====== East Pauwasi River ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ The East Pauwasi River family consists of three or four closely-related languages spoken … ===== Subclassification ===== The internal classification of East Pawuasi River is as follows:\\ \\ East Pauwasi River Zorop Emem-Karkar Emem North Emem South Emem Karkar\\ \\ While Zorop is clearly the most distinct of these languages, there are a number of meanings for which North Emem shares a root with Zorop and South Emem with Karkar, likely due to loans following the breakup of East Pauwasi River although they typically observe the expected correspondences, presenting the appearance of a chain. ===== Sources ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Anceaux (Smits and Voorhoeve 1994) 104 comparative terms for Yafi/Wargarindem (Zorop) of Tokondo village after Walton, Warlef village after Mallo, Emumu/Kiamerop/Imimkal (Emem) of Fanggri village after Mallo and Yambrap village collected by Anceaux Galis (1956: appendix 1-12, i.e. 85-97) … comparative terms for … Voorhoeve (1971: 98-109) 102 comaprative terms for Jafi after Galis (1956) Voorhoeve (1975: 114) 39 comparative terms for Yafi and Emumu after Galis (1956) Price (1975) phonology of Karkar (unobtained) Price (1978) Karkar rhetorical predicates Price (1981) Karkar stress Price (1987) orthography of Karkar-Yuri Price (1987) Karkar-Yuri discourse Price (1987) Karkar-Yuri plurals Price and Rigden (1988) dictionary of Karkar-Yuri (unobtained) Price (1992) phonology of Karkar-Turi Rigden (1985) Karkar-Yuri … Rigden (1986) Karkar-Yuri … Rigden (1986) Karkar-Yuri … Rigden (n.d.) grammar of Karkar-Yuri (unobtained) Lee (2005) … comparative terms for Zorop of Warlef village Lebold and Lee (20016: 24-31) 239 comparative terms for Emem of Yuruf, Umuaf, Yambraf Dua and Semografi villages ===== History of classification ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Proto-East Pauwasi River had 11 consonants and perhaps 11 vowels as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | | | *p | *t | | *k | | *mb | *nd | | *ŋg | | *w | *ɺ | *j | | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | *ɨ | *u | | *e̝ | *… | *o̝ | | *ɛ | *ɜ | *ɔ | | | *a | *ɒ | …\\ \\ …\\ \\ Velar voiceless stop /*k/ does not occur initially because Pauwasi River initial /*k/ was dropped in proto-East Pauwasi River..\\ \\ …\\ \\ …\\ \\ Initial consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | E. Pauwasi | Zorop | Emem | Karkar | | *m- | m | m | m | | *n- | n | n | n | | *p- | f | f | f | | *t- | t | s | s | | *mb- | mb | p | p | | *nd- | nd | t | t | | *ŋg- | ŋg | k | k | | *w- | w | w | w | | *j- | j | j | j | Medial consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | E. Pauwasi | Zorop | Emem | Karkar | | *-m- | m | m | m | | *-n- | n | n | n | | *-p- | p | p | p | | *-t- | t | r | r | | *-k- | k | k | k | | *-mb- | mb | mb | mb | | *-nd- | nd | nd | nd | | *- ŋg- | ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | | *-w- | w | w | w | | *-ɺ- | ɺ- | l | r | | *-j- | j | j | j | Final consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | E. Pauwasi | Zorop | Emem | Karkar | | *-… | | | | Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | E. Pauwasi | Zorop | Emem | Karkar | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *… | | | | | *a | | | | | *a/#_NC | | | | | *ɒ | | | | | *ɛⁱ | | | | | *ɔᵘ | | | | | *aⁱ | | | | | * *aᵘ | | | | These correspondences are exemplified as follows …\\ \\ \\ … initial consonants …\\ \\ Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***m-** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |in front/before|*mik |mig- | |mik |mik- | |mek | |nose |*mɛⁱ |mei- |mɛ- |mɛ- |mɛ- | |mɛi- | |head/hair |*mɛ |me- |me- ~ mɛ-| |mæ- |mɛ |me | |inside |*mɛk |mɛ-mɛkʰ | |mɛk |mɛk |mek |mek | |this |*mVmV |mama- |mama |məˈma |məˈma- |mɐmɐ | | |kunai grass |*mVŋg | | |maŋk | | |maoŋk | |tongue |*mɜtaɺVp |mɔtaːlep |mɛtaləp |ˈmenarəp| | | | |blood |*mɜp |mopʰ |məp |mɜp | | | | |path |*mVwaⁱ | |mai |mai |mai |mʷaᵉ |mwɛi | |red |*mɔŋgwaⁱ |moŋguwalɛ (?)|muŋgwai |moŋgai |mɔŋgai | | | |breast |*mɵ̝m |mijam |mwam |mɔm |mɔm | |mɔm | |over there |*muŋga |muŋ- | | |ˈmuŋgʷa- | | | Initial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***n-** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |know |*nɨk |nəkʰ | |nik |nik |ˈnɨk | | |sago |*nV | | |nɛ́ ~ ne- ~ nɨ-|nɛi ~ nei- ~ nɨ-|ni |ni | |village |*nɜmb |numpʰ | |namb |némb |nəmp |nəmp | |house |*nap |naʙ ~ nab- | |nap ~ naːp |naːp |nap |nap | |older sister |*nanV |nanao | |ˈnana |ˈnana | | | |tree |*naɺV |-naːɭɛ ~ -nali| |-ˈnaɭi ~ -naɭɛ |ˈnaɭi | | | |older brother|*najV | | |ˈnaja |ˈnaja | |nɛi | … /*n/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***…** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**j** |**j** | |1 pl.|*ninV |nɪn |nin |ninao |ninao |jinɔ (?)|jinɔ (?)| Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is fricated to labiodental /f/ in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***p-** |**f** |**f** |**f** |**f** |**f** |**f** | |wet |*piki |figi | |fiˈgi | | |fiʔ | |shoulder/ten|*pVɺɛ | | |fɭɨk |flɛ |fəˈɽe |fəre | |fence |*p[e/a]ɺ< |fal | |feˈɭe- |feɭ- | | | |pig |*pVɺ | | |feɽ |fɛɭ | |fʌɾ- | |eat/drink |*pɜɺ |fɔl |fəli ~ fələ-|fəɭ |fəɭ |fɐɽ |fʌɾ | |stand/get up|*pɜɺVp |fɔləpʰ | |fɭəp |fɭəp |fɐˈɽɐmp| | |afraid |*pɜɺkap |fɔrgapʰ| |fərˈgap|fəlˈgap | | | |short |*paⁱ |faːɛ- | |fai |ˈfai- |faᵉ |fɛi | |stab |*paɺVp |faːlupʰ| |faɭop |faləp | |fʌraɔp| |garden |*pɒt |fɔtʰ | |faːr | | | | |side (?) |*pɔkap |-fɔgapʰ| |-fɔgap |-fɔgap | | | |blow |*puɺ |fulɨ | |fuɭ |fuɭ | |fur | Initial apical viceless stop /*t/ is fricated to /s/ in Emem and Karkar: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***t-** |**t** |**t** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** | |hit |*tVkVɺ |təgɔl | |sigiɭ |sigiɭ | | | |that |*tVma |tama- |səma |sma | | | | |3 sg./pl. |*tVma-V |tamao |təmau |smao |smao | |maɔʔ (?)| |give |*tVnVŋg | | |sənɨŋ |seneŋg |sɐŋk |sʌŋk | |upper arm/nine|*tVɺVk |-lokʰ (?)| |-srok |srok | | | |speak |*te̝ɺ |tijal | |seɭ |seɭ |ˈsəɽ |sər | |wash |*t[e̝]te̝ɺ |titijal | |sreɭ |sreɭ | | | |tree kangaroo |*tVmbV |tomβui | |ˈsaːmbʷɛ| | | | |smoke |*tVɺ[i] |-tol |-tol |sor |-sor | |suriʔ | |die |*tumbi | | |sumbi |sumbi |ˈsumpʷi|sumβwi | One example in which Zorop as well as Emem and Karkar has initial /s/ is a regional loan (below): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***S-** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** | |sweet potato|*SVp… |sɛbul | |sebro [Umuaf]|sebro | |sepər | Velar voiceless stop /*k/ does not occur initially because it has been lost in proto-East Pauwasi River.\\ \\ Initial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ is denasalized and devoiced to /p/ in Emem and Karkar: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***mb-** |**mb [b β ʙ]**|**mb [b]** |**p** |**p** |**p** |**p** | |roof |*mbVɺi |βəli | |pɭi |pɭi | | | |stone |*mbVɺi | | | |pəɭi |ˈpəɽi |pəri | |rat |*mbVɺVɺV | | |-ˈpreli [Umuaf]|-ˈpreli | |pəɾəɾi-| |cassowary |*mbVn | | | |pən |pɐn |pʌnʔ | |leech |*mbVtaɺ |βətal | |ˈpraɭ |ˈpraɭ | |pʌrar | |young |*mbVɺV |-bli | |ple | | | | |right (side)|*mbVɺVk |βələgə- | |-pɭag- |-pɭɛk- | |pʌrʌk | |goanna |*mbam |ʙaːm | | |pam | | | |sago flour |*mban | | |pan |pán |paʔn |pan | |rattan/rope |*mbVk | | | |paːk ~ pak-| |paok | |bamboo |*mbVm |βuːɔm- | | | | |pom | |leaf/hair |*mbVwaⁱ |βəwei ~ -pai |bai ~ -mbai|pai |pai |pʷaᵉ |pwɛi | |foot/leg |*mbu |βo |fu- |pu- |pú |pu |pu | Initial apical prenasalzed voiced stop /*nd/ is denasalized and devoiced to /t/ in Emem and Karkar. In Lee's Zorop it is usually denasalized and, like medial /*nd/ (below,) is often realized with a rhotic offglide [dr ɖr]: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***nd-** |**nd [d ɖ dr ɖr nɖr]**|**nd [d]**|**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** | |star |*ndVɺmV | | |tərmɨ |teɭmei | |təɾemiʔ| |rattan/rope |*ndaŋg |raŋkʰ ~ ɖraŋg- (?) | |taːŋk ~ taŋk-| | | | |sit |*ndaŋg |draŋkʰ | |taŋk |taŋk | ˈ;taŋk|taŋk | |mouth/lip(s)|*ndɔp |drop- ~ drap- | |tɔp- |tɔp- |tɔp |tɔp | |big/many |*ndVkaⁱ | | |tɔxai- |tɔxai |tɔˈɣʷaᵉ |toɣwɛi | |six |*ndVkambVk |ɖogambukʰ | |tokʷambək |ˈtokʷambək | | | |excrement |*ndɔkɛ |nɖrokʰ | |tɔkɔɨ |tɔxɔi | |tuɣwi | |hot |*ndVwi |ɖur (?) |dui |to |ˈtuwi |ˈtowi |towi | |urine |*nduŋguɺ |ɖuŋguɭ | |ˈtuŋguɭ |ˈtuŋguɭ | |tuŋgur | Initial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ŋg-** |**ŋg** |**ŋg** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** | |nail |*ŋgVmVndi |-gɛmbi |gɛməndi|kɨmdi | | | | |nail |*ŋgVpVn | | | |kɨβin | |kəβən | |good |*ŋge̝p |kijɔpʰ | |kep [Umuaf] | | | | |look for |*ŋgVjVt |kijatʰ | | |kejar [Sem.] | | | |young |*ŋgVɺɛⁱ |kɔːlɛ | |-kɭɛ |kɭei ~ -kɭɛ | |kəreʔ | |sand |*ŋgVɺɜk |gərɔkʰ |gələk |ˈkəɭək |ˈkəɭək | |karʌk | |split (tr.) |*ŋgVtVkap |kɔkaβ | |kerˈgap |kerˈgap |kaɽɐɣap |kʌraɣap| |run |*ŋgaⁱ |ŋkai | |kai- [Umuaf] |kai- | | | |speech/voice|*ŋgɒɺ |ŋgɔl | |kaɭ |kaɭ |kaɽ |kar | |cloud |*ŋgV | | |kɔː |kɔː | | | |yellow |*ŋgVŋgVn |koŋgowanə-|koŋkwan|kɔŋga- [Umuaf]|kɔŋˈgan [Sem.]| | | |bone |*ŋgVɺ | | |kɔl |kɔl |koɽ |kor | |tail |*ŋgɔɺɛⁱ |koli- |guleî |kɔɭɛ- |kɔɭɛi ~ kɔɭɛ | |kɔre | |come |*ŋgɔɺɔp |koropʰ |kwolop-|kɭop |kɭob- |kɔɽɔp |kɔrɔp | |night |*ŋgVmVt | | |kuˈmur |kuˈmur |komoɽ ~ kumuɽ|komor | |mud/soil |*ŋgVwɒt |guwɔtʰ | |kʷar- |kʷar- |kʷaɽ |kwar | Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***w-** |**w [v β]** |**w [v]**|**w** |**w** |**w** |**w** | |thorn/sharp|*wi |vi | |wií ~ wi |wií |wi |wiː ~ wi| |behind |*wɜjak |vog- | |wak- | | |weak | |white |*wVɺV |βʊli |vuli |weɭe | | | | |hear |*waᵘ |vɔu | |wau |wau |waᵒ |waoʔ | |tree |*waɺ |var- ~ valə-| |waɭ- ~ ˈwaɭ-| | | | |ear |*wVpi | | |wuˈbi- |wɔbij |wɔβʷi |woβwi | |white |*wVpV | | | |wɔbi ~ -ˈwubi| |woβwe | |scratch |*wut |βutʰ | |wur |wur |wuɽ | | Apical non-stop /*ɺ/ does not occur initially.\\ \\ Initial palatal non-stop /*j is retained as such in all descendants. It is occluded to [z …] in Zorop: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***j-** |**j [z dʒ]** |**j [j ɟ]**|**j** |**j** |**j** |**j** | |eye |*ji |zi ~ dʒi- |ji |jií |jií ~ ˈji- |ji |ji | |skin/bark |*jipi | | | |jiˈbi |jəβi |jiβi | |three |*jiniŋg |ziniŋg- |jiniŋg- |jiniŋg [Umuaf] |jiniŋg | |jiniŋk | |green/new |*jiki |zigi- |ɟiki |dʒigi- |jigi- | |jiki- | |laugh |*jɜnd |zɔnɖrɔkʰ | |jind |jind | | | |louse |*jəmVɺ |zəmal |jiməl |jeməɭ |jemeɭ | |jʌmʌr | |sun/sky |*jəmaɺ |zəmal |jəmal |ˈjemaɭ |jemaɭ ~ jɛmaɭ|jɐˈmaɽ |jʌmar | |tie |*jəkaⁱ |zəkai | |jexai | | | | |head |*jVpV | | |jɛˈbe- ~ ˈjɛbe-|jɛˈbe | |jəβe | |egg |*jVn |zən | |jɛ́n |jɛ́n | | | |burn (tr.) |*jVŋg[ap] |zəŋgapʰ | |jaŋg |jeŋgap | | | |mosquito |*jɜŋgɒɺ |dʒɔŋgɔl |jəŋgal |ˈjɛŋgaɭ | | | | |blood |*jVɺi | | | |jɛˈɭi |ˈjeɽi |jəri | |man/husband |*jɵ̝pɛ |zepʰ | |ˈjɔβɛ ~ jɔbɔi |jɔbɔi | | | |four |*jɵ̝ɺ |zɛjal | |-jaɭ |-jaɭ | |jɔr | |arm/hand |*jaⁱ |zaːi ~ zaː- |ɟa- |jai- |jai |jaᵉ |jɛi | |marsupial sp.|*jaⁱɺi | | | |jaiɭi | |jɛiri | |fire/wood |*jaᵘ |zo ~ zu- |ɟo ~ ji- |jau |jao ~ jau |jaᵒ |jaɔ | |net bag |*jam |zam | |jam |jam |jam |jam | |bite |*jamb | | | |jamb |jamp |jamp | |sago porridge|*jat |zatʰ | | | | | | |shoot/kill |*jVŋgVp | | |jaˈŋgop |jaˈŋgop |ˈjaŋgɔp |jaɔŋgɔp | |black |*jVkVɺV | | | |jægɭɛ | |jʌɣʌre | |belly |*jaɺV[k] |zarkʰ |jalək |ˈjaɭɨ |ˈjaɭɛ | | | |yellow |*jaɺ | | |jaɭ |jar- | |jar | |garden |*jVpVɺ | | | |joβaɭ |jɔβʷaɽ |jɔβwar | |bad |*jɔpɔɺ |zɔbɔl | |jɔbɔɭ |jɔbɔɭ | | | |elbow/eight |*jVkup |-zukup\\ ~ -zugupʰ| |jogub- [Umuaf] |jogub [Sem.] | | | |dig |*jɔkɔɺ |zugul | |jogoɭ |jogoɭ | |jɔkɔr | |liver |*jɵ̝ŋgaⁱ |zéŋgai | |jɔŋgʷai |jɔŋgʷai |ˈjɔŋkʷaᵉ|jɔŋgwɛi | |seed/tooth |*jɔ |zuː ~ zu- |-ɟu ~ ju- |jɔ- |jɔ | |jo ~ ju-| |bite |*jɔk |zukʰ | |jog | | | | |moon |*juŋg |zuŋkʰ |ɟuŋg |ɟuŋg |ɟuŋg | |ɟuŋk | |betel pepper |*juɺ |zur | |jur ~ juɭ |jur ~ juɭ | |juru | … medial consonants …\\ \\ Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-m-** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |flesh/meat|*Vmi |mɪʔ ~ -mi| |mi ~ -mi|mi ~ -mi |əˈmi |emiʔ | |woman |*VɺVm[i] |aləm |əlim |ˈɛɭmɨ |ˈɛɭmɨ | | | |left |*amVk[V] |amogo- | |-amgʷ- |-amgʷ- | | | |mother |*ɵ̝mu |jamu | |ˈɔmu |ˈɔmu | | | |this |*mVmV |mama- |mama |məˈma |məˈma- |mɐmɐ | | |that |*tVma |tama- |səma |sma | | | | |3 sg./pl. |*tVma-V |tamao |təmau |smao |smao | |maɔʔ (?)| |star |*ndVɺmV | | |tərmɨ |teɭmei | |təɾemiʔ | |nail |*ŋgVmVndi |-gɛmbi |gɛməndi|kɨmdi | | | | |night |*ŋgVmVt | | |kuˈmur |kuˈmur |komoɽ ~ kumuɽ|komor | |louse |*jVmVɺ |zəmal |jiməl |jeməɭ |jemeɭ | |jʌmʌr | |sun/sky |*jəmaɺ |zəmal |jəmal |ˈjemaɭ |jemaɭ ~ jɛmaɭ|jɐˈmaɽ |jʌmar | Medial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-n-** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |two |*anVŋg |aniŋg- |aŋg- |anəŋk- |anaŋk ~ anəŋ-|ˈanɐŋk|anʌŋk | |1 pl. |*[n/j]inV |nɪn |nin |ninao |ninao |jinɔ |jinɔ | |older sister|*nanV |nanao | |ˈnana |ˈnana | | | |give |*tVnVŋg | | |sənɨŋ |seneŋg |sɐŋk |sʌŋk | |three |*jiniŋg |ziniŋg-|jiniŋg-|jiniŋg [Umuaf]|jiniŋg | |jiniŋk| Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-p-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**p [β]** |**** | |skin/bark |*apV |aβɛi | |aβɨ ~ -abi ~ -abɛ| | | | |earth/ground|*apVɺ |abrə- ~ aβle- |abi |aβɛɭ- ~ aβəɭ- |aβɛɭ- ~ aβɭu- |aβɐɽ ~ aβəɽ-| | |low/below |*apVɺVk |abrɔkʰ ~ aβələkʰ| |abˈlək |abˈlək ~ aβɭək-|aβəɽɔk | | |father |*apV |abaʷ | |ˈaβao |aβa | | | |coconut |*apuk |abukʰ ~ abuk | |ɔbuk- |ɔbuk- | |ɔpuk | |look for |VpVɺ | | |oˈboɭ |oboɭ | |or-oβor| |nail |*ŋgVpVn | | | |kɨβin | |kəβən | |ear |*wVpi | | |wuˈbi- |wɔbij |wɔβʷi |woβwi | |white |*wVpV | | | |wɔbi ~ -ˈwubi | |woβwe | |skin/bark |*jipi | | | |jiˈbi |jəβi |jiβi | |head |*jVpV | | |jɛˈbe- ~ ˈjɛbe- |jɛˈbe | |jəβe | |man/husband |*jɵ̝pɛ |zepʰ | |ˈjɔβɛ ~ jɔbɔi |jɔbɔi | | | |garden |*jVpVɺ | | | |joβaɭ |jɔβʷaɽ |jɔβwar | |bad |*jɔpɔɺ |zɔbɔl | |jɔbɔɭ |jɔbɔɭ | | | … /*p/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-P-** |**p** |**** |**p** |**p** |**** |**p** | |ftther's father|*aPV |apɛ | |aˈpe |apɛj [Sem.]|ape |apːeʔ | Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is uncommon … one illustrative example is Karkar for which the "die (pl.)" is /suˈɽumpʷi/ rather than /suˈsumpʷi/ as both /s/ and /ɽ/ reflect /*t/ initially and medially respectively (Price 1987: 12.): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-t-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |one |*aŋgVtamb |aŋgtamβ | |grakamb |ŋgrak | |aŋgʌraŋk| |tongue |*mɜtaɺVp |mɔtaːlep|mɛtaləp|ˈmenarəp (?)| | | | |leech |*mbVtaɺ |βətal | |ˈpraɭ |ˈpraɭ | |pʌrar | |wash |*t[e̝]te̝ɺ |titijal | |sreɭ |sreɭ | | | |split (tr.)|*ŋgVtVkap |kɔkaβ | |kerˈgap |kerˈgap |kaɽɐɣap|kʌraɣap | … /*t/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-T-** |**t** |**** |**t** |**t** |**** |**t** | |father|*aTV |atao | |aˈta |atao | |ataʔ | … /*S/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-S-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |cassowary |*mbVSi |pasi | |ˈpasɨ | | | | |tree kangaroo|*mbVSi | | | |pəˈsi | | | Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is generally voiced and/or fricated to [g x ɣ] in all descendants |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-k-** |**k [g k]** |**k [g k]** |**k [g x k]**|**k [g x]** |**k [ɣ]**|**k [ɣ k ʔ]**| |from |*-kamb |-gámpʰ | |-ˈkamb |-ˈkamb |-ɣamp< |-ɣam | |knee |*akuɺ[i[ |agri- |ogələ- |ɔguɭ- |ɔguɭ- | | | |walk/go |*VkVp |kʷɔβ ~ -kwɔpʰ |kwapɛ |kʷap ~ -kʷab |aˈgɔp ~ -ˈaxɔp|aᵒˈɣʷap |-aoɣɔp | |wet |*piki |figi | |fiˈgi | | |fiʔ (?) | |afraid |*pɜɺkap |fɔrgapʰ | |fərˈgap |fəlˈgap | | | |side (?) |*pɔkap |-fɔgapʰ | |-fɔgap |-fɔgap | | | |hit |*tVkVɺ |təgɔl | |sigiɭ |sigiɭ | | | |big/many |*ndVkaⁱ | | |tɔxai- |tɔxai |tɔˈɣʷaᵉ |toɣwɛi | |split (tr.)|*ŋgVtVkap |kɔkaβ | |kerˈgap |kerˈgap |kaɽɐɣap |kʌraɣap | |green/new |*jiki |zigi- |ɟiki |dʒigi- |jigi- | |jiki- | |black |*jVkVɺV | | | |jægɭɛ | |jʌɣʌre | |tie |*jəkaⁱ |zəkai | |jexai | | | | |elbow/eight|*jVkup |-zukup\\ ~ -zugupʰ|jogub- [Umuaf]|jogub [Sem.] | | | | |dig |*jɔkɔɺ |zugul | |jogoɭ |jogoɭ | |jɔkɔr | In a few instances in which Zorop has lost final low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ (below,) /*k/ is realized as as aspirated [kʰ] as is final /*k/ (below): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-kV** |**k [kʰ]**|**** |**kV [x k]**|**kV [x]** |**kV [ɣ]**|**kV [ɣ]**| |salt |*ɔkɛ |ɔkʰ | |ɔxʷɛ |ɔxʷɛi |oɣʷe |ɔɣwi | |excrement|*ndɔkɛ |nɖrokʰ | |tɔkɔɨ |tɔxɔi | |tuɣwi | The failure of /*k/ to lenit may indicate a compound: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-k-** |**k [g]**|**** |**k [k]**|**k [k]** |**** |**** | |six|*ndVkambVk |ɖogambukʰ| |tokʷambək|ˈtokʷambək | | | Medial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-mb-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |cough |*ambum |amβʊm | |bum |ombum | | | |tree kangaroo|*tVmbV |tomβui | |ˈsaːmbʷɛ | | | | |die |*tumbi | | |sumbi |sumbi |ˈsumpʷi|sumβwi| |six |*ndVkambVk |ɖogambukʰ| |tokʷambək|ˈtokʷambək | | | |from |*-kamb |-gámpʰ | |-ˈkamb |-ˈkamb |-ɣamp< |-ɣam | Medial apical prenasalized voiced stop /*nd/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-nd-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |five |*andik |aɳɖrikʰ | |dik- |dik | |əndik | |bone/dry|*andaⁱ |andɾai |anrai |ndai |ndai | | | |ashes |*andV |aɳɖo- |unduh |ndu |ndu- | |ndu | |nail |*ŋgVmVndi |-gɛmbi (?)|gɛməndi|kɨmdi | | | | Medial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-ŋg-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |body part sfx/|*-ŋgV |-ŋgɛ |-ŋgɛ ~ -ŋgi ~ -gi|-kɛ ~ kɨ | | | | |one |*aŋgVtamb |aŋgtamβ | |grakamb |ŋgrak | |aŋgʌraŋk| |blunt/dull |*aŋg[o/u] |aŋgu | |ŋgo- |ŋgo- | | | |worm |*Vŋgi | | |ᵑɡwi |gwi | |oŋkwiʔ | |red |*mɔŋgwaⁱ |moŋguwalɛ (?)|muŋgwai |moŋgai |mɔŋgai | | | |over there |*muŋga |muŋ- | | |ˈmuŋgʷa- | | | |urine |*nduŋguɺ |ɖuŋguɭ | |ˈtuŋguɭ |ˈtuŋguɭ | |tuŋgur | |yellow |*ŋgVŋgVn |koŋgowanə- |koŋkwan |kɔŋga- [Umuaf]|kɔŋˈgan [Sem.]| | | |burn (tr.) |*jVŋg[ap] |zəŋgapʰ | |jaŋg |jeŋgap | | | |shoot/kill |*jVŋgVp | | |jaˈŋgop |jaˈŋgop |ˈjaŋgɔp |jaɔŋgɔp | |mosquito |*jɜŋgɒɺ |dʒɔŋgɔl |jəŋgal |ˈjɛŋgaɭ | | | | |liver |*jɵ̝ŋgaⁱ |zéŋgai | |jɔŋgʷai |jɔŋgʷai |ˈjɔŋkʷaᵉ|jɔŋgwɛi | IMedial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-w-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |wind|*Vwi |aui |oβi |uwi |uwi |owi |ɔwi | Medial apical non-stop /*ɺ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-ɺ-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |long |*ɜɺi |ɔlu- |lî- |ɭi |eɭi- |əˈɽi |əriː | |woman |*VɺVm[i] |aləm |əlim |ˈɛɭmɨ |ˈɛɭmɨ | | | |knee |*akuɺ[i[ |agri- |ogələ- |ɔguɭ- |ɔguɭ- | | | |vein/tendon |*aɺVk | |arək | | |ˈaɽɐk |aɾʌk | |person |*aɺɔp |aɭəpʰ ~ aɭɔpʰ\\  ~ aləb-|alop ~ - alup|aləp ~ aɭəp |aləp |aɽɔp |aɾɔp | |tongue |*mɜtaɺVp |mɔtaːlep |mɛtaləp |ˈmenarəp | | | | |stab |*paɺVp |faːlupʰ | |faɭop |faləp | |fʌraɔp | |stand/get up |*pɜɺVp |fɔləpʰ | |fɭəp |fɭəp |fɐˈɽɐmp (?)| | |shoulder/ten |*pVɺɛ | | |fɭɨk |flɛ |fəˈɽe |fəre | |afraid |*pɜɺkap |fɔrgapʰ | |fərˈgap |fəlˈgap | | | |roof |*mbVɺi |βəli | |pɭi |pɭi | | | |stone |*mbVɺi | | | |pəɭi |ˈpəɽi |pəri | |rat |*mbVɺVɺV | | |-ˈpreli [Umuaf]|-ˈpreli | |pəɾəɾi-| |young |*mbVɺV |-bli | |ple | | | | |right (side) |*mbVɺVk |βələgə- | |-pɭag- |-pɭɛk- | |pʌrʌk | |tree |*naɺV |-naːɭɛ ~ -nali | |-ˈnaɭi ~ -naɭɛ |ˈnaɭi | | | |upper arm/nine|*tVɺVk |-lokʰ (?) | |-srok |srok | | | |star |*ndVɺmV | | |tərmɨ |teɭmei | |təɾemiʔ| |young |*ŋgVɺɛⁱ |kɔːlɛ | |-kɭɛ |kɭei ~ -kɭɛ | |kəreʔ | |sand |*ŋgVɺVk |gərɔkʰ |gələk |ˈkəɭək |ˈkəɭək | |karʌk | |tail |*ŋgɔɺɛⁱ |koli- |guleî |kɔɭɛ- |kɔɭɛi ~ kɔɭɛ| |kɔre | |come |*ŋgɔɺɔp |koropʰ |kwolop- |kɭop |kɭob- |ˈkɔɽɔp |kɔrɔp | |white |*wVɺV |βʊli |vuli |weɭe | | | | |blood |*jVɺi | | | |jɛˈɭi |ˈjeɽi |jəri | |black |*jVkVɺV | | | |jægɭɛ | |jʌɣʌre | |marsupial sp. |*jaⁱɺi | | | |jaiɭi | |jɛiri | |belly |*jaɺV[k] |zarkʰ |jalək |ˈjaɭɨ |ˈjaɭɛ | | | Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-j-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |*… | | | | | | | |older brother|*najV | | |ˈnaja |ˈnaja | |nɛi | |look for |*ŋgVjVt |kijatʰ| | |kejar [Sem.]| | | |behind |*wɜjak |vog- | |wak- | | |weak | … final consonants …\\ \\ Final bilabial nasal /*m/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |weep/cry|*Vm |am |am- |em |em |əm |əm | |cough |*ambum |amβʊm | |bum |ombum | | | |breast |*mɵ̝m |mijam |mwam |mɔm |mɔm | |mɔm | |goanna |*mbam |ʙaːm | | |pam | | | |bamboo |*mbVm |βuːɔm-| | | | |pom | |net bag |*jam |zam | |jam |jam |jam |jam | Final apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |cassowary |*mbVn | | | |pən |pɐn |pʌnʔ | |sago flour|*mban | | |pan |pán | |pan | |nail |*ŋgVpVn | | | |kɨβin | |kəβən | |yellow |*ŋgVŋgVn |koŋgowanə-|koŋkwan|kɔŋga- [Umuaf]|kɔŋˈgan [Sem.]| | | |egg |*jVn |zən | |jɛ́n |jɛ́n | | | Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is retained as such in all descendants. In …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-p** |**p [pʰ p β ʙ ]** |**p** |**p [p b]** |**p [p b]** |**p** |**p** | |bow |*ap |aβ | |aːp- |aːp- | |ap | |wing |*ap |aːpə- | |aːp- | | | | |walk/go |*VkVp |kʷɔβ ~ -kwɔpʰ |kwapɛ |kʷap ~ -kʷab |aˈgɔp ~ -ˈaxɔp|aᵒˈɣʷap|-aoɣɔp | |person |*aɺɔp |aɭəpʰ ~ aɭɔpʰ\\  ~ aləb-|alop ~ - alup|aləp ~ aɭəp |aləp |aɽɔp |aɾɔp | |side (?) |*pɔkap |-fɔgapʰ | |-fɔgap |-fɔgap | | | |blood |*mɜp |mopʰ |məp |mɜp | | | | |tongue |*mɜtaɺVp |mɔtaːlep |mɛtaləp |ˈmenarəp | | | | |stab |*paɺVp |faːlupʰ | |faɭop |faləp | |fʌraɔp | |stand/get up|*pɜɺVp |fɔləpʰ | |fɭəp |fɭəp |fɐˈɽɐmp| | |afraid |*pɜɺkap |fɔrgapʰ | |fərˈgap |fəlˈgap | | | |house |*nap |naʙ ~ nab- | |nap ~ naːp |naːp |nap |nap | |mouth/lip(s)|*ndɔp |drop- ~ drap- | |tɔp- |tɔp- |tɔp |tɔp | |good |*ŋge̝p |kijɔpʰ | |kep [Umuaf] | | | | |split (tr.) |*ŋgVtVkap |kɔkaβ | |kerˈgap |kerˈgap |kaɽɐɣap|kʌraɣap| |come |*ŋgɔɺɔp |koropʰ |kwolop- |kɭop |kɭob- |ˈkɔɽɔp |kɔrɔp | |burn (tr.) |*jVŋg[ap] |zəŋgapʰ | |jaŋg (?) |jeŋgap | | | |shoot/kill |*jVŋgVp | | |jaˈŋgop |jaˈŋgop |ˈjaŋgɔp|jaɔŋgɔp| |elbow/eight |*jVkup |-zukup\\ ~ -zugupʰ | |jogub- [Umuaf]|jogub [Sem.] | | | Final apical voiceless stop /*t/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-t** |**t [tʰ]**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |garden |*pɒt |fɔc | |faːr | | | | |look for |*ŋgVjVt |kijatʰ | | |kejar [Sem.]| | | |night |*ŋgVmVt | | |kuˈmur|kuˈmur |kumuɽ |komor | |mud/soil |*ŋgVwɒt |guwɔtʰ | |kʷar- |kʷar- |kʷaɽ |kwar | |scratch |*wut |βutʰ | |wur |wur |wuɽ | | |sago porridge|*jat |zatʰ | | | | | | Final velar voiceless stop /*k/ is retained as such in all descendatns. In … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-k** |**k [kʰ k ]**|**k** |**k [k g]**|**k [k]** |**k [x]**|**k** | |coconut |*apuk |abukʰ ~ abuk | |ɔbuk- |ɔbuk- | |ɔpuk | |five |*andik |aɳɖrikʰ | |dik- |dik | |əndik | |vein/tendon |*aɺVk | |arək | | |ˈaɽɐk |aɾʌk | |new |*ɵ̝k | |uwag- |ˈok- |ogu- | | | |in front/before|*mik |mig- | |mik |mik- | |mek | |inside |*mɛk |mɛ-mɛkʰ | |mɛk |mɛk |mek |mek | |right (side) |*mbVɺVk |βələgə- | |-pɭag- |-pɭɛk- | |pʌrʌk | |rattan/rope |*mbVk | | | |paːk ~ pak-| |paok | |know |*nVk |nəkʰ | |nik |nik |ˈnɨk | | |upper arm/nine |*tVɺVk |-lokʰ (?) | |-srok |srok | | | |six |*ndVkambVk |ɖogambukʰ | |tokʷambək |ˈtokʷambək | | | |sand |*ŋgVɺVk |gərɔkʰ |gələk |ˈkəɭək |ˈkəɭək | |karʌk | |behind |*wɜjak |vog- | |wak- | | |weak | |bite |*jɔk |zukʰ | |jog | | | | … /*k/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-k** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | | |*… | | | | | | | |belly|*jaɺV[k] |zarkʰ |jalək |ˈjaɭɨ |ˈjaɭɛ | | | Final bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-mb** |**mb [mpʰ mβ]**|**** |**mb [mb]**|**mb [mb]**|**** |**mb [mp]**| |sleep |*amb |aːmpʰ | |amb |amb |ˈamp | | |arrow |*ɵ̝mb |jɔɲβ (?) | |omb |omb |ɔmp |ɔmp | |village|*nɜmb |numpʰ | |namb |némb |nəmp |nəmp | |bite |*jamb | | | |jamb |jamp |jamp | One example shows an irregular change of final /*mb/ to velar /*ŋg/ in South Emem and Karkar, probably due to the anological influence of /*anVŋg/ "two" and /*jiniŋg/ "three" (below): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-mb** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |one|*aŋgVtamb |aŋgtamβ| |grakamb|ŋgrak | |aŋgʌraŋk| Final apical prenasalzed voiced stop /*nd/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-nd** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |water|*Vnd |jɔɳɖ |ɟəndr |end ~ ˈendə- ~ ndɛ-|énd ~ ndɛ- |ənt |ənt ~ əndə-| |bird |*and |aːɳɖ |andr | |and |ant |ant | |laugh|*jɜnd |zɔnɖrɔkʰ| |jind |jind | | | Final velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-ŋg** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |two |*anVŋg |aniŋg- |aŋg- |anəŋk- |anaŋk ~ anəŋ-|ˈanɐŋk|anʌŋk | |kunai grass|*mVŋg | | |maŋk | | |maoŋk | |give |*tVnVŋg | | |sənɨŋ |seneŋg |sɐŋk |sʌŋk | |rattan/rope|*ndaŋg |raŋkʰ ~ ɖraŋg- (?)| |taːŋk ~ taŋk- | | | | |sit |*ndaŋg |draŋkʰ | |taŋk |taŋk |ˈtaŋk |taŋk | |three |*jiniŋg |ziniŋg- |jiniŋg-|jiniŋg [Umuaf]|jiniŋg | |jiniŋk| |moon |*juŋg |zuŋkʰ |ɟuŋg |ɟuŋg |ɟuŋg | |ɟuŋk | Final apical non-stop /*ɺ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***-ɺ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |lime |*Vɺ |jɔːɭ | | | | | | |earth/ground|*apVɺ |abrə- ~ aβle-|abi |aβɛɭ- ~ aβəɭ-|aβɛɭ- ~ aβɭu-|aβɐɽ ~ aβəɽ-| | |rain |*aɺ |aɭ |al |aɭ |aɭ | | | |swim |*ɵ̝ɺ |jar |jul- |oɭ |oɭ | |ər | |look for |VpVɺ | | |oˈboɭ |oboɭ | |or-oβor| |fence |*p[e/a]ɺ< |fal | |feˈɭe- |feɭ- | | | |pig |*pVɺ | | |feɽ |fɛɭ | |fʌɾ- | |eat/drink |*pɜɺ |fɔl |fəli ~ fələ-|fəɭ |fəɭ |fɐɽ |fʌɾ | |blow |*puɺ |fulɨ (?) | |fuɭ |fuɭ | |fur | |leech |*mbVtaɺ |βətal | |ˈpraɭ |ˈpraɭ | |pʌrar | |hit |*tVkVɺ |təgɔl | |sigiɭ |sigiɭ | | | |speak |*te̝ɺ |tijal | |seɭ |seɭ |ˈsəɽ |sər | |wash |*t[e̝]te̝ɺ |titijal | |sreɭ |sreɭ | | | |urine |*nduŋguɺ |ɖuŋguɭ | |ˈtuŋguɭ |ˈtuŋguɭ | |tuŋgur | |speech/voice|*ŋgɒɺ |ŋgɔl | |kaɭ |kaɭ |kaɽ |kar | |bone |*ŋgVɺ | | |kɔl |kɔl |koɽ |kor | |louse |*jVmVɺ |zəmal |jiməl |jeməɭ |jemeɭ | |jʌmʌr | |sun/sky |*jəmaɺ |zəmal |jəmal |ˈjemaɭ |jemaɭ ~ jɛmaɭ|jɐˈmaɽ |jʌmar | |yellow |*jaɺ | | |jaɭ |jar- | |jar | |mosquito |*jɜŋgɒɺ |dʒɔŋgɔl |jəŋgal |ˈjɛŋgaɭ | | | | |garden |*jVpVɺ | | | |joβaɭ |jɔβʷaɽ |jɔβwar | |bad |*jɔpɔɺ |zɔbɔl | |jɔbɔɭ |jɔbɔɭ | | | |four |*jɵ̝ɺ |zɛjal | |-jaɭ |-jaɭ | |jɔr | |dig |*jɔkɔɺ |zugul | |jogoɭ |jogoɭ | |jɔkɔr | |betel pepper|*juɺ |zur | |jur ~ juɭ |jur ~ juɭ | |juru | … vowels and diphthongs …\\ \\ High front vowel /*i/ is generally retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***i** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**i** | |thorn/sharp |*wi |vi | |wií ~ wi |wií |wi |wiː ~ wi| |eye |*ji |zi ~ dʒi-|ji |jií |jií ~ ˈji- |ji |ji | |in front/before|*mik |mig- | |mik |mik- | |mek (?) | |skin/bark |*jipi | | | |jiˈbi |jəβi |jiβi | |green/new |*jiki |zigi- |ɟiki |dʒigi- |jigi- | |jiki- | |three |*jiniŋg |ziniŋg- |jiniŋg-|jiniŋg [Umuaf]|jiniŋg | |jiniŋk | |flesh/meat |*Vmi |mɪʔ ~ -mi| |mi ~ -mi |mi ~ -mi |əˈmi |emiʔ | |long |*ɜɺi |ɔlu- (?) |lî- |ɭi |eɭi- |əˈɽi |əriː | |five |*andik |aɳɖrikʰ | |dik- |dik | |əndik | High back rounded vowel /*u/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***u** |**u** |**u** |**u** |**u** |**u** |**u** | |foot/leg |*mbu |βo (?) |fu- |pu- |pú |pu |pu | |blow |*puɺ |fulɨ | |fuɭ |fuɭ | |fur | |scratch |*wut |βutʰ | |wur |wur |wuɽ | | |moon |*juŋg |zuŋkʰ |ɟuŋg |ɟuŋg |ɟuŋg | |ɟuŋk | |betel pepper|*juɺ |zur | |jur ~ juɭ|jur ~ juɭ | |juru | |mother |*ɵ̝mu |jamu | |ˈɔmu |ˈɔmu | | | |coconut |*apuk |abukʰ ~ abuk| |ɔbuk- |ɔbuk- | |ɔpuk | |cough |*ambum |amβʊm | |bum |ombum | | | |knee |*akuɺ[i[ |agri- |ogələ- |ɔguɭ- |ɔguɭ- | | | High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***e̝** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |speak (sp.)|*te̝ɺ |tijal | |seɭ |seɭ |ˈsəɽ |sər | |good |*ŋge̝p |kijɔpʰ | |kep [Umuaf]| | | | |wash |*t[e̝]te̝ɺ |titijal| |sreɭ |sreɭ | | | High mid central rounded vowel /*ɵ̝/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɵ̝** |**[ija ɛja e]**|**[uwa u]**|**** |**** |**** |**** | |arrow |*ɵ̝mb |jɔɲβ (?) | |omb |omb |ɔmp |ɔmp | |new |*ɵ̝k | |uwag- |ˈok- |ogu- | | | |swim |*ɵ̝ɺ |jar |jul- |oɭ |oɭ | |ər | |breast |*mɵ̝m |mijam |mwam |mɔm |mɔm | |mɔm | |four |*jɵ̝ɺ |zɛjal | |-jaɭ (?) |-jaɭ (?) | |jɔr | |mother |*ɵ̝mu |jamu | |ˈɔmu |ˈɔmu | | | |man/husband|*jɵ̝pɛ |zepʰ | |ˈjɔβɛ ~ jɔbɔi|jɔbɔi | | | |liver |*jɵ̝ŋgaⁱ |zéŋgai | |jɔŋgʷai |jɔŋgʷai |ˈjɔŋkʷaᵉ|jɔŋgwɛi| High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| || |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | || |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | ||***o̝** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||*… | | | | | | | Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɛ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**e** |**** | |head/hair|*mɛ |me- |me- ~ mɛ-| |mæ- |mɛ |me | |inside |*mɛk |mɛ-mɛkʰ| |mɛk |mɛk |mek |mek | When final /*ɛ/ follows a rounded vowel /*ɵ̝ *ɔ/ in the previous syllable, … [*oⁱ] …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɛ/ɵ̝C_** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |man/husband|*jɵ̝pɛ |zepʰ | |ˈjɔβɛ ~ jɔbɔi|jɔbɔi | | | | |***ɛ/ɔC_** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |salt |*ɔkɛ |ɔkʰ | |ɔxʷɛ |ɔxʷɛi |oɣʷe |ɔɣwi | |excrement |*ndɔkɛ |nɖrokʰ| |tɔkɔɨ |tɔxɔi | |tuɣwi | Low mid central vowel /*ɜ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɜ** |**ɔ [ɔ o]**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |blood |*mɜp |mopʰ |məp |mɜp | | | | |eat/drink |*pɜɺ |fɔl |fəli ~ fələ-|fəɭ |fəɭ |fɐɽ |fʌɾ ~ -fil ~ -fir| |long |*ɜɺi |ɔlu- |lî- |ɭi |eɭi- |əˈɽi |əriː | |village |*nɜmb |numpʰ (?) | |namb |némb |nəmp |nəmp | |laugh |*jɜnd |zɔnɖrɔkʰ | |jind |jind | | | |stand/get up|*pɜɺVp |fɔləpʰ | |fɭəp |fɭəp |fɐˈɽɐmp| | |mosquito |*jɜŋgɒɺ |dʒɔŋgɔl |jəŋgal |ˈjɛŋgaɭ | | | | |behind |*wɜjak |vog- | |wak- | | |weak | |tongue |*mɜtaɺVp |mɔtaːlep |mɛtaləp |ˈmenarəp| | | | |afraid |*pɜɺkap |fɔrgapʰ | |fərˈgap |fəlˈgap | | | Low mid back rounded vowel /*ɔ/ is generally retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɔ** |**ɔ [ɔ o]** |**** |**** |**** |**ɔ** |**ɔ** | |mouth/lip(s)|*ndɔp |drop- ~ drap- (?)| |tɔp- |tɔp- |tɔp |tɔp | |come |*ŋgɔɺɔp |koropʰ |kwolop- |kɭop |kɭob- |ˈkɔɽɔp|kɔrɔp | |bad |*jɔpɔɺ |zɔbɔl | |jɔbɔɭ |jɔbɔɭ | | | |tail |*ŋgɔɺɛⁱ |koli- |guleî (?)|kɔɭɛ- |kɔɭɛi ~ kɔɭɛ| |kɔre | |salt |*ɔkɛ |ɔkʰ | |ɔxʷɛ |ɔxʷɛi |oɣʷe |ɔɣwi | |excrement |*ndɔkɛ |nɖrokʰ | |tɔkɔɨ |tɔxɔi | |tuɣwi (?)| |side (?) |*pɔkap |-fɔgapʰ | |-fɔgap|-fɔgap | | | When following palatal non-stop /*j, /*ɔ/ is raised to /u/ in Zorop: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɔ/j_** |**u** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |seed/tooth|*jɔ |zuː ~ zu-|-ɟu ~ ju-|jɔ- |jɔ | |jo ~ ju-| |bite |*jɔk |zukʰ | |jog | | | | |dig |*jɔkɔɺ |zugul | |jogoɭ |jogoɭ | |jɔkɔr | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| || |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | || |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | ||***…** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||*… | | | | | | | Low central vowel /*a/ is generally retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***a** |**a** |**a** |**a** |**a** |**a** |**a** | |sleep |*amb |aːmpʰ | |amb |amb |ˈamp | | |bird |*and |aːɳɖ |andr | |and |ant |ant | |rain |*aɺ |aɭ |al |aɭ |aɭ | | | |house |*nap |naʙ ~ nab- | |nap ~ naːp |naːp |nap |nap | |rattan/rope |*ndaŋg |raŋkʰ ~ ɖraŋg- (?) | |taːŋk ~ taŋk- | | | | |sit |*ndaŋg |draŋkʰ | |taŋk |taŋk |ˈtaŋk |taŋk | |from |*-kamb |-gámpʰ | |-ˈkamb |-ˈkamb |-ɣamp< |-ɣam | |net bag |*jam |zam | |jam |jam |jam |jam | |sago porridge|*jat |zatʰ | | | | | | |skin/bark |*apV |aβɛi | |aβɨ ~ -abi ~ -abɛ| | | | |person |*aɺɔp |aɭəpʰ ~ aɭɔpʰ\\  ~ aləb-|alop ~ - alup|aləp ~ aɭəp |aləp |aɽɔp |aɾɔp | |earth/ground |*apVɺ |abrə- ~ aβle- |abi |aβɛɭ- ~ aβəɭ- |aβɛɭ- ~ aβɭu-|aβɐɽ ~ aβəɽ-| | |two |*anVŋg |aniŋg- |aŋg- |anəŋk- |anaŋk ~ anəŋ-|ˈanɐŋk |anʌŋk | |vein/tendon |*aɺVk | |arək | | |ˈaɽɐk |aɾʌk | |side (?) |*pɔkap |-fɔgapʰ | |-fɔgap |-fɔgap | | | |sun/sky |*jəmaɺ |zəmal |jəmal |ˈjemaɭ |jemaɭ ~ jɛmaɭ|jɐˈmaɽ |jʌmar | … /*a/ followed by high back rounded /*u/ in the next syllable …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***a/_Cu** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |coconut|*apuk |abukʰ ~ abuk| |ɔbuk- |ɔbuk- | |ɔpuk | |cough |*ambum |amβʊm | |bum |ombum | | | |knee |*akuɺ[i[ |agri- |ogələ- |ɔguɭ- |ɔguɭ- | | | When intiial /*a/ is followed by a non-final prenasalized voiced stop /*mb *nd *ŋg/ it is lost in Emem and sometimes in Karkar: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***a/#_mbV**|**a** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |cough |*ambum |amβʊm | |bum |ombum | | | | |***a/#_ndV**|**a** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |five |*andik |aɳɖrikʰ| |dik- |dik | |əndik | |bone/dry |*andaⁱ |andɾai |anrai |ndai |ndai | | | |ashes |*andV |aɳɖo- |unduh |ndu |ndu- | |ndu | | |***a/#_ŋgV**|**a** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |one |*aŋgVtamb |aŋgtamβ| |grakamb|ŋgrak | |aŋgʌraŋk| |blunt/dull|*aŋg[o/u] |aŋgu | |ŋgo- |ŋgo- | | | Low back rounded vowel /*ɒ/ is uncommon. …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɒ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |garden |*pɒt |fɔtʰ | |faːr | | | | |speech/voice|*ŋgɒɺ |ŋgɔl | |kaɭ |kaɭ |kaɽ |kar | |mud/soil |*ŋgVwɒt |guwɔtʰ | |kʷar- |kʷar- |kʷaɽ |kwar | |mosquito |*jɜŋgɒɺ |dʒɔŋgɔl|jəŋgal |ˈjɛŋgaɭ| | | | … /*eⁱ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua |… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɛⁱ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |nose |*mɛⁱ |mei- |mɛ- |mɛ- |mɛ- | |mɛi- | |young|*ŋgVɺɛⁱ |kɔːlɛ | |-kɭɛ |kɭei ~ -kɭɛ | |kəreʔ | |tail |*ŋgɔɺɛⁱ |koli- |guleî |kɔɭɛ- |kɔɭɛi ~ kɔɭɛ| |kɔre | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɛⁱ/#_** |**jeⁱ [jɛi]**|**jeⁱ**|**eⁱ**|**eⁱ** |**** |**eⁱ [e]**| |name|*ɛⁱ |jɛi |jei |ei |ei | |e | … /*aⁱ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar |Karkar | | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold |Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***aⁱ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**aᵉ** |**** | |short |*paⁱ |faːɛ- | |fai |ˈfai- |faᵉ |fɛi | |run |*ŋgaⁱ |ŋkai | |kai- [Umuaf]|kai- | | | |arm/hand |*jaⁱ |zaːi ~ zaː- |ɟa- |jai- |jai |jaᵉ |jɛi | |marsupial sp.|*jaⁱɺi | | | |jaiɭi | |jɛiri | |path |*mVwaⁱ | |mai |mai |mai |mʷaᵉ |mwɛi | |leaf/hair |*mbVwaⁱ |βəwei ~ -pai |bai ~ -mbai|pai |pai |pʷaᵉ |pwɛi | |tie |*jəkaⁱ |zəkai | |jexai | | | | |liver |*jɵ̝ŋgaⁱ |zéŋgai | |jɔŋgʷai |jɔŋgʷai |ˈjɔŋkʷaᵉ|jɔŋgwɛi| |big/many |*ndVkaⁱ | | |tɔxai- |tɔxai |tɔˈɣʷaᵉ |toɣwɛi | |red |*mɔŋgwaⁱ |moŋguwalɛ (?)|muŋgwai |moŋgai |mɔŋgai | | | |bone/dry |*andaⁱ |andɾai |anrai |ndai |ndai | | | … /*ɔᵘ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef|Tokondo|Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***ɔᵘ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |breadfruit|*ɔᵘ |ju | |ou |ou | |ɔwip | … /*aᵘ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East Pauwasi|Zorop |Zorop |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | |Warlef |Tokondo |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | | |Lee |Walton |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | | |***aᵘ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**aᵒ**|**** | |hear |*waᵘ |vɔu | |wau |wau |waᵒ |waoʔ | |fire/wood|*jaᵘ |zo ~ zu-|ɟo ~ ji-|jau |jao ~ jau |jaᵒ |jaɔ | ===== Pronouns ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ ===== Verbal morphology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ ===== Counting system ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ ===== Loans to and from neighboring languages ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ \\ Zorop in particular has borrowed a good number of words from Senggi of the Tami River-Bewani Range family to the northwest, some of which are found also in North Emem presumably via Zorop. Senggi attestations are drawn from …::\\ \\ …\\ \\ … Senagi …\\ \\ …\\ \\ Emem and Karkar … Kwomtari-Nai family to the east … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Kwomtari|Biaka |Emem |Emem |Karkar|Karkar| | | | |Yuruf |Yambraf Dua|… |Main | | |Baron |Baron |Lebold|Lebold |Price |[SIL] | |dog|mau |mau | | | | | |pig|fɔri |worie ~ fwɔri|feɽ |fɛɭ | |fʌɾ- | …Emem and Tebi of the Tebi-Towe subgroiup to the west …\\ \\ …\\ \\ … regional …\\ \\ …\\ \\ …\\ \\ …\\ \\ \\