====== Muli Strait ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== The Muli Strait family consists of two closely related languages, Mombum, also known as Komolom (Komelomsch,) and Konorau (Koneraw, Konerawsch,) spoken respectively on Komolom Island at the south end of the Muli Strait (Marianne Strait) and on the south coast of the larger Kolopom island immediately the west. Loans from Muli Strait in Sawuy, Yakhai and Warkay suggest that the family originated in the Casuarina Coast region, and was pushed south by the expansion of Asmat. Upon entering the Muli strait region, the family acquired a number of loans from the Kolopom languages and from the unrelated Marind language to the east. ===== Sources ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Geurtjens (1933: 393-433) 455 comparative terms for Konerawsch (Konorau) and Komelomsch (Mombum) Drabbe (1950) 422 comparative terms for Mombùm of Mombùm village Boelaars (1950) … Drabbe (1954) … Voorhoeve (1975: 99) 40 comparative terms for Mombum following Drabbe (1950) and 37 for Koneraw following Geurtjens (1933) Voorhoeve (1975: 396-398) pronouns for Koneraw following Geurtjens (1933) and for Mombum following Drabbe (1950) Voorhoeve (1980: 61-121) Proto-Asmat includes comparisons to Drabbe's (1950) Mombùm Susanto (2001) 238 comparative terms for Konorau (Waɣan) and Komolom Olsson (2017) … comparative terms for Mombùm ===== History of classification ===== Geurtjens' (1933: 393-433) comparative vocabularies of Konerawsch and Komelomsch make it perfectly obvious that the two form a tightly-knit group, but nowhere does he propose a classification of the languages he surveyed.\\ \\ Drabbe (1950: 548,) without reference to Geurtjens' (1933) materials, places Mombùm alongside Paniai Lakes, Asmat-Kamoro, Awyu, Wambon and Muyu (Lowland Ok) in a group he designates the suffixing languages ("suffix-talen.") While the other three of Drabbe's groups have at least some grain of taxonomic truth to them, his operative criterion is synchronic and typological rather than genealogical in nature, and in this respect suffixiation is the norm throughout New Guinea and Australia alike. Even so, it it true that Mombum belongs immediately with Asmat-Kamoro rather than with Kolopom proper ("koppelwoord-talen",) Marind-Yaqay and Boazi ("præfix-talen") or Moraori and the West Morehead River ("gemengde talen") languages, so Drabbe's classification is arguably not completely groundless, and it's possible that the imperfect but non-random congruence of these morphological categories with taxonomic reality is what moved him to adopt it.\\ \\ Voorhoeve (1968: 3-5) posits Drabbe's (1950) Mombum as a fourth branch of his Asmat-Awyu-Ok family, though qualifies this, saying: "Mombum is a border case; its closest relationship is with Asmat. Since it does not show comparably close links with any other language it has been provisionally included ln the Asmat-Awyu-Ok Family." In support of this assertion, he calculates 31% cognacy between 156 comparable terms for Asmat and Mombum respectively. It is interesting to note that the borders of Voorhoeve's Asmat-Awyu-Ok, while formally based upon lexicostatistics rather than typology, closely track those of Drabbe's suffixing group. Voorhoeve (1975: 369, 396-398) adds Geurtjens' (1933) Koneraw to form a Mombum Family, which is said to belong to his Central and South New Guinea Stock alongside not only Asmat-Kamoro, Awyu and Ok but also Awin-Pa (Elevala River,) East Strickland (Strickland River,) Bosavi (Papuan Plateau) and Duna-Bogaya. There is no mention here of an exclusive relationship between the Mombum Family and Asmat-Kamoro. But in Voorhoeve (1980: 1) he goes further than his earlier (1968) claim, stating, "The Mombum Family is the closest relative of the Asmat-Kamoro Family; together they form a sub group within the CSNG Stock." This assertion is then is supported by a modest number of comparisons to Mombum scattered throughout his reconstructions of proto-Asmat, with a note (p. 59) explaining: The Mombum and Koneraw languages…have been strongly influenced by the neighbouring languages of the Kolopom and Marind families, and this has obscured their relationship with the languages of the Asmat-Kamoro family to a considerable degree. Still, Mombum data often throw unexpected light on the reconstruction of proto-forms, especially those of the ancestor language of the Asmat-Kamoro family, and for this reason I have admitted [Mombum] data as well." Wurm (1982: 130-138) fails to consider Voorhoeve's (1958, 1980) assertions of a special relationship between Asmat-Kamoro and Mombum-Koneraw, instead following Voorhoeve's (1975) positioning of the Mombum Family as a primary branch of the very broad Central and South New Guinea Stock. Because Wurm's breakdown was repeated in tertiary compilations such as Ruhlen (1987,) Voorhoeve's insight slipped through the cracks of the macro-regional taxonomic literature. Yet Voorhoeve (2005) himself made no mention of Mombum or Koneraw when comparing his proto-Asmat forms with Healey's (1964) proto-Mountain Ok and (1970) proto-Awyu-Dumut; it's not clear if he'd backed away from his proposal or simply had no reconstruction of proto-Mombum-Koneraw and felt that single language comparisons were out of place in this treatment. Mombum is still shown as a member of Asmat-Kamoro is Voorhoeve's (2007) unpublished New Guinea lexical files.\\ \\ Greenberg (1971: 829-834) places Komelom (Mombum) and Koneraw in a Jei subgroup of a Southern or Kiwaiic branch of his proposed Indo-Pacific macrofamily. This Jei subgroup is said to include Yei and the westernmost languages of the Morehead River family, the Kolopom languages including Moraori and the Bulaka River languages as well as those of Muli Strait. This regional grouping is nearly the set of languages which have borrowed from Marind, or even all the languages which appeared in Geurtjens (1933: 393-433) or Nevermann (1939) except for Marind itself. This must be seen as among the very worst errors in Greenberg's breakdown, with no attempt to identify loans and unduly influenced by the juxtapositions of vocabularies in the print literature..\\ \\ Ross (1995: 144) lists the Mombum family among those whose "pronoun forms which could well reflect Proto Trans New Guinea. but they do not reflect the paradigm convincingly enough for inclusion here," further stating (p. 153) that there is some small amount of evidence that it belongs with the Trans-New Guinea phylum without saying what that evidence is. Pawley, Ross and Osmond (2005: 70-75) consider Voorhoeve's (1968) placement of Mombum with an Asmat-Awyu-Ok family and assert that Mombum shares with Asmat and Awyu-Dumut the common innovation of having replaced the vowel /*a/ in pronouns with /*u/.\\ \\ Here we advocate the point of view expressed and exemplified in Voorhoeve (1980,) which is that the Muli Strait (Mombum) family is most closely related to the Asmat-Kamrau Bay family along the coast to the north and the far northwest. ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Proto-Muli Strait had 14 or 16 consonants and perhaps 7 vowels as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | | | *p | *t | *s | *k | | *b | *d | *z | | | *mb | *nd | | *ŋg | | [*w] | *r | [*j] | *ɣ | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | | *u | | *e̝ | | *o̝ | | | | *ɔ | | *æ | *a | | Apical non-stop /*r/ does not occur initially. It is not clear if semivowels [*w *j] should be treated as non-stop consonants or as sequential vowels as they are in nearby Bulaka River and Marind. Voiced /*b *z/ originated as /*w *j/ but may have already been occluded by the time of proto-Muli Strait.\\ \\ \\ Initial consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Muli | Mombùm | Komolom | Komelomsch | Konorau | Konerawsch | | | Drabbe | Susanto | Geurtjens | Susanto | Geurtjens | | *m- | m | m | m | m | m | | *n- | n | n | n | n | n | | *p- | p | p | p | p | p | | *t- | t | t | t | t | t | | *s- | s | s | s | s | s | | *k- | k | k | k | k | k | | *b- | b | | b | | b | | *d- | | | | | | | *z- | z̪ | x | z | θ | dz | | *mb- | mb | mb | mb | mb | mb | | *nd- | | | | | | | *ŋg- | | | | | | | *w- | w | w | w | w | w | | *j- | j | j | j | j | j | | *ɣ- | | | | | | Medial consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Muli | Mombùm | Komolom | Komelomsch | Konorau | Konerawsch | | | Drabbe | Susanto | Geurtjens | Susanto | Geurtjens | | *-m- | m | m | m | m | m | | *-n- | n | n | n | n | n | | *-p- | p | p | p | p | p | | *-t- | t | t | t | t | t | | *-s- | s | s | s | s | s | | *-k- | k | k | k | k | k | | *-b- | p | p | p | b | b | | *-d- | d | d | d | d | d | | *-z- | j | j | j | ð | dz | | *-mb- | mb | mb | mb | mb | mb | | *-nd- | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | | *-nd-/_i | ndʒ | ? | ndʒ | ndʒ | ndʒ | | *-ŋg- | ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | | *-w- | | | | | | | *-r- | r | r | r | r | r | | *-j- | | | | | | | *-ɣ- | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | ɣ | Final consonants correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Muli | Mombùm | Komolom | Komelomsch | Konorau | Konerawsch | | | Drabbe | Susanto | Geurtjens | Susanto | Geurtjens | | *-m | m | m | m | m | m | | *-n | n | n | n | n | n | | *-p | | | | | | | *-t | t | t | t | t | t | | *-b | | | | | | | *-mb | mb | mb | mb | m | m | | *-nd | nd | nd | nd | n | n | | *-nd/i_ | ndʒ | ndʒ | ndʒ | n | n | | *-ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | n | n | | *-r | | | | | | | *-ɣ | | | | | | Vowels and vowel sequences correspond as follows: |< - 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px 80px >| | Muli | Mombùm | Komolom | Komelomsch | Konorau | Konerawsch | | | Drabbe | Susanto | Geurtjens | Susanto | Geurtjens | | *i | | | | | | | *u | | | | | | | *e̝ | | | | | | | *o̝ | | | | | | | *ɔ | | | | | | | *æ | | | | | | | *a | | | | | | These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Mombum (Komolom, Komelomsch) forms drawn from Drabbe (1950: 561-574,) Susanto (2001) and Geurtjens (1933: 398-433) and Konorau (Konerawsch) from Susanto and Geurtjens.\\ \\ \\ All consonants except for bilabial voiced stop /*b/ and apical non-stop /*r/ can occur initially.\\ \\ Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***m-** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |saliva/spittle|*mitap |miˈtao | |mitaw | | | |sugarcane |*me̝ |me | |mɛ | |meː | |thought |*me̝nip |mɛnif | |meniw | |meneː-~-mənə | |nose/tip |*mæne̝ɣ |mɛnəɣ |mənɛ |me(:)nɛɣ |ˈmənaɣar |mʌnːɛ ~mʌnːʌr| |stone |*mæte̝ |mɛˈtɛ |ˈmɛtɛ |mateː |mæt̪ʰɛ |matɛ | |fat/grease |*mær |mɛr | | | |mar | |weeping |*mamb |mamb |mamb- |mamb |mam- |maːm- | |rope |*mar |mar |mar |maːl |mar |maːr | |six (?) |*mar- |ma- |ma- |ma- |mær- |mar- | |water |*mo̝i |mwɛ |mʷɛj ~ mʷɤⁱ|mui |mʷi ~ mʷɪ-|moi | |foot |*mɔb |mop | |mobə | |mob | |thorn |*m[ɔ]be̝ŋg |moˈpɛŋk| | |mɛbɛn | | |leech |*mo̝ndir | | |mondʒir |ˈmundʒir |mondʒir | |lime |*mo̝ɣo̝ | |mu |mo |ˈmoɣo |moɣo | |rain |*mun |mun |mun |mun |mun |mun | |eye |*musiɣ |musiɣ |ˈmusi- |muri ~ mutʃi|ˈmudʒi |mudzu | Initial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***n-** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |younger sibling|*n[ai]ɣ |nɛɣ |-nɛ | |-ˈnalθ |nair | |big |*næŋgVr |nɛŋgər|nəŋgər |naŋgar~naŋgor|naŋgar |naŋgar | |man/person |*nam |nam |nam |nam |nam |nam | |wallaby |*nar |nar |nar- |nar |nar |naː | |1 sg. |*no̝ |nu |nu |mo [sic] |no |no | |eat/drink |*no̝ku |nuku |nuku |noku ~ -nok |nogo |nugu | Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***p-** |**p** |**p** |**p [p b]**|**p** |**p [p b]**| |tail |*p[ie̝] |pi |pi | |pi |peː ~ pjeː | |see |*pe̝ɣe̝r- |pɛɣɛɾ- |pɛr | |pəˈðər | | |garden/clearing|*par |par |par |par |par |paːr | |areca nut |*par[e̝] | |ˈparɜ |para |pəˈrɛ | | |flatulate |*po̝- |pu- | | | | | |belly |*put |put |put |put |puθ ~ puˡt̪|put | |white |*pur-bur |ˈpuru-bur|pu-bur |puru-bur |pur-bur |pur-bur | Initial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***t-** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t [t θ]** |**t** | |good |*tiuɔr |tiwor |ˈtiwʊr | |tiwor | | |wing |*tæɣV |tɛˈɣɛ |tɛj |tareː |θoɣot̪~θəɣɔθ (?)|tʌwːo | |dig |*ta |ta- | |-ta | |tə ~ -tɜ | |hit/kill |*tab- | | | |ˈt̪abɛ |tabeː | |lie down |*tai- |taj- |taːᴵtʃ |tainə | | | |body |*tɔnɔm |tonom | |tonam |tonom ~ tɔnɔm |tonom | |afraid |*tɔp | |-tɔ- |to |-tɔ- |tov-tov | |tree |*to̝ |tu |tu |to |to- ~ tɔ- |toː | |elbow |*to̝n | | | |tun |toːn | |earth/ground|*tum[a/o]r |tuˈmor ~ ˈtumor|tuˈmʊr |tamal |tumar- |tamar | |behind |*tumui | |tumʷɪ |temːe- |tumʷi- | | Initial laminal /*s/ is typically realized as an affricate [tʃ ts] in Konorau, a change found also in the insular Kolopom languages which surround the Konorau enclave: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***s-** |**s [s ʃ]**|**s [s]**|**s [s ʃ ʒ]**|**s [tʃ s]** |**s [tʃ ts tz s]**| |salty |*siar |ˈsiaɾ | | |-tʃiˈjar | | |hair |*sin |sin |sin |ʃin ~ ʒin |tʃin ~ sin |tʃin | |fly (n.) |*sinɔɣɔ |ˈsinoɣo | |sinoho | |tʃina | |sand |*sir |sir |sɪr |sir(ə) |tʃɪr ~ sir |tʃir | |fruit/seed |*se̝t |ʃɛt |sɛt̪ | |tʃɛt̪̚ ~ tʃɛθ| | |plain(s) |*s[e̝]re̝m | | |serem | |tzrem | |throw away |*særæp- |ʃɛruw | |sarewo | |tsarab | |charcoal/black|*sɔr |sor |soːr- |so ~ ʃor |tʃor- |tʃor ~ soːr | |fence |*su |ʃu |su |su |tʃu ~ suʔ |tʃu | Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***k-** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** | |snake |*kVnimb[o̝i] |kɛˈnimbo|kəɲimbu|kaɲumba |kinimbʷi|kinembeː | |do/make |*ke̝mV- |kɛmu- | | | | | |chest |*kæɣæn |kɛˈɣɛn | |kælan | |kʌrːen | |leg |*kaŋg |kaŋk |kaŋ |kaŋg |kan |kaːn | |paradise sp.|*kar[i/e̝]r[e̝] | | |kareː | |karirə | |crocodile |*karam[o̝i] |ˈkaramo |kəramu |karam |ˈkarumʷi|karomui | |unripe |*kɔp |kob | | | | | |joint |*k[o̝/u]mb[o̝/u]ɣ|kumbəɣ | |-kumbə\\ ~ -kombo|-kuᵐburθ|-kumbo\\ ~-kombo| |tie |*kumbu[i] |kumbu |-kumbu |kumbu |kumbʷɪ |kumbui | Initial bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is uncommon. It is retained as such in both languages.: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***b-** |**b** |**** |**b** |**** |**b** | |arm |*bo̝ko̝r |ˈbukur | |bukul | |bogor | |sago stem(s)|*buɣ[ɔ]it[ɔ]ɣ|buɣojtəɣ| |boitr | |bugito | Initial palatal voiced /*z/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***z-** |**z̪** |**x** |**z** |**θ** |**dz [dz tʃ]**| |hear/sense|*ziu- |z̪yw- ~ z̪əw-|-ˈxɛᵘ | |θəβə~ θəwɔ | | |bite |*zik- | |ixikaᵘx (?)| |θikub |tzikab | |tooth |*ziɣ |z̪iɣ |xi |zid ~ zil |θiθ |tʃirə ~ tzi | |sun |*zaua |z̪aˈwa |xowa |zowa |θəwo |dzʌwːo | |heavy |*zak[ɔ/o̝]e |ˈz̪akwɛ | |zagoi | |dzagʌ | |lake |*zɔmb | |xom |zomb |θom |zomb | |breadfruit|*z[ɔ/o̝]ɣ[ɔ/o̝][r]| | | | |dzohol | |bamboo |*zo̝bɔr |z̪upor |xupər | |θəbor |sobor | |shoot |*zVri- |z̪əri- | | | | | |wind |*zuru |z̪uru |xəru |zuru |θruru ~ θurːu |dzuru | |flesh/meat|*zuruɣ |z̪yryɣ |xərʷi |zuru |θurut̪ ~ θuruθ| | |nipa palm |*zuruɣand |z̪uroɣod | |tʃruda | |tsruan | It's conspicuous that Drabbe and Geurtjens agree that the sound is a voiced laminal [z̪ z dz] in both languages while Susanto's much more recent vocabularies give unvoiced [x θ]. Most likely, this is an ongoing change under the influence of Marind's western dialects in which the regular reflex of Marind /*j/ is aspirated to [hʲ] (q.v. Drabbe 1955. 148-151.) Maklew of the Bulaka River family likewise reflects /*j/ as /s/, Susanto's Konorau [θ] being in keeping with the fronting which characterizes apicals in both languages.\\ \\ Initial bilabial voiced prenasalized stop /*mb/ is uncommon. It is retained as such in both languages.: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***mb-** |**mb**|**mb** |**mb** |**mb** |**mb** | |mud/loam |*mbam | |ᵐbam |mbam |bam |mbaːm | |know |*mbaɣVzV | | |pʌrtə (?) |əmbəθəd̪o\\ ~ əmbəθəbd̪ɔ|mbʌrːedzo | |illness/pain|*mbu |mbu | |mbu | |mbu | Initial apical voiced prenasalized stop /*nd/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***nd-** |**nd [d]**|**nd [d]**|**nd [d]**|**nd [d d̪]**|**nd [d nd]**| |root |*ndVndVr |dədəɾ | |-drʌdr |dənˈdɨr | | |betel pepper|*ndædim | |ˈdɛdim | |d̪ɛˈd̪im |dadiwn | |goanna |*ndVzV | |ðɛ |dhʌdːa |ˈdərə~ dəðə |ndʌrːɛ | |carry |*ndamVnd |ˈdamənd- | |demd- | |daman | |many |*ndɔm |ndom-rom |ˈⁿdɔmɔ-rɔm|dom-rom | | | |tongue |*ndupæn |dupɛn |ˈdəpən |dʌpːan |ˈdəpən |dʌpːan | Initial velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ …. |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***ŋg-** |**** |**ŋg [ŋg]**|**ŋg [ŋg]**|**ŋg [g]**|**ŋg [g]**| |food |*ŋgimb | |ᵑgib- | |gim- |gim- | |forest|*ŋg… | | |ŋgor |gərə | | Apical non-stop /*r/ has not been observed to occur initially.\\ \\ Initial velar non-stop /*ɣ/ … Apparent variations in the realization of velar non-stop /ɣ/ are attributed not to phonemic change, but to Geurtjens' inconsistent hearing of the sound in Mombum and Konorau alike. Drabbe stipulates that /ɣ/ approaches [x] in stridency, leading Geurtjens to hear [h] in some examples: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***ɣ-** |**ɣ** |**x [x h]** |**ɣ [ɣ k]** |**x** |**ɣ [ɣ k h w]**| |drum |*ɣaim |ɣajm | |ɣeim | |ɣaim | |bark (of dog) |*ɣamban | | |ɣamban | |-amban | |paddle |*ɣane̝ŋg |ɣaˈnɛŋk |xaˈniŋ |kaleŋg ~ ɣanen|ˈxanɛn |kanen | |bow |*ɣaræp |ɣaˈrɛw | |ɣarab ~ ɣara | |ɣarab ~ ɣara | |light (weight)|*ɣɔr |ɣoro-ˈɣur| |ɣoro | |wo-wor | |mat |*ɣ[ɔ/o̝]me̝ɣ|ɣuməɣ | |ɣomɛ | |ɣamɛ | |head/hair |*ɣo̝p |ɣu- |ˈxu- |ko- | | | |banana |*ɣo̝ro̝b |ɣuˈrub |xurub |ɣurub |xoˈroɸ |horob | |five |*ɣVipam | |xʷajpam-\\ ~ hʷajpam-|ɣobe- |xʷɛⁱpam |oipoin | |dry season |*ɣua[e̝]r |ɣwaˈrao | |kwaːr | |kwer ~ gojer | |hold/grab |*ɣuati |ɣwati |xʷati | |xoˈtijɜ ~ xoti |hoti ~ hotːi | |hand |*ɣuaɣ |ɣwaɣ |xʷaj |kwal |xolt̪ ~xoθ ~xoð|ɣoiɣ- | |deaf/forget |*ɣun |ɣun |xun | |xun | | |kunai grass |*ɣup |ɣu |xu |ku |xuɸ |ɣiv | In one example, the initial consonant is ambiguous between /*ɣ/ and palatal voiced /*z/ (above): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***[z/ɣ]-**|**ɣ** |**x** |**** |**θ** |**** | |cuscus|*[z/ɣ]VmVr |ɣəmər |ˈxəmər | |θəmər | | Any consonant can occur medially.\\ \\ Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-m-** |**m** |**m** |**m [m mː]**|**m** |**m** | |causative |*-mɔp |-mow |-mʷo | |-mowɔ ~ -mɔɸ |-mo | |knee |*i[ɔ]ɣɔmɔɣ |joɣoməɣ |ˈjomʷɛ |johomo |jɛmoˡθ ~ jəmol-|jemu- | |shadow |*imær | | |imɛr | |imar | |below |*imui |iˈmu |imʷi | |jumʷi- | | |ashes |*[i/e̝]mund |iˈmud |iˈmud | |-imun |eːmun | |chin |*amo̝te̝ |amuˈtɛ | |amti | |amodeː | |earth/ground|*t[u]m[a/o]r|tuˈmor ~ ˈtumor|tuˈmʊr |tamal |tumar- |tamar | |behind |*tumui | |tumʷɪ |temːe- |tumʷi- | | |carry |*ndamVnd |ˈdamənd- | |demd- | |damənə | |do/make |*ke̝mV- |kɛmu- | | | | | |crocodile |*karam[o̝i] |ˈkaramo |kəramu |karam |ˈkarumʷi |karomui | |cuscus |*[j/ɣ]VmVr |ɣəmər |ˈxəmər | |θəmər | | |mat |*ɣ[ɔ/o̝]me̝ɣ|ɣuməɣ | |ɣomɛ | |ɣamɛ | Medial apical nasal /*n/ is generally retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-n-** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |voice |*uanan |wanan | |wanan |ˈwanan | | |nose/tip|*mæne̝ɣ |mɛnəɣ |mənɛ |me(:)nɛɣ |ˈmənaɣar |mʌnːɛ ~mʌnːʌr| |body |*tɔnɔm |tonom | |tonam |tonom ~ tɔnɔm|tonom | |fly (n.)|*sinɔɣɔ |ˈsinoɣo| |sinoho | |tʃina | |paddle |*ɣane̝ŋg |ɣaˈnɛŋg|xaˈniŋ |kaleŋg ~ ɣanen|ˈxanɛn |kanen | When followed by high front vowel /*i/, the reflexes of medial /*n/ are sometimes realized as palatalized nasal [ɲ] in free variation with apical [n]: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-n-/_i** |**n [n ɲ]**|**n [ɲ n]**|**n [n ɲ]**|**n [n]** |**n [n]** | |ant sp.|*iniui | | |iniwi | |iniwi | |child |*æni |ɛɲi |-æɲi | |ˈæni ~ ˈɨni|ænːi ~ ani- | |taro |*uni |uˈni |ˈuni |uni |uni |uni | |thought|*me̝nip |mɛnif | |meniw | |meneː-~-mənə| |snake |*kVnimb[o̝i]|kɛˈnimbo |kəɲimbu |kaɲumba |kinimbʷi |kinembeː | Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is generally retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe|Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-p-** |**p** |**p** |**p [p pː]**|**p** |**p [p pː]** | |cold |*iVp[u]i |jɛˈpwi|ˈjoᶷpi | | | | |ear |*ie̝pær |ˈipɛr |ˈipɛr |ipar |ˈjɛpar ~ jɛˈpɛr|jʌpːar ~ jepʌrːa| |goose |*tVpue̝ | | |tubwɛ (?) | |tapweː | |tongue|*ndup[e/a]n|dupɛn |ˈdəpən |dʌpːan |ˈdəpən |dʌpːan | |five |*ɣVipam | |xʷajpam-|ɣobe- (?) |xʷɛⁱpam |oipoin | Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-t-** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t [t t̪ʰ]** |**t [t tː]**| |adj. suffix |*-tVɣe̝ |-tɛɣɛ ~ -təɣ\\ ~ -ˈtoɣ|-tɛ |-ta |-təðə ~ -tə ~ -ti|--tɛ ~ -teː | |chin |*amo̝te̝ |amuˈtɛ | |amti | |amodeː (?) | |saliva/spittle|*mitap |miˈtao | |mitaw | | | |stone |*mæte̝ |mɛˈtɛ |ˈmɛtɛ |mateː |mæt̪ʰɛ |matɛ | |sago stem(s) |*buɣ[ɔ]it[ɔ]ɣ|buɣojtəɣ | |boitr | |bugito | |hold/grab |*ɣuati |ɣwati |xʷati | |xoˈtijɜ ~ xoti |hoti ~ hotːi| Medial laminal /*s/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-s-** |**s [s]**|**s [s]**|**s [tʃ dʒ r]**|**s [dʒ]**|**s [s dz]**| |sneeze|*æsi |ˈɛsu | |edʒi | |asija | |eye |*musiɣ |musiɣ |ˈmusi- |muri ~ mutʃi |ˈmudʒi |mudzu | Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-k-** |**k [k]**|**k [k]**|**k [k g]**|**k [k g]**|**k [k g]**| |bad |*ikɔr |ikor | |ikor | |igor | |arm |*bo̝ko̝r |ˈbukur | |bukul | |bogor | |eat/drink|*no̝ku |nuku |nuku |noku ~ -nok|nogo |nugu | |bite |*zik- | |ixikaᵘx | |θikub |tzikab | |heavy |*zak[ɔ/o̝]e|ˈz̪akwɛ | |zagoi | |dzagʌ | Medial bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is usually devoiced to [p] in Mombum: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-b-** |**p** |**p** |**p** |**b** |**b** | |stand |*ibærænd |iˈpɛrɛd|iprəd |iprad- |ibran |ibran(ə) | |dog |*i[u]bui |iˈpwi |ipʷi |ipwi |ˈubʷi |ubui | |leaf |*ebur |ˈɛpur |-pur |-pur |ɜˈbor ~ -bor|-bur | |older sister|*ab[ɔ /u][p/b]|apob |n-ʊpup | |n-æˈbʊ | | |breast |*abuɣ |apwyɣ |ʊpʷuⁱ |apur |əbʊt̚ ~ əbuθ|abur | |thorn |*m[ɔ]be̝ŋg |moˈpɛŋk| | |mɛbɛn | | |hit/kill |*tab- | | | |ˈt̪abɛ |tabeː | |bamboo |*zo̝bɔr |z̪upor |xupər | |θəbor |sobor | One apparently irregular example in which medial /*b/ is a reduplication of intiial /*p/ (/*p *b/ are not distinguished initially, above) possibly indicates a loan into Mombum from Konorau: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***-b-** |**b** |**b** |**b** |**b** |**b** | |white|*pur-bur |ˈpuru-bur|pu-bur |puru-bur |pur-bur|pur-bur | Medial apical voiced stop /*d/ is generally retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom |Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe|Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-d-** |**d** |**d [d r]**|**d** |**d [d̪ ð]**|**d [d dː]** | |go |*iad- | |jar- |jato (?) | |jʌdːo | |night/dark |*iɔɣdɔm | |ˈjɔxrom |johodom |ˈjɔðɔm |jodom ~ jʌdːom| |gall/bile |*idVɣ |idəɣ | | | | | |forehead |*e̝idɔu |ejˈdow| |eidow | |eidow | |grandchild |*adV | |n-aːd | |n-ˈəðə | | |betel pepper|*ndædim | |ˈdɛdim | |d̪ɛˈd̪im |dadiwn | Medial palatal voiced /*z/ … Although it's not clear that it contrasts with sequential /*i/ [j], its reflexes in Konorau are like those of intiial /*z/ (above) which is contrastive : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe|Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-z-** |**j** |**j [ø]**|**j [j dː r]**|**θ [ð d̪ r]** |**dz [dz rː j]**| |breath|*uize̝n | | |-viden- | |wijen | |canoe |*uo̝ze̝ŋg |uˈjɛŋk|wɪŋk |ujeŋgə |woðən |wodzæn | |know |*mbaɣVzV | | |pʌrtə |əmbəθəd̪o\\ ~ əmbəθəbd̪ɔ|mbʌrːedzo | |goanna|*ndVzV | |ðɛ |dhʌdːa |ˈdərə~ dəðə |ndʌrːɛ | Medial bilabial voiced prenasalized stop /*mb/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-mb-** |**mb [mb]**|**mb [mb m]**|**mb [mb]** |**mb [mb]**|**mb [mb]** | |sweat |*ie̝mbo̝ro̝m |ˈimburum | |imburum | |jemborom | |tomorrow |*iembu |ˈimbu | |jembu ~ embu | |imb- | |husband |*o̝mb[o̝] |umb |-ˈwom |-womb |-wʊmbʊ |ombo | |snake |*kVnimb[o̝i] |kɛˈnimbo |kəɲimbu |kaɲumba |kinimbʷi |kinembeː | |joint |*k[o̝/u]mb[o̝/u]ɣ|kumbəɣ | |-kumbə\\ ~ -kombo|-kuᵐburθ |-kumbo\\ ~-kombo| |tie |*kumbu[i] |kumbu |-kumbu |kumbu |kumbʷɪ |kumbui | |bark (of dog)|*ɣamban | | |ɣamban | |-amban | … /*nd/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***-nd-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |root|*ndVndVr |dədəɾ | |-drʌdr |dənˈdɨr| | Medial apical voiced prenasalized stop /*nd/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-nd-** |**nd [nd]**|**nd [nd]**|**nd [nd nt]** |**nd [nd]**|**nd [nd]** | |head/skull|*uɔndVro̝m |wondˈrum |ˈwondrum |wondrom\\ ~ untrom|ˈwondərəm |wonderam\\ ~ underʌm| |root |*ndVndVr |dədəɾ | |-drʌdr |dənˈdɨr | | One apparent exception suggests a compound or a loan from Kimaghama in which this root is found as /itumbu/ (q.v. Geurtjens 1933: 400-401): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***…** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |liver|*… |ˈidumu|idmu |idumo |iroˈrom|irorom | Medial /*nd/ when followed by high front vowel /*i/ is palatalized and affricated to [ndʒ] in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-nd-/_i**|**nd [ndʒ]**|**?** |**nd [ndʒ]**|**nd [ndʒ]**|**nd [ndʒ]**| |lightning|*[i/u]Vndir |'wandʒir | |wondʒir | |jendʃir | |navel |*undir |undʒɛr | |undʒir | |undʒi | |leech |*mo̝ndir | | |mondʒir |ˈmundʒir |mondʒir | |throat |*… |kɛ'rɛndʒɛram| | | |karindʃan | Medial voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-ŋg-** |**ŋg [ŋg ŋk]**|**ŋg [ŋg ŋk]**|**ŋg [ŋg]** |**ŋg [ŋg ŋː]** |**ŋg [ŋg]** | |coconut|*iŋgiuin |iŋgun |iŋgun |iŋgiwi ~ eŋgon|junː ~ jun- |ŋgiwin ~ jun-| |sago |*æiŋga |eink [sic] |æŋk |eiŋgə |æⁱŋːa ~ æˈŋːɜ\\ ~ ɛⁱŋːə|iŋga | |new |*[æ]riŋgip |ɛriŋgib | |riŋgib |əriŋgiɸ | | |big |*næŋgVr |nɛŋgər |nəŋgər |naŋgar~naŋgor |naŋgar |naŋgar | Medial apical non-stop /*r/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-r-** |**r** |**r** |**r** |**r** |**r** | |bandicoot |*ie̝uri |jɛw'ri | | |jɨˈwuri | | |sweat |*ie̝mbo̝ro̝m |ˈimburum| |imburum | |jemborom | |stand |*ibærænd |iˈpɛrɛd |iprəd |iprad- |ibran |ibran(ə) | |moon |*irind |iˈrindʒa|irindʒi |irintʃə |irin |irin | |new |*[æ]riŋgip |ɛriŋgib | |riŋgib |əriŋgiɸ | | |four |*aræɣ |arəɣ |ˈarar |ara |araθ |ara | |cockroach |*arV[j/ɣ]Vr |arəˈɣɛr | |arar | |arːadzərə | |head/skull |*uɔndVro̝m |wondˈrum|ˈwondrum|wondrom |ˈwondərəm |wonderam | |back |*uriɣ |uriɣ | |uril ~ urir | |urur ~ uru | |shoulder |*uramb | | |urob | |uram | |areca nut |*par[e̝] | |ˈparɜ |para |pəˈrɛ | | |plain(s) |*s[e̝]re̝m | | |serem | |tzrem | |throw away |*særæp- |ʃɛruw | |sarewo | |tsarab | |paradise sp.|*kar[i/e̝]r[e̝]| | |kareː | |karirə | |crocodile |*karam[o̝i] |ˈkaramo |kəramu |karam |ˈkarumʷi |karomui | |forest |*ŋg… | | |ŋgor |gərə | | |shoot |*zVri- |z̪əri- | | | | | |wind |*zuru |z̪uru |xəru |zuru |θruru ~ θurːu |dzuru | |flesh/meat |*zuruɣ |z̪yryɣ |xərʷi |zuru |θurut̪ ~ θuruθ| | |nipa palm |*zuruɣand |z̪uroɣod| |tʃruda | |tsruan | |bow |*ɣaræp |ɣaˈrɛw | |ɣarab ~ ɣara| |ɣarab ~ ɣara| |banana |*ɣo̝ro̝b |ɣuˈrub |xurub |ɣurub |xoˈroɸ |horob | Medial velar non-stop /*ɣ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-ɣ-** |**ɣ [ɣ]** |**ɣ [x ø]**|**ɣ [h l ø]**|**ɣ [θ ð ɣ ø]** |**ɣ [g ɣ h r ø]**| |yesterday |*iɔɣɔi |joˈɣoj | |joweː | |jog- | |knee |*i[ɔ]ɣɔmɔɣ |joɣoməɣ |ˈjomʷɛ |johomo |jɛmoˡθ ~ jəmol- |jemu- | |night/dark |*iɔɣdɔm | |ˈjɔxrom |johodom |ˈjɔðɔm |jodom ~ jʌdːom | |grandfather |*aɣa... | | |n-ahal |n-aɣat̪ |n-aɣad | |lime |*mo̝ɣo̝ | |mu |mo |ˈmoɣo |moɣo | |see |*pe̝ɣe̝r- |pɛɣɛɾ- |pɛr | |pəˈðər | | |sago stem(s)|*buɣ[ɔ]it[ɔ]ɣ |buɣojtəɣ | |boitr | |bugito | |know |*mbaɣVzV | | |pʌrtə |əmbəθəd̪o\\ ~ əmbəθəbd̪ɔ|mbʌrːedzo | |adj. suffix |*-tVɣe̝ |-tɛɣɛ ~ -təɣ ~ ˈtoɣ|-tɛ |-ta |-təðə ~ -tə ~ -ti |--tɛ ~ -teː | |wing |*tæɣV |tɛˈɣɛ |tɛj |tareː |θoɣot̪ ~ θəɣɔθ |tʌwːo | |chest |*kæɣæn |kɛˈɣɛn | |kælan | |kʌrːen | |fly (n.) |*sinɔɣɔ |ˈsinoɣo | |sinoho | |tʃina | |breadfruit |*z[ɔ/o̝]ɣ[ɔ/o̝][r]| | | | |dzohol | |nipa palm |*zuruɣand |z̪uroɣod | |tʃruda | |tsruan | In one example, the medial consonant is ambiguous between /*ɣ/ and palatal non-top /*j/ (above): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***-[j/ɣ]-**|**ɣ** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |cockroach|*arV[j/ɣ]Vr |arəˈɣɛr| |arar | |arːadzərə | All consonants except for laminal /*s/, velar voiceless stop /*k/ and palatal non-stop /*j/ have been found to occur word-finally.\\ \\ Final bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |give |*ie̝m | | | | |jeːm | |sweat |*ie̝mbo̝ro̝m|ˈimburum| |imburum | |jemborom | |night/dark |*iɔɣdɔm | |ˈjɔxrom |johodom |ˈjɔðɔm |jodom ~ jʌdːom| |louse |*am |am |am |aːm |am |aːm | |hot |*uɔm |wom |wom |uom | |umoː | |head/skull |*uɔndVro̝m |wondˈrum|ˈwondrum |wondrom |ˈwondərəm |wonderam | |mud/loam |*mbam | |ᵐbam |mbam |bam |mbaːm | |man/person |*nam |nam |nam |nam |nam |nam | |body |*tɔnɔm |tonom | |tonam |tonom ~ tɔnɔm|tonom | |betel pepper|*ndædim | |ˈdɛdim | |d̪ɛˈd̪im |dadiwn [sic] | |many |*ndɔm |ndom-rom|ˈⁿdɔmɔ-rɔm|dom-rom | | | |plain(s) |*s[e̝]re̝m | | |serem | |tzrem | |drum |*ɣaim |ɣajm | |ɣeim | |ɣaim | |five |*ɣVipam | |xʷajpam- |ɣobe- |xʷɛⁱpam |oipoin (?) | Final apical nasal /*n/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |old woman |*ie̝uɔn |jɛwon ~ -jawon|-jun |jewan |jəwon |jeːwon | |coconut |*iŋgiuin |iŋgun |iŋgun |iŋgiwi ~ eŋgon|junː ~ jun-|ŋgiwin ~ jun-| |centipede |*an |an | |aːn | |jaːn | |voice |*uanan |wanan | |wanan |ˈwanan | | |rain |*mun |mun |mun |mun |mun |mun | |elbow |*to̝n | | | |tun |toːn | |tongue |*ndupæn |dupɛn |ˈdəpən |dʌpːan |ˈdəpən |dʌpːan | |hair |*sin |sin |sin |ʃin ~ ʒin |tʃin ~ sin |tʃin | |chest |*kæɣæn |kɛˈɣɛn | |kælan | |kʌrːen | |bark (of dog)|*ɣamban | | |ɣamban | |-amban | |deaf/forget |*ɣun |ɣun |xun | |xun | | Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-p** |**f b w ø**|**ø x**|**b w ø** |**ɸ ø** |**b v ø** | |new |*[æ]riŋgip |ɛriŋgib | |riŋgib |əriŋgiɸ | | |pig |*up |u |u |u |uɸ |u | |spittle |*mitap |miˈtao | |mitaw | | | |thought |*me̝nip |mɛnif | |meniw | |meneː-~-mənə| |causative |*-mɔp |-mow |-mʷo | |-mowɔ ~ -mɔɸ|-mo | |afraid |*tɔp | |-tɔ- |to |-tɔ- |tov-tov | |throw away |*særæp- |ʃɛruw | |sarewo | |tsarab | |unripe |*kɔp |kob | | | | | |bow |*ɣaræp |ɣaˈrɛw |xarəᵘ |ɣarab ~ ɣara|xaraɸ |ɣarab ~ ɣara| |head/hair |*ɣo̝p |ɣu- |ˈxu- |ko- | | | |kunai grass|*ɣup |ɣu |xu |ku |xuɸ |ɣiv | Final apical voiceless stop /*t/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-t** |**t [t]**|**t [t t̪]**|**t [t]** |**t [θ t̪ t̪̚]**|**t [t ø]** | |woman/wife|*ie̝t |jɛt | |-ɛt ~ id- |jɛθ |jeː ~ jʌdː-\\ ~ jeːr- ~ ir-| |belly |*put |put |put |put |puθ ~ puˡt̪ |put | |fruit/seed|*se̝t |ʃɛt |sɛt̪ | |tʃɛt̪̚ ~ tʃɛθ | | Laminal /*s/ does not occur finally, because Asmat-Muli Strait final /*s/ has merged with /*r/ (below):\\ \\ Velar voiceless stop /*k/ has not been found to occur finally, perhaps suggesting that it has changed to non-stop /*ɣ/ (below).\\ \\ Final bilabial voiced stop /*b/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-b** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |foot |*mɔb |mop | |mobə | |mob | |banana|*ɣo̝ro̝b |ɣuˈrub|xurub |ɣurub |xoˈroɸ\\ ~ xorof|ɣorob | Final voiced prenasalized stops /*mb *nd *ŋg/ are merged with nasals /m n/ in Konorau.\\ \\ Final bilabial voiced prenasalized stop /*mb/ is retained as /mb/ [mb b] in Mombum and meged with nasal /m/ in Konorau: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***-mb** |**mb [mb]**|**mb [mb]**|**mb [mb b]**|**m** |**m** | |shoulder|*uramb | | |urob | |uram | |weeping |*mamb |mamb |mamb- |mamb |mam- |maːm- | |food |*ŋgimb | |ᵑgib- | |gim- |gim- | One example is somewhat confused in this respect: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***-mb** |**** |**mb [m]**|**mb [mb]**|**m** |**mb (?)**| |lake|*zɔmb | |xom |zomb |θom |zomb | Final apical voiced prenasalized stop /*nd/ is retained as /nd/ [d nd] in Mombum and merged with nasal /n/ in Konorau: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***-nd** |**nd [d nd]**|**nd [d]**|**nd [d]**|**n** |**n** | |ashes |*[i/e̝]mund|iˈmud |iˈmud | |-imun |eːmun | |stand |*ibærænd |iˈpɛrɛd |iprəd |iprad- |ibran |ibran(ə) | |carry |*ndamVnd |ˈdamənd- | |demd- | |daman ~\\ damənə| |nipa palm|*zuruɣand |z̪uroɣod | |tʃruda | |tsruan | When preceded by high front vowel /*i/, /*nd/ is realized as [ndʒ] in Mombum and as /n/ in Konorau: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-nd/i_**|**nd [ndʒ]**|**nd [ndʒ]**|**nd [ntʃ]**|**nd [ndʒ]**|**nd [ndʒ]**| |moon|*irind |iˈrindʒ |irindʒi |irintʃə |irin |irin | Final velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ is retained as /ŋg/ [ŋg ŋk ŋ] in Mombum and merged with apical nasal /n/ in Konorau, as is final /*nd/ (above): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***-ŋg** |**ŋg [ŋk ŋg]**|**ŋg [ŋk ŋ]**|**ŋg [ŋg n]** |**n** |**n** | |fish |*iaŋg |jaŋk |jaŋk |jaŋk ~ jaŋg- |jan |jan- | |mucus |*i[ɔ]ŋg |joŋk- | |joŋgə | |jen | |canoe |*uo̝zeŋg |uˈjɛŋk |wɪŋk |ujeŋgə |woðən |wodzæn | |thorn |*m[ɔ]be̝ŋg |moˈpɛŋk | | |mɛbɛn | | |leg |*kaŋg |kaŋk |kaŋ |kaŋg |kan |kaːn | |paddle|*ɣane̝ŋg |ɣaˈnɛŋg |xaˈniŋ |kaleŋg ~ ɣanen|ˈxanɛn |kanen | Final apical non-stop /*r/ is sometimes followed with a subphonemic copy vowel: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-r** |**r(V)** |**** |**r(V) [r l]**|**** |**r(V)** | |ear |*ie̝pær |ˈipɛr |ˈipɛr |ipar |ˈjɛpar ~ jɛˈpɛr|jʌpːar ~ jepʌrːa| |shadow |*imær | | |imɛr | |imar | |bad |*ikɔr |ikor | |ikor | |igor | |blood |*ir |iˈri |ˈiri |iri |ˈiri |iri | |lightning |*[i/u]Vndir|'wandʒir | |wondʒir | |jendʃir | |leaf |*ebur |ˈɛpur |-pur |-pur |ɜˈbor ~ -bor |-bur | |urine |*[a]ir |aˈir |ir- |ir |ær- |ijərə | |excrement |*ar |ar |ar |ar |ar |aːr | |cockroach |*arV[j/ɣ]Vr|arəˈɣɛr | |arar | |arːadzərə | |navel |*undir |undʒɛr | |undʒir | |undʒi | |name |*ur |ur |ur |uru |ur |ur | |rope |*mar |mar |mar |maːl |mar |maːr | |six (?) |*mar- |ma- (?) |ma- (?)|ma- |mær- |mar- | |leech |*mo̝ndir | | |mondʒir |ˈmundʒir |mondʒir | |see |*pe̝ɣe̝r- |pɛɣɛɾ- |pɛr | |pəˈðər | | |skin/bark |*par |par |par |par |par |paːr | |white |*pur-bur |ˈpuru-bur |pu-bur |puru-bur |pur-bur |pur-bur | |arm |*bo̝ko̝r |ˈbukur | |bukul | |bogor | |big |*næŋgVr |nɛŋgər |nəŋgər |naŋgar~naŋgor |naŋgar |naŋgar | |wallaby |*nar |nar |nar- |nar |nar |naː [sic] | |good |*tiuɔr |tiwor |ˈtiwʊr | |tiwor | | |earth/ground |*tum[a/o]r |tuˈmor ~ ˈtumor|tuˈmʊr |tamal |tumar- |tamar | |root |*ndVndVr |dədəɾ | |-drʌdr |dənˈdɨr | | |salty |*siar |ˈsiaɾ | | |-tʃiˈjar | | |sand |*sir |sir |sɪr |sir(ə) |tʃɪr ~ sir |tʃir | |charcoal/black|*sɔr |sor |soːr- |so ~ ʃor |tʃor- |tʃor ~ soːr | |bamboo |*zo̝bɔr |z̪upor |xupər | |θəbor |sobor | |cuscus |*[j/ɣ]VmVr |ɣəmər |ˈxəmər | |θəmər | | |light (weight)|*ɣɔr |ɣoro-ˈɣur | |ɣoro | |wo-wor | |dry season |*ɣua[e̝]r |ɣwaˈrao | |kwaːr | |kwer ~ gojer | Palatal non-stop /*j/ has not been found to occur finally. Some reflexes of velar non-stop /*ɣ/ (below) suggest that the two may have been merged in final position.\\ \\ Final velar non-stop /*ɣ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***-ɣ** |**ɣ** |**… [r j ø]**|**ɣ [ɣ r l ø]** |**θ [θ lθ t̚ r ø]**|**… [r ø]** | |knee |*i[ɔ]ɣɔmɔɣ |joɣoməɣ |ˈjomʷɛ |johomo |jɛmoˡθ ~ jəmol- |jemu- | |gall/bile |*idVɣ |idəɣ | | | | | |breast |*abuɣ |apwyɣ |ʊpʷuⁱ |apur |əbʊt̚ ~ əbuθ |abur | |four |*aræɣ |arəɣ |ˈarar |ara |araθ |ara | |back |*uriɣ |uriɣ | |uril ~ urir | |urur ~ uru | |nose/tip |*mæne̝ɣ |mɛnəɣ |mənɛ |me(:)nɛɣ |ˈmənaɣar |mʌnːʌr ~mʌnːɛ | |eye |*musiɣ |musiɣ |ˈmusi- |muri ~ mutʃi |ˈmudʒi |mudzu | |sago stem(s) |*buɣ[ɔ]it[ɔ]ɣ |buɣojtəɣ| |boitr | |bugito | |younger sibling|*n[ai]ɣ |nɛɣ |-nɛ | |-ˈnalθ |nair | |joint |*k[o̝/u]mb[o̝/u]ɣ|kumbəɣ | |-kumbə\\ ~ -kombo|-kuᵐburθ |-kumbo\\ ~-kombo| |tooth |*ziɣ |z̪iɣ |xi |zid ~ zil |θiθ |tʃirə ~ tzi | |flesh/meat |*zuruɣ |z̪yryɣ |xərʷi |zuru |θurut̪ ~ θuruθ | | |mat |*ɣ[ɔ/o̝]me̝ɣ |ɣuməɣ | |ɣomɛ | |ɣamɛ | |hand |*ɣuaɣ |ɣwaɣ |xʷaj |kwal |xolt̪ ~xoθ ~xoð |ɣoiɣ- | … vowels …\\ \\ High front vowel /*i/ is generally retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***i** |**i** |**** |**i** |**** |**i** | |blood |*ir |iˈri |ˈiri |iri |ˈiri |iri | |sand |*sir |sir |sɪr |sir(ə) |tʃɪr ~ sir |tʃir | |hair |*sin |sin |sin |ʃin ~ ʒin |tʃin ~ sin |tʃin | |food |*ŋgimb | |ᵑgib- | |gim- |gim- | |bite |*zik- | |ixikaᵘx| |θikub |tzikab | |tooth |*ziɣ |z̪iɣ |xi |zid ~ zil |θiθ |tʃirə ~ tzi| |ant sp. |*iniui | | |iniwi | |iniwi | |good |*tiuɔr |tiwor |ˈtiwʊr | |tiwor | | |gall/bile |*idVɣ |idəɣ | | | | | |bad |*ikɔr |ikor | |ikor | |igor | |fly (n.) |*sinɔɣɔ |ˈsinoɣo| |sinoho | |tʃina | |shadow |*imær | | |imr | |imar | |saliva/spittle|*mitap |miˈtao | |mitaw | | | |navel |*undir |undʒɛr | |undʒir | |undʒi | |bandicoot |*ie̝uri |jɛw'ri | | |jɨˈwuri | | |leech |*mo̝ndir | | |mondʒir |ˈmundʒir |mondʒir | |child |*æni |ɛɲi |-æɲi | |ˈæni ~ ˈɨni|ænːi ~ ani-| |betel pepper |*ndædim | |ˈdɛdim | |d̪ɛˈd̪im |dadiwn | |new |*[æ]riŋgip |ɛriŋgib| |riŋgib |əriŋgiɸ | | |urine |*[a]ir |aˈir |ir- |ir |ær- |ijərə | … /*i/ … The reflexes of these sequences contrast with those of intiial palatal non-stop /*j/ (above): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***i/#_V** |**i** |**** |**i** |**** |**i** | |woman/wife|*ie̝t |jɛt | |-ɛt ~ id- |jɛθ |jeː ~ jʌdː-\\ ~ jeːr- ~ ir-| |bandicoot |*ie̝uri |jɛw'ri | | |jɨˈwuri | | |old woman |*ie̝uɔn |jɛwon ~ -jawon|-jun |jewan |jəwon |jeːwon | |ear |*ie̝pær |ˈipɛr |ˈipɛr |ipar |ˈjɛpar ~ jɛˈpɛr|jʌpːar ~ jepʌrːa | |cold |*iVp[u]i |jɛˈpwi |ˈjoᶷpi | | | | |mucus |*i[ɔ]ŋg |joŋk- | |joŋgə | |jen | |knee |*i[ɔ]ɣɔmɔɣ |joɣoməɣ |ˈjomʷɛ |johomo |jɛmoˡθ ~ jəmol-|jemu- | |night/dark|*iɔɣdɔm | |ˈjɔxrom|johodom |ˈjɔðɔm |jodom ~ jʌdːom | |fish |*iaŋg |jaŋk |jaŋk |jaŋk ~ jaŋg-|jan |jan- | | |***i/V_V** |**i** |**** |**** |**ij** |**** | |salty |*siar |ˈsiaɾ | | |-tʃiˈjar | | … /*i/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***i/_Cui**|**i** |**i** |**i** |**ju u**|**u** | |below|*imui |iˈmu |imʷi | |jumʷi- | | |dog |*i[u]bui |iˈpwi |ipʷi |ipwi |ˈubʷi |ubui | In two examples, /*i/ is backed to [u] in Geurtjens' Konerawsch when following high back vowel /*u/ in a previous syllable: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | | |***i/uC_** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**u** | |back|*uriɣ |uria | |uril ~ urir | |urur ~ uru| |eye |*musiɣ |musiɣ |ˈmusi- |muri ~ mutʃi|ˈmudʒi |mudzu | High back rounded vowel /*u/ is generally retained as such in both languages: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***u** |**u** |**u** |**u** |**u** |**u** | |pig |*up |u |u |u |uɸ |u | |illness/pain|*mbu |mbu | |mbu | |mbu | |fence |*su |ʃu |su |su |tʃu ~ suʔ |tʃu | |name |*ur |ur |ur |uru |ur |ur | |rain |*mun |mun |mun |mun |mun |mun | |belly |*put |put |put |put |puθ ~ puˡt̪ |put | |deaf/forget |*ɣun |ɣun |xun | |xun | | |kunai grass |*ɣup |ɣu |xu |ku |xuɸ |ɣiv (?) | |wind |*zuru |z̪uru |xəru |zuru |θruru ~ θurːu|dzuru | |white |*pur-bur |ˈpuru-bur|pu-bur |puru-bur |pur-bur |pur-bur | |tie |*kumbu[i] |kumbu |-kumbu |kumbu |kumbʷɪ |kumbui | |taro |*uni |uˈni |ˈuni |uni |uni |uni | |navel |*undir |undʒɛr | |undʒir | |undʒi | |back |*uriɣ |uriɣ | |uril ~ urir | |urur ~ uru| |eye |*musiɣ |musiɣ |ˈmusi- |muri ~ mutʃi|ˈmudʒi |mudzu | |shoulder |*uramb | | |uromb | |uram | |ashes |*[i/e̝]mund|iˈmud |iˈmud | |-imun |eːmun | |eat/drink |*no̝ku |nuku |nuku |noku ~ -nok |nogo |nugu | … /*u/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***u/#_V** |**u [w u]** |**u [w]**|**u [w u]**|**u [w]**|**u [w u]** | |canoe |*uo̝ze̝ŋg |uˈjɛŋk |wɪŋk |ujeŋgə |woðən |wodzæn | |hot |*uɔm |wom |wom |uom | |umoː | |head/skull|*uɔndVro̝m |wondˈrum |ˈwondrum |wondrom |ˈwondərəm|wonderam | |fire |*ua[nd/r] |wad |wad |wad |war |waːr | |voice |*uanan |wanan | |wanan |ˈwanan | | | |***u/V_(V)**|**u [w]** |**u [w]**|**u [w]** |**u [w]**|**u [w wː]**| |bandicoot |*ie̝uri |jɛw'ri | | |jɨˈwuri | | |ant sp. |*iniui | | |iniwi | |iniwi | |good |*tiuɔr |tiwor |ˈtiwʊr | |tiwor | | |old woman |*ie̝uɔn |jɛwon ~ -jawon|-jun |jewan |jəwon |jeːwon | |sun |*zaua |z̪aˈwa |xowa |zowa |θəwo |dzʌwːo | High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***e̝** |**e** |**** |**e [e ɛ]** |**** |**e [e ɛ æ]** | |sugarcane |*me̝ |me | |mɛ | |meː | |fruit/seed|*se̝t |ʃɛt |sɛt̪ | |tʃɛt̪̚ ~ tʃɛθ| | |see |*pe̝ɣe̝r- |pɛɣɛɾ- |pɛr | |pəˈðər | | |plain(s) |*s[e̝]re̝m | | |serem | |tzrem | |thought |*me̝nip |mɛnif | |meniw | |meneː-~-mənə | |forehead |*e̝idɔu |ejˈdow | |eidow | |eidow | |do/make |*ke̝mV- |kɛmu- | | | | | |woman/wife|*ie̝t |jɛt | |-ɛt ~ id- |jɛθ |jeː ~ jʌdː-\\ ~ jeːr- ~ ir-| |canoe |*uo̝ze̝ŋg |uˈjɛŋk |wɪŋk |ujeŋgə |woðən |wodzæn | |mat |*ɣ[ɔ/o̝]me̝ɣ|ɣuməɣ | |ɣomɛ | |ɣamɛ | |thorn |*m[ɔ]be̝ŋg |moˈpɛŋk| | |mɛbɛn | | |stone |*mæte̝ |mɛˈtɛ |ˈmɛtɛ |mateː |mæt̪ʰɛ |matɛ | |nose/tip |*mæne̝ɣ |mɛnəɣ |mənɛ |me(:)nɛɣ |ˈmənaɣar |mʌnːɛ ~mʌnːʌr | |goose |*tVpue̝ | | |tubwɛ | |tapweː | |paddle |*ɣane̝ŋg |ɣaˈnɛŋk|xaˈniŋ |kaleŋg ~ ɣanen|ˈxanɛn |kanen | High mid back rounded vowel /*o̝/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***o̝** |**u** |**u** |**o u** |**o ɔ u ʊ**|**o** | |do |*o̝ |u | |u | |o | |flatulate |*po̝- |pu- | | | | | |1 sg. |*no̝ |nu |nu |no |no |no | |tree |*to̝ |tu |tu |to |to- ~ tɔ- |toː | |elbow |*to̝n | | | |tun |toːn | |head/hair |*ɣo̝p |ɣu- |ˈxu- |ko- | | | |husband |*o̝mb[o̝] |umb |-ˈwom |-womb |-wʊmbʊ |ombo | |lime |*mo̝ɣo̝ | |mu |mo |ˈmoɣo |moɣo | |arm |*bo̝ko̝r |ˈbukur | |bukul | |bogor | |banana |*ɣo̝ro̝b |ɣuˈrub |xurub |ɣurub |xoˈroɸ |horob | |water |*mo̝i |mwɛ |mʷɛj ~ mʷɤⁱ\\ ~ mʷɪ- ~ mʷɛ-|mui |mʷi ~ mʷɪ- |moi | |leech |*mo̝ndir | | |mondʒir |ˈmundʒir |mondʒir | |eat/drink |*no̝ku |nuku |nuku |noku ~ -nok|nogo |nugu | |bamboo |*zo̝bɔr |z̪upor |xupər | |θəbor |sobor | |sweat |*ie̝mbo̝ro̝m|ˈimburum| |imburum | |jemborom | |canoe |*uo̝ze̝ŋg |uˈjɛŋk |wɪŋk |ujeŋgə |woðən |wodzæn | |head/skull|*uɔndVro̝m |wondˈrum|ˈwondrum |wondrom |ˈwondərəm |wonderam | |chin |*amo̝te̝ |amuˈtɛ | |amti | |amodeː | Low mid back rounded vowel /*ɔ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch|Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***ɔ** |**o** |**** |**o** |**** |**o** | |causative |*-mɔp |-mow |-mʷo | |-mowɔ ~ -mɔɸ |-mo | |foot |*mɔb |mop | |mobə | |mob | |afraid |*tɔp | |-tɔ- |to |-tɔ- |tov-tov | |many |*ndɔm |ndom-rom |ˈⁿdɔmɔ-rɔm|dom-rom | | | |charcoal/black|*sɔr |sor |soːr- |so ~ ʃor |tʃor- |tʃor ~ soːr | |unripe |*kɔp |kob | | | | | |lake |*zɔmb | |xom |zomb |θom |zomb | |light (weight)|*ɣɔr |ɣoro-ˈɣur| |ɣoro | |wo-wor | |body |*tɔnɔm |tonom | |tonam |tonom ~ tɔnɔm |tonom | |hot |*uɔm |wom |wom |uom | |umoː | |head/skull |*uɔndVro̝m |wondˈrum |ˈwondrum |wondrom |ˈwondərəm |wonderam | |yesterday |*iɔɣɔi |joˈɣoj | |joweː | |jog- | |bad |*ikɔr |ikor | |ikor | |igor | |good |*tiuɔr |tiwor |ˈtiwʊr | |tiwor | | |fly (n.) |*sinɔɣɔ |ˈsinoɣo | |sinoho | |tʃina | |knee |*i[ɔ]ɣɔmɔɣ |joɣoməɣ |ˈjomʷɛ |johomo |jɛmoˡθ ~ jəmol-|jemu- | |night/dark |*iɔɣdɔm | |ˈjɔxrom |johodom |ˈjɔðɔm |jodom ~ jʌdːom| |forehead |*e̝idɔu |ejˈdow | |eidow | |eidow | |bamboo |*zo̝bɔr |z̪upor |xupər | |θəbor |sobor | Low front vowel /*æ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***æ** |**ɛ** |**** |**a ɛ e** |**** |**a** | |fat/grease |*mær |mɛr | | | |mar | |throw away |*særæp- |ʃɛruw | |sarewo | |tsarab | |sneeze |*æsi |ˈɛsu | |edʃi | |asija | |betel pepper|*ndædim | |ˈdɛdim | |d̪ɛˈd̪im |dadiwn | |stone |*mæte̝ |mɛˈtɛ |ˈmɛtɛ |mateː |mæt̪ʰɛ |matɛ | |nose/tip |*mæne̝ɣ |mɛnəɣ |mənɛ |me(:)nɛɣ |ˈmənaɣar |mʌnːɛ ~mʌnːʌr | |wing |*tæɣe̝ |tɛˈɣɛ |tɛj |tareː |θoɣot̪ ~ θəɣɔθ |tʌwːo | |big |*næŋgVr |nɛŋgər |nəŋgər |naŋgar~naŋgor|naŋgar |naŋgar | |shadow |*imær | | |imɛr | |imar | |stand |*ibærænd |iˈpɛrɛd|iprəd |iprad- |ibran |ibran(ə) | |tongue |*ndupæn |dupɛn |ˈdəpən |dʌpːan |ˈdəpən |dʌpːan | |ear |*ie̝pær |ˈipɛr |ˈipɛr |ipar |ˈjɛpar ~ jɛˈpɛr|jʌpːar ~ jepʌrːa| |bow |*ɣaræp |ɣaˈrɛw |xarəᵘ |ɣarab ~ ɣara |xaraɸ |ɣarab ~ ɣara | Low central vowel /*a/ is generally retained as such in both languages. In monosyllables, it is often lengthened to [aː], especially in Konorau: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | | |***a** |**a** |**** |**a [a aː]** |**** |**a [a aː]**| |louse |*am |am |am |aːm |am |aːm | |centipede |*an |an | |aːn | |jaːn [sic] | |excrement |*ar |ar |ar |ar |ar |aːr | |weeping |*mamb |mamb |mamb- |mamb |mam- |maːm- | |rope |*mar |mar |mar |maːl |mar |maːr | |six (?) |*mar- |ma- |ma- |ma- |mær- |mar- | |garden/clearing|*par |par |par |par |par |paːr | |mud/loam |*mbam | |ᵐbam |mbam |bam |mbaːm | |man/person |*nam |nam |nam |nam |nam |nam | |wallaby |*nar |nar |nar- |nar |nar |naː | |hit/kill |*tab- | | | |ˈt̪abɛ |tabeː | |leg |*kaŋg |kaŋk |kaŋ |kaŋg |kan |kaːn | |bark (of dog) |*ɣamban | | |ɣamban | |-amban | |grandchild |*adV | |n-aːd | |n-ˈəðə | | |paradise sp. |*kar[i/e̝]r[e̝]| | |kareː | |karirə | |breast |*abuɣ |əpwyɣ |ʊpʷuⁱ |apur |əbʊt̚ ~ əbuθ|abur | |areca nut |*par[e̝] | |ˈparɜ |para |pəˈrɛ | | |paddle |*ɣane̝ŋg |ɣaˈnɛŋk|xaˈniŋ |kaleŋg ~ ɣanen|ˈxanɛn |kanen | |crocodile |*karam[o̝i] |ˈkaramo|kəramu |karam |ˈkarumʷi |karomui | |chin |*amo̝te̝ |amuˈtɛ | |amti | |amodeː | |heavy |*zak[ɔ/o̝]e |ˈz̪akwɛ| |zagoi | |dzagʌ | |four |*aræɣ |arəɣ |ˈarar |ara |araθ |ara | |bow |*ɣaræp |ɣaˈrɛw |xarəᵘ |ɣarab ~ ɣara |xaraɸ |ɣarab ~ ɣara| |cockroach |*arV[j/ɣ]Vr |arəˈɣɛr| |arar | |arːadzərə | |fish |*iaŋg |jaŋk |jaŋk |jaŋk ~ jaŋg- |jan |jan- | |salty |*siar |ˈsiaɾ | | |-tʃiˈjar | | |saliva/spittle |*mitap |miˈtao | |mitaw | | | |fire |*ua[nd/r] |wad |wad |wad |war |waːr | |voice |*uanan |wanan | |wanan |ˈwanan | | ===== Pronouns ===== Muli Strait nominative pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with attestations drawn from Drabbe (1950: 562, 574,) Susanto (2001: 4) and Geurtjens (1933: 430-431): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait |Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | |1 sg.|*no̝ |nu |nu |mo [sic] |no |no | |2 sg.|*iu |ju |ju |jo (?) |ju |ju | |3 sg.|*aŋgVmb (?) |aːˈŋgib| |aŋgam | |uŋgumi | |1 pl.|*ni/*no̝-m (?)|nu-m | |no-m |ˈnu-mu |ni | |2 pl.|*iu-m |ju-m |y-m |ja-mu (?) |ˈju-mu |i-mu | The third person plural, if there was one, is not known. First person plural /*ni/ is tentative, based as it is solely upon Geurtjens' , conceivably a misprint. ===== Loans from neighboring families ===== Like other languages of the region, the Muli Strait languages, especially Mombum, have borrowed many words from Marind: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Marind|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | |river |*aɾiki|ɛɾiˈki|ɛˈriki |ariki | | | |flesh/meat |*mui | | | | |mui | |skin/bark |*paɾ |par |par |par |par |paːr | |nape |*mbaku|mbaku | |mbaku | |boku | |travel |*sapoɾ| | |sapura | |sabor | |paradise sp.|*sakiɾ|sakil | | | | | |bamboo knife|*sok | |suk- |sok | | | |cassowary |*kai |ˈkai |kaj |kai | | | The fact that Mombum has more loans from Marind suggests most to be of recent origin, as Komolom is closer to Marind territory than is the south coast of Kolopom where Konorau is spoken.\\ \\ Some words which by their meanings cannot be original to Marind are nevertheless borrowed immediately therefrom: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Marind |Mombùm |Komolom |Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe |Susanto |Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | |tobacco |*tamuk[o/u]|tɛˈmuku| |tamuku | |tamuku | |iron (blade)|*wak[a]ɾa |ɣwakəɾ |ˈɸakər ~ -akər|vakr | | | The second of these may contain a novel phoneme in Mombum in clear contrast with initial sequence /*uV/ and reflecting Marind's western dialects' realization of Marind /*w/ as [hʷ ]; see Marianna Strait reflexes of initial /*j/ (above) for comparison\\ \\ … Indonesian …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Indonesian|Mombùm|Komolom|Komelomsch|Konorau|Konerawsch| | | |Drabbe|Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto|Geurtjens | |machete|paraŋ |paˈdaŋ| |paraŋ | | | … Kolopom …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Kolopom|Mombùm |Komolom|Komelomsch |Konorau |Konerawsch | | | |Drabbe |Susanto|Geurtjens |Susanto |Geurtjens | |cassowary|*awi | | |owi-wi |ˈɜwi |awi | |stone |*mete |mɛˈtɛ |ˈmɛtɛ |mateː |mæt̪ʰɛ |matɛ | |rainbow |*… |ˈmalab | | | | | |star |*… |mbɛˈɾɛm |ᵐbarɛm |mbaram |tʃɔmbram\\ ~ sombram|sʌmberam | |bow |*karep |ɣaˈrɛw | |ɣarab ~ ɣara| |ɣarab ~ ɣara| |lightning|*… |'wandʒir| |wondʒir | |jendʃir | |bad |*jakVt |ikor | |ikor | |igor | The following loans between Muli Strait and Sawuy, Yakhai-Warkay and Kaugat (Atohaim) respectively suggest that Muli Strait languages were once spoken in the Casuarina Coast region well to the north of Kolopom (q.v. Voorhoeve 1971: 89, 110-114): |< - 100px 100px 100px >| | |Muli Strait|Sawuy | |bow |*ɣaræp |xarab | |banana|*ɣo̝ro̝b |xorob | | |Muli Strait|Yakhai-Warkay| |fish |*iaŋg |*iaŋg | |breast|*abuɣ |*abut | |many |*ndɔm |*ndom | | |Muli Strait|Kaugat | |dog |*i[u]bui |upotʃ | In a few of theseinstances, the direction of borrowing is not known. However, several have established etymologies in Asmat-Muli Stait or elsewhere. "Breast" /*abuɣ/ is the regular reflex of Asmat-Muli /*awVɣV/. Asmat-Muli /*iuwuri/ "dog" loses its subfinal apical in Muli Strait /*i[u]nui/, but the loan to Atohaim shows it to have still been present in pre-Muli Strait. On the other hand, /*ɣaræp/ "bow" is itself a loan from Kolopom /*karep/, which must be more ancient than proto-Muli as its reflex is found also in Moraori, strengthening the suggestion that the linguistic geography of this region was rather different in relatively recent times.\\ \\ \\