====== Suena ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
**[under construction]**

===== Sources =====
**[under construction]**

===== Phonology =====
Wilson (1980: 11) gives 12 consonants and 5 vowels for Suena as follows:

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|  m   |  n   |      |      |
|  pʰ  |  tʰ  |  s   |  kʰ  |
|  b   |  d   |  dz  |  g   |
|  w   |  ɾ   |      |      |


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|  i  |     |  u  |
|  ɛ  |     |  ɔ  |
|     |  a  |     |

Glide /w/ is realized as bilabial voiced fricative [β] when followed by front vowels /i ɛ/.\\
\\

Neither final consonants nor consonant clusters occur.

===== Pronouns =====
Wilson (1980: 35-36) gives Suena pronouns in six case forms as follows:

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|           |nominative|emphatic   |indirect object|possessive |reflexive      |benefactive |
|           |-ø        |-nɛ        |-mɔɾɛ          |-sɔ        |-tʰɔpʰɛ        |ɛmɔ         |
|1 sg.      |na        |na-nɛ      |na-mɔɾɛ        |na-sɔ      |na-tʰɔpʰɛ      |na ɛmɔ      |
|2 sg.      |ni        |ni-nɛ      |ni-mɔɾɛ        |ni-sɔ      |ni-tʰɔpʰɛ      |ni ɛmɔ      |
|3 sg.      |nu        |nu-nɛ      |nu-mɔɾɛ        |nu-sɔ      |nu-tʰɔpʰɛ      |nu ɛmɔ      |
|1 pl. excl.|na-kʰaɾɛ  |na-nɛ-kʰaɾɛ|na-mɔɾɛ-kʰaɾɛ  |na-sɔ-kʰaɾɛ|na-tʰɔpʰɛ-kʰaɾɛ|na-kʰaɾɛ ɛmɔ|
|1 pl. incl.|na-kʰai   |na-nɛ-kʰai |na-mɔɾɛ-kʰai   |na-sɔ-kʰai |na-tʰɔpʰɛ-kʰai |na-kʰai ɛmɔ |
|2 pl.      |ni-kʰaɾɛ  |ni-nɛ-kʰaɾɛ|ni-mɔrɛ-kʰaɾɛ  |ni-sɔ-kʰaɾɛ|ni-tʰɔpʰɛ-kʰaɾɛ|ni-kʰaɾɛ ɛmɔ|
|3 pl.      |nu-kʰaɾɛ  |nu-nɛ-kʰaɾɛ|nu-mɔɾɛ-kʰaɾɛ  |nu-sɔ-kʰaɾɛ|nu-tʰɔpʰɛ-kʰaɾɛ|nu-kʰaɾɛ ɛmɔ|
|1 dl. excl.|na-tʰɔ    |na-nɛ-tʰɔ  |na-mɔɾɛ-tʰɔ    |na-sɔ-tʰɔ  |na-tʰɔpʰɛ-tʰɔ  |na-tʰɔ ɛmɔ  |
|1 dl. incl.|na-gɛ     |na-nɛ-gɛ   |na-mɔɾɛ-gɛ     |na-sɔ-gɛ   |na-tʰɔpʰɛ-gɛ   |na-gɛ ɛmɔ   |
|2 dl.      |ni-tʰɔ    |ni-nɛ-tʰɔ  |ni-mɔɾɛ-tʰɔ    |ni-sɔ-tʰɔ  |ni-tʰɔpʰɛ-tʰɔ  |ni-tʰɔ ɛmɔ  |
|3 dl.      |nu-tʰɔ    |nu-nɛ-tʰɔ  |nu-mɔɾɛ-tʰɔ    |nu-sɔ-tʰɔ  |nu-tʰɔpʰɛ-tʰɔ  |nu-tʰɔ ɛmɔ  |

The unmarked case designated here as nominative is used as both subject and object.

There are only three pronominal roots /na ni nu/, undifferentiated by number. The number formatives, e.g. /-tʰɔ/ dual from /ɛtʰɔ/ "two," are of relatively recent origin and are probably best viewed as clitics. Some of these as well as the case formatives are found in closely-related Zia-Mawae and in Binandere, but in varying orders, suggesting that the pronominal complex is reducible to postpositional phrases at a shallow time depth.

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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