====== West Bomberai ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
The West Bomberai family consists of perhaps twenty four languages spoken along the west coast and islands off of the Bomberai peninsula in Indonesia's Papua province and across the Banda sea to the west on the islamds Timor, Alor and Pantar of the Lesser Sunda chain in East Nusa Tenggara province and in the independent state of East Timor. While the majority of member languages are spoken in the Lesser Sundas, the internal classification of West Bomberai as well as its relationship to other subfamilies of Trans New Guinea suggests the Bomberai peninsula to be its point of origin.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of West Bomberai is as follows:\\
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West Bomberai

Kalamang

Mbahaam-Iha

Timor-Alor-Pantar

Bunaq

East Timor

Alor-Pantar\\
\\

Despite a tradition of placeing Kalamang (Karas) and Mbahaam-Iha together in a West Bomberai family which excludes Timor-Alor-Pantar (Cowan 1953: 33-36, Anceaux 1958: 118-119, Voorhoeve 1975: 432-437,) the most salient difference between these two on the one hand and the insular families on the other is cosmetic, namely that the former preserve initial velar stop /*k/ which is lost in Timor-Alor-Pantar. Additionally, the subfamilies of Timor-Alor-Pantar have been very significantly influenced by local Austronesian languages, which can only depress lexicostatistical counts. Other arguments for placing Kalamang immediately with Mbahaam-Iha would include the use of demonstratives /*mV/ for third persons and the encliticization of possessors in Kalamang and Iha, but the first must be archaic, as it's shared with both Mor and some South Bird's Head languages, while the second would seem to be an areal trait in imitation of Austronesian postposed possessive consructions.

===== Sources =====
**[under construction]**\\
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…

===== History of classification =====
**[under construction]**\\
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…

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Proto-West Bomberai had perhaps 15 to 17 consonants and 6 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m   |  *n   |          |       |        |
|  *p   |  *t   |  [*ts]   |  *k   |  *kʷ   |
|  *mb  |  *nd  |  [*ndz]  |  *ŋg  |  *ŋgʷ  |
|       |       |    *s    |       |        |
|       |  *l   |          |       |        |
|  *w   |  *r   |    *j    |       |        |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i  |      |  *u  |
|  *e  |      |  *o  |
|      |  *a  |  *ɒ  |

In addition to the simple vowels, at least one diphthong /*aⁱ/ is found.\\
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Prenasalized stops /*mb *nd *ndz *ŋg *ŋgʷ/ do not occur initially, having apparently been merged with voiceless stops.\\
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Only a limited set of consonants occurs finally:

|< - 60px 60px >|
|  *n  |  *…  |
|  *…  |  *…  |
|  *l  |      |
|  *r  |      |

Consonant clusters do not occur.\\
\\

Initial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|  West Bomberai  |  Kalamang  |  Mbahaam-Iha  |  Timor-Alor  |
|       *m-       |     m      |      *m       |      *m      |
|       *n-       |     n      |      *n       |      *n      |
|       *p-       |     p      |      *p       |      *p      |
|       *t-       |     t      |      *t       |      *t      |
|       *s-       |     s      |      *s       |      *s      |
|       *k-       |     k      |      *k       |      *ø      |
|      *kʷ-       |     k      |      *kʷ      |      *w      |
|       *w-       |     w      |      *w       |      *w      |
|       *j-       |     …      |      *j       |      *j      |

Medial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|  West Bomberai  |  Kalamang  |  Mbahaam-Iha  |  Timor-Alor  |
|      *-m-       |     m      |      *m       |      *m      |
|      *-n-       |     n      |      *n       |      *n      |
|      *-p-       |     w      |      *p       |      *p      |
|      *-t-       |     r      |      *t       |      *t      |
|      *-s-       |            |      *s       |      *s      |
|      *-k-       |     ø      |      *k       |      *k      |
|      *-kʷ-      |     k      |      *kʷ      |     *kʷ      |
|      *-mb-      |     b      |      *mb      |      *b      |
|      *-nd-      |            |      *nd      |      *d      |
|     *-ndz-      |            |               |     *dz      |
|      *-ŋg-      |     g      |      *ŋg      |      *g      |
|     *-ŋgʷ-      |     gʷ     |     *ŋgʷ      |     *gʷ      |
|      *-w-       |            |      *w       |      *w      |
|      *-l-       |            |      *r       |      *l      |
|      *-r-       |            |      *r       |      *r      |
|      *-j-       |            |               |              |

Subfinal consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|  West Bomberai  |  Kalamang  |  Mbahaam-Iha  |  Timor-Alor  |
|      *-m-       |     m      |               |              |
|      *-n-       |     n      |               |              |
|      *-p-       |            |               |              |
|      *-t-       |     t      |               |              |
|      *-s-       |            |               |              |
|      *-k-       |            |               |              |
|      *-kʷ-      |            |               |              |
|      *-mb-      |            |               |              |
|      *-nd-      |            |               |              |
|     *-ndz-      |            |               |              |
|      *-ŋg-      |     ŋ      |               |              |
|     *-ŋgʷ-      |            |               |              |
|      *-w-       |            |               |              |
|      *-l-       |            |               |              |
|      *-r-       |            |               |              |
|      *-j-       |            |               |              |

Final consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|  West Bomberai  |  Kalamang  |  Mbahaam-Iha  |  Timor-Alor  |
|       *…        |            |               |              |

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|  West Bomberai  |  Kalamang  |  Mbahaam-Iha  |  Timor-Alor  |
|       *i        |            |               |              |


These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Kalamang attestations drawn from Visser (2016, p.c.) and Bunaq attestations from Bele (2009) and Schapper (2009, Schapper, Huber and van Engelhoven 2012, 2014.)\\
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Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|            |***m-**      |**m**   |***m**     |***m**    |**m**|***m**    |***m**     |
|3 pl.       |*m[i/u]      |mu      |*mi        |          |     |          |           |
|sit         |*…           |        |*mesen     |*…        |mit  |*mi[t/r]  |*mis       |
|come        |*ma          |        |           |*ma       |man  |*magu     |*ma        |
|that/there  |*ma-i        |me      |*me        |          |     |          |           |
|python      |*m[a]n[u]    |        |           |*m[a]n[u] |     |          |*manu      |
|voice/speech|*maŋg[a]     |maŋ     |*mak       |*mag[a]   |     |*maga     |*mag       |
|walk/go     |*…           |mar-mar |           |*ˈmara    |mal  |*mara     |*mar[a]    |
|3 sg.       |*m[a/o]      |ma      |*m[a/o]    |          |     |          |           |
|banana      |*muŋgʷol     |        |*muŋgʷo    |*mugʷol   |mok  |*muʔu     |*mugol     |

Intial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha  |Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|               |***n-**      |**n**   |***n**       |***n**    |**n**|***n**    |***n**     |
|1 pl. bound    |*ni-         |        |*ni-         |*ni-      |n-   |          |*ni-       |
|eat/drink      |*na[wa]      |na(n)   |*nawa        |*nawa     |     |*nawa     |*na:       |
|name           |*naⁱ         |        |*nⁱe         |*naⁱ      |     |*naⁱ      |*naⁱ       |
|man/male       |*nam[ⁱɛ]     |nam     |*nam[ⁱɛ]     |*nami     |     |*nami     |           |
|older brother  |*nani        |        |*nen [?*nani]|          |     |          |           |
|older sister   |*nana        |        |*nan         |*nana     |nana |*nana     |*nana      |
|stand (pl.)    |*naCer       |        |*na'nder     |*naCer    |net  |*naser    |*nater     |
|1 sg. bound    |*n[a/o]-     |        |*n[a/o]-     |*na-      |n-   |          |*na-       |
|younger sibling|*n[a/o]k[a/o]|        |*naka        |*n[o]k[o] |     |*noko     |           |

Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|         |***p-**      |**p**   |****       |***p**    |**p**|***p**    |***p**     |
|delicious|*pani        |pen     |           |*pani     |     |*pani     |           |
|spittle  |*pVlVm       |pa'lom  |           |*pulum    |puluk|*pulum    |*purum     |

Initual apical voiceless stop /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|           |***t-**      |**t**   |***t**     |***t**    |**t**|***t**    |***t**     |
|hand/arm   |*tana        |tan     |*tan       |*tan[a]   |ton  |*tana     |*tan[a]    |
|grandparent|*tat[a]      |ˈtata   |*tat[e/a]  |*tata     |tata |          |           |
|heavy      |*tVŋgVr      |tagiᵉr  |*taŋgⁱer   |*tVgVr    |tuek |*tigir    |*tig[a/o]r |
|fence      |*ta[l/r]i    |tal     |           |*tari     |     |*tari     |*…         |
|mountain   |*tVmber      |        |*t[u]mber  |*t[e]ber  |     |*teber    |           |
|woman      |*tumbur      |        |*tumbur    |*tubur    |     |*tubur    |           |
|elbow      |*tVŋgʷon     |        |*tVŋgʷon   |          |     |          |           |

Initial laminal voiceless /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|           |***s-**      |****    |***s**     |***s**    |**s**|***s**    |***s**     |
|plait/weave|*sina        |        |*sina      |*sina     |sien |*sina     |*sina      |

Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq     |East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|           |***k-**      |**k**   |***k**     |***ø**    |**ø**     |***ø**    |***ø**     |
|2 pl.      |*ki          |ki      |*ki        |*i        |          |*i        |*i         |
|eye        |*kina        |        |*kin-jep   |*ina      |          |*ina      |*ina       |
|water      |*kira        |        |*ki'ra     |*ira      |il        |*ira      |*ira       |
|die        |*k[i/u]m[i/u]|        |*kimi      |*…        |-ume      |*umu      |*imu       |
|see        |*kena[t]     |        |*kena[t]   |*ena      |          |*ena      |*en        |
|wing       |*kami[n/r]   |        |*kamen     |*ami[r]   |          |*amir     |           |
|kunai grass|*kamVn       |kaˈman  |           |*am[e]n   |          |          |*amen      |
|vagina     |*kar[u]      |kar     |*kar       |*aru      |          |*aru      |*aru       |
|rain       |*kaja        |        |*kⁱari (?) |*aja      |          |*aja      |*aja       |
|2 sg.      |*k[a/o]      |ka      |*k[a/o]    |*a        |e-to/ø-   |*a        |*a         |
|excrement  |*katu        |        |*k[o]t     |          |ozoʔ ~ ozo|*atu      |           |
|raw/green  |*kV[ŋg/ŋgᵂ]Vr|kaŋguar |*k[o]ŋg[o]r|*uˈg[a]r  |ugar      |*ugur     |           |

In one example …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|      |***k**       |**?**   |***k**     |***ø**    |**?**|***ø**    |***ø**     |
|sneeze|*kapasi[n]   |        |*ka'pasi   |*[ha]pasin|     |*pasin    |*pasin     |

Initial rounded velar stop /*kʷ/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|         |***kʷ-**     |**k**   |***kʷ**    |***w**    |**** |***w**    |***w**     |
|skin/bark|*kʷel[e]     |kul     |           |*wel[e]   |     |*wele     |           |
|ear      |*kʷali       |kel-'kam|*kʷⁱer     |*wali     |     |*wali     |*wari      |
|nest     |*kʷari       |        |*kʷeri     |*wari     |-el  |*wari     |*wari      |

Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***w-**      |****    |****       |****      |**** |****      |****       |

When followed by low central vowel /*a/ or diphthong /*aⁱ/ (below,) initial /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang |Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor |Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|           |***w-/_a**   |**w**    |***w**     |***w**     |**ø**|***w**    |***w**     |
|coconut    |*wata        |wat      |           |*wata      |hoza |*wata     |*wata      |
|day        |*waŋg…       |         |*waŋgis    |*wag[a]dz₂i|     |*wagadz₂i |           |
|fresh/green|*wVlVn       |weleŋ-gap|           |*walan     |     |          |*walan     |
|stone      |*war         |         |*war       |*war       |hol  |*war      |*w[a/o]r   |
|           |***w-/_aⁱ**  |**?**    |***w**     |***w**     |**ø**|***w**    |***w**     |
|blood      |*waⁱk        |         |*wⁱek      |*waⁱ[C]    |ho   |*waⁱ[s]   |*waⁱ       |

In one example, initial /*w/ followed by mid back rounded vowel /*o/ is lost in Bunaq and East Timor and the vowel is raised to high back /*u/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|    |***wo-**     |**o**   |***wo**    |***w**    |**u**|***u**    |***o**     |
|tail|*…           |or      |*wor       |*w[o]ˈla  |-uloʔ|*ula      |*ora       |

Apical non-stops /*l *r/ are not found initially.\\
\\

Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|   |***j-**      |****    |***j**     |***j**    |**z**|***dz₂**  |***j**     |
|dog|*jambar      |bal     |*ja'mbar   |*jabar    |zap  |*dz₂ebar  |*jabar     |


Any consonant can occur medially.\\
\\

Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq    |East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|           |***-m-**     |**m**   |***m**     |***m**    |**m**    |***m**    |***m**     |
|breast     |*ami         |am      |           |*ami      |-omoʔ (?)|*ami      |*ami       |
|louse      |*am[i/u]n    |mun     |*meⁱn      |*amin     |         |*amin     |*amin      |
|man/male   |*nami        |nam     |*nami      |*nami     |         |*nami     |           |
|die        |*k[i/u]m[i/u]|        |*kimi      |*…        |-ume     |*umu      |*imu       |
|wing       |*kami[n/r]   |        |*kamen     |*ami[r]   |         |*amir     |           |
|kunai grass|*kamVn       |kaˈman  |           |*am[e]n   |         |          |*amen      |

Medial apical nasal /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha  |Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|             |***-n-**     |**n**   |***n**       |***n**    |**n**|***n**    |***n**     |
|one          |*ukʷan[i]    |kon     |*[o]kʷo[no]  |*uˈkani   |uen  |*ukani    |           |
|delicious    |*pani        |pen     |             |*pani     |     |*pani     |           |
|older brother|*nani        |        |*nen [?*nani]|          |     |          |           |
|plait/weave  |*sina        |        |*sina        |*sina     |sien |*sina     |*sina      |
|see          |*kena[t]     |        |*kena[t]     |*ena      |     |*ena      |*en        |
|             |***-n(-)**   |**n**   |**n**        |***n**    |**n**|**n**     |**n**      |
|older sister |*nana        |        |*nan         |*nana     |nana |*nana     |*nana      |
|hand/arm     |*tana        |tan     |*tan         |*tan[a]   |ton  |*tana     |*tan[a]    |
|elbow        |*tVŋgʷon     |        |*tVŋgʷon     |          |     |          |           |
|eye          |*kina        |        |*kin-jep     |*ina      |-    |*ina      |*ina       |

Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|         |***-p-**     |****    |***p**     |***p**    |**w**|***p**    |***p**     |
|worm/grub|*ipi         |        |           |*ipi      |iu   |*ipi      |*ipi       |
|sneeze   |*kapasi[n]   |        |*ka'pasi   |*pasin    |     |*pasin    |*pasin     |

Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq     |East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|         |***-t-**     |**t r** |***t**     |***t**    |**z**     |***t**    |***t**     |
|excrement|*katu        |        |*k[o]t     |          |ozoʔ ~ ozo|*atu      |           |
|coconut  |*wata        |wat     |           |*wata     |hoza      |*wata     |*wata      |

…/*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|           |***-t-**     |**t**   |***t**     |***t**    |**t**|***t**    |****       |
|grandparent|*tat[e/a]    |ˈtata   |*tat[e/a]  |*tata     |tata |          |           |

Medial laminal voiceless /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|          |***-s-**     |****    |***s**     |***s**    |**** |***s**    |***s**     |
|sneeze    |*kapasi[n]   |        |*ka'pasi   |*pasin    |     |*pasin    |*pasin     |
|fruit/seed|*isu         |        |*is        |*isu      |     |*isu      |*isV       |

Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|               |***-k-**     |****    |***k**     |***k**    |**** |***k**    |***k**     |
|mosquito       |*kikin       |        |           |*ikin     |     |*nikin    |*ikin      |
|younger sibling|*n[a/o]k[a/o]|        |*naka      |*n[o]k[o] |     |*noko     |           |

Medial rounded velar stop /*kʷ/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|   |***-kʷ-**    |**k**   |***kʷ**    |***k**    |**ø**|***k**    |**?**      |
|one|*ukʷan[i]    |kon     |*[o]kʷo[no]|*uˈkani   |uen  |*ukani    |           |

Bilabial prenasalized stop /*mb/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|        |***-mb-**    |**b**   |***mb**    |***b**    |**p**|***b**    |***b**     |
|mountain|*tVmber      |        |*t[u]mber  |*t[e]ber  |     |*teber    |           |
|woman   |*tumbur      |        |*tumbur    |*tubur    |     |*tubur    |           |
|dog     |*jambar      |bal     |*ja'mbar   |*jabar    |zap  |*dz₂ebar  |*jabar     |

Apical prenasalized stop /*nd/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***-nd-**    |****    |****       |***d**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

Laminal prenasalized /*ndz/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***-ndz-**   |****    |****       |***dz**   |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

Medial velar voiced prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor |Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|   |***-ŋg-**    |**g**   |***ŋg**    |***g**     |**g**|***g [ʔ]**|***g**     |
|day|*waŋg…       |        |*waŋgis    |*wag[a]dz₂i|     |*wagadz₂i |           |

… /*ŋg/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|         |***-ŋg-**    |****    |***ŋg**    |****      |**** |****      |****       |
|body/skin|*aŋgin       |        |*ŋgeⁱn     |          |     |          |           |

… /*ŋg/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|     |***-ŋg-**    |**g**   |***ŋg**    |***g**    |**k**|***g [ʔ]**|***g**     |
|heavy|*tVŋgVr      |tagiᵉr  |*taŋgⁱer   |*tVgVr    |tuek |*tigir    |*tig[a/o]r |
|path |*[ja]ŋgal    |        |           |*[ja]gal  |hik  |*iga[r]   |*jagal     |

… /*ŋg/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|            |***-ŋg-**    |**ŋ**   |***k**     |***g**    |**?**|***g [ʔ]**|***g**     |
|voice/speech|*maŋg[a]     |maŋ     |*mak       |*mag[a]   |     |*maga     |*mag       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|     |***Vŋg-**    |**?**   |**?**      |***g**    |**g**|***g**    |***g**     |
|3 pl.|*Vŋgi        |        |           |          |     |          |           |
|3 pl.|*Vŋga        |        |           |          |     |          |           |

Rounded velar prenasalized stop /*ŋgʷ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|      |***-ŋgʷ-**   |**?**   |***ŋgʷ**   |***gʷ**   |**k**|***ʔ**    |***g**     |
|banana|*muŋgʷol     |        |*muŋgʷo    |*mugʷol   |mok  |*muʔu     |*mugol     |
|elbow |*tVŋgʷon     |        |*tVŋgʷon   |          |     |          |           |

Medial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|         |***-w-**     |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
|eat/drink|*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

Rather than a single apical non-stop /*ɾ/ as is most typical in New Guinea, we tentatively posit two liquids /*l *r/ to account for the distinction between these sounds in East Timor. It is conceivable that this distinction is secondary or admits another explanation.\\
\\

Medial lateral non-stop /*l/ ….

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang |Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|           |***-l-**     |**l**    |***r**     |***l**    |**** |***l**    |***r**     |
|spittle    |*pVlVm       |pa'lom   |           |*pulum    |puluk|*pulum    |*purum     |
|skin/bark  |*kʷel[e]     |kul      |           |*wel[e]   |     |*wele     |           |
|ear        |*kʷali       |kel-'kam |*kʷⁱer     |*wali     |     |*wali     |*wari      |
|fresh/green|*wVlVn       |weleŋ-gap|           |*walan    |     |          |*walan     |

….

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|     |***-…-**     |**l**   |****       |***r**    |**** |***r**    |****       |
|fence|*ta[l/r]i    |tal     |           |*tari     |     |*tari     |           |

Rhotic /*r/ ….

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|         |***-r-**     |**r**   |***r**     |***r**    |**l**|***r**    |***r**     |
|water    |*kira        |        |*ki'ra     |*ira      |il   |*ira      |*ira       |
|vagina   |*kar[u]      |kar     |*kar       |*aru      |     |*aru      |*aru       |
|nest     |*kʷari       |        |*kʷeri     |*wari     |-el  |*wari     |*wari      |
|         |***-r**      |****    |***r**     |***r**    |**l**|***r**    |***r**     |
|stone    |*war         |        |*war       |*war      |hol  |*war      |*w[a/o]r   |
|         |***-r**      |**…**   |***r**     |***r**    |**** |***r**    |***r**     |
|heavy    |*tVŋgVr      |tagiᵉr  |*taŋgⁱer   |*tVgVr    |tuek |*tigir    |*tig[a/o]r |
|mountain |*tVmber      |        |*t[u]mber  |*t[e]ber  |     |*teber    |           |
|woman    |*tumbur      |        |*tumbur    |*tubur    |     |*tubur    |           |
|raw/green|*kV[ŋg/ŋgᵂ]Vr|kaŋguar |*k[o]ŋg[o]r|*uˈg[a]r  |ugar |*ugur     |           |
|dog      |*jambar      |bal     |*ja'mbar   |*jabar    |zap  |*dz₂ebar  |*jabar     |

Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|    |***-j-**     |****    |****       |***j**    |**** |**j**     |**j**      |
|rain|*kaja        |        |*kⁱari (?) |*aja      |     |*aja      |*aja       |


…\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |


…\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

… roots of the form /*aCiC/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|         |***aCiC**    |****    |***CeⁱC**  |****      |**** |****      |****       |
|body/skin|*aŋgin       |        |*ŋgeⁱn     |          |     |          |           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |West Bomberai|Kalamang     |Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|     |***aC[i/u]C**|**CuC [CʊC]**|***CeⁱC**  |***aCiC** |**** |***aCiC** |***aCiC**  |
|louse|*am[i/u]n    |mun          |*meⁱn      |*amin     |     |*amin     |*amin      |

… roots of the form /*(C)aCi/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |West Bomberai|Kalamang |Mbahaam-Iha  |Timor-Alor |Bunaq    |East Timor |Alor-Pantar|
|             |***(C)aCi**  |**(C)aC**|***(C)aCi**  |***(C)aCi**|****     |***(C)aCi**|***(C)aCi**|
|breast       |*ami         |am       |             |*ami       |-omoʔ (?)|*ami       |*ami       |
|man/male     |*nami        |nam      |*nami        |*nami      |         |*nami      |           |
|older brother|*nani        |         |*nen [?*nani]|           |         |           |           |
|fence        |*ta[l/r]i    |tal      |             |*tari      |         |*tari      |*…         |
|ear          |*kʷali       |kel-'kam |*kʷⁱer       |*wali      |         |*wali      |*wari      |
|nest         |*kʷari       |         |*kʷeri       |*wari      |-el      |*wari      |*wari      |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
||***…**       |****    |****       |***…**    |**** |****      |****       |
||*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

Diphthong /*aⁱ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|     |***aⁱ**      |**?**   |***ⁱe**    |***aⁱ**   |**o**|***aⁱ**   |***aⁱ**    |
|name |*naⁱ         |        |*nⁱe       |*naⁱ      |     |*naⁱ      |*naⁱ       |
|blood|*waⁱk        |        |*wⁱek      |*waⁱ[C]   |ho   |*waⁱ[s]   |*waⁱ       |


===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|1 sg.      |*[a/o]n      |an      |*[a/o]n    |*an       |ne-to|*an       |*na        |
|2 sg.      |*k[a/o]      |ka      |*ka        |*a        |e-to |*a        |*a         |
|3 sg.      |*…           |        |           |*ga       |     |          |*ga        |
|1 pl. excl |*…           |in      |*in        |*…        |     |*in       |*ni        |
|1 pl. incl.|*…           |pi      |           |*…        |     |*…        |*pi        |
|2 pl.      |*ki          |ki      |*ki        |*i        |     |*i        |*i         |
|3 pl.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|1 dl. excl.|*…           |        |           |*…        |     |---       |           |
|1 dl. incl.|*…           |        |           |*…        |     |---       |           |
|2 dl.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |---       |           |
|3 dl.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |---       |           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|1 sg.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|2 sg.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|3 sg.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|1 pl. excl.|*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|1 pl. incl.|*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|2 pl.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|3 pl.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |West Bomberai|Kalamang|Mbahaam-Iha|Timor-Alor|Bunaq|East Timor|Alor-Pantar|
|1 sg.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|2 sg.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|3 sg.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|1 pl. excl.|*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|1 pl. incl.|*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|2 pl.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |
|3 pl.      |*…           |        |           |*…        |     |          |           |

…\\


===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…\\
\\

\\