====== Zia ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
**[under construction]**

===== Sources =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Wilson, Oida, Siki and Kiawa (1976) phonology

===== Phonology =====
Wilson, Oida, Siki and Kiawa (1976: 4, ibid.) give 13 consonants and 5 vowels for Zia as follows:

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|  m   |  n   |      |      |
|  pʰ  |  tʰ  |  s   |  kʰ  |
|  b   |  d   |  dz  |  g   |
|  w   |  ɾ   |  j   |      |


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|  i  |     |  u  |
|  ɛ  |     |  ɔ  |
|     |  a  |     |

Vowels are further distinguished by the presence vs. absence of nasalization:

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|  i  |  ĩ   |
|  u  |  ũ   |
|  ɛ  |  ɛ̃  |
|  ɔ  |  ɔ̃  |
|  a  |  ã   |

Glide /w/ is realized as bilabial voiced fricative [β] when followed by front vowels /i ɛ/.\\
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Neither final consonants nor consonant clusters occur.

===== Pronouns =====
Wilson (1980: 35-36) gives Zia pronouns in five case forms as follows:

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|           |nominative|dative      |possessive|reflexive      |emphatic |
|           |-ø        |-ɛnɔ        |-na       |-tʰɔpʰɛ        |-nɛ/-na  |
|1 sg.      |na        |na-ɛnɔ      |na-na     |na-tʰɔpʰɛ      |na-nɛ    |
|2 sg.      |ni        |ni-ɛnɔ      |ni-na     |ni-tʰɔpʰɛ      |ni-nɛ    |
|3 sg.      |nu        |nu-ɛnɔ      |nu-na     |nu-tʰɔpʰɛ      |nu-nɛ    |
|1 pl. excl.|na-ɛ      |na-ɛ-ɛnɔ    |na-na-ɛ   |na-ɛ-tʰɔpʰɛ    |na-na-ɛ  |
|1 pl. incl.|na-mɛ     |na-mɛ-ɛnɔ   |na-na-mɛ  |na-mɛ-tʰɔpʰɛ   |na-na-mɛ |
|2 pl.      |ni-ɛ      |ni-ɛ-ɛnɔ    |ni-na-ɛ   |ni-ɛ-tʰɔpʰɛ    |ni-na-ɛ  |
|3 pl.      |awɔ̃      |awɔ̃-ɛnɔ    |nu-na-ɛ   |nũ-jɛ-tʰɔpʰɛ   |nu-na-ɛ  |
|1 dl. excl.|na-tʰɔ    |na-tʰɔ-ɛnɔ  |na-na-tʰɔ |na-tʰɔ-tʰɔpʰɛ  |na-na-tʰɔ|
|1 dl. incl.|na-ɔ      |na-ɔ-ɛnɔ    |na-na-ɔ   |na-ɔ-tʰɔpʰɛ    |na-na-ɔ  |
|2 dl.      |ni-tʰɔ    |ni-tʰɔ-ɛnɔ  |ni-na-tʰɔ |ni-tʰɔ-tʰɔpʰɛ  |ni-na-tʰɔ|
|3 dl.      |awɔ̃-tʰɔ  |awɔ̃-tʰɔ-ɛnɔ|nu-na-tʰɔ |awɔ̃-tʰɔ-tʰɔpʰɛ|nu-na-tʰɔ|

The unmarked case designated here as nominative is used as both subject and object; that designated as dative is used to indicate benefactive, indirect object or accompaniment.

There are only four pronominal roots /na ni nu awɔ̃/, the first two of which are undifferentiated by number. While third person plural /awɔ̃/ is also found in Mawae as [ago] (Wilson 1969: 77,) the original third person plural /nu-ɛ/ is found in the possessive and the reflexive.

The number formatives, e.g. /-tʰɔ/ dual from /ɛtʰɔ/ "two," are of relatively recent origin and are probably best viewed as clitics. Some of these as well as the case formatives are found in closely-related Suena and in Binandere, but in varying orders, suggesting that the pronominal complex is reducible to postpositional phrases at a shallow time depth.

Wilson's plural and dual emphatic forms are identical to the possessives. In Suena, the emphatic is /-nɛ/ in all persons.

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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