====== Southeast Awyu ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ The southeast Awyu subfamily is comprised of three closely-related languages, Edera River Awyu, Lower Kia River Awyu and Upper Kia River Awyu, spoken along and between the Edera and Kia tributaries to the Digul River in Indonesia's … ===== Subclassification ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ \\ Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 13-19) provide lexical similarity figures between five Southeast Awyu villages as follows: |< - 70px 70px 70px 70px 70px 70px 70px >| | | | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | | | | Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |Upper Kia|Ujung Kia| --- | 58 | 52 | 47 | 43 | |Lower Kia|Ujung Kia| 58 | --- | 65 | 45 | 41 | |Lower Kia|Meto | 52 | 65 | --- | 51 | 40 | |Edera |Bhakti | 47 | 45 | 51 | --- | 52 | |Edera |Yame | 43 | 41 | 40 | 52 | --- | ===== Sources ===== Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47) 239 comparative terms for Edera Awyu of Meto, Ujung Kia, Yame and Bhakti villages and for Jair Awyu of Ujung Kia ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ \\ These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with all attestations drawn from Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47.) The reliability of the reconstructions is limited by uncertainties in the data …\\ \\ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| || |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | ||***** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | || | | | | | | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| || |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | ||***** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | || | | | | | | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| || |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | ||***** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | || | | | | | | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| || |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | ||***** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | || | | | | | | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| || |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | ||***** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | || | | | | | | Final /*t/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | | |***-t** |**ø** |**t** |**ʔ** |**ø** |**ø**| |louse|*aŋgot |a:ŋgu |gut |gu:ʔ |go |go | High front vowel /*i/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu |Upper Kia|Lower Kia |Lower Kia |Edera |Edera | | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia |Meto |Bhakti |Yame | | |***i** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**i** | |star |*mi |mi: |mi |mi |mi |mi | |mother's mother|*api |a'pi |a'pi |a'pi |a'bi | | |older sister |*ani |a'ni |a'ni |a'niʔ |a'ni |a'ni | |dog |*aŋgi |'aŋɣi |a'ɣi |'aɣi |a'ɣi |'agi | |pig |*[u]wi |wi |wi |wi |wi |wi | |male |*basiN |-batʃiŋ |'basiŋ |-βasiŋ |-bisiŋ |-bati | |name |*ɸi |hi |ɸi |ɸi |ɸi |ɸi | |woman |*ɸin[i]gi|'hənaŋgi | |'ɸinigi |ɸini'gi |ɸi | |nose |*siN |si |si |si |ˌsim-bi'gi-|ˌsim-bə'gi-| |above |*siji |si |si: ≈ si |si |si: |si | |wind |*k[i/u]ɸi|ki'hi |ku'ɸi |ku'ɸi | | | |fence |*xaⁱti | | | |xaⁱti |xati | |bird |*ji |i: |i: |i: |ji ≈ i: |ji ≈ i | |path |*j[a]di |i'di |'jɛdi |i'ri ≈ ja'ri|i'ɾi |ɪ'di | |snake |*w[i]ti |u'tʃi |wi'si ≈ wiʃ-|wi'si |ɯ'si |u'ti | |river |*w[i]di |'uri |wi'ri |wi- |'wij- |uri | High central vowel /*ʉ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera | | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | | |***ʉ** |**ʉ ɯ** |**ʉ ɯ** |**ʉ ɯ** |**ɯ** |**ɯ u**| |night |*asʉ |a'sʉ |a'sʉ |a'sʉ |'asɯ |'ɑsɯ | |village|*b[u]tʉ |bɯ'tʃu |bɯ'sɯ |bɯ'sɯ |bu'sɯ |bu'tu | |banana |*tʉ |tsɯ |sɯ |sɯ |sɯ |ʈu | | | | | | | | | High back vowel /*u/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu |Upper Kia|Lower Kia |Lower Kia |Edera |Edera| | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia |Meto |Bhakti |Yame | | |***u** |**u** |**u** |**u** |**u** |**u**| |smoke |*[a]ku |əku |ə'ku |ə'ku |-iku |-aku | |egg |*mug[ijɔ]|mu'gʲu |mu'gio |mu'go ≈ mu'ɣɔ|məgu |mugu | |sago |*du |ɖu ≈ du: |ɖu(:) |dʲu |ɖu |ɖu | |bow |*duN |ɖũ |ɖu |dʲu |ɖiŋ ≈ ɖuŋ|ɖuŋ | |sea |*duɸu | | |'dʲuɸu |'ɖuɸu |'ɖuɸu| |bamboo |*sumb[a] | | | |su'ba |su'ba| |younger sibling|*kudɜ |'kuda |kudʒo ≈ kuɖo|'kure |kurɛ |'kuɾe| |garden |*xɔju |xoⁱ |xoᵘ |xoᵘ |xoᵘ ≈ hu:|'xaju| |speech |*[j]u |u |u |u | | | |inside |*wɔmu |wo'mu |'womu |'womu |ɯ'mu |'aᵘmu| High mid front vowel /*e̝/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu |Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera | | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti |Yame | | |***e̝** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**e ɛ i**|**e ɛ**| |3 sg. |*ɛge̝ | | | |'ɛgɛ | | |long |*pe̝j[a] |pi |'pija: |'pijaʔ |'pe- |pe | |leech |*t[ɛ]se̝N|'tesi:ŋ |si'si | |si'sin |te'sɛ | |tooth |*t[a]je̝ |tsi | |si |tɛ |tɛ | |be |*ke̝ |ki | | |kɛ |kɛ | |friend|*xabe̝N |'xabi |'xabiŋ |'xabi |'xabiŋ |xa'bɛ | | | | | | | | | High mid back vowel /*o̝/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu |Upper Kia |Lower Kia |Lower Kia |Edera |Edera | | | |Ujung Kia |Ujung Kia |Meto |Bhakti |Yame | | |***o̝** |**u o** |**u** |**u o** |**o ɔ u** |**o** | |louse |*aŋgo̝t |a:ŋgu |gut |gu:ʔ |go |go | |1 sg. |*no̝ |no |nu |nũ |nu ≈ nɔ |no | |1 pl. |*no̝go̝ |'noɣo |'nuɣu |nugu |'nugu ≈ 'nogo |noɣo | |person |*no̝xo̝ | | |nu |'noɣo |no'ɣo | |knife |*so̝ko̝ | | |'suku |'soku |so:'ko | |moon |*kamo̝ |ka'mɛ |ka'mu |ka'mu |ka'mu | | |wash |*ko̝(m) |kum-a | |kum-ɛ |kum-u |kom-ɛ | |sleep (n.)|*ko̝no̝(m) |kunu:ŋ- ≈ 'kɨrum-|kunuŋ- ≈ 'kunum-|'kuni ≈ konəm-|kono ≈ 'hunum-|ko'no | |flesh |*ko̝do̝ |kə'ru |'kuru |ku'ruʔ |ko'ro |'koro ≈ koɾo| |stone axe |*[k/x]abo̝ |'xaβu |'kaɸo |'ka:mbo | |'xabu | |2 sg. |*go̝ |gu ≈ guʔ |gu |gu ≈ guʔ |gɔ |go | |2 pl. |*go̝go̝ | | |'gũŋgo |'gogo |'gogo | |crocodile |*xajambo̝[s]|xaⁱ'bu |haⁱbu |'xaⁱbu |'xaⁱm'bo |'ɣajambos | |husband |*xo̝ |xu |hu | | |ɣo | Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera | | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | | |***ɛ** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |tongue|*ɸagɛ | |'ɸake |'ɸakɛ |'ɸakɛ |'ɸo:kɛ| Low mid central vowel /*ɜ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia |Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia |Meto |Bhakti|Yame | | |***ɜ** |**ɛ a** |**o a** |**** |**** |**** | |water |*ɜjɜ |æ: ≈ ɛ | | | | | |dry |*sɜ[N] |sɛ |so |sɔ |sa:(ŋ)|'ʂaŋ | |sun |*s[a]wɜ |su'wɛ |sa'wa |sa'wa |sɯ'wɛ |sija | |younger sibling|*kudɜ |'kuda |kudʒo ≈ kuɖo|'kure |kurɛ |'kuɾe| |mouth |*xatɜ |'xata | | |'xatɛ |'xata| |left |*wɜ |wɛ: |wa |wa |wɛ |wa | Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu|Upper Kia |Lower Kia |Lower Kia |Edera |Edera | | | |Ujung Kia |Ujung Kia |Meto |Bhakti|Yame | | |***ɔ** |**o** |**o** |**ɔ** |**o** |**o** | |excrement |*ɔ |'o- |'o- |ɔ- |ɔ: |'o- | |breast |*ɔN | |õŋ |õŋ |õŋ |'ono | |water |*ɔxɔ | |'oho ≈ o: |ɔ̃: ≈ o: |o'ɣo |'oɣo | |behind |*mɔ | |mɔ:ʔ |mɔ: |mɔ |mɔʔ | |afraid |*mɔke̝ |'mo:ki |mo'kuŋ |mo'ku |'mokɛ |mo'kɛ | |father |*bɔ |-mo |-bɔ | | | | |earth/ground|*sɔxɔ |'sogo ≈ 'soɣo|'sogo ≈ 'soɣo|sɔ: |so'ɣo | | |red |*kaŋgɔ |kãŋ |kaŋ'go |kɐ̃:ŋ |kaŋ'gu|kaŋ'go| |blood |*gɔN |gõŋ |gõŋ |gõŋ |gõŋ |gõŋ | |man |*xɔ |ho | |xo |xo |xo | |fruit/seed |*jɔ |ɔ: |-o | |ju |jo | |leaf/hair |*jɔN |õ ≈ ɔ̃ŋɔ̃ |joŋ |'ono ≈ ɔnɔ|u |joŋ | |3 pl. |*jɔxɔ |'joɣo |'joɣo | | | | |inside |*wɔmu |wo'mu |'womu |'womu |ɯ'mu |'aᵘmu | … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu |Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti|Yame | | |***[a/o]**|**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |bone| | | | | | | Low central vowel /*a/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu |Upper Kia |Lower Kia |Lower Kia|Edera |Edera | | | |Ujung Kia |Ujung Kia |Meto |Bhakti |Yame | | |***a** |**a** |**a [a ɑ]**|**a** |**a [a ɑ]**|**a** | |rain |*a |a: |a |a |a |a | |mother's mother|*api |a'pi |a'pi |a'pi |a'bi | | |house |*aɸaxaⁱN |axĩŋ |'aɸaŋ |'ãɸɐ̃ŋ |'aɸagaŋ |'aɸaɣa | |older sister |*ani |a'ni |a'ni |a'niʔ |a'ni |a'ni | |night |*asʉ |a'sʉ |a'sʉ |a'sʉ |'asɯ |'ɑsɯ | |dog |*aŋgi |'aŋɣi |a'ɣi |'aɣi |a'ɣi |'agi | |fish |*axaᵉ |'aɣɛ |aⁱ |a |a'ɣaᶦ |'aɣaᶦ | |tooth |*maga |'məga- |'maga |'mag- | | | |male |*basiN |-batʃiŋ |'basiŋ |-βasiŋ |-bisiŋ |-bati | |tongue |*ɸagɛ | |'ɸake |'ɸakɛ |'ɸakɛ |'ɸo:kɛ | |in front |*samaN | |'samaŋ |sa'ma | | | |moon |*kamo̝ |ka'mɛ |ka'mu |ka'mu |ka'mu | | |red |*kaŋgɔ |kãŋ |kaŋ'go |kɐ̃:ŋ |kaŋ'gu |kaŋ'go | |stone axe |*[k/x]abo̝ |'xaβu |'kaɸo |'ka:mbo | |'xabu | |skin/bark |*xa |ga ≈ ka ≈ -ɣa|xɑ |xa |xa ≈ -ɣa |'xaᶦ ≈ -ɣajɛ| |lime |*xam[i] | | | |xa'mi |qa'mi | |friend |*xabe̝N |'xabi |'xabiŋ |'xabi |'xabiŋ |xa'bɛ | |head |*xabaN |'xabaŋ |'xab- |'xabaŋ |xa'baŋ |xa'baŋ | |mouth |*xatɜ |'xata | | |'xatɛ |'xata | |crocodile |*xajambo̝[s]|xaⁱ'bu |haⁱbu |'xaⁱbu |'xaⁱm'bo |'ɣajambos | |woman/wife |*raN |ã: |ɐ̃ŋ ≈ ã:ŋ |ã | |jaŋ | ===== Pronouns ===== Southeast Awyu free pronouns are reconstructed as follows (q.v. Lebold, Kriens and Susanto 2013: 38): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |SE. Awyu|Upper Kia|Lower Kia|Lower Kia|Edera |Edera| | | |Ujung Kia|Ujung Kia|Meto |Bhakti |Yame | |1 sg.|*no̝ |no |nu |nũ |nu ≈ nɔ |no | |2 sg.|*go̝ |gu ≈ guʔ |gu |gu ≈ guʔ |gɔ |go | |3 sg.|*ɛge̝ | | | |'ɛgɛ | | |1 pl.|*no̝go̝ |'noɣo |'nuɣu |nugu |'nugu ≈ 'nogo|noɣo | |2 pl.|*go̝go̝ | | |'gũŋgo |'gogo |'gogo| |3 pl.|*jɔxɔ |'joɣo |'joɣo | | | | (n.b. pronouns misassigned in the source have been corrected above.)\\ \\