====== East South Bird's Head ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== The East South Bird's Head family is comprised of six languages spoken along the south coast of New Guinea's Bird's Head peninsula, with one language, Kemberano, also spoken immediately across the Maccluer Gulf on the Bomberai peninsula. ===== Subclassification ===== The internal classification of East South Bird's Head is as follows:\\ \\ East South Bird's Head Kais Iwaro (Puragi) Kaburi Kokoda-Arandai Kokoda Dombano-Kemberano Dombano Kemberano\\ \\ Berry and Berry (1987: 84) provide lexical similarity figures for nine East South Bird's Head villages as follows, with Kokoda represented by Kasuweri, Tarof and Negri Besar villages, Dombano by Tomu and Kemberano by Kalitami and Wariagar: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | | Kais | Puragi | Kaburi | Kasuweri | Tarof | Negri B. | Tomu | Kalitami | Wariagar | |Kais | --- | 28 | 32 | 28 | 45 | 30 | 45 | 41 | 41 | |Puragi | 28 | --- | 48 | 34 | 50 | 41 | 50 | 30 | 38 | |Kaburi | 32 | 48 | --- | 46 | 48 | 46 | 48 | 38 | 37 | |Kasuweri| 28 | 34 | 46 | --- | 86 | 77 | 56 | 55 | 53 | |Tarof | 45 | 50 | 48 | 86 | --- | 82 | 63 | 70 | 67 | |Negri B.| 30 | 41 | 46 | 77 | 82 | --- | 57 | 71 | 60 | |Tomu | 45 | 50 | 48 | 56 | 63 | 57 | --- | 71 | 66 | |Kalitami| 41 | 30 | 38 | 55 | 70 | 71 | 71 | --- | 86 | |Wariagar| 41 | 38 | 37 | 53 | 67 | 60 | 66 | 86 | --- | ===== Sources ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Dombano (Sebyar) forms are drawn from Voorhoeve (1985: 23-38.) All other forms presented below are drawn from Berry and Berry (1987: 99-117) unless otherwise indicated; those drawn from Voorhoeve (1985: 23-38) and de Vries (2004: 130-137) are marked [cv] and [ldv] respectively.\\ \\ **[under construction]**\\ \\ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais |Kaburi |Iwaro|Kokoda |Dombano|Kemberano | | |***m** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |nose|*mitob |mitubu|mitowi [ldv]|miobi| | | | |moon|*mo[k/q]|mokwo | | | | |mo'ko [cv]| |path|*aum |aumu |aumi [ldv] |aumi |'amia [ldv]| |ame [cv] | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH |Kais |Kaburi |Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano |Kemberano| | |***n** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |tongue |*nun |nuno |nuni |nuni |nini |'nune |nune | |one |*onat |onate | | |onasia |onate |anate | |person |*danet | |daneta |daneʔi |danetia |'danet |danetu | |bird |*kanen |karinu |konini |kaɲiɲi |kanenu |ka'neno |kanine | |fog/mist|*sap[a/o]n | |haponi [w]|ta'panɔ [ldv]|ta'pana [ldv]| | | |sea |*s[a]wan |sawano | |tuano |tuane | | | |fly (n.)|*[k/q]araren|kareinu| | |kararen |kara'reno|kararene | |tree |*qemin |keiminu|kimini |ɛ'mini [ldv] |kemini |ke'mino |kemine | |tooth |*resin | | | | | | | |man |*rabin |rabine |rafini |ravini |nabini(ja) |'rabini |rabine | |leaf |*ron |runu |rona |roni |nonia | |rone | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais|Kaburi|Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano|Kemberano| | |***p** |****|**** |**p** |**p** |**** |**** | |fog/mist|*s[a]pan| | |ta'panɔ [ldv]|ta'pana [ldv]| | | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais |Kaburi |Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano|Kemberano | | |***t** |**t** |**t** |**ʔ [ʔ ø]**|**t** |**t** |**t** | |sun |*teg[ed]|tefe | |egedi | | | | |bow/arrow|*taur |tauru [c&v]| | | | |taure [cv]| |bone |*toq |toko |toʔa | |toka(ija)|to'ke |toke | |nose |*mitob |mitubu |mitowi [ldv]|miobi | | | | |four |*idat | |iɟati | |idaci |i'dati |idate | |one |*onat |onate | | |onasia |onate |anate | |person |*danet | |daneta |daneʔi |danetia |'danet |danetu | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais |Kaburi|Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano |Kemberano | | |***k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** | |bird |*kanen |karinu|konini|kaɲiɲi |kanenu |ka'neno |kanine | |body hair/feather|*karar |kararo| |kararu |ka'ra-umu [ldv]|ka'rar ≈ kara'ro|kararo | |louse |*kon | | |'kɔnɔ [ldv]|'kɔnɔ [ldv] |'kono |ko'no [cv]| |smoke |*kukub | | |kukubi |kukubi |kukubi | | |egg |*wuk |uku |uko |vuko |ukwo |'kuo |oku | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais |Kaburi|Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano|Kemberano| | |***q** |**k** |**k** |**ø** |**k** |**k** |**k** | |house|*qein | |keini |eino |keni(a) |keine | | |ear |*qer[aw]|kidabu |kerawa|erawa |kera |ke'ra |kera | |tree |*qemin |keiminu|kimini|ɛ'mini [ldv]|kemini |ke'mino|kemine | |bone |*toq |toko |toʔa | |toka(ija)|to'ke |toke | Voiced bilabial stop /*b/ is fricated and aspirated to /f/ in Kais. This probably followed a previous stage in which it was realized as [β], as in Kemberano: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais |Kaburi |Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano|Kemberano| | |***b** |**f** |**b** |**b […]**|**b […]** |**b** |**b […]**| |heart |*birad |firare |biraiɟi| |biradi(a) | |birare | |new |*bo-is | |bohi | |boisija |'bojti |boite | |flesh |*ebuk |fuko | | | |-bu'ke |ovuke | |fruit |*ebuk |fuko | |-fui |vavuki |bu'ko |ovuku | |thorn |*bib |fifo | | | | | | |bamboo|*sobar |sofaru [s&v]| | | | | | |black |*ribin |rififine | | |rivi-rivini|ri'bi- | | Loans from Malay are likewise affected: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Patipi|Kais |Kaburi|Iwaro|Kokoda|Dombano|Kemberano| | |**b** |**f**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |stone|'bati |faitu| | | | | | Apical voiced stop /*d/ is reflected as /r/ in Kais: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais |Kaburi|Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano|Kemberano | | |***d** |**r**|**** |**d ʔ** |**** |**** |**** | |free augment|*-di |-ri |-ri |-di; -ʔi [ldv] |-di |-ndi |-di ≈ -ri; -ði [cv]| |breast |*did |riro |ɟizo |diʔi; 'didɔ [ldv]|didu |du'do |dido | |person |*danet | |daneta|daneʔi |danetia|'danet |danetu | |four |*idat | |iɟati | |idaci |i'dati |idate | |heart |*birad | | | | | | | Initial voiced velar stop /*g/ is preserved as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais |Kaburi|Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano|Kemberano | | |***g** |**g**|**** |**g** |**g** |**** |**g** | |snake |*ged |gidu | |geidi | | | | |fat/grease|*gew | | |'gewa [ldv]|'gɛwa [ldv]| |ge'we [cv]| Medial /*g/ is reflected as /f/ in Kais. This probably followed a previous stage in which it was realized as [ɣ], as in Kemberano: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH |Kais |Kaburi|Iwaro|Kokoda|Dombano|Kemberano| | |***g** |**f**|**** |**g**|**g** |**** |**g […]**| |sun|*teg[ed] |tefe | |egedi| | | | |dog|ropo [sic]| | |eroga|roga | |rokei | Loans from Malay are likewise affected: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Patipi|Kais |Kaburi|Iwaro|Kokoda|Dombano|Kemberano| | |***g**|**f** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |big|ma'gɛn|mafado| |maga | | | | Compare Grass Koiari and Humene or the westernmost Oro languages for analagous mergers of peripheral non-stops.\\ \\ Final /*g/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais|Kaburi|Iwaro|Kokoda|Dombano|Kemberano| | |***-g** |****|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |two|*[ou]g |uge |uge |oge |ogia |o'gi |oge | Fricative /*s/ is merged with /*t/ in Kokoda-Arandai: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH |Kais |Kaburi|Iwaro |Kokoda |Dombano |Kemberano | | |***s** |**s** |**** |**** |**t [t s]** |**t** |**t** | |wipe/rub |*si | | | | | | | |lightning |*sika | | | | | |ti'ka [cv] | |wet |*siriri | |hiriri| |tiriri-a ≈ siriri-ja|ti'riri-e|tiriri | |bird of paradise|*sijaŋga | | | | | |tiaŋg-e [cv]| |fog/mist |*s[a]pan | | |ta'panɔ [ldv]|ta'pana [ldv] | | | |water |*sai |sau | | |taii |ta'je |taii | |sea |*sawan |sawano| |tuano |tuane | | | |foot/leg |*sor | | | | | | | |sago palm |*sowo(-mo)| | | | |to'wo-mo |to'wo  [cv] | |wash | | | | | | | | |nail | | | | | | | | |foot/leg | | | | | | | | |vein | | | | | | | | |count | | | | | | | | |thorn | | | | | | | | |tooth | | | | | | | | | |***-s-** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |new |*(bo-)is |iso |bohi |ito |boisija |'bojti |boite | |nail |*asi | | | | | | | |count |*mesi | | | | | | | |same |*resa | | | | | | | | |***-s** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |new |*is | | | | | | | |blood |*a[m/p]as | | | | | | | Loans from Patipi are likewise affected: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Patipi|Kais|Iwaro|Kaburi|Kokoda|Dombano|Kemberano | | |**s** |****|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |salt | | | | | | | | |rattan/rope|waras | | | | |wa'rate|wa'rato [cv]| … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |East SBH|Kais|Kaburi|Iwaro|Kokoda|Dombano|Kemberano| | |***ts** |****|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |die | | | | | | | | |vein | | | | | | | | |horn | | | | | | | | |tooth| | | | | | | | |smoke| | | | | | | | |hair | | | | | | | | Bilabial fricative /ɸ/ in Patipi loans is reflected as /*w/ in Kokoda-Arandai, or dropped before /*u/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Patipi |Kais|Kaburi|Iwaro |Kokoda|Dombano |Kemberano| | |***ɸ** |****|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |stingray| | | | | |'waido |'wajo | |mosquito|'kiɸen | | | |kivino|kiki'bino|kivino | | |***ɸ/_u**|****|**** |**** |**ø** |**** |**ø** | |banana |'ɸudi | | |udi(a)| | |u'ndi | ===== Pronouns ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Nominal gender ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Verbal morphology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ \\