====== Dadibi-Folopa ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== The Dadibi-Folopa family is comprised of at least two languages spoken around the intersection of Papua New Guinea's Southern Highlands, Gulf and Simbu provinces (MacDonald 1973: CITE.) Dadibi and Folopa are different enough from one another to be considered separate families, while Folopa dialects are probably diverse enough to be considered a family of several closely-related languages. ===== Sources ===== Brown (1919-1920) 113 comparative terms for Bara lleriety of Folopa Johnston (1919-1920) 126 comparative terms for Ibukairi variety of Folopa Lind (1921-1922) 94 comparative terms for Foraba variety of Folopa Lind (1921-1922) 102 comparative terms for Ro, Keai and Worugi variety of Folopa Chance (1923-1924) 112 comparative terms for Sesa variety of Folopa Franklin (1968) Gulf District Franklin ed. (1973) 100 comparative terms for Dadibi and for Sopese, Boro, Suri and Tebera varieties of Folopa MacDonald (1973) comparative notes on Dadibi-Folopa and Tua River MacDonald and MacDonald (1974) phonology of Dadibi MacDonald (1976) grammar of Dadibi MacDonald (1992) sketch phonology of Dadibi MacDonald survey vocabulary of Dadibi provided by Paul Whitehouse via Summer Institute of Linguistics in Ukarumpa Anderson and Wade (1988) Folopa ergativity Anderson (1989) Folopa existential verbs Anderson (1994) sketch phonology of Folopa Anderson and Anderson (1995) phonology of Folopa Anderson (2009) Folopa serial verbs Anderson (2010) Folopa grammar and (pp. 97-107) vocabulary Anderson survey vocabulary of Folopa provided by Paul Whitehouse via Summer Institute of Linguistics in Ukarumpa Whitby and Bai (1990, 2008) dictionary of Dadibi ===== Historical phonology ===== Proto-Dadibi-Folopa had 11 or 12 consonants and 6 or 7 vowels: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | | | *p | *t | *s | *k | | *b | *d | [*dz] | *g | | *w | | *j | | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | | *u | | *e | | *o | | [*ɛ] | | *ɔ | | | *a | | The originality of low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ is debatable.\\ \\ Vowels are further distinguished by the presence vs. absence of nasalization: |< - 60px 60px >| | *i | *ĩ | | *u | *ũ | | *e | *ẽ | | *o | *õ | | *ɛ | *ɛ̃ | | *ɔ | *ɔ̃ | | *a | *ã | Both Dadibi and Folopa contrast aspirated and plain stops initially, but only one of the series is analyzed as occurring medially, with the Mac Donalds interpreting medial stops as allophones of plain /b d g/ and the Andersons as allophones of /p t k/. We proceed under the assumption that the first interpretation is diachronically correct. In Anderson and Anderson's description, Folopa lacks /g/; this is because their /k/ is historically /*g/ and corresponds to Dadibi /g/. Hence /k/ is unaspirated, while /p t/ are initially [ɸ tʰ] (1995: 1, 2-3.) Folopa /h/ occurs only initially, suggesting it to be the aspirated reflex of /*k/, i.e. /*p *t *k/ [ɸ tʰ h].\\ \\ Neither final consonants nor consonant clusters occur.\\ \\ **[under construction]**\\ \\ Consonants correspond as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | Dad.-Fol. | Dadibi | Folopa | | *m- | m | m | | *-m- | m | m | | *-m-/N_ | m | ø | | *n- | n | n | | *-n- | n | l | | *-n-/N_ | n | ø | | *p- | p | ɸ | | *t- | t | t | | *-t- | l | r | | *k-/_i e u | k | h | | *s | s | s | | *k-/_a o ɔ | h | h | | *b- | b | b | | *-b- | b | p | | *d- | d | d | | *-d- | l | l | | *dz- | | | | *-dz- | l | s | | *g- | g | k | | *-g- | g | k | | *-g-/a_a | g | ʔ | | *j | j | j | | *w | w | w | Vowels correspond as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | Dad.-Fol. | Dadibi | Folopa | | *i | i | i | | *u | u | u | | *e | e | e | | *o | o | o | | *ɛ | e | ɛ | | *ɔ | o | ɔ | | *a | a | a | All Dadibi words below are drawn from Whitby and Bai (1990, 2008) and all Folopa words from Anderson and Anderson (1995,) Anderson (1989, 1994, 2009,) Anderson and Wade (1988,) and Anderson (2010: 97-107, ibid.) unless otherwise indicated. Abbreviated sources are as follows: lb = Brown (1919-1920), sc = Chance (1923-1924,) kf = Franklin ed. (1973,) gmd = MacDonald (1973,) MacDonald and MacDonald (1974.) Several of the comparisons below are found in MacDonald (1973.)\\ \\ Initial nasals /*m *n/ are retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa | | |***m** |**m** |**m** | |meat/flesh |*mi |mi |mi | |now/today |*m[iɔ̃] |mẽ |miɔ̃- | |one/another |*me |me |me | |no/not |*meni |meni- |mei | |which? |*mena |mena |me | |give |*ma |ma- |ma- | |put/lie down |*mu |mu- |mu- | | |***n-** |**n** |**n** | |tree/wood |*ni |ni |ni | |hair/feather |*ni[g]i |nisi |niki | |erg./poss. |*nɛ | |-nɛ | |eat/drink |*nV- | |n-/nuku-  (pres.)| |shoulderblade|*n[a/ɔ] |na |nɔ | Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such unless following a nasal in the previous syllable (below): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| | |***-m-** |**m** |**m** | |breast |*ame |ame |ame | |husband/male|*oma[i] |omai |oma | |middle |*t[uã]mɔ |tomo |tuãmɔ | |tongue |*kamina |hamina| | Medial apical nasal /*n/ when not following a nasal in the previous syllable (below) is merged with /l/ in Folopa: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa | | |***-n-** |**n** |**l** | |arrow sp. |*ene |ene |ele-ke | |1 sg. erg./poss.|*eno |eno |jãlo | |tongue |*kamina |hamina| | |nose |*gun… |guni |gunumu [kf]\\ kurumu [hj]| Medial nasals /*m *n/ are dropped in Folopa when following a nasal in the previous syllable: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| ||***-m-/N_** |**m** |**ø** | ||***-n-/N_** |**n** |**ø** | Initial voiceless bilabial stop /*p/ is realized as aspirated [pʰ] in Dadibi and as bilabial fricative [ɸ] in Folopa: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***p-** |**p [pʰ]**|**p [ɸ]**| |lie down/sleep|*pi |pi- |ɸi- | |lay down |*pi…i |pili- | | |milk/juice |*pẽ |pẽ |ɸẽ | |root |*pe…? |pedali |ɸeleke | |shake |*pese | |ɸese ɸese| |turn around |*pes… |pesageli- |ɸese- | |valley |*pao |?pãõ 'pit'|ɸao | |go |*p[a/u] |pa- |ɸu-/ɸa- | |blow |*p[ɔ/u] | |ɸɔ-/ɸu- | |urine |*p[o]i |poi |ɸi | |speech |*po |po |ɸo | |quick(ly) |*po…o |polo |ɸolo | |sharp/angry |*poso |poso |ɸoso | |mud |*pũ |pu | | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| | |***** |**** |**p** | |cloud/fog|*[e]põ |põ |epo | Initial apical stop /*t/ is realized as aspirated [tʰ] in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***t-** |**t [tʰ]**|**t [tʰ]**| |body |*tigi |tigi |tiki | |ripe |*tãũ |tau | | |earth/ground|*tõ |tõ | | |head |*tobo |tobo-lu |tobo | |path/door |*tũ |tũ |tũ | |know/think |*t[uɛ̃] | |tuɛ̃ | |middle |*t[uã]mɔ |tomo |tuãmɔ | Initial velar aspirated stop /*k/ is aspirated and deocluded to /h/ in Folopa. In Dadibi, /*k/ is retained as such when followed by /*i *e/ and deoccluded to [h] when followed by /*a *ɔ *o/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa |Dadibi |Folopa | | |***k-/_i e u**|**k [kʰ]** |**h** | |pig |*kibu |kibu |hupu | |morning |*kĩga |kigamu |hĩka | |trap sp. |*kẽ |kẽ |he | | |***k-/_a ɔ o**|**h** |**h** | |cross-cousin |*kai |hai | | |dog |*kãɔ̃ | |haɔ; hãõ [kf]| |many |*ka[u]wa |hauwa | | |tongue |*kamina |hamina | | |rope/umbilicus|*ka…iga |haliga |halika | |shame |*ka…e |hale |hale | |liver |*kosa[ka] |hosa-bi 'mind'|hosaʔa | This irregular correspondence indicates a loan: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa| | |***K** |**k [kʰ]**|**k** | |flying fox|*boKa |bokʷa |bõkã̄ | Initial voiced stops /*b *d/ are retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***b-** |**b** |**b** | |sit/stay |*b[i/e]d[i/e]|bidi- |bete- | |house/village |*be |be |be | |bird |*ba |ba |ba | |brother-in-law |*base |base |base | |war/enemy |*b[ɔe] |boi |bɔe | |knee |*b[o]g[o] |bogoli [kf] |buku-tiri| |bush/forest |*bu…i |busi |butipi | |put inside |*bu…a |bula ~ buru-|bula- | |mountain/vill. |*bu…u |budu ~ bulu | | | |***d-** |**d** |**d** | |excrement |*di |di |di | |bone |*di…i |dili |diri | |who? |*de |de |de | |belly |*debe | |depe | |1 pl. |*dã |da |dã | |yest./tomorrow |*dɔ |do |dɔ | |join/bind |*dogo |dogo |doko- | |bad |*d[o]w[a]i |dwai |dowi | |fruit/seed/hill |*du |du ~ -lu |du | |slowly/carefully|*dua |dua |dua | Initial velar voiced stop /*g/ is given as /k/ in Folopa: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa | | |***g-** |**g** |**k** | |garden |*gi |gi |ki | |egg/seed |*ge |ge |ke | |ashes |*ge…i |geli |kili; keri [kf] | |see |*ge[…] |gege- |kel- | |eye |*ge[…] |ge-du |kele | |new |*gesi |gesi |kisi; kesi [kf] | |(side of) face|*gabidi |gabidi| | |sick/ill |*g[a]si |gasi |kisi | |nose |*gun… |guni |gunumu [kf]\\ kurumu [hj]| Medial peripheral stops /*b *d/ are not distinguished from voiceless /*p *k/. They are given as voiced in /b g/ Dadibi and as voiceless /p k/ in Folopa: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***-b-** |**b** |**p** | |allative |*-ba |-ba |-pa | |indicative |*-bɔ |-bo |-pɔ | |man's sister |*abe |abe | | |father |*aba | |apa | |father/f.'s bro.|*abu |abu [kf] |apu | |head |*tobo |tobo-lu |topo | |belly |*debe | |depe | |pig |*kibu |kibu |hupu | |(side of) face |*gabidi |gabidi | | | |***-g-** |**g** |**k** | |erg./poss. |*-gɔ |-go |-kɔ | |pandanus nut |*agia |agia | | |claw |*og[o] |ogo | | |knee |*b[o]g[o] |bogoli [kf]|buku-tiri| |body |*tigi |tigi |tiki | |join/bind |*dogo |dogo |doko- | |arrow/handle |*sigi |sigi |siki | |heavy |*sẽgãẽ |sege ~ sẽgẽ|sekãẽ | |sun/day |*s[u]g[a] |sogo |suka | |morning |*kĩga |kigamu |hĩka | |rope/umbilicus |*ka…iga |haliga |halika | |namesake |*jago | |jako | The choice of voiced /*b *g/ rather than voiceless /*p *k/ to represent these segments isn't entirely arbitrary, as outcomparison to Witu shows at least /*b/ to correspond to prenasalized /mb/; e.g. /*tobo/, Witu /tombou/ "head," /*gabidi/, Witu /*kambindi/ "ear." What's not immediately clear is whether medials /*p *k/, which we assume must have once existed, were merged with the reflexes of the voiced stops or were lenited (as they are in Witu) and dropped.\\ \\ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| | |***-d-** |**d** |**t** | |sit/stay |*b[i/e]d[i/e]|bidi- |bete- | |(side of) face|*gabidi |gabidi| | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| | |***** |**l** |**l** | |near past |*a…[i/e] |-ali- |-ale- | |quick(ly) |*po…o |polo |ɸolo | |rope/umbilicus|*ka…iga |haliga|halika| |shame |*ka…e |hale |hale | |ashes |*ge…i |geli |kili | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| | |***** |**l** |**r** | |bone| |dili |diri | The following correspondence is tentatively identified as voiced affricate /*dz/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***dz** |**[d l]** |**s** | |ear/hear |*[w]odzo |olo ~ odo-|woso 'hear'\\ nbsp;woseni'ear'| |skin/bark|*wadz[i/e] |wali |wase | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| | |***** |**s** |**k** | |hair/feather|*ni[g]i |nisi |niki | Fricative /*s/ is retained as such in both langugaes. Medially, it can also be realized as voiced [z]: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***s-** |**s** |**s** | |fire/sun |*si[a] |sia |si | |black |*sis[i/o] |sisi |siso | |arrow/handle |*sigi |sigi |siki | |heavy |*sẽgãẽ |sege ~ sẽgẽ |sekãẽ | |yellow |*sewa |sewa |sewa | |get/receive |*sV |sa- |s- | |woman/female |*so |so |so | |sun/day |*s[u]g[a] |sogo |suka | | |***-s-** |**s [s z]** |**s [s z]** | |firewood |?*isi |isi |?si | |sneeze |*asi[gã] |asigã | | |draw |*asẽ |asẽ- |asẽ- | |shake |*pese | |ɸese ɸese | |turn around |*pes… |pesageli- |ɸese- | |sharp/angry |*poso |poso |ɸoso | |brother-in-law|*base |base |base | |black |*sis[i/o] |sisi |siso | |liver |*kosa[ka] |hosa-bi 'mind'|hosaʔa | |new |*gesi |gesi |kisi; kesi  [kf]| |sick/ill |*gVsi |gasi |kisi | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| ||**** |**** |**** | || | | | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa| | |***j** |**j** |**j** | |namesake |*jago | |jako | |dog |*j[o]wi |jowi ~ juwi|juwi | |father/f.'s bro.|*aja |aja |aja | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa| | |***w** |**w** |**w** | |water |*wẽi |wẽ |wẽi | |net bag |*wa |wa |wa | |say/speak |*wa- |wa- | | |seedling |*wae | |wae | |mother's bro.|*a[u]wa |auwa; awa [kf]|awa | |bad |*d[o]w[a]i |dwai |dowi | |yellow |*sewa |sewa |sewa | |dog |*j[o]wi |jowi ~ juwi |juwi | High front vowel /*i/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***i** |**i** |**i** | |here/this |*i | |i | |firewood |?*isi |isi |?si | |sneeze |*asi[gã] |asigã | | |meat/flesh |*mi |mi |mi | |sleep |*pi |pi- |ɸi- | |lay down |*pi…i |pili- | | |bush/forest |*bu…i |busi |butipi | |tree/wood |*ni |ni |ni | |hair/feather |*ni[g]i |nisi |niki | |body |*tigi |tigi |tiki | |excrement |*di |di |di | |bone | |dili |diri | |fire/sun |*sia |sia |si | |black |*sis[i/o] |sisi |siso | |arrow/handle |*sigi |sigi |siki | |morning |*kĩga |kigamu |hĩga | |tongue |*kamina |hamina | | |rope/umbilicus |*ka…iga |haliga |halika | |garden |*gi |gi |ki | |ashes |*ge…i |geli |kili; keri [kf]| |new |*gesi |gesi |kisi; kesi [kf]| |side of face (?)|*gabidi |gabidi | | |sick/ill |*g[a]si |gasi |kisi | |dog |*j[o]wi |jowi ~ juwi|juwi | High back vowel /*u/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***u** |**u** |**u** | |that/there |*u |u |u | |put/lie down |*mu |mu- |mu- | |mud |*pũ |pu | | |mountain/vill. |*bu…u |budu ~ bulu | | |bush/forest |*bu…i |busi |butipi | |put inside |*bu…a |bula ~ buru-|bula- | |path/door |*tũ |tũ |tũ ~ tu | |fruit/seed/hill|*du |du |du | |later |*dua |dua |dua | |pig |*kibu |kibu |hupu | |nose |*gun… |guni |gunumu [kf]\\ kurumu [hj]| High-mid front vowel /*e/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***e** |**e** |**e** | |arrow sp. |*ene |ene |ele-ke | |1 sg. abs. |*[e/ẽ][na] |ena |ẽ | |breast |*ame |ame |ame | |draw |*asẽ |asẽ- |asẽ- | |one/another |*me |me |me | |no/not |*meni |meni- |mei | |which? |*mena |mena |me | |milk/juice |*pẽ |pẽ |ɸẽ | |root |*pe…? |pedali |ɸeleke | |shake |*pese | |ɸese ɸese| |turn around |*pes… |pesageli- |ɸese- | |house/village |*be |be |be | |brother-in-law|*base |base |base | |who? |*de |de |de | |belly |*debe | |depe | |heavy |*sẽgãẽ |sege ~ sẽgẽ|sekãẽ | |yellow |*sewa |sewa |sewa | |trap sp. |*kẽ |kẽ |he | |shame |*ka…e |hale |hale | |egg/seed |*ge |ge |ke | |see/look for |*ge[…] |gege- |kel | |eye |*ge[…] |ge-du |kele | Words of the form /*CeCi/ are typically leveled to /CiCi/ in Anderson and Anderson's Folopa: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa (A&A)|Folopa (KF)| | |***CeCi** |**CeCi**|**CiCi** |**CeCi** | |ashes|*ge…i |geli |kili |keri | |new |*gesi |gesi |kisi |kesi | High-mid back vowel /*o/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***o** |**o** |**o** | |sago |*o |o |o | |taro |*õ |õ |o [hj] | |cloud/fog |*[e]põ |põ |epo | |husband/male|*oma[i] |omai |oma | |valley |*pao |?pãõ 'pit' |ɸao | |speech |*po |po |ɸo | |quick(ly) |*po…o |polo |ɸolo | |sharp/angry |*poso |poso |ɸoso | |head |*tobo |tobo-lu |tobo | |join/bind |*dogo |dogo |doko- | |woman/female|*so |so |so | |liver |*hosa[...] |hosa-bi 'mind'|hosaʔa | |namesake |*jago | |jako | |ear/hear |*[w]odzo |olo ~ odo- |woso 'hear'\\ nbsp;woseni'ear'| Low-mid back vowel /ɔ/ is merged with /o/ in Dadibi. It is significantly less common than high-mid /*o/ (above): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| | |***ɔ** |**o** |**ɔ** | |indicative|*-bɔ |-bo |-pɔ | |war/enemy |*bɔ[e] |boi |bɔe | |middle |*t[uã]mɔ |tomo |tuãmɔ | |tomorrow |*dɔ |do |dɔ | |erg./poss.|*-gɔ |-go |-kɔ | Low central vowel /*a/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi |Folopa | | |***** |**a** |**a** | |that (below) |*a |a |a | |imperative |*-a |-a [gmd] |-a [gmd]| |breast |*ame |ame |ame | |man's sister |*abe |abe | | |father |*aba | |apa | |father/f.'s bro.|*abu |abu [kf] |apu | |near past |*a…[i/e] |-ali- |-ale- | |sneeze |*asi[gã] |asigã | | |draw |*asẽ |asẽ- |asẽ- | |pandanus nut |*agia |agia | | |father/f.'s bro.|*aja |aja |aja | |mother's bro. |*a[u]wa |auwa; awa [kf]|awa | |husband/male |*oma[i] |omai |oma | |give |*ma |ma- |ma- | |valley |*pao |?pãõ 'pit' |ɸao | |bird |*ba |ba |ba | |allative |*-ba |-ba |-pa | |brother-in-law |*base |base |base | |put inside |*bu…a |bula ~ buru- |bula- | |1 pl. |*dã |da |dã | |later |*dua |dua |dua | |yellow |*sewa |sewa |sewa | |morning |*kĩga |kigamu |hĩka | |tongue |*kamina |hamina | | |rope/umbilicus |*ka…iga |haliga |halika | |shame |*ka…e |hale |hale | |liver |*kosa[ka] |hosa-bi 'mind'|hosaʔa | |side of face (?)|*gabidi |gabidi | | |namesake |*jago | |jako | |net bag |*wa |wa |wa | |say/speak |*wa- |wa- | | |seedling |*wae | |wae | |skin/bark |*wadz[i/e] |wali |wase | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Dadibi-Folopa|Dadibi|Folopa| | |***** |**** |**** | |remote past| |-ai- |-e- |