====== Rumu-Omati River ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
The Rumu-Omati River family, also known as Turama-Kikorian, is comprised of four or five languages spoken along the Kikori, Omati and Turama Rivers in the western portion of Papua New Guinea's Gulf Province (Franklin 1973: 263-267.) Barikewa, Kaser and Mouwase are quite similar to one another, approaching mutual intelligibility (Petterson 2011: 4,) while Rumu is sharply distinct.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of Rumu-Omati River is as follows:\\
\\

Rumu-Omati River

Rumu

Omati River

Barikewa

Kaser-Mouwase

Kaser

Mouwase\\
\\

Franklin (1973: 266-267) gives lexicostatistical figures for Turama-Kikori languages as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|      |  Kairi  |  Barika  |  Ikobi  |  Mena  |  Dugeme  |  Karima  |  Omati  |
|Kairi |   ---   |    17    |   16    |   13   |    20    |    15    |   16    |
|Barika|   17    |   ---    |   38    |   36   |    50    |    38    |   31    |
|Ikobi |   16    |    38    |   ---   |   72   |    46    |    37    |   49    |
|Mena  |   13    |    36    |   72    |  ---   |    54    |    46    |   48    |
|Dugeme|   20    |    50    |   46    |   54   |   ---    |    56    |   43    |
|Karima|   15    |    38    |   37    |   46   |    56    |   ---    |   43    |
|Omati |   16    |    31    |   49    |   48   |    43    |    43    |   ---   |

===== Sources =====
Bevan (1890) Tumu (Rumu) (unobtained)

Ray (1907: 391-412) comparative vocabulary of Tumu after Bevan (1890)

Chinnery (1917-1918: 96) 130 comparative terms for Kibiri and Kai-iri (Rumu) of Dopima, Kibiri and Mati villages

Johnston (1919-1920: 119) 130 comparative terms for Karima (Mouwase) of Kibeni village

Johnston (1921-1922: 166) 126 comparative terms for Barika (Barikewa) of Asanu village

Saunders (1923-1924: 57) 118 comparative terms for Dugeme (Dukemi Kaser) of Sororo village

Franklin ed. (1973: 573-575) 100 comparative terms for Kairi, for Ikobi-Kairi (Kikori River) and Mena varieties of Kaser, and for Omati (Mouwase)

Petterson (1989) dictionary of Rumu (unobtained)

Newman and Petterson (1990) Rumu tones

Petterson (1991) 190 comparative terms for Barikiwa (Barikewa) of Iba village

Petterson (1992) sketch phonology of Rumu

Petterson (1999) dictionary of Rumu

Petterson (2011) phonology of Turama River Kaser of Koumaio village

Petterson (2011) dictionary of Kaser (531 terms)

Petterson (2014) verbal inflections for Kaser and Rumu

Petterson (2014) dictionary of Mouwase (1,198 terms)

Carr (2006) 190 comparative terms for Barikewa of Kaiam village, Kaser of Koumaiou and Mowase of Gibidai

Murepe (n.d.) survey vocabulary of Rumu provided in spreadsheet form by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics Ukarumpa.\\
\\

In addition to these, a survey vocabulary of Kaser was provided in comparative spreadsheet form by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics Ukarumpa; however it is undated and unattributed. It is not the same as Franklin's or Carr's data.

===== History of classification =====
**[under construction]**

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Proto-Rumu-Omati River had at least 11 consonants and 7 vowels:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |      |
|      |  *t  |      |  *k  |
|  *b  |  *d  |      |  *g  |
|  *ɸ  |  *s  |      |      |
|  *w  |      |  *j  |      |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |      |  *u   |
|  *e̝  |      |  *o̝  |
|  *ɛ   |      |  *ɔ   |
|       |  *a  |       |

Vowels are further distinguished by the presence vs. absence of nasalization:

|< - 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |  *ĩ   |
|  *u   |  *ũ   |
|  *e̝  |  *ẽ̝  |
|  *o̝  |  *õ̝  |
|  *ɛ   |  *ɛ̃  |
|  *ɔ   |  *ɔ̃  |
|  *a   |  *ã   |

Consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Rumu-Omati  |  Rumu  |  Omati River  |
|      *m      |   m    |      *m       |
|     *-m      |   ø    |      *m       |
|      *n      |   n    |      *n       |
|     *-n      |   ø    |      *n       |
|      *t      |   ɾ    |      *t       |
|     *-t      |        |    *t [ɾ]     |
|     *k-      |   ø    |      *k       |
|   [*-k(-)]   |   ø    |      *ø       |
|      *b      |   p    |      *b       |
|     *-b      |   po   |      *b       |
|     *d-      |   t    |      *d       |
|    *-d(-)    |   t    |    *t [ɾ]     |
|     *g-      |   k    |      *g       |
|     *-g-     |   k    |      *g       |
|      *ɸ      |   h    |      *ɸ       |
|     *-ɸ      |        |      *ɸ       |
|      *s      |   h    |      *s       |
|     *-s      |   ø    |      *s       |
|      *j      |   j    |      *j       |
|      *w      |   w    |      *w       |

Vowels correspond as follows:\\
\\

…\\
\\

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Rumu attestations drawn from Petterson (1989.)

Nasalization is contrastive, but is difficult to reconstruct because it is preserved only sporadically in Kaser. For example, /*isĩ/ "eye" is not directly attested as such, but nasalization is indicated by outcomparison to Lake Kutubu /*hĩ/.

Tone is contrastive, but has not been indicated in the protoforms below.\\
\\

\\

Bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Rumu-Omati |Rumu     |Omati River|
|             |***m**     |**m**    |***m**     |
|women's house|*min       |mí       |*min       |
|meat/flesh   |*mis       |mì 'true'|*mis       |
|again        |*mɛ[me̝]   |mɛ̀me    |           |
|who?         |*ma        |má/ma-né |*ma        |
|head/top     |*mab       |mapô     |*mab       |
|tooth        |*magu      |makù     |*magu      |
|knee         |*m[a/ɔ]gɔu |mɔkɔ̂u   |*m[a]g[u]  |
|not          |*m[aⁱ]     |mɔí      |*m[aⁱ]     |
|bow          |*m[a/o̝]   |mō       |*m[a]      |
|             |***-m-**   |**m**    |***m**     |
|plural       |*-m[e̝/ɛ]  |-me      |*-mɛ       |
|palm/sole    |*tam[e̝]   |ɾamē     |           |
|thumb/five   |*se̝-m[o/a]|hé-mō    |*se̝-m[a]  |
|afternoon    |*sam[a]    |         |*sam[a]    |
|heart        |*gam[aku]  |kamaú    |*gamo̝     |

Final /*m/ is dropped in Rumu:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |Rumu-Omati |Rumu  |Omati River|
|       |***-m**    |**ø** |***m**     |
|egg    |*d[ɔ]um    |      |*d[ɔ]um    |
|eyeball|*isi-d[ɔ]um|ihī-tū|*isi-d[ɔ]um|
|louse  |*gutɔm     |kuɾɔ̀ |*gutɔm     |

Apical nasal /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|            |***n-**   |**n**|***n**     |
|1 pl.       |*na       |na-  |*na        |
|eat/drink   |*na-      |na-  |*na-       |
|            |***-n-**  |**n**|***n**     |
|name        |*e̝ne̝ne̝n|enené|*ne̝ne̝n   |
|older sister|*ana      |anà  |           |
|knowledge   |*tane̝    |ɾanē |*tane̝     |

Final /*n/ is dropped in Rumu:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|             |***-n**   |**ø**|***n**     |
|1 sg. abs.   |*[i/e̝]n  |í    |*[i/e̝]n   |
|name         |*e̝ne̝ne̝n|enené|*ne̝ne̝n   |
|women's house|*min      |mí   |*min       |
|pig          |*gɔ[u]n   |kɔù  |*gɔn       |

Apical voiceless stop /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|          |***t-**   |**ɾ**|***t**     |
|body/trunk|*tigi     |ɾikî |           |
|foot/leg  |*tãᵋ      |ɾɛ̂  |*tãᵋ       |
|palm/sole |*tam[e̝]  |ɾamē |           |
|bone      |*tab      |ɾapò |*tab       |
|knowledge |*tane̝    |ɾanē |*tane̝     |
|canoe     |*ta[k]u   |ɾɔû  |*taᵘ       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|     |***-t-**  |**ɾ**|***t**     |
|     |          |     |           |
|three|*se̝te̝   |heɾé |*se̝t      |
|tail |*duta     |tuɾâ |           |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|              |****      |**t**|****       |
|yesterday/tom.|*t[e̝/a]t |taté |*t[e̝/a]t  |

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|     |***k-**   |**ø**|***k**     |
|mouth|*ko̝      |ò    |*ko̝       |

Medial /*k/, if one existed in proto-Rumu-Omati River, is not directly discernible, as it has been dropped in all descendants. Here the former presence of /*k/ is established by outcomparison:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|      |***-[k]-**|**ø**|***ø**     |
|canoe |*ta[k]u   |ɾɔû  |*taᵘ       |
|navel |*du[ku]ma |ɾumâ |*duma      |
|heart |*gam[aku] |kamaú|*gamo̝     |
|sneeze|*asi[k]ɛ  |asiɛ̄|           |

Bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is devoiced to /p/ in Rumu:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Rumu-Omati   |Rumu         |Omati River|
|                 |***b-**      |**p**        |***b**     |
|come             |*be̝n-       |             |*be̝n-     |
|leaf/hair/feather|*b[au]t      |?paɾâu       |*bɔt       |
|lip(s)           |*ko-[a]baut  |ò-apâu       |*...       |
|what?            |*ba          |ko-pâ ~ kò-pā|*ba        |
|grandfather (?)  |*bab[o]      |papô         |           |
|old (thing)      |*badi        |pati         |*b[a]ti    |
|brother-in-law   |*base̝       |bahè         |           |
|butterfly        |*bɔⁱ-bɔⁱ     |pɔipɔì       |*bɔⁱ-bɔⁱ   |
|ball of thumb/six|*se̝-bɔtɔ    |hé-pɔɾɔ      |*se̝-bɔt   |
|                 |***-b-**     |**p**        |***b**     |
|indicative       |*-bɔ         |pɔ̄          |*-bɔ       |
|father           |*aba         |apâ          |*aba       |
|liver            |*ub[i] [?*k-]|upì          |*ub        |
|earth/ground     |*sab[ɔ/u]    |hapû         |*sabɔ      |
|vine             |*jabV        |japē         |*jabu      |

Rumu appends high back vowel /o/ to root-final /*b/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Rumu-Omati|Rumu  |Omati River|
|             |***-b**   |**po**|***b**     |
|hot          |*e̝b      |epò   |*e̝b       |
|head/top     |*mab      |mapô  |*mab       |
|bone         |*tab      |ɾapò  |*tab       |
|rain         |*gab      |kapō  |*gab       |
|snake/rainbow|*gab      |kapô  |*gab       |

Apical voiced stop /*d/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Rumu-Omati |Rumu  |Omati River|
|                 |***d-**    |**t** |***d**     |
|path             |*dɛⁱ       |tɛî   |*dɛⁱ       |
|two              |*t[aⁱ/aᵋ]  |taí   |*taᵋ       |
|egg              |*d[ɔ]um    |      |*d[ɔ]um    |
|eyeball          |*isi-d[ɔ]um|ihī-tū|*isi-d[ɔ]um|
|excrement        |*dũ        |tū    |*du        |
|index finger/four|*duɸi      |tuhî  |*duɸ[i]    |
|tail             |*duta      |tuɾâ  |           |

One mismatch indicates a loan from pre-Inland Gulf:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Inland Gulf|Rumu |Omati River|
|     |***d-**    |**ɾ**|***d**     |
|navel|*du[ku]ma  |ɾumâ |*duma      |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |         |Rumu |Omati River|
|    |***d-**  |**ɾ**|***d**     |
|lime|*d₂[ɔ/o̝]|ɾô   |*d₂ɔ       |

Medial /*d/ has merged with medial /*t/ in Omati River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|           |***-d-**  |**t**|***t**     |
|dual       |*-di      |-di  |*-ti       |
|old (thing)|*badi     |pati |*b[a]ti    |

Velar voiced stop /*g/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Rumu-Omati  |Rumu            |Omati River|
|              |***g-**     |**k**           |***g**     |
|claw          |*gi[b/ɸ][i] |kipî            |*giɸ       |
|thorn         |*…          |keiā            |           |
|pandanus mat  |*gɛda       |kɛ̀ta           |           |
|rat/mouse     |*gaⁱɸati    |kihaɾî ~ kɛihaɾî|*gaⁱɸati   |
|bird          |*gaᵋ        |ká ~ kaé        |*gaᵋ       |
|heart         |*gam[aku]   |kamaú           |*gamo̝     |
|rain          |*gab        |kapō            |*gab       |
|snake/rainbow |*gab        |kapô            |*gab       |
|dog           |*gas        |ká ~ kaé        |*gas       |
|new           |*gasi       |kahì            |*gasi      |
|die           |*gase̝-     |kahe-           |*gase̝-    |
|pig           |*gɔ[u]n     |kɔù             |*gɔn       |
|seed          |*gɔ-wãᵋ     |kɔ-wɛ̀          |*gɔ-wãᵋ    |
|saliva/spittle|*gɔs[ɛ]     |kɔhapì          |*gɔs[ɛ]    |
|ear           |*go̝        |kō              |*go̝       |
|fly (n.)      |*go̝ɸ[o̝/õ̝]|kohò            |           |
|louse         |*gutɔm      |kuɾɔ̀           |*gutɔm     |
|              |***-g-**    |**k**           |***g**     |
|tooth         |*magu       |makù            |*magu      |
|knee          |*m[ɔ]g[ɔ]u  |mɔkɔ̂u          |*m[a]g[u]  |
|body/trunk    |*tigi       |ɾikî            |           |

Bilabial fricative /*ɸ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Rumu-Omati  |Rumu            |Omati River|
|                 |***ɸ-**     |**h**           |***ɸ**     |
|areca nut        |*ɸaᵋ        |hɛ̄             |*ɸaᵋ       |
|swamp            |*ɸaw[o̝/õ̝] |hawà ~ hawó     |           |
|blow             |*ɸo̝-       |hò              |           |
|                 |***-ɸ-**    |**h**           |***ɸ**     |
|light (weight)   |*[ɛ/ɔ]ɸ[ɛ/ɔ]|ɛhɔ̀            |*[ɔ]ɸɛ     |
|friend/relative  |*naɸu       |nahû            |*naɸu      |
|index finger/four|*duɸi       |tuhî            |*duɸ[i]    |
|rat/mouse        |*gaⁱɸati    |kihaɾî ~ kɛihaɾî|*gaⁱɸati   |
|fly (n.)         |*go̝ɸ[o̝/õ̝]|kohò            |           |

Laminal fricative /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Rumu-Omati   |Rumu    |Omati River|
|              |***s-**      |**h**   |***s**     |
|hand/arm      |*se̝         |hé      |*se̝       |
|long          |*s[aᵘ]       |haû     |*sɔ        |
|hornbill      |*sãᵘ         |ɾapô-haû|*s[ãᵘ]     |
|afternoon     |*sam[ɛ/a]    |        |*sam[ɛ/a]  |
|earth/ground  |*sab[ɔ/u]    |hapû    |*sabɔ      |
|wallaby       |*sɔwaɾi      |hɔwaɾí  |           |
|breast        |*sõ̝         |hó      |*sõ̝       |
|              |***-s-**     |**h**   |***s**     |
|eye           |*isĩ         |ihī     |*isĩ       |
|sun           |*ɛsɔa        |ɛhɔ̂    |*ɛsɔa      |
|sneeze        |*asi[k]ɛ     |asiɛ̄   |           |
|smoke         |*[a]s[uⁱ]n[ɔ]|ahinɔ̀  |*suⁱn      |
|brother-in-law|*base̝       |bahè    |           |
|new           |*gasi        |kahì    |*gasi      |
|saliva/spittle|*gɔs[ɛ]      |kɔhapì  |*gɔs[ɛ]    |

Final /*s/ is dropped in Rumu:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Rumu-Omati|Rumu     |Omati River|
|          |***-s**   |**ø**    |***s**     |
|net bag   |*…        |aū       |           |
|meat/flesh|*mis      |mì 'true'|*mis       |
|dog       |*gas      |ká ~ kaé |*gas       |

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Rumu-Omati|Rumu      |Omati River|
|        |***w-**   |****      |****       |
|penis   |*wi       |wī        |           |
|water   |*wẽ̝      |          |*wẽ̝       |
|seedling|*wãᵋ      |wɛ̀ ~ wɔɛ̀|*wãᵋ       |
|person  |*wam[e̝]  |wamê      |*wɔm       |

Palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|      |***j-**   |**j**|***j**     |
|yellow|*ja[j]a   |jaeà |*ja[j]a    |
|vine  |*jabV     |japē |*jabu      |
|nose  |*ju       |jū   |*ju        |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Rumu-Omati|Rumu|Omati River|
||****      |****|****       |
||          |    |           |

Vowels …\\
\\

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|         |***i**    |**i**|***i**     |
|tree/fire|*i        |ì    |*i         |
|eye      |*isĩ      |ihī  |*isĩ       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|                 |***u**    |**u**|***u**     |
|excrement        |*dũ       |tū   |*du        |
|index finger/four|*duɸi     |tuhî |*duɸ[i]    |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Rumu-Omati|Rumu|Omati River|
||***e̝**   |****|****       |
||          |    |           |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|     |***o̝**   |**o**|***o̝**    |
|mouth|*ko̝      |ò    |*ko̝       |
|ear  |*go̝      |kō   |*go̝       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Rumu-Omati|Rumu|Omati River|
||***ɛ**    |****|****       |
||          |    |           |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Rumu-Omati|Rumu |Omati River|
|          |***ɔ**    |**ɔ**|***ɔ**     |
|indicative|*-bɔ      |pɔ̄  |-bɔ        |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Rumu-Omati|Rumu|Omati River|
||***a**    |****|****       |
||          |    |           |


===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Absolutive forms of the personal pronouns are as follows, with Rumu forms drawn from Pettersen (1989 ibid.):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kikori RIver|Rumu  |Omati River|
|1 sg.|*[i/e̝]n    |í     |*[i/e̝]n   |
|2 sg.|            |ikí   |*ia        |
|3 sg.|*aᵋ         |á ~ áé|*aᵋ        |
|1 pl.|            |na-mé |*na(-mɛ)   |
|2 pl.|            |ka-mé |*ia(-mɛ)   |
|3 pl.|            |a-mé  |*amɛ       |
|1 dl.|            |na-tí |*na-[t]i   |
|2 dl.|            |ka-tí |*ia-[t]i   |
|3 dl.|            |a-tí  |*a-[t]i    |