====== Serra Hills ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ The Serra Hills family consists of three or four languages spoken … Papua New Guinea's Sandaun province (….) ===== Subclassification ===== The internal classification of Serra Hills is as follows:\\ \\ Serra Hills Rawo Puare Pini Mori (Womo) Sumararu ===== Sources ===== Laycock (1970) comparative vocabularies for Rawo and Puare/Puari Donohue (2002: 640-686) grammar of Skou includes pronouns and 166 comparative terms for Rawo, Puare, Womo and Sumararu Donohue and San Roque (2002) grammar of I'saka includes (pp. 97-99) some comparisons with Rawo, Puari, Womo and Sumararu Dryer (2020) Poko-Rawo object-verb order ===== History of classification ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Laycock (1973) … (1975) … Voorhoeve (1975) … Donohue (2002) … ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Proto-Serra Hills had perhaps 14 consonants and 5 vowels as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | | | | *p | | | *k | | | *mb | *nd | | *ŋg | | | *ɓ | | *ʄ | | | | | *s | | | *h | | *w | *ɺ | *j | | | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | | *u | | *ɛ | | *ɔ | | | *a | | There is no apical voiceless stop /*t/ because East Vanimo Coast /*t/ has been fricated to /*s/. Similarly, East Vanimo Coast bilabial voiceless /*p/ has been deoccluded to /*h/, but a new /*p/ has arisen from East Vanimo Coast voiced /*b/.\\ \\ Prenasalized stops /*mb *nd *ŋg/ can be voiced or voiceless, and are found not only but primarily in medial position.\\ \\ …\\ \\ These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with attestations drawn from Donohue (2002: 640-686.)\\ \\ \\ … initial consonants ….\\ \\ Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***m-** |**m** |**m-**|**m-**|**m** | |3 sg. f. |*mi |mím |mi | | | |grandparent|*mapa | |maɦa | |mɑ̀ | |sea/salt |*mɔwɛ | |mwɛ̂ |mɔ̂wɛ | | |woman/wife |*mVɺV |mùlú ~ mūlú| |mɔlɔ | | Initial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***n-** |**n** |**n** |**n**|**n** | |louse |*ni[p/mb]V |nɨ́mbæ᷇ŋ|ní- |nîpì |níp | |betel pepper|*nai | |næ᷇ |nâ |na᷆ | |knife |*nainɛ | |náinɛ̂|nana |nǎin | |hear |*napa |nàpà | |nɑp |-nap | |white |*naha |nǎ |nə̆̀há|nɑ́- |na᷇ | |tooth |*nuwɔ |nu᷇w |núwɔ̂ |nɔw- |nɔ̌w | Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is generally retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare|Womo |Sumararu | | |***p-** |**p**|**p**|**p**|**p** | |2 pl. |*pihi |pi |piɦi | |pɛ | |flesh |*pɛi | |pɛ̂ |pěi | | |tongue |*pakV |pāq |pkɛ̄ |pɑkɔ |pàk | |house |*paha | |pàɦ |pâ |pa᷆ | |cloud |*p[uh]u | |ɸu᷇ |phû | | |sago tree|*p[uw]o | |pwɔ᷇ |pɔ̂ |pwɔ᷇ ~ pɔ᷇| Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare|Womo |Sumararu| | |***k-** |**k**|**k**|**k**|**k** | |3 pl. |*kijɛ |kɛ |ki | |kjɛ́ | |3 sg. m.|*ka |kɔ̄ |ka | |ka | |behind |*ku | |ku | |kǔ | |black |*kuɺu | |kùɭǔ |kûlǔ |kúɭ | Initial prenasalized stops /*mb *nd *ŋg/ are uncommon.\\ \\ Initial bilabial prenasalized stop /*mb/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***mb-** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | Initial apical prenasalized stop /*nd/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| | |***nd-** |****|**** |****|**** | |bow/spear|*nd… |dɛ᷇k|tɛ̌ |dî |ŋgí | Initial velar prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare|Womo|Sumararu| | |***ŋg-** |**** |**** |****|**** | |mosquito |*ŋgɛ |ŋgɛ́ |-kɛ́ |-gɛ | | |kunai grass|*ŋgɔ[ŋgɔ] |ŋgɔ̃̂| | |ŋgɔ᷇ŋk | |worm |*ŋgusu | | |gúsû| | Initial bilabial implosive voiced stop /*ɓ/ is generally dropped altogether in Puare, Womo and Sumararu: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare|Womo |Sumararu | | |***ɓ-** |**ɓ [ɓ b]**|**Ø**|**Ø** |**Ø** | |fish |*ɓini |bi᷇n |ní |îni |în | |hand |*ɓɛnɔ |bɛn |a᷇nɔ̄|ɔnɔ |ɔ́n | |excrement|*ɓa |ɓâʔ | | | | |sky |*ɓɔsukuɺɔm |bɔ́skūlú |skùrǔ|súgwɔ̂lɔ̀|skɥə́ɭɔ́m| Initial palatal implosive voiced stop /*ʄ/ … Several of these roots ("path", "yellow") look to be loans from an Oceanic language, though probably already established by thte time of proto-Serra Hills: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu | | |***ʄ-** |**ɓ [ɓ b]** |**j dʲ**|**dʲ**|**j** | |path |*ʄɛɺɛ |bílī |jæ̂rɛ́ |dʲɛlɛ |jɛ̂ɭ | |yellow |*ʄakɔ | |jâkɔ́ | |jɔ̀k | |night |*ʄɔsum |bɔ́sũ̂ |dʲɔ̂sù | |jɔ᷇sjɔ́m | |earth/ground|*ʄɔɺ[i/u] |bɔ̀dù ~ blùwù| |dʲɔli |jòwɭî ~ jɔ᷆ɭí| Initial apical voiceless fricative /*s/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***s-** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** | |seed |*si | |sî |sî |sî | |rat |*siŋgɛ |-síŋgī |-skɛ̄ | | | |cassowary |*siwambɛ |sja᷇mβ |sɥɔ̂mbɔ́ |ʃúwâmbɛ̀|siamβ | |thorn |*s[i/u] |sî | |si᷇ |-su᷆ | |liver |*sɛ[ji] |sɛ̂ |sɛ̂ |sið̞i |sɛ̂ | |ear |*sɛpɛ |sɛ᷆p |spɛ᷇ | | | |nail |*sVŋgV… |-sɛ̄ŋgɛ̌ |sɔŋgɔlə̆ɦæ| |sɛ̀ŋ | |smoke |*sɔkɔ |-sɔ̂k |-skɔ́ | | | |bandicoot |*sɔɺa |-sal ~ -sālǎ (?)|-sɭá |-sɔl |sɑ́ɭ | |tail |*suk… | |sku᷇ |suku |skɥɔ́ɭ | |breast |*sɔ |sɔ̂ |sɔ᷇ |sɔ̂ |sɔ́ | |stone |*sɔ |sɔ́- |sɔ̂ |sɔ̂ |sɔ᷇ | |young |*s… | | |sùklìð̞i|sɥíkɭí | |urine |*s… |sɔ̀l |sɭɔ᷇ |swɛli |sɥíɭk | |tree kangaroo|*sukambɛ |skamβe | |-skwambɛ| | Initial unoccluded voiceless fricative /*h/ is lost in Rawa, Womo and Sumararu: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu | | |***h-** |**Ø** |**h [h ɦ]** |**Ø** |**Ø** | |water |*hi | |ɦí |î |í | |two |*hindik | |ɦîndì |íntìɣì |intə̆k | |hair/leaf |*hɛi |-ɛ́ ~ --ɛ̀|hɛ̀ ~ -hɛ̂ ~ -hɛ᷇|ɛi ~ êi|-ɛ́ ~ -ɛ᷆| |breadfruit sp.|*hɔ |ɔ̂ |hɔ́ |ɔ̌ |ɔ̂ | |wind |*hu[wu] |ú |ɦû |û |û | Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ when followed by non-front vowels is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***w-** |**w [w bʷ]**|**w** |**w** |**w** | |breadfruit sp.|*wapi | |waipi | |wâip | |banana |*wV |wu᷇ |wɔ᷇ |wâ |wa᷆ | |tree |*wV | | |wâ |wà | |bark/tree (?) |*w[ɔ]ɺɔ |wrɔ᷇ |wrɔ̀- ~ wrɔ᷇-| | | |village/garden|*wuɺɔ |bwúl |wɭɔ̂ |wɔ̂lɔ̀| | |sweet potato |*wuɺumu |bwûm |wɭúmù | | | When followed by a front vowel /*i *ɛ/, initial /*w/ is lost in Rawo: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare|Womo |Sumararu| | |***w-** |**Ø**|**w**|**w**|**w** | |areca nut|*wisi |īs |wsî |usu |wís | |bamboo |*wisi |i᷆s |-wsi |ûsù |wîs | |rain |*wisi | | |ûsù |wi᷇s | |3 sg. f. |*wɛ |ɛ |wi |wɛ |ɥwɛ | Initial apical non-stop /*ɺ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu | | |***ɺ-** |**r**|**ɭ** |**l** |**ɭ** | |skin/bark|*ɺisi | |ɭsí |lisi |ɭís ~ -ɭìs| |name |*ɺisi | |ɭsi | |ɭis | |arrow |*ɺɛk… |rkǐl |ɮkɛ̌ ~ ɭkɛ̌|lɛ̂kɛ̀|ɭɛ́k | |egg |*ɺuku | |ɭkû |luku | | |head |*ɺuwu | |ɭ- |luwu |ɭú | Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills |Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***j-** |**r d dʒ**|**ɮ** |**ð̞ d ʝ** |**j** | |leg |*ja |dà | | | | |marsupial|*jap- |β ~ r- |ɮáp- ~ ɮàp-|dap- ~ ð̞a- ~ ð̞-|jáp- | |cold |*japi |dʒæ̀pí |ɮ̂pí | | | |pig |*japi | |ɮipi |ð̞aɛpɛ |jáip | |taro |*jakɛ | |ɮâká |dâkɛ̀ | | |ant |*jaka |dák |ɭa᷇ká (?) | | | |star |*jaŋgɛi |dâŋgɛ̌ | |gɛ̂i (?) | | |dog |*jaha |da᷇ |ɮáhā |ð̞a |jà | |inside |*j[ɔ/u]m[ɔ/u][m]| |ɮmu |umu (?) |jɔmɔm | |bird |*ju |rwɛ̂l |ɮû |ð̞û |ju᷆ | … medial consonants ….\\ \\ Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills |Rawo |Puare|Womo |Sumararu| | |***-m-** |**m**|**m**|**m** |**m** | |2 sg. m. |*am[ɛ] |mæ̂m |ama |mɛ |æ᷇m | |ashes |*umaŋgɔ | | |mwɑŋgɔ |mu᷆ɑŋ | |sun |*umɔ | |mwɔ̂ |ùmǔ |ûm | |sweet potato|*wuɺumu |bwûm |wɭúmù| | | |inside |*j[ɔ/u]m[ɔ/u][m]| |ɮmu |umu (?)|jɔmɔm | Medial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills |Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***-n-** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |eye |*inɛhVŋgV[ɺ]|nĩ̌ |nɛ́hɛ̌ŋgɛ́|iŋgili|ínɛ̂ŋk | |blood/red|*inɔ |nɔ̃̂ |ní ~ ni᷇ |i᷇nɛ̀ |ín | |1 sg. |*an[ɛ] |na᷇n |ana |na |æ̂n | |sand |*unu |unu ~ ɔnɔ|ûnú | | | |fish |*ɓini |bi᷇n |ní |îni |în | |hand |*ɓɛnɔ |bɛn |a᷇nɔ̄ |ɔnɔ |ɔ́n | |knife |*nainɛ | |náinɛ̂ |nana |nǎin | Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare|Womo |Sumararu| | |***-p-** |**p** |**p**|**p** |**p** | |leech |*ipi |īpǐ | | |jǐpǐ | |moon |*ipi | |-ipī |îpì |íp | |lime |*apu |ǣp |ápu᷇ |âupɔ̌ |áp | |hear |*napa |nàpà | |nɑp |-nap | |ear |*sɛpɛ |sɛ᷆p |spɛ᷇ | | | |breadfruit sp.|*wapi | |waipi| |wâip | |cold |*japi |dʒæ̀pí|ɮ̂pí | | | |pig |*japi | |ɮipi |ð̞aɛpɛ|jáip | Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu | | |***-k-** |**k [k q ʀ]**|**k** |**k** |**k** | |see |*-ɔkɔ |-ɔ̌ʀɔ̀ | |-ɔk |-ɔk | |tongue |*pakV |pāq |pkɛ̄ |pɑkɔ |pàk | |sky |*ɓɔsukuɺɔm |bɔ́skūlú |skùrǔ |súgwɔ̂lɔ̀|skɥə́ɭɔ́m| |smoke |*sɔkɔ |-sɔ̂k |-skɔ́ | | | |tail |*suk… | |sku᷇ |suku |skɥɔ́ɭ | |young |*s… | | |sùklìð̞i |sɥíkɭí | |tree kangaroo|*sukambɛ |skamβe | |-skwambɛ | | |yellow |*ʄakɔ | |jâkɔ́ | |jɔ̀k | |arrow |*ɺɛk… |rkǐl |ɮkɛ̌ ~ ɭkɛ̌|lɛ̂kɛ̀ |ɭɛ́k | |egg |*ɺuku | |ɭkû |luku | | |taro |*jakɛ | |ɮâká |dâkɛ̀ | | |ant |*jaka |dák |ɭa᷇ká | | | Medial bilabial prenasalized stop /*mb/is generally retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu | | |***-mb-** |**mb [mβ]**|**mb** |**mb** |**mb [mβ]**| |cassowary |*siwambɛ |sja᷇mβ |sɥɔ̂mbɔ́|ʃúwâmbɛ̀|siamβ | |tree kangaroo|*sukambɛ |skamβe | |-skwambɛ| | One example is ambiguous between /*mb/ and voiceless stop /*p/, probably due to nasalization caused by preceding /*n/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills |Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***-p/mb]-**|**mb** |**?** |**p**|**p** | |louse|*ni[p/mb]V |nɨ́mbæ᷇ŋ|ní- (?)|nîpì |níp | Medial apical prenasalized stop /*nd/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo |Sumararu| | |***-nd-** |****|**** |**** |**** | |two|*hindik | |ɦîndì|íntìɣì|intə̆k | Medial velar prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills |Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***-ŋg-** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |eye |*inɛhVŋgV[ɺ]|nĩ̌ |nɛ́hɛ̌ŋgɛ́|iŋgili |ínɛ̂ŋk | |ashes|*umaŋgɔ | | |mwɑŋgɔ |mu᷆ɑŋ | |rat |*siŋgɛ |-síŋgī |-skɛ̄ | | | |nail |*sVŋgV… |-sɛ̄ŋgɛ̌|sɔŋgɔlə̆ɦæ| |sɛ̀ŋ | |star |*jaŋgɛi |dâŋgɛ̌ | |gɛ̂i (?)| | Medial apical voiceless fricative /*s/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu | | |***-s-** |**s** |**s** |**s**|**s** | |night |*ʄɔsum |bɔ́sũ̂ (?)|dʲɔ̂sù| |jɔ᷇sjɔ́m | |worm |*ŋgusu | | |gúsû | | |areca nut|*wisi |īs |wsî |usu |wís | |bamboo |*wisi |i᷆s |-wsi |ûsù |wîs | |rain |*wisi | | |ûsù |wi᷇s | |skin/bark|*ɺisi | |ɭsí |lisi |ɭís ~ -ɭìs| |name |*ɺisi | |ɭsi | |ɭis | Medial unoccluded voicless fricative /*h/ is lost in Rawo, Womo and Sumararu: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills |Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu| | |***-h-** |**Ø** |**h [h ɦ]**|**Ø** |**Ø** | |eye |*inɛhVŋgV[ɺ]|nĩ̌ |nɛ́hɛ̌ŋgɛ́ |iŋgili|ínɛ̂ŋk | |2 pl. |*pihi |pi |piɦi | |pɛ | |grandparent |*mapa | |maɦa | |mɑ̀ | |house |*paha | |pàɦ |pâ |pa᷆ | |white |*naha |nǎ |nə̆̀há |nɑ́- |na᷇ | |hair of head|*waka-hɛi |wāk-ɛ́|wáká-hɛ̂ |wak-ɛi| | |dog |*jaha |da᷇ |ɮáhā |ð̞a |jà | Medial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo |Sumararu| | |***-w-** |****|**** |**** |**** | |nose |*uwa | | |wâ |ɥwa᷇ | |sea/salt|*mɔwɛ | |mwɛ̂ |mɔ̂wɛ| | |tooth |*nuwɔ |nu᷇w|núwɔ̂|nɔw- |nɔ̌w | Medial apical non-stop /*ɺ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo |Puare |Womo |Sumararu | | |***-ɺ-** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |rattan/rope |*aɺɛ |ál |æ̀r |ālɛ̀ ~ ârɛ̌|a᷇ɭ | |moon |*uɺa |úl | | | | |bone |*uɺu |ʔûl | |ulu |u᷆ (?) | |root |*uɺu | |-ru᷇ |ulu | | |woman/wife |*mVɺV |mùlú ~ mūlú | |mɔlɔ | | |sky |*ɓɔsukuɺɔm |bɔ́skūlú |skùrǔ |súgwɔ̂lɔ̀ |skɥə́ɭɔ́m | |bandicoot |*sɔɺa |-sal ~ -sālǎ (?)|-sɭá |-sɔl |sɑ́ɭ | |young |*s… | | |sùklìð̞i |sɥíkɭí | |urine |*s… |sɔ̀l |sɭɔ᷇ |swɛli |sɥíɭk | |black |*kuɺu | |kùɭǔ |kûlǔ |kúɭ | |path |*ʄɛɺɛ | |jæ̂rɛ́ |dʲɛlɛ |jɛ̂ɭ | |earth/ground |*ʄɔɺV |bɔ̀dù~blùwù (?) | |dʲɔli |jòwɭî ~ jɔ᷆ɭí| |bark/tree (?) |*w[ɔ]ɺɔ |wrɔ᷇ |wrɔ̀- ~ wrɔ᷇-| | | |village/garden|*wuɺɔ |bwúl |wɭɔ̂ |wɔ̂lɔ̀ | | |sweet potato |*wuɺumu |bwûm (?) |wɭúmù | | | Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare |Womo|Sumararu| | |***-j-** |****|**** |****|**** | |net bag|*iji |i᷇ |tí (?)|ið̞i|í | |3 pl. |*kijɛ |kɛ |ki | |kjɛ́ | … vowels ….\\ \\ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Serra Hills|Rawo|Puare|Womo|Sumararu| ||***…** |****|**** |****|**** | ||*… | | | | | ===== Pronouns ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ ===== Verbal morphology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ ===== Loans to and from neighboring languages ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ \\ \\