====== Tebi-Towe ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ The Terbi-Towe family consists of two languages, Tebi, also known as Dubu, and Towe (Towei,) spoken … ===== Subclassification ===== The internal classificaiton of Tebi-Towe is as follows:\\ \\ Tebi-Towe Tebi Towe ===== Sources ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Anceaux (Smits and Voorhoeve 1994) 104 comparative terms for Dubu of Afi village, Tobima of Dubu village after Walton, Dubu after D.A. Mallo and Towei after D.A. Mallo Galis (1956: appendix 1-12, i.e. 85-97) … comparative terms for Doeboe and Towei Voorhoeve (1971: 98-109) 84 comparative terms for Dubu after Galis (1956) Voorhoeve (1975: 114) 37 comparative terms for Dubu and Towei after Galis (1956) Wambaliau (2004) … comparative terms for Towe of Towe Hitam village Im (2005) … comparative terms for Tebi of Dubu village ===== HIstory of classification ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Voorhoeve (1971: …) … (1975: …) … Wuerm (1982: …) … …\\ Foley (2018: …) … ===== HIstorical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Proto-Tebi-Towe had perhaps 12 consonants and 5 vowels as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | *ŋ | | *p | *t | | *k | | *ɸ | *s | | | | | *r | | | | *w | *l | *j | | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | | *u | | *e | | *o | | | *a | | In addition to the simple vowels given above, four diphthongs are found as follows: |< - 60px 60px >| | *eⁱ | *oᵘ | | *aⁱ | *aᵘ | Tebi-Towe lacks phonemic voiced stops because Pauwasi River prenasalized voiced stops have been both denasalized and devoiced.\\ \\ The distinction between apical non-stops /*r/ and /*l/ is unusual for New Guinean languages.\\ \\ There re no final consonants.\\ \\ Consonant clusters are found in onsets. Observed consonant cluters include: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | | *w | *r | *l | | *… | *… | *… | *… | Initial consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px >| | Tebi-Towe | Towe | Tebi | | *m- | m | m | | *n- | n | n | | *ŋ- | ŋ | n | | *p- | p | p | | *t- | t | t | | *k- | k | k | | *ɸ- | ɸ | ɸ | | *s- | s | s | | *w- | w | w | | *j- | j | j | Medial consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px >| | Tebi-Towe | Towe | Tebi | | *-m- | m | m | | *-n- | n | n | | *-nV | ŋ | nV | | *-p- | p | p | | *-p-/NV_ | | | | *-t- | t | t | | *-t-/NV_ | nd | nd | | *-k- | | | | *-k-/NV_ | ŋg | ŋg | | *-ɸ- | ɸ | ɸ | | *-s- | s | s | | *-r- | | | | *-w- | w | w | | *-l- | j | | | *-j- | j | j | Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px >| | Tebi-Towe | Towe | Tebi | | *i | | | | *u | | | | *e | | | | *o | | | | *a | | | | *eⁱ | | | | *oᵘ | | | | *aⁱ | | | | *aᵘ | | | These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Towe attestations drawn from … and Tebi from … and ….\\ \\ \\ Any consonant can occur initially except for apical non-stops /*r *l/.\\ \\ Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***m-** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |louse |*mi |mi |mi |ˈmi |mi |mi |mi | |mosquito |*mVmV |meme- |mem- |muˈmi |mimi |mimi |mimi | |flesh/meat|*meⁱpi |meiːp | |míbi | | | | |bad |*mene |meŋ- | |ˈməne | | | | |nose |*menri |mendri |mendri |minˈdi |məndi |məndi |mendi | |head |*mendini |mendiŋ- |mindi- ~minde-|mindin-\\ ~ mendinin-|məndini\\ ~ məndidi-|məndini\\ ~ mɛndi-|mendeni\\ ~ mendini-| |short |*mendV |meˈnda- | |mənde | | | | |inside |*meŋge |meg- | |ˈmɛŋgɛ | | | | |neck |*meŋga… | |mɛngabere | |məŋgabini |mɛŋgafînî |meŋguigo | |liver |*meŋgani |mɛˈŋgaŋ | |meˈŋgani | | | | |language |*ma |maː | |maː | | | | |who? |*ma |ma-de | |maː-dé | | | | |breast |*mamV |maˈmu |mamo |mamu |mamũ |mamu |mamo | |sun/moon |*ma[p] |ˈmap |-map |maː ~ -ma |ma |ma |ma | |arrow |*mani |maˈni | |mani | | | | |bandicoot |*mawi |mawi | | | | | | |green/blue|*moŋgwar[u]|moŋkor |moŋgor |muŋgʷaˈru |moŋgɔr |moŋgwar |moŋguː | |tree |*mu | |-mu |-ˈmumu |momuŋ | | | Initial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***n-** |**n** |**n**|**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |house |*neme |neˈme | |nəˈme | | | | |child |*nemareki|nemaˈrek | |nəmargi | | | | |mother|*na |naː | |ˈnaː | | | | |dry |*noŋgwani|joŋgoŋ (?)|nukwe|noŋgʷaˈnɨ|noŋguane|nuŋgwani|nuŋwani| |1 pl. |*nu |nu |nu |nuˈmu |nəmu |numu- |nu- | Initial velar nasal /*ŋ/ is merged with the reflexes of apical nasal /*n/ in Tebi: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***ŋ-** |**ŋ** |**ŋ [n ŋg g]**|**n**|**n** |**n** |**n** | |eat/drink|*ŋeⁱ |ŋei |ne- ~ ge |ne |nî ~ ni|nɛ ~ -ni|nie ~ -ni| |wep/cry |*ŋeⁱ |ˈŋei |-ŋgei |-ˈna’|-nɛ |-ne |-nei | |excrement|*ŋeme |ŋeme | |neˈme| | | | |1 sg. |*ŋo |ŋo |nŋgo |nó |no |no |nok | In one examples where initial/*ŋ/ is followed immediately by lateral non-stop /*l/ in a cluster, it is realized as prenasalized or plain voiced stop [ŋg g] in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***ŋ-/_l**|**ŋ [g]** |**ŋ [g]**|**ŋ [ŋg]**|**ŋ [ŋg]**|**ŋ [g]**|**ŋ [k] (?)**| |one|*ŋlo |ge- ~ -gie|gio- |ŋglo |uŋgoro |golɔ |klo- | Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo | | |***p-** |**p** |**p**|**p** |**p** |**p** |**p** | |ant |*pe | | |pe- | | | | |tie |*petV |peti- | |pəˈde | | | | |tree kangaroo|*pesi |peˈsi | |piˈsi | | | | |cold |*peka |peka | |pega |paka |pəka |-pka | |3 sg./pl. |*pejaᵘ |pijau ~ -ˈpeja| |pɛˈa |peao |piau | | |wind |*poɸike |peˈɸik |pofi |ˈpɔfˈgɛ|pəfəke|pofəkɛ |pofiki-| |foot/leg |*pu |pu- |po- |pú- |pu- |pu- |po- | |bow |*pri |pri | |pli | | | | |red |*plaⁱ |pie |peai |pra |prae |pərai |peai | In one example, root-initial /*p/ is sometimes realized as voiced [b] because it is the second member of a compound: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux|Mallo | | |***p-** |**p [p b]** |**p [b]**|**p** |**p** |**** |**p [b]**| |elbow/knee|*parini |pˈeriŋ ~ -ˈbariŋ\\ ~ -ˈbariŋ|-bori |-páːlini\\ ~ -ˈpaləni|-parini| |-balini | Initial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux|Mallo | | |***t-** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** | |sky |*ti |ti | |ˈti | | | | |forest |*tepa |teˈpa | | | | | | |knife |*tepa |teˈpa | | | | | | |leaf |*teɸV |teɸe |tefe |teˈfe |təfi |təfu |tefi | |earth/ground |*tete |ʈeˈʈé |tede |teˈdeʔ |tede |tede |tɛtu | |hair/feather(s)|*teke |tiːk |teke |-ˈtɛgɛ ~ ˈtage|-təke |-tɛkɛ |-tke | |axe |*teka |teˈka | | | | | | |white |*teli | |dei (?)|teˈri |ter |ter |teri | |hit |*tari |dari- (?) | |ˈtaˈri | | | | |goanna |*tawa |taˈwa | | | | | | |man/person |*toŋgwarV|tokʷar ~ towar|tokwoar|tɔˈŋgaːr |teŋgwar|tuŋgwar|toŋkwar| |yrllow |*tVkVr[e]|tokoˈre | | | |tukʰər | | |tail |*tumu |tum- |tum- |túmú |təmu |tumu |-tumu | Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***k-** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** | |weeping/crying|*keme |kemi |keme- |kem- |kəmə- |kəmə- |keme- | |die |*kema |kemá |kema |kma |kəma |kəmah |kmaː | |when? |*kema |kema | |kma- | | | | |name |*keni |keiŋ |kin |kni |kəni |kinî |kini | |machete |*kenemba |keneˈmba | | | | | | |woman |*keke |keke |keke |kɛˈgɛ |kege |kɛkɛ |keki | |lime |*kVlV |kei | | | | | | |lie down/sleep|*kale |ˈkaje |kei | | |gari | | |come |*kwaro |koro- | |kaːɭœ ~ ˈkalú-|koarɔ |kwalɔ |klawai| |cloud |*koᵘ |kuː |kuː | |kow |ku |kau | |leech |*kole |kʷije | |kɔˈlɛ | | | | |stone |*kola | | |kla |kora |kwola |kola | |rain |*kweⁱ |kʷé | |kʷɛ |kʰwi |kʰwi |kwei | |wing |*k[w]amu |kam- | |kʷaˈmu | | | | |outside |*kwali |kwai- | |kʷali- | | | | |search/seek |*kwall |kwaj- | |kʷaˈli | | | | |two |*kre |ker- |kra- |kre |kr |kər |kre | |teeth/mouth |*krV |k(e)re- - kro-|ker- ~ kero-|klé ~ kle- |krî ~ kri-|kəli ~ kɛlɛ-|kli- | |cough |*krVma |kroma- | |ˈkluma’ | | | | |sit |*kru |kru- | |-ˈklu- |-gry | |-kru | Initial bilabial voiceless fricative /*ɸ/ is retained as uch in both languages. often realized as labiodental [f]: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***ɸ-** |**[ɸ f]** |**[f]** |**[f]** |**[ɸ f]**|**[f]** |**[f]** | |hear |*ɸeⁱ |fi- |fei |fi |fi |fi |fei | |ear |*ɸa |ɸa- |fa- |fa |fa |fa |faʔa | |fence |*ɸa |faː | |fa | | | | |smoke |*ɸat[e] |ˈɸat |-fade |-faˈre |-far |-far |-far | |blow |*ɸalo |-fiˈe | |ˈfaˈro | | | | |2 sg. |*ɸo |fo |[check source]|fó |ɸo |fo | | |hot |*ɸVfakle |fieke |fefeki |ˈfufagle|ɸəɸəgre |fofaqəli|fafaklai| |stab |*ɸro |fro- | |fro | | | | |fly (v.)|*ɸruka… |furuˈkati | |ˈfrugar | | | | |arm/hand|*ɸlo |ɸi- |fio- |flɔː- |ɸoro |folo |folo | Initial laminal voiceless fricative /*s/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***s-** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s**| |skin/bark |*seri |sir ~ ˈsir|ser |siˈri ~ ˈsiri|seri |sir |sere | |dog |*saⁱ |saj | |sa | | | | |worm |*s[o]mondo| |somoˈndo| | | | | |wallaby |*sukuisi |sukuˈsi | |suiˈsi | | | | |long |*suru |suru- | |suru- | | | | |shoot/kill|*sra |sera | |sra | | | | Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo | | |***w-** |**w** |**w**|**w** |**w** |**w** |**w** | |fire/wood |*we |we |we- |wɛː ~ wɛ- |ui |wi- |weː ~ we| |thorn/sharp |*weni |wiŋ ~ weiŋ- | |wɛˈnɛ ~ ˈwəne| | | | |night |*weri |weri | |wuˈli |wəri |wəli |weli | |burn (intr.)|*wa |wa- |-wa |-wa ~ --wá- |-ua |-wa |-wa | |taro/garden |*waɸo |waɸo ~ waˈfo| |wafo ~ ˈwaf- | | | | |ashes |*waɸu |ˈwafu |wafea|wáfu |uafu |wafuw |wafu | |sick/ill |*wandi |wadi- | |ˈwaˈndi | | | | |above |*wole |wi- | |wole | | | | There are no unambiguous examples of lateral non-stop /*l/ in initial position, though some examples of medial /*l/ may arise from the vowel prosthesis in Tebi (below.)\\ \\ Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ is retained as such in both languages. It appears that Pauwasi River initial /*j/ has been lost before front vowels (cf. "eye" below) and thus is attested here only when followed by low central vowel /*a/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***j-** |**j** |**** |**j** |**j** |**** |**** | |bite |*ja | | | | | | | |insect/td>|*jani |jaŋ |-ia |-(j)aˈni| | | | |five |*jane |jaŋ- | |ˈjanə- |ianɛŋ | | | Any consonant can occur medially except for velar nasal / *ŋ/.\\ \\ Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-m-** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |mosquito |*mVmV |meme- |mem- |muˈmi |mimi |mimi |mimi | |num. suffix (?)|*-make |-ˈmak | |-ˈmage ~ -maˈge| | | | |bird |*olumu |jumu |jemu |lúmú |ərəmu ~ -rum|lumu ~ -lumu|olmu ~ -lmu| |breast |*mamV |maˈmu |mamo |mamu |mamũ |mamu |mamo | |house |*neme |neˈme | |nəˈme | | | | |child |*nemareki |nemaˈrek | |nəmargi | | | | |tail |*tumu |tum- |tum- |túmú |təmu |tumu |-tumu | |worm |*s[o]mondo| |somoˈndo| | | | | |excrement |*ŋeme |ŋeme | |neˈme | | | | |weeping/crying |*keme |kemi |keme- |kem- |kəmə- |kəmə- |keme- | |die |*kema |kemá |kema |kma |kəma |kəmah |kmaː | |when? |*kema |kema | |kma- | | | | |cough |*krVma |kroma- | |ˈkluma’ | | | | |wing |*k[w]amu |kam- | |kʷaˈmu | | | | Medial apical nasal /*n/ is as a matter of principle retained as such in both lanuages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***-n-** |**n** |**** |**n**|**** |**** |**** | |arrow |*mani |maˈni | |mani | | | | |machete|*kenemba |keneˈmba | | | | | | Most examples of medial /*n/ followed by a final vowel are reduced to /ŋ/ in Towe with loss of the final vowel. The fact that all of these examples have front vowels [i e] in Tebi allows for the alternative interpretation that these segments /*nV/ should be reconstructed as merely final /*n/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-nV** |**ŋ** |**ŋ [n k]** |**nV** |**nV** |**nV** |**nV** | |egg |*alani |jeŋ |ɟek |aːlaˈni |arane | |alani | |bad |*mene |meŋ- | |ˈməne | | | | |head |*mendini |mendiŋ- |mindi- ~minde-|mindin-\\ ~ mendinin-|məndini\\ ~ məndidi-|məndini\\ ~ mɛndi-|mendeni\\ ~ mendini-| |liver |*meŋgani |mɛˈŋgaŋ | |meˈŋgani | | | | |elbow/knee |*parini |pˈeriŋ ~ -ˈbariŋ\\ ~ -ˈbariŋ|-bori |-páːlini\\ ~ -ˈpaləni|-parini | |-balini | |right hand |*ɸlo-ndini|fi-ndiŋ | |flo-tiˈni | | | | |dry |*noŋgwani |joŋgoŋ |nukwe |noŋgʷaˈnɨ |noŋguane |nuŋgwani |nuŋwani | |name |*keni |keiŋ |kin |kni |kəni |kinî |kini | |thorn/sharp|*weni |wiŋ ~ weiŋ- | |wɛˈnɛ ~ ˈwəne | | | | |insect/td> |*jani |jaŋ |-ia |-(j)aˈni | | | | |five |*jane |jaŋ- | |ˈjanə- |ianɛŋ | | | Velar nasal /*ŋ/ has not ben found to occur medially, unless the examlpes given with final segment /*nV/ above are taken to represent it.\\ \\ Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***-p-** |**p** |**** |**p [b]**|**** |**** |**** | |father's father|*ape | | |aˈbe | | | | |father |*apa | | |aˈba | | | | |flesh/meat |*meⁱpi |meiːp | |míbi | | | | |forest |*tepa |teˈpa | | | | | | |knife |*tepa |teˈpa | | | | | | … [*mb] … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***-mb-/NV_**|**mb** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | |machete|*kenemba |keneˈmba | | | | | | Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/… : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-t-** |**t [t d]**|**** |**t [d]**|**t [t]**|**t [t]**|**t [t]**| |interrogative |*-te |-ˈde | |-dé ~ -dɛ|-te |-ti |-te | |mother's mother|*ataᵘ |atau | |ˈada | | | | |tie |*petV |peti- | |pəˈde | | | | |smoke |*ɸat[e] |ˈɸat |-fade|-faˈre |-far |-far |-far | |earth/ground |*tete |ʈeˈʈé |tede |teˈdeʔ |tede |tede |tɛtu | … [*nd] …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-nd-/NV_**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |head |*mendini |mendiŋ- |mindi- ~minde-|mindin-\\ ~ mendinin-|məndini\\ ~ məndidi-|məndini\\ ~ mɛndi-|mendeni\\ ~ mendini-| |short|*mendV |meˈnda- | |mənde | | | | |worm |*s[o]mondo | |somoˈndo | | | | | … [nd] …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***(-)nd-**|**nd** |**** |**t** |**** |**** |**** | |right hand|*ɸlo-ndini |fi-ndiŋ | |flo-tiˈni | | | | |locative |*-nde |-ˈnte ~ ˈnde ~ -nɖe| |-ˈnde ~ -ndɨ| | | | |sick/ill |*wandi |wadi- | |ˈwaˈndi | | | | Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-k-** |**k** |**k** |**k [g]** |**k […]**|**k […]**|**k […]**| |num. suffix (?)|*-make |-ˈmak | |-ˈmage ~ -maˈge| | | | |cold |*peka |peka | |pega |paka |pəka |-pka | |wind |*poɸike |peˈɸik |pofi (?)|ˈpɔfˈgɛ |pəfəke |pofəkɛ |pofiki- | |hot |*ɸVfakle |fieke |fefeki |ˈfufagle |ɸəɸəgre |fofaqəli |fafaklai | |fly (v.) |*ɸruka… |furuˈkati | |ˈfrugar | | | | |hair/feather(s)|*teke |tiːk |teke |-ˈtɛgɛ ~ ˈtage |-təke |-tɛkɛ |-tke | |axe |*teka |teˈka | | | | | | |yrllow |*tVkVr[e]|tokoˈre | | | |tukʰər | | |wallaby |*sukuisi |sukuˈsi | |suiˈsi (?) | | | | |woman |*keke |keke |keke |kɛˈgɛ |kege |kɛkɛ |keki | | | | | | | | | | Medial bilabial voiceless fricative /*ɸ/ is retained as such in both languages, often realized as labiodental [f]: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-ɸ-** |**ɸ** |**** |**f** |**** |**** |**** | |dig |*aɸo |aɸo- | |afo | | | | |wind |*poɸike |peˈɸik |pofi |ˈpɔfˈgɛ |pəfəke |pofəkɛ |pofiki- | |hot |*ɸVfakle |fieke |fefeki|ˈfufagle |ɸəɸəgre|fofaqəli|fafaklai| |leaf |*teɸV |teɸe |tefe |teˈfe |təfi |təfu |tefi | |taro/garden|*waɸo |waɸo ~ waˈfo| |wafo ~ ˈwaf-| | | | |ashes |*waɸu |ˈwafu |wafea |wáfu |uafu |wafuw |wafu | Medial laminal voiceless fricative /*s/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***-s-** |**s** |**** |**s**|**** |**** |**** | |tree kangaroo|*pesi |peˈsi | |piˈsi| | | | … [*ŋg] …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-ŋg-/NV_**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |inside |*meŋge |meg- | |ˈmɛŋgɛ | | | | |neck |*meŋga… | |mɛngabere| |məŋgabini|mɛŋgafînî|meŋguigo| |liver |*meŋgani |mɛˈŋgaŋ | |meˈŋgani | | | | |green/blue|*moŋgwar[u] |moŋkor |moŋgor |muŋgʷaˈru|moŋgɔr |moŋgwar |moŋguː | |dry |*noŋgwani |joŋgoŋ |nukwe |noŋgʷaˈnɨ|noŋguane |nuŋgwani |nuŋwani | … [*ŋg] …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***(-)ŋg-/**|**ŋg** |**** |**ŋg** |**** |**** |**** | |burn (tr.)|*we-ŋgaᵘ |we-ŋgao | |ˈwe-ŋga| | | | … [*ŋg] …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux|Mallo | | |***-ŋg-**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |man/person|*toŋgwarV|tokʷar ~ towar|tokwoar |tɔˈŋgaːr|teŋgwar|tuŋgwar|toŋkwar| |three |*sVŋgle |seŋgie- |seŋsie (?)|ˈsiŋgri |siŋgr |səŋgər |siŋkre | Medial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***-w-** |**w** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | |bandicoot|*mawi |mawi | | | | | | |goanna |*tawa |taˈwa | | | | | | Medial rhotic non-stop /*r/… : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe |Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-r-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |net bag |*ara |aˈra | |aˈla | | | | |urine |*aro |ˈaro | |aˈlo- | | | | |roof |*aro |-ˈor | |-aˈlo | | | | |green/blue |*moŋgwar[u]|moŋkor |moŋgor |muŋgʷaˈru |moŋgɔr |moŋgwar |moŋguː | |elbow/knee |*parini |pˈeriŋ ~ -ˈbariŋ\\ ~ -ˈbariŋ|-bori |-páːlini\\ ~ -ˈpaləni|-parini | |-balini| |bow |*pri |pri | |pli | | | | |stab |*ɸro |fro- | |fro | | | | |fly (v.) |*ɸruka… |furuˈkati | |ˈfrugar | | | | |child |*nemareki |nemaˈrek | |nəmargi | | | | |hit |*tari |dari- | |ˈtaˈri | | | | |yrllow |*tVkVr[e] |tokoˈre | | | |tukʰər | | |man/person |*toŋgwarV |tokʷar ~ towar |tokwoar |tɔˈŋgaːr |teŋgwar |tuŋgwar |toŋkwar| |skin/bark |*seri |sir ~ ˈsir |ser |siˈri ~ ˈsiri |seri |sir |sere | |long |*suru |suru- | |suru- | | | | |shoot/kill |*sra |sera | |sra | | | | |come |*kwaro |koro- | |kaːɭœ ~ ˈkalú- |koarɔ |kwalɔ |klawai | |two |*kre |ker- |kra- |kre |kr |kər |kre | |teeth/mouth|*krV |k(e)re- - kro- |ker- ~ kero-|klé ~ kle- |krî ~ kri-|kəli ~ kɛlɛ-|kli- | |cough |*krVma |kroma- | |ˈkluma’ | | | | |sit |*kru |kru- | |-ˈklu- |-gry | |-kru | |night |*weri |weri | |wuˈli |wəri |wəli |weli | … /*r/… : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo | | |***-nr-**|**ndr** |**ndr**|**nd**|**nd**|**nd** |**nd**| |nose|*menri |mendri |mendri |minˈdi|məndi |məndi |mendi | Medial lateral non-stop /*l/ is palatalized and deoccluded to palatal /j/ in Towe: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***-l-** |**j** |**j [j ɟ]**|**[l r]**|**[r]** |**[l]** |**[l]** | |cassowary |*[i]leⁱ |jei | |le | | | | |see |*ale |ji- |ji |aˈɭe |are |ali- |ale- | |near |*alekV |jeˈke | |argi | | | | |egg |*alani |jeŋ |ɟek |aːlaˈni |arane | |alani | |bird |*olumu |jumu |jemu |lúmú |ərəmu ~ -rum|lumu ~ -lumu|olmu ~ -lmu| |red |*plaⁱ |pie |peai |pra |prae |pərai |peai | |blow |*ɸalo |-fiˈe | |ˈfaˈro | | | | |hot |*ɸVfakle |fieke |fefeki |ˈfufagle |ɸəɸəgre |fofaqəli |fafaklai | |arm/hand |*ɸlo |ɸi- |fio- |flɔː- |ɸoro |folo |folo | |white |*teli | |dei |teˈri |ter |ter |teri | |one |*ŋlo |ge- ~ -gie|gio- |ŋglo |uŋgoro |golɔ |klo- | |lime |*kVlV |kei | | | | | | |lie down/sleep|*kale |ˈkaje |kei | | |gari | | |leech |*kole |kʷije | |kɔˈlɛ | | | | |stone |*kola | | |kla |kora |kwola |kola | |above |*wole |wi- | |wole | | | | Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***-j-** |**j** |**j**|****|**** |**** |**** | |water |*aje |ejé |eje |a |ae |a |ai | |3 sg./pl.|*pejaᵘ |pijau ~ -ˈpeja| |pɛˈa|peao |piau | | … vowels and diphthongs …\\ \\ High front vowel /*i/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | || |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | || |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| ||***i** |**** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | ||*… | | | | | | | High back rounded vowel /*u/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | || |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | || |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| ||***u** |**** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | ||*… | | | | | | | Mid fron vowel /*e/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | || |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | || |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| ||***…-** |**** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | ||*e | | | | | | | Mid back rounded vowel /*o/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | || |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | || |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| ||***o** |**** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | ||*… | | | | | | | Low central vowel /*a/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | || |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | || |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| ||***a** |**** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | ||*… | | | | | | | … /*eⁱ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei |Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton |Anceaux |Mallo | | |***eⁱ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |eye |*eⁱ |e- |ei |iʔ |əj |ii |ei | |hear |*peⁱ |fi- |fei |fi |fi |fi |fei | |eat/drink |*ŋeⁱ |ŋei |ne- ~ ge|ne |nî ~ ni|nɛ ~ -ni|nie ~ -ni| |wep/cry |*ŋeⁱ |ˈŋei |-ŋgei |-ˈna’|-nɛ |-ne |-nei | |rain |*kweⁱ |kʷé | |kʷɛ |kʰwi |kʰwi |kwei | |flesh/meat|*meⁱpi |meiːp | |míbi | | | | |cassowary |*[i]leⁱ |jei | |le | | | | … /*oᵘ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***oᵘ** |**** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | |cloud|*koᵘ |kuː |kuː | |kow |ku |kau | … /*aⁱ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***aⁱ** |**** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | |dog|*saⁱ |saj | |sa | | | | |red|*mblaⁱ |pie |peai |pra |prae |pərai |peai | … /*aᵘ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| | |***aᵘ** |**** |**** |****|**** |**** |**** | |mother's mother|*ataᵘ |atau | |ˈada| | | | |3 sg./pl. |*mbejaᵘ |pijau ~ -ˈpeja| |pɛˈa|peao |piau | | |burn (tr.) |*-ŋgaᵘ |-ŋgao | |-ŋga| | | | ===== Pronouns ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Free pronouns for Tebi and Towe are given as follows, with … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam |Towei |Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo |Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| |1 sg.|*ŋo |ŋo |nŋgo |nó |no |no |nok | |2 sg.|*ɸo |fo |[check source]|fó |ɸo |fo |? | |3 sg.|*pejaᵘ |pijau ~ -ˈpeja|? |pɛˈa|peao |piau |? | |1 pl.|*… | | | | | | | |2 pl.|*… | | | | | | | |3 pl.|*… | | | | | | | ===== Verbal morphology ===== No information about the verbal morphology of any South Pauwasi River languages is currently available to us. ===== Loans to and from neighboring languages ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ \\ Tebi in particular shares a number of words with Emem (Emumu) of the East Pauwasi River family. … with Emem attestations from Yuruf village drawn from Lebold and Lee (2016: 24-31): |< - 100px 100px 100px >| | |Emem |Tebi | | |Yuruf |Dubu | | |Lebold|Im | |grandchild |amamu |amˈamu | |rattan/rope|taŋkɨ |ˈtaŋgɛ ~ taŋgi-| |crocodile |wɔ |ˈwu | |belly |ˈjaɭɨ |jaˈlí | Emem has in turn borrowed from Tebi, with the following term for "bird" found in three of Lebold and Lee's four villages, with Yambraf Dua's [and] continuing the native East Pauwasi /*and/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Tebi-Towe|Emem |Emem |Emem |Emem | | | |Yuruf |Umuaf |Yambraf Dua|Semografi| | | |Lebold|Lebold|Lebold |Lebold | |bird|*olumu |ɔˈɭumu|ɔˈɭumu|[and] |ɔˈɭumu | … regional …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | ||Towe |Towe |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | ||Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu |Dubu |Afi |? | | ||Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| |sweet potato||sipro | |soˈbro| | | | … Indonesian …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Indonesian|Towe |Towe |Tebi|Tebi |Tebi |Tebi | | | |Towe Hitam|Towei|Dubu|Dubu |Afi |? | | | |Wambaliau |Mallo|Im |Walton|Anceaux|Mallo| |rice|nasi |nasi | |nasi| | | |