf        |*dibuɺ   |               |*dibuɺ  |*dibur      |
|full        |*dikʷaɺ  |siːkʷa- (?)    |*dikaɺ  |---         |
|vine/rope   |*siwaɺ   |sʌla ~ sual    |*iwaɺ   |---         |
|sago        |*kamaɺ   |kamʌr          |*kamaɺ  |*kamar      |
|mouth       |*kabVɺ   |               |*kabVɺ  |*kabar      |
|mosquito sp.|*kadidiɺ |               |*kadidiɺ|*sisir      |
|grass skirt |*gəguɺ   |               |*gəguɺ  |---         |
|sweat       |*kʷaɺ    |kʷʌːlɛ         |*kʷaɺ   |---         |

Final palatal non-stop /*j/is dropped in Amaimon:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen  |Numugen|
|     |         |Z'graggen|         |Pick   |
|     |***-j**  |**Ø**    |***j**   |***i** |
|path |*aɺVkVj  |         |*aɺ[a]kVj|*arakai|
|short|*taj     |         |*taj     |---    |


… vowels …\\
\\

…\\
\\

…\\


===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Mabulap-Numiugen River subject pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with Amaimon attestations drawn from Z'graggen (1980: 165) and proto-Numugen from Pick (2020: 201-212, 409-411):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|     |         |Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|1 sg,|*jə      |ɛ-ŋi     |*jə    |*je    |
|2 sg,|*nə      |nɛ-ŋi    |*nə    |*ne    |
|3 sg,|*wə      |o-ŋu     |*wə    |*we    |
|1 pl.|*ini     |ini-ŋi   |*in[i] |*in    |
|2 pl.|*ani     |ani-ŋi   |*ani   |*an    |
|3 pl.|*wə-də   |otɛ-ŋi   |*wədə  |*wed   |

Possessive pronouns are reconstructed as follows. The Mabulap possessive suffix /-kana/ is unrelated to Numugen River /*-nəɺ/; however the latter is shown to be original by comparison to other subgroups of Adlbert Range (Pick 2020: 210-211):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Mab.-Num. |Amaimon  |Numugen   |Numugen  |
|           |          |Z'graggen|          |Pick     |
|1 sg, poss.|*jə-nəɺ   |ɛ-kana   |*jə-nəɺ   |*je-ner  |
|2 sg, poss.|*nə-nəɺ   |nɛ-kana  |*nə-nəɺ   |*ne-ner  |
|3 sg, poss.|*wə-nəɺ   |o-kana   |*wə-nəɺ   |*we-ner  |
|1 pl. poss.|*i[ni]-nəɺ|ini-kana |*i[ni]-nəɺ|*i-ner   |
|2 pl. poss.|*a[ni]-nəɺ|ani-kana |*ani-nəɺ  |*a-ner   |
|3 pl. poss.|*wədə-nəɺ |otɛ-kana |*wədə-nəɺ |*wedi-ner|

… verbal object prefixes for "see" …Unfortunately, these are are not attested for Amaimon, but the Numugen River forms are seen to be archaic by comparison to those of Barem-Manep (Pick 2020: 211-212):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Mab.-Num.  |Numugen  |Numugen|
|          |           |         |Pick   |
|1 sg, obj.|*jə-       |*jə-     |*je-   |
|2 sg,obj. |*nə-       |*nə-     |*ne-   |
|3 sg, obj.|*Ø-        |*Ø-      |*Ø-    |
|1 pl. obj.|*(ini) ibə-|*ini-ibə-|*inibe-|
|2 pl. obj.|*(ani) ibə-|*ani-ibə-|*anibe-|
|3 pl. obj.|*ibə-      |*ibə-    |*ibe-  |


===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…\\


===== Loans to and from neighboring languages =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Several Mabulap-Numugen River forms appear to be loans from Sogeram River or possibly vice-versa; the direction of borrowing is difficult to immediately determine because they are firmly established for both protolanguages::

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Sogeram|Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen    |
|          |Daniels|         |Z'graggen|       |Pick       |
|fat/grease|*sindaŋ|*sidaŋ   |siraŋ    |*idan  |---        |
|clay pot\ |*sɨŋgi |*səgi    |siːgi    |*əgi   |*egi ~ *igi|
|bow       |*kɨmi  |*kəmi    |kɛːmi    |*kəmi  |*kemi      |
|yellow    |*kuŋga |*kəwəgap |kogʌp    |---    |---        |

(Note: Daniels gives Sogeram /*nd *ŋg/ as <*nt *ŋk>.)\\
\\

Additionally there are a number of loans from Sogeram River languages in Mabulap; that are not shared with Numugen River and are probably more recent borrowings, perhaps all from Sirva, with Sileibi (Sirvam,) Emerum (Apalɨ) and Musak (Aisi Mabɨŋ) attestations drawn from Z'graggen (1980: 1-80) and proto-Sogeram from Daniels (…):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Sogeram|Sileibi  |Emerum    |Musak    |Amaimon   |
|             |Daniels|Z'graggen|Z'graggen |Z'graggen|Z'graggen |
|tobacco/smoke|---    |itu      |iːtu ~ itu|jitu     |iːtu ~ itu|
|bean         |*umai  |umɛ      |umɛ       |umɛ      |omoj      |
|hand drum    |---    |tʌmar    |---       |---      |tʌmʌl     |

There are also a number of terms shared with the Tomui River subgroup of Sogerma and Tomui Rivers, which is not currently adjacent to Mabulap-Numugen River…the term for "lime" has a curious distribution in languages which are not adjecent to one another. It is not attested for Amaimon as Z'graggen's [wamu ~ wam] really means "ashes":

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Paynamar |Osum     |Amaimon  |Numugen|Numugen|
|    |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|       |Pick   |
|lime|iwan     |iwanu-   |---      |*iwan  |---    |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Mab.-Num.|Amaimon  |Numugen |Sileibi  |Emerum   |Musak    |
|        |         |Z'graggen|        |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|
|kongkong|*naməɺan |namʌrʌn  |*naməɺan|---      |---      |naːmiraŋ |

Kare of the Hansemann subgroup of Mabuso …:


|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Hansemann|Kare     |Amaimon  |
|    |         |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|
|moon|*nawaj   |nawaj    |nawaj    |

Numugen River has loaned several words into Manep (Malas) and Barem of the Gilagil River family, spoken by the coast to the northeast. In light of the geography, the immediate sources are likely Karian and Yaben, which form a subgroup of Numugen River. Bilakura (Karien,) Yaben, Malas (Manep) and Bunabun (Barem) attestations are drawn from Z'graggen (1980: 1-159.) These words are not found in Mabulap

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Numugen |Numugen|Bilakura |Yaben    |Malas    |Bunubun  |
|           |        |Pick   |Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|Z'graggen|
|sand       |*əɺəw   |*ərəw  |alu      |ʔʌluʌ    |---      |ari      |
|moon       |*inawun |---    |unu (?)  |nʌunu    |noun     |---      |
|dirty      |*unun   |---    |ununu    |ununu    |---      |unun     |
|flying fox |*nunaj  |*nunai |nuniː    |nuni     |nunɛ     |---      |
|kunai grass|*tubag  |---    |tubag    |---      |tumbaŋ   |---      |
|woman      |*[w]iɺub|---    |wilup    |wilubu   |irum     |---      |

… Oceanic …It is possible that, as Pick asserts, some of these date to before the time of time of proto-Numugen; in the case of /*buɺuk/ "pig" this seems doubtful as Mabulap /wasi/ is the native Adelbert Range form and could not have been borrowed from anywhere, but final apical nasal in /*tabin/ is unique to Mabulap-Numugen River, and it is difficult to understand why Mabulap would have borrowed /*t[ə/a]t/ "sky" from Numugen River had it not already been present. It is not the case, as might otherwise be expected, that Oceanic terms found in Numugen River are necessarily found in Barem-Manep, though "pig" is and "vine" is found in Malas (Manep) as [usɔkɔr] (Z'graggen 1980: 67) with regular loss of medial /*s/ in Numugen River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Oceanic|Bel|Mab.-Num.|Amaimon         |Numugen|Numugen|
|            |       |   |         |Z'graggen       |       |Pick   |
|vine        |       |   |---      |---             |*ukʷaɺ |---    |
|pig         |       |   |---      |---             |*buɺuk |*buruk |
|sky/cloud   |       |   |*t[ə/a]t |tɛrɛ ~ tɛr ~ tɛl|*tat   |*tat   |
|wooden plate|       |   |*tabin   |tʌːbin          |*tabin |*tabin |