====== West Awyu ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ The West Awyu family is comprised of two or three closely related languages spoken along and around the Wildeman and Asue Rivers and their tributaries … ===== Subclassification ===== The internal classification of West Awyu is as follows:\\ \\ West Awyu Wildeman River Awyu Asue River Awyu Miaro River Awyu Kewet River Awyu\\ \\ Kriens, Lebold and Menanti (2011: 28-29) provide lexical similarity figures between six West Awyu villages as follows: |< - 70px 70px 70px 70px 70px 70px 70px 70px >| | | | Wildeman | Miaro | Miaro | Kewet | Kewet | Kewet | | | | Busiri | Khanami | Keru | Juvo B. | Juvo K. | Amagatsu | |Wildeman|Busiri | --- | 67 | 65 | 58 | 55 | 54 | |Miaro |Khanami | 67 | --- | 94 | 73 | 72 | 70 | |Miaro |Keru | 65 | 94 | --- | 75 | 76 | 71 | |Kewet |Juvo B. | 58 | 73 | 75 | --- | 82 | 71 | |Kewet |Juvo K. | 55 | 72 | 76 | 82 | --- | 70 | |Kewet |Amagatsu| 54 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 70 | --- | ===== Sources ===== Drabbe (1947) grammar of Pisà Boelaars (1950: 68-76) English language recension of Drabbe's Pisà grammar Drabbe (1950) grammar notes and (pp. 131-142) 435 comparative terms for Pisà Drabbe (1959: 162-181) 430 comparative terms for Pisà Kriens and Lebold (2010: 40-53) 239 comparative terms for Awyu (Wildeman River) of Busiri Lebold, Kriens, de Vries and Rumaropen (2010: 54-66) 240 comparative terms for Asue Awyu of Juvo Besar/Kabu, Juvo Kecil, Keru and Khanami villages, 62 comparative terms for Asaren, Isage, Aboge, Kopi, Kiki, Eci, Homang, Amenda, Omuro, Khaibu and Kasima villages Kriens, Lebold and Menanti (2011: 44-51) 239 comparative terms for Asue Awyu of Amagatsu village, 50 comparative terms for Sogope, Katage and Yagatsu villlages Wester (2014) Awyu-Dumut comparative morphology including (pp. 195-210) 430 comparative terms for Pisa after Drabbe (1959: 162-181) ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Proto West Awyu had 14 to 18 consonants and 7 vowels as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | | | | *p | *t | | *k | | | *b | *d | | *g | | | [*mb] | [*nd] | | [*ŋg] | | | *ɸ | *s | | *x | [*xʷ] | | | *ɾ | *j | | *w | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | *ʉ | *u | | *ɛ | *ɜ | *ɔ | | | *a | | Rounded velar /*xʷ/ is found only in loans from Marind or Marind-Yaqay, where glide /*w/ is realized as [hʷ] in the western dialects of Marind (q.v. Drabbe 1955: 148-151.) These loans are also found in other Awyu subfamilies and may or may not have been established by the time of proto-West Awyu. Nasals /*m *n/ collapse root-finally into an archiphoneme [*N] which is in isolation expressed as nasalization of the otherwise final vowel. In compounds, this induces the prenasalization of following voiced stops /*b *d *g/ to [*mb *nd *ŋg]. …\\ \\ Consonants correspond as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | W. Awyu | Wildeman | Miaro | Kewet | | *m | m | m | m | | *n | n | n | n | | *p | p | p | p | | *t | t | t | t | | *t/_i ʉ u | s | s | tʃ | | *k | k | k | k | | *b | b | b | b | | *d | d | d | d | | *d/_i ʉ | d | d dʒ | dʒ | | *g | g | g | g | | *ɸ | ɸ | ɸ | ɸ | | *s | s | s | s | | *x | x | x | x [h ʔ] | | [*xʷ] | ɸ x | w | x w | | *mb | mb | mb | mb | | *nd | nd | nd | nd | | *nd/_i ʉ | nd | nd ndʒ | ndʒ | | *ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | ŋg | | *ɾ | ɾ | ɾ | ɾ | | *j | j | j | j | | *w | w | w | w | | *-VN | Ṽ | Ṽ | Ṽ | Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | W. Awyu | Wildeman | Miaro | Kewet | | *i | i | i | i | | *ʉ | ʉ | ʉ | ʉ | | *u | u | u | u | | *ɛ | e | e | e | | *ɜ | e | a | a | | *ɔ | o | o | o | | *a | a | a | a | | *ɛⁱ | i | eⁱ i | eⁱ | | *ɔⁱ | oⁱ | o u | oⁱ | | *aⁱ | aⁱ | eⁱ | aⁱ | | *aᵉ | aᵉ | e | aⁱ e | These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with all Pisà attestations drawn from Drabbe (1950: 131-142, ibid., 1959: 162-181,) Busiri from Kriens and Lebold (2010: 40-53,) Miaro River of Keru and Khanami and Kewet River of Juvo Besar and Juvo Kecil from Lebold, Kriens, de Vries and Rumaropen (2010: 44-53) and Kewet River of Amagatsu from Kriens, Lebold and Menanti (2011: 44-51.)\\ \\ Bilabial nasal /*m/ is preserved as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |drink (realis) |*mi |mi- | | | | | |star/firefly |*miN |mĩ |miŋ |mi |mi |miʔ | |morning |*mimiN |mimĩ | | | | | |thigh |*midiN |midĩ | | | | | |in front |*migi | |'miɣi |'migi ≈ mi'gi |migi | | |louse |*mɛɾu | | |'mɛɾu |meɾu |meru | |neck/throat |*mʉ(-tɔ) |mu(-'to) | | | | | |son |*m[ʉ/u] |mu | | | | | |cooked |*ma- |ma- | | | | | |beard |*mati |masi-rõ | | | | | |stand |*mati-ɛ |mase- |mɑ'si- |'masi- ≈ ma'si-|matʃi- |matʃe- | |stomach |*madʉ | | |madzu [dial.] |madzu [dial.] | | |tooth |*maga |ma'ga |'mɑgɑ |ma'ga |ma'ga |maga | |knee/elbow |*maɾ[ɔ/u] | |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾo | |behind |*mɔ | |mo |mo |mo | | |mother's bro. |*mɔN |mõ | | | | | |afraid |*mɔki | |'moki |mo'ki- |moki- |moki- | |earth |*mɔkaN |mokã | | | | | |small |*m[ɔ]nɔxɔ |'monoɣo |mono'ɣo |mo'nɔɣɔ |monɔ ≈ məno |meʔno | |cheek |*mɔxɔN |moɣõ | | | | | |blunt/dull |*mutu | | | |mutʃu | | |swallow |*m[u]kuN |mukũ- | | | | | |egg |*mugɔ |mu'go |mugɔʔ |mu'go |mu'go |muŋgo | |do/make |*ɛmɔ |emo- | | | | | |gall/bile |*[ɛ]timuN |isimũ | | | | | |drink (irrealis) |*ami | |ɑmi |ami |ami | | |young woman |*am[i]gi |am'gi | | | | | |hide |*atuɾumɔ- |asurumo- | | | | | |smell |*ɸ[i]mi |fimi- | | | | | |think |*ɸimɔ |fimo- | | | | | |stink |*ɸɔxɔmɔ |foɣomo- | | | | | |old (things) |*timi | |'simi |si'mi |tʃimi |tʃɪ'mɪ | |in front |*samaN | | | | |samam | |slow |*sukum[a]N |'sukumã | | | | | |two |*kɔɾumaN |kurumã |koru'mɑʔ |ku'ɾuma |ku'ɾuma |kʰɔrman | |lime |*xami | | | | |ami | |widow |*xam[ɜ] |ɣa'mɛ | | | | | |far |*xamaN |ɣamã |xɑ̃mɑ̃ŋ |'xama |amaʔ |a'ma | |be in pain |*xaɾimɔ |ɣarimo- | | | | | |friend |*xɔmu | | |'homu |ɔ:mu [dial.] | | |yawn |*xuɸamɔ |ɣufamo- | | | | | |bandicoot |*j[a]mi | |'jemi ≈ 'jɛmi |'jami |jemiʔ ≈ jamiʔ | | |thorn |*jamɔxɔN |'jamoɣõ |jɑməɣõŋ |jamɔ'kɔŋ |jɛmɔʔɔ ≈ jimɔ̃:|ⁿji:moʔo | |lie(s) |*jaxam[a] |'jaɣama | | | | | |ripe/yellow |*waxamaN |'waɣamã | |wa'ɣama |wama |waʔ'ma | |break/crush (tr.)|*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-|waɣaramo- | | | | | |inside |*wɔmu |'womu |'womu |'womu |womu |gʷo'mu | Apical nasal /*n/ is preserved as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River|Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K.|Amagatsu | | |***n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |mother |*ni |ni |'wɑni |'wani |('wa)ni |keni | |1 sg. poss. |*na- |na |nɑ- |na- |na- |na- | |eat (imperative)|*na | | |na | | | |wake (tr.) |*naɸiN | |nɑɸi- |naɸi(ŋ)- | | | |knowledge |*naɸaN |nafã |nɑ'ɸɑŋ |na'ɸaŋ |na'ɸaŋ |naxaŋ | |good |*n[a]ni | | |'nani | |nenɪ | |crocodile |*nagaɾu | | |naga'ɾuʔ |naga'ɾuʔ |nagru | |go (imperative) |*nɔxɔⁱ |noɣoj |no'ɣi |'noɣu ≈ 'noɣʉ|noʔi |noɪ | |1 sg. |*nu |nu |nũ |nũ |nũ |nu | |1 pl. |*nugu |nugu |'nugu |'nugu |'nugu |nuŋgu | |3 sg. poss. |*ɛna- |ena- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- | |leaf |*ana | |ɑnɑ | | | | |small |*m[ɔ]nɔxɔ |'monoɣo |mono'ɣo |mo'nɔɣɔ |monɔ ≈ məno|meʔno | |shin |*biniɾɔ |bini'ro | | | | | |go out (of fire)|*bʉni |bu'ni- | | | | | |soul |*b[a]na |bana | | | | | |mucus |*siniɸɔ |sini'fo | | | | | |tear(s) |*kin-(ɜjɜ)|kin-'ɛ | | | | | |near |*kinaxaN |kinaɣã |kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ |'kina |'kina |'kiraŋ | |sleep (n.) |*kunuN |kunũ |'kunu |kunu- |kunu- |ku'nu- | |break/snap |*gɛni |geni- | | | | | |be enough |*xaɾini |ɣarini- | | | | | |scab |*j[a]miN |jamĩ | | | | | |roof |*wɛnikɔ | | |we'niko |we'niko |we'niŋko | Bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is preserved in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***p** |**p** |**p** |**p** |**p** |**p** | |leg |*piti | |'bisi [sic] |pi'si |pi'si ≈ pitʃi [dial.]| | |long |*piɾi | |pi'ɾi |'piɾi |'piɾi |pirɪ | |wound |*pɛsɔ |'pɛso | | | | | |coconut |*pɜjɔ |pe'jo |'pejo |'pajo |'pajo |pajo | |blind/deaf |*pɜjɔ |pɛ'jo |'pɛjo |pa'jo |pa'jo |pajo: | |old (people) |*patʉ | | | | |patʃu: | |bad smell |*paxa ɸʉ[N]|'paɣa fu | | | |patʃu: | |lake |*pɔxuwɔ | | |poɣuwɔ | |pou'wo | |butterfly |*apɜɾɔ |'apɛro | | | | | |hot |*apa |'apa |'ɑpɑ |a'pasi |apa(si) |a'pa | |older brother|*kapu |ka'pu |kɑ'pu |'kapu |'kapu ≈ a-'kabu |a-kabu | Apical voiceless stop /*t/ when followed by non-high vowels /*ɛ *ɜ *ɔ *a/ is preserved as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***t** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** | |one |*tɛ-isijɜ|tisije | |te'sia |tɛsia |teisʲa | |goanna |*tɛⁱja | | |'teija |'teia |teije | |root |*tatɛ |ta'tɛ |tɑ'tɛ |ta'tɛ | | | |ashes |*taki |'taki |tɑ'ki |'taki |'taki |ta'kʰɪ | |tired |*taxaN |taɣã | | | | | |cold |*taɾu |'taru |'tɑru |'taɾu |'taɾu |ta'ru | |mud |*tawɛ | | |'tawe |tawɛ |tawe | |hole |*tɔ |to |tɔ | | | | |new |*tɔgɔ | |'togɔ | | |togo | |armpit |'toɣõ | | | | | | |finger/toe |*tɔɾɔN |torõ |'toɾoŋ |'toɾoŋ ≈ to'ɾɔŋ|to'ɾɔŋ |toraŋ | |afterbirth |*t[ɔ]gɔɾɔ|'togoro | | | | | |outside/below |*butaxa |'butaɣa |'butɑɣɑ |buta'ɣa | | | |see/find |*ɸit[a/ɔ]|feto- |ɸi'tɑ |'ɸita ≈ ɸi'to |'ɸita ≈ ɸitɔ|he'to: | |get up/stand up|*dɔtɔ |doto- |do'to- |do'to- |doto- |do'to: ≈ doto-| |foot/leg |*kitɔ |kito | |'kito | |ki'to | |new |*kɔtɔxɔ | | |kotɔɣɔ |ko'toɣoʔ | | |goura pigeon |*kutɛ |ku'tɛ | | | | | |mouth |*xatɜ |ɣa'tɛ |xɑ'tɛ |'hata |'hat:a |ata | When followed by high vowels /*i *ʉ *u/, /*t/ is palatalized and affricated to [tʃ] in Kewet River and merged with /s/ in Wildeman River and Miaro River: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***t/_i**|**s** |**s** |**s** |**tʃ** |**tʃ** | |father's father|*ti |si |si |si |tʃi |tʃi | |plait |*ti |si- | | | | | |old (things) |*timi | |'simi |si'mi |tʃimi |tʃɪ'mɪ | |ant |*titaxa | |'sitʰɑ(ɣa) |sita'ɣa |tʃitʰaʔa |tʃetʃa:a | |penis |*tigi |si'gi | | | | | |leech |*tiɾiN | | | |tʃiɾiŋ |tʃɪriŋ | |gall/bile |*[ɛ]timuN|isimũ | | | | | |tail of bird |*ɔti-ɾɔN |'osirõ | | | | | |beard |*mati |masi-rõ | | | | | |stand |*mati-ɛ |mase- |mɑ'si- |'masi- ≈ ma'si-|matʃi- |matʃe- | |leg |*piti | |'bisi |pi'si |pi'si ≈ pitʃi [dial.]| | |male |*b[a]tiN |bisĩ |b'siŋ | | | | |arrow |*dɛb[ɛ]ti| |dibi'si |dɛ'bɛsi |debitʃi |eptʃi | |sharp |*kɛtiN |'kisĩ |'kisiŋ |'kesiŋ |kɪtʃiŋ ≈ kitʃiŋ |kitʃiŋ | |fence |*xaⁱti |ɣaⁱ'si | | | | | |sweat |*k[a]tiN |kasĩ | | | | | |spear |*xati |ɣa'si | | | | | |snake |*wati |wasi |'wɑsi |wa'si |watʃi ≈ wa'si |wa'dʒi [sic.]| | |***t/_ʉ**|**s** |**s** |**s** |**tʃ** |**tʃ** | |banana |*tʉ |su |sɯ |sʉ |tʃɯ |tʃu: | |urinate |*tʉ |su- | | | | | |old (people) |*patʉ | | | | |patʃu: | |village |*butʉ | |'busɯ |bu'sʉ ≈ bʉ'sʉ |butʃɯ |butʃu | | |***t/_u**|**s** |**s** |**s** |**tʃ** |**tʃ** | |go down |*tu |su- | | | | | |daughter |*tub-ɾaN |subrã | | | | | |nipple |*tubu |subu | | | | | |ear |*tuɾuN |'surũ |'suruŋ |su'ɾuŋ |tʃuɾuŋ |tʃu'ruŋ | |hide |*atuɾumɔ-|asurumo- | | | | | |blunt/dull |*mutu | | | |mutʃu | | Velar voiceless stop /*k/ is preserved in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k [k kʰ]** | |theft |*ki |ki | | | | | |flower |*ki |ki | | | | | |ankle |*kiN |kĩ | | | | | |bathe/swim |*kiN |kĩ |kĩŋ- |ki: ≈ ki(ŋ)- |kiŋ- ≈ kim- |kʰin- ≈ kɪm- | |tear(s) |*kin-(ɜjɜ) |kin-'ɛ | | | | | |near |*kinaxaN |kinaɣã |kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ |'kina |'kina |'kiraŋ | |foot/leg |*kitɔ |kito | |'kito | |ki'to | |marsupial |*kisɔ |ki'so |ki'soɑ |'kiso | |keso | |rope |*kikiN |kikĩ | | | | | |side |*kikiN |kikĩ | | | | | |eye |*kiɾɔ |kiro |ki'ɾo |'kiɾo |'kiɾo |ke:ro | |nail |*k[i/ɛ]ja |ki'a |ki'jɑ |ki'ja |ki'ja |ke'a | |wind |*kɛɸi |ki'fi |'kiɸi |'kɛɸi |'kɛɸi |keɸi | |sharp |*kɛtiN |'kisĩ |'kisiŋ |'kesiŋ |kɪtʃiŋ ≈ kitʃiŋ|kitʃiŋ | |carry |*kɛkuN |kɛkũ- | | | | | |bad |*kɛjɔN | |'kijoŋ |'kejoŋ |'kejoŋ |keijoŋ | |older brother |*kapu |ka'pu |kɑ'pu |'kapu |'kapu ≈ a-'kabu|a-kabu | |branch |*kabiN |kabĩ | | | | | |sweat |*k[a]tiN |kasĩ | | | | | |flesh |*kad[ʉ] |ka'du |'kɑdu |'kadzu ≈ ka'du |kadʒu ≈ ka'du |kadʒu | |vomit |*k[a]ndi |kandi | | | | | |tree |*kasVɾɔ |'kasɛro |kɑso'ro |kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo|kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo| | |wet |*kakɛ |kake |'kɑkɛ |'kakɛ |'kakɛ | | |belly |*kaku |'kaku |'kɑku |ka'ku |ka'ku |ka'ku | |red |*kaŋgɔN |'kaŋgo |'kɑŋgo |kaŋgɔ ≈ 'kaŋgo |kaŋgoŋ |kɐ̃ŋgõŋ | |leech |*kaɾijaN |karia |'karijɑŋ |kaɾijaŋ | | | |ripe/dry (?) |*kaɾʉ | |'kɑru |'kaɾʉ |'kaɾʉ |kʰaru | |cassowary |*kaɾʉwɛ |'karuwɛ |'kɑruwɛ |kaɾʉ'we |kaɾʉ'we |karuɛ | |not/no |*kaɾɜ |ka'rɛ |'kɑrɛ |ka'ɾa |kaɾa |kʰa'ra ≈ kara| |paddle |*kaxʷi |'kafi |kɑfi ≈ kɑɸi |'kawi |'kawi |kawɪ | |new |*kɔtɔxɔ | | |kotɔɣɔ |ko'toɣoʔ | | |two |*kɔɾumaN |kurumã |koru'mɑʔ |ku'ɾuma |ku'ɾuma |kʰɔrman | |die (sg.) |*kuN |kũ- |kuŋ- |kuŋ- |kuŋ- |kuŋ- | |wash |*kuN |kũ |ku(ŋ)- |ku(ŋ)- |ku(ŋ)- |ku(ŋ)- | |goura pigeon |*kutɛ |ku'tɛ | | | | | |gather |*gigi[jɔ] kuN|gigio kũ- | | | | | |sleep (n.) |*kunuN |kunũ |'kunu |kunu- |kunu- |ku'nu- | |younger sibling|*kudɜ |ku'dɛ |kudɛ |'kuda |'kuda | | |dig |*kuw[ɔ] |ko- |ku |ku |ku |ku | |3 sg. |*ɛki |eki |i'ki |'ɛki |'ɛki |e'ke | |smoke |*aku |a'ku |'ɑku |aku |aku |a'kʰu | |afraid |*mɔki | |'moki |mo'ki- |moki- |moki- | |earth |*mɔkaN |mokã | | | | | |swallow |*m[u]kuN |mukũ- | | | | | |elbow/knee |*bɔkiN | | | | |bokĩ | |ant |*titaxa | |'sitʰɑ(ɣa) |sita'ɣa |tʃitʰaʔa |tʃetʃa:a | |ashes |*taki |'taki |tɑ'ki |'taki |'taki |ta'kʰɪ | |slow |*sukum[a]N |'sukumã | | | | | |roof |*wɛnikɔ | | |we'niko |we'niko |we'niŋko | |bamboo knife |*waki |wa'ki |'wɑki |wa'ki |waki | | Bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is preserved in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***b** |**b** |**b** |**b** |**b** |**b** | |chest |*biN |bĩ | | | | | |shin |*biniɾɔ |bini'ro | | | | | |moon |*bidiN |bidĩ |bɪ'diŋ |'bidʒiŋ |'bidʒiŋ |bidʒiŋ | |hand/arm |*bidɜ |bi'dɛ |'bidɛ |bi'da |bi'da |bi'da | |male |*b[a]tiN |bisĩ |b'siŋ | | | | |go out (of fire)|*bʉni |bu'ni- | | | | | |sit/stay |*ba |ba- |bɑ- |ba- |ba- | | |soul |*b[a]na |bana | | | | | |bone |*bagi |bagi |'bɑgi |'bagi ≈ ba'gi |ba'gi |bagɪ | |short/blunt |*bagɔ |ba'go |'bɑɣo |'bogo |'bogo |bogo | |wing |*baɾ[ɔ/u] | | |baɾu: [dial.] |baɾɔ | | |father |*bɔ |bo |bo |bo |bo | | |shiver |*bɔbiN |bobĩ- | | | | | |elbow/knee |*bɔkiN | | | | |bokĩ | |elbow/knee |*buN |bũ |buŋ |buŋ [dial.] |buŋ | | |outside/below |*butaxa |'butaɣa |'butɑɣɑ |buta'ɣa | | | |village |*butʉ | |'busɯ |bu'sʉ ≈ bʉ'sʉ |butʃɯ |butʃu | |fly (v.) |*buɾuN |burũ- |'buruŋ- |buɾuŋ- |buɾuŋ- |buruŋ- | |goanna. |*ɛbi | | |ɛbi [dial.] |'ɛbi | | |laughter |*ab[ɛN] |ab gi- |ɑb-giŋ |aba-'gi-- |ab(i)-gi- |ap-gi- | |close eyes |*abʉN |abu- | | | | | |daughter |*tub-ɾaN |subrã | | | | | |nipple |*tubu |subu | | | | | |arrow |*dɛb[ɛ]ti | |dibi'si |dɛ'bɛsi |debitʃi |eptʃi | |island |*d[ʉ]bi |du'bi | | | | | |heart |*dʉb[u]ɾɔ |'duburo | |'dʒubuɾɔ |'dʒubuɾɔ | | |young man |*sʉbaN |'subã | | | | | |branch |*kabiN |kabĩ | | | | | |nape |*gubiN |gubĩ | | | | | |head |*xaⁱbaN |ɣajbã |'xɑibɑŋ |he'baŋ ≈ hi'baŋ|habaŋ ≈ ʔa'baŋ|aibaŋ | |friend |*xabiN | | | |abiŋ [dial.] |ha:bim | |stone axe |*xabu |ɣa'bu | |'habu |ʔabu |a'bu: | |tail |*wɔbʉ |wo'bu |'wobu |'wobʉ |'wobʉ |'wobu | |testicle |*wɔb[ʉ]-ɾɔ|'wobu-ro | | | | | Apical voiced stop /*d/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***d** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** | |older sister |*dɛ |dɛ |nɑ'tɛ |'wadɛ |na'dɛ |nade | |not |*dɛ |dɛ | | | | | |arrow |*dɛb[ɛ]ti | |dibi'si |dɛ'bɛsi |debitʃi |eptʃi [sic] | |come |*dɜ |dɛ- |dɛ |da |da |da: | |hear |*da |da- |dɑ- |da |da- |da- | |burn (intr.) |*dɔ | |do- |'do- |'do- |do- | |get up/stand up|*dɔtɔ |doto- |do'to- |do'to- |doto- |do'to: ≈ doto-| |sago |*du |du |du |du |du |duʔ | |roof |*dugi | |'duɣi |'dʒugi (?) | | | |give |*ɛdV |edo- | | | | | |body |*adʉ |adu | | | | | |tie |*adV |ada- |ɑde- |ada |-da- |ado | |hand/arm |*bidɜ |bi'dɛ |'bidɛ |bi'da |bi'da |bi'da | |younger sibling|*kudɜ |ku'dɛ |kudɛ |'kuda |'kuda | | |raw/young |*[k/x]adaxaⁱ|'kadaɣaⁱ |'xɑdɑɣɑi |kada'ɣei |adaɣai ≈ adaɣi|adʰaʔɪ | |thumb/big toe |*wadɔ |wa'do | | | |wa'do | When followed by high front and central vowels /*i *ʉ/, /*d/ is palatalized and affricated to [dʒ] in Kewet River … : |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***d/_i**|**d** |**d** |**d dʒ** |**dʒ** |**dʒ** | |sweet potato|*ɛdiN | |'idiŋ |'ɛdiŋ |edʒiŋ |edʒiŋ | |body |*adʉ |adu | | | | | |thigh |*midiN |midĩ | | | | | |moon |*bidiN |bidĩ |bɪ'diŋ |'bidʒiŋ |'bidʒiŋ |bidʒiŋ | |path |*jɛdi | |jɛdi |jɛ'di |jɛdʒi |jedʒi | | |***d/_ʉ**|**d** |**d** |**d dʒ** |**dʒ** |**dʒ** | |cook/burn |*dʉ |du- |du- |dʒʉ |dʒu |dʒu | |bow |*dʉN |dũ |dũŋ |ⁿdu |dʒũŋ |dʒʊn | |island |*d[ʉ]bi |du'bi | | | | | |heart |*dʉb[u]ɾɔ|'duburo | |'dʒubuɾɔ |'dʒubuɾɔ | | |stomach |*madʉ | | |madzu [dial.] |madzu [dial.]| | |flesh |*kad[ʉ] |ka'du |'kɑdu |'kadzu ≈ ka'du|kadʒu ≈ ka'du|kadʒu | One apparent exception is considered to represent /*wadɛⁱ/ rather than /*wadi/ by outcomparison to Kombai /wondeⁱ/ (q.v. Voorhoeve 2000 : 378): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River|Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K.|Amagatsu | | |***d/_ɛⁱ**|**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** | |river|*wadɛⁱ |wa'di |'wɑdi |'wadi |'wadi |wa'dɪ | Another remains unexplained: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River|Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K.|Amagatsu | | |***d/_Vⁱ (?)**|**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** | |salt|*d[Vⁱ]sɛ | | |di'se |di'se |di'se | Velar voiced stop /*g/ is preserved in all descendants. Medially, it is sometimes realized as [ɣ] in Wildeman River, merging with the reflex of /*x/ (below): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***g** |**g [g ɣ]** |**g [g ɣ]** |**g** |**g** |**g** | |scratch |*gi- |gi- |-ɣi |-gi |-gi |-gɪ | |gather |*gigi[jɔ] kuN|gigio kũ- | | | | | |sand |*giɾiN |girĩ |'giriŋ |gi'ɾiŋ |gi'ɾiŋ |giriŋ | |garden |*gijɔN |giõ |ɣijoŋ | | | | |break/snap |*gɛni |geni- | | | | | |brain |*g[ʉ]N |gũ | | | | | |navel |*g[ʉ]N |gũ | | | | | |2 sg. poss.|*ga- |ga- | | | | | |blood |*gɔN |go |goŋ |gɔŋ |gɔŋ |goŋ | |2 pl. |*g[ɔ]g[ʉ] |gugu |gu'gu |'gɔgʉ ≈ 'gogu|'gɔgʉ ≈ 'gogu|gugu | |2 sg. |*gu |gu |gu | | |gu | |nape |*gubiN |gubĩ | | | | | |young woman|*am[i]gi |am'gi | | | | | |seek/search|*agu |agu- |ɑgu- |agu |ago- |agʰu- | |in front |*migi | |'miɣi |'migi ≈ mi'gi|migi | | |tooth |*maga |ma'ga |'mɑgɑ |ma'ga |ma'ga |maga | |egg |*mugɔ |mu'go |mugɔʔ |mu'go |mu'go |muŋgo | |bone |*bagi |bagi |'bɑgi |'bagi ≈ ba'gi|ba'gi |bagɪ | |short/blunt|*bagɔ |ba'go |'bɑɣo |'bogo |'bogo |bogo | |tongue |*ɸagɛ |fa'gɛ |ɸɑ'gɛ |'ɸagɛ |'ɸagɛ ≈ hage |ha'ge | |crocodile |*nagaɾu | | |naga'ɾuʔ |naga'ɾuʔ |nagru | |1 pl. |*nugu |nugu |'nugu |'nugu |'nugu |nuŋgu | |penis |*tigi |si'gi | | | | | |new |*tɔgɔ | |'togɔ | | |togo | |armpit |*tɔgɔN |'toɣõ (?) | | | | | |afterbirth |*t[ɔ]gɔɾɔ |'togoro | | | | | |roof |*dugi | |'duɣi |'dʒugi | | | Prenasalized stops /*mb *nd *ŋg/ occur only medially, where they are retained in all descendants. When /*nd/ is followed by high vowel /*i/, it is palatalized in Kewet River as is /*d/ (above): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River|Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K.|Amagatsu | | |***mb** |**mb** |**mb** |**mb** |**mb** |**mb** | |crocodile |*xajambu |'ɣaⁱjambu |xɑ'jɑmbu | | | | | |***nd/_i**|**nd d** |**** |**** |**ndʒ** |**ndʒ** | |eat (future)|*a[n]di |adi- | | |andʒi |andʒ- | |vomit |*k[a]ndi |kandi | | | | | | |***ŋg** |**ŋg** |**ŋg** |**ŋg** |**ŋg** |**ŋg** | |dog |*aŋgi |aŋ'gi |'ɑŋgi |'aŋgi |'aŋgi |aŋgi | |louse |*aŋgu |'aŋgu |'ɑŋgu |aŋ'gu |aŋ'gu | | |red |*kaŋgɔN |'kaŋgo |'kɑŋgo |kaŋgɔ ≈ 'kaŋgo|kaŋgoŋ |kɐ̃ŋgõŋ | |die (pl.) |*xɔs[a]ŋgi|ɣosaŋgi- | | | | | |flying fox |*xɔŋgi |ɣoŋ'gi | | | | | Bilabial fricative /*ɸ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***ɸ** |**ɸ ** |**ɸ [ɸ f ʍ]** |**ɸ [ɸ f]** |**ɸ [ɸ h]** |**ɸ [ɸ h x]**| |name |*ɸi |fi |ɸi |ɸi ≈ fi |ɸi |ɸi: | |smell |*ɸ[i]mi |fimi- | | | | | |think |*ɸimɔ |fimo- | | | | | |grandchild |*ɸiɾɔN | | |ɸi'ɾɔŋ |ɸi'ɾɔŋ | | |bamboo |*ɸijɔ |fi'o |ʍi'joʔ |'ɸijo |'ɸijo |fɪo: | |see/find |*ɸit[a/ɔ] |feto- |ɸi'tɑ |'ɸita ≈ ɸi'to|'ɸita ≈ ɸitɔ|he'to: | |breath |*ɸiɾɔ |fero- | | | | | |not |*ɸa |fa | | | | | |tongue |*ɸagɛ |fa'gɛ |ɸɑ'gɛ |'ɸagɛ |'ɸagɛ ≈ hage|ha'ge | |stink |*ɸɔxɔmɔ |foɣomo- | | | | | |bad smell |*paxa ɸʉ[N]|'paɣa fu | | | |patʃu: | |weeping/crying |*iɸɛ |i'fɛ |i'fɛ |i'fɛ |ɛɸɛ |eɸia | |break/split (tr.)|*axaɸʉN |aɣafũ- | | | | | |child |*ɔɸɔ |'ofo | |'oɸo |'oɸo |oho | |wake (tr.) |*naɸiN | |nɑɸi- |naɸi(ŋ)- | | | |knowledge |*naɸaN |nafã |nɑ'ɸɑŋ |na'ɸaŋ |na'ɸaŋ |naxaŋ | |mucus |*siniɸɔ |sini'fo | | | | | |wind |*kɛɸi |ki'fi |'kiɸi |'kɛɸi |'kɛɸi |keɸi | |play |*xaɸɛ |ɣa'fɛ | | | | | |yawn |*xuɸamɔ |ɣufamo- | | | | | Fricative /*s/ is retained as such in all descendants: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***s** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** | |spine |*si |si | | | | | |nose |*siN(-tɔ) |sin-'to |'sin-tɔ | | |si: | |mucus |*siniɸɔ |sini'fo | | | | | |high/above |*siɾi |si'ri |si'ɾi |'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi |'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi |siri ≈ sirɪ | |black |*siɾi |si'ri |'siɾi |si'ɾi |si'ɾi |si'rɪ | |kunai grass |*sisɔ |sɛ'so |siso |'siso |'siso |suso | |widower |*sɛN |'sɛŋ-go | | | | | |young man |*sʉbaN |'subã | | | | | |mud |*sʉɾu | |'sɯru | | | | |dry |*sɜ |sɛ |sɛ |sa-ka'ɾa |sa-kᵊɾa |sa: ≈ sa-kra)| |in front |*samaN | | | | |samam | |sun/day |*sawɜ |sa'wɛ |'sɑwɛ |'sawa |'sawa | | |earth/ground|*sɔxɔ |so'ɣo |so'xo |'soxo ≈ sɔxɔ |'soɣo ≈ soxo |soʔo | |nose |*susuN | | |'susuŋ |'susuŋ |susuŋ | |slow |*sukum[a]N |'sukumã | | | | | |cough (n.) |*[i/ɛ]s[a/ɔ]|ɛ'so |ɛ'so |'iso |'iso ≈ ɛsa |ɪsʲa | |mosquito |*ɛⁱsɜ |ise |'isɛ |i'sa ≈ ɛⁱsɛ [dial.]|i'sa ≈ isɛ |eisʲa | |sneeze (n.) |*asiN |asĩ | | | | | |thin |*as[ɛ][x][ɛ]|'aseɣe | | | | | |night |*asʉ |a'su |'ɑsɯ |'asʉ |'asʉ |a'su | |bite |*asu |asu- |ɑsʊ- |asu | | | |wound |*pɛsɔ |'pɛso | | | | | |one |*tɛ-isijɜ |tisije | |te'sia |tɛsia |teisʲa | |salt |*disɛ | | |di'se |di'se |di'se | |marsupial |*k[i/ɛ]sɔ |ki'so |ki'soɑ |'kiso | |keso | |tree |*kasVrɔ |'kasɛro |kɑso'ro |kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo |kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo| | |die (pl.) |*xɔs[a]ŋgi |ɣosaŋgi- | | | | | Velar fricative /*x/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***x-** |**x [ɣ]** |**x** |**x [h x]** |**x [h ʔ ø]** |**x [h ø]**| |skin/bark |*xa |ɣa |xɑ |ha ≈ xa |ʔa: ≈ ha |a: | |give birth |*xaⁱ |ɣaⁱ- | | | | | |house |*xaⁱN |ɣãⁱ |xɑ̃ĩŋ |-ɣiŋ |ʔaĩ: |haʔə | |head |*xaⁱbaN |ɣajbã |'xɑibɑŋ |he'baŋ ≈ hi'baŋ|habaŋ ≈ ʔa'baŋ |aibaŋ | |bandicoot |*xaⁱjɔ |'ɣajo | |hɛijo |haijo(ʔ) | | |lime |*xami | | | | |ami | |widow |*xam[ɜ] |ɣa'mɛ | | | | | |far |*xamaN |ɣamã |xɑ̃mɑ̃ŋ |'xama |amaʔ |a'ma | |friend |*xabiN | | | |abiŋ [dial.] |ha:bim | |stone axe |*xabu |ɣa'bu | |'habu |ʔabu |a'bu: | |play |*xaɸɛ |ɣa'fɛ | | | | | |spear |*xati |ɣa'si | | | | | |mouth |*xatɜ |ɣa'tɛ |xɑ'tɛ |'hata |'hat:a |ata | |fence/wall |*xaɾi | |'xɑɾi |'haɾi |ʔa:ɾi |ha'rɪ | |be in pain |*xaɾimɔ |ɣarimo- | | | | | |be enough |*xaɾini |ɣarini- | | | | | |white |*xaja |'ɣaja |'xɑjɑ |ha'ja |ha'ja | | |crocodile |*xajambu |'ɣaⁱjambu |xɑ'jɑmbu | | | | |man |*xɔ |ɣo |xo |ɸ(u)- |ɔ- ≈ o- |ho:- ≈ o- | |walk/go |*xɔ |ɣo- | | | | | |friend |*xɔmu | | |'homu |ɔ:mu [dial.] | | |die (pl.) |*xɔs[a]ŋgi |ɣosaŋgi- | | | | | |flying fox |*xɔŋgi |ɣoŋ'gi | | | | | |ghost |*xɔxɔⁱ |ɣo'ɣoⁱ | |'hoɣo ≈ 'hoɣu |ɸɔɣɔⁱ | | |cloud/sky |*xɔwʉ |ɣoᵘ |xu ≈ xo |hoʉ ≈ hu |hoʉ ≈ hu ≈ ʔoᵘ |ou: | |milk |*xu[N] |ɣu | | | | | |yawn |*xuɸamɔ |ɣufamo- | | | | | | |***-x-** |**x [ɣ]** |**x [ɣ x g]** |**** |**x [ɣ ʔ ø]** |**x [ʔ ø]**| |husband |*-xu |-ɣu |-gu |-ɣu |-ᵘ |-u: ≈ -uʔ | |thin |*as[ɛ][x][ɛ] |'aseɣe | | | | | |fish |*axaᵉ |a'ɣaᵉ |ɑ'ɣe |ʔa'ɣe |ʔaj |ae: | |break/split (tr.)|*axaɸʉN |aɣafũ- | | | | | |cheek |*mɔxɔN |moɣõ | | | | | |bad smell |*paxa ɸʉ[N] |'paɣa fu | | | |patʃu: | |lake |*pɔxuwɔ | | |poɣuwɔ | |pou'wo | |outside/below |*butaxa |'butaɣa |'butɑɣɑ |buta'ɣa | | | |stink |*ɸɔxɔmɔ |foɣomo- | | | | | |go (imperative) |*nɔxɔⁱ |noɣoj |no'ɣi |'noɣu ≈ 'noɣʉ |noʔi |noɪ | |ant |*titaxa | |'sitʰɑ(ɣa) |sita'ɣa |tʃitʰaʔa |tʃetʃa:a | |tired |*taxaN |taɣã | | | | | |earth/ground |*sɔxɔ |so'ɣo |so'xo |'soxo ≈ sɔxɔ |'soɣo ≈ soxo |soʔo | |near |*kinaxaN |kinaɣã |kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ |'kina |'kina |'kiraŋ | |raw/young |*[k/x]adaxaⁱ |'kadaɣaⁱ |'xɑdɑɣɑi |kada'ɣei |adaɣai ≈ adaɣi |adʰaʔɪ | |new |*kɔtɔxɔ | | |kotɔɣɔ |ko'toɣoʔ | | |person |*[ɾ/j]ɔxu |'juɣu |'jogoŋ |'ju'ɣu |ɾɔu |roʔu | |thorn |*jamɔxɔN |'jamoɣõ |jɑməɣõŋ |jamɔ'kɔŋ |jɛmɔʔɔ ≈ jimɔ̃:|ⁿji:moʔo | |bark |*jaxaN | | |'jaɣaŋ |'jaɣaŋ ≈ ja:ŋ |ɲʲaʔa | |lie(s) |*jaxam[a] |'jaɣama | | | | | |3 pl. |*jɔxɔ |joɣo | |jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo |jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo |jo:o | |rattan/rope |*jɔxu |'joɣomo |joɣomo |'juɣumo ≈ joɣo-|jɔɣu |joɣu | |ripe/yellow |*waxamaN |'waɣamã | |wa'ɣama |wama |waʔ'ma | |break/crush (tr.)|*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-|waɣaramo- | | | | | |green/blue |*wɔxu | |'woɣo |'wuɣu |'wuɣu ≈ wɔᵘ |woɣu | Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***ɾ** |**ɾ ** |**ɾ ** |**ɾ** |**ɾ** |**ɾ ** | |call/sing |*ɾi |ri- | | | | | |lie down |*ɾi |ri- | |ɾi |ɾi |ri | |rib(s) |*ɾiN |rim-bigi | | | | | |twist rope |*ɾiN |rĩ- | | | | | |go down |*ɾʉ- |ru- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |chop down |*ɾʉ- |ru- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |thunder |*ɾʉ- |ru- | | | | | |scar |*ɾʉ[N] |ru | | | | | |boil (n.) |*ɾʉN |rũ | | | | | |take/hold |*ɾa |ra- | |ɾa- |ɾa- | | |woman/wife |*ɾaN |rã |rɑŋ |ɾaŋ |ɾaŋ |raŋ | |fruit/seed |*ɾɔ |ro |ro |'ro |ɾo | | |say/speak |*ɾɔ |ro- |ro | |ɾɔ |ro | |hair/leaf/feather|*ɾɔN |rõ |roŋ |ɾɔŋ ≈ ɾõŋ |ɾɔŋ |roŋ | |weep/cry |*ɾɔN | | | | |roŋ- | |voice/speech |*ɾu |ru |ru |ɾu |ɾu |ru(:) | |rainbow |*iɾiN |irĩ | | | | | |earthquake |*iɾiɾi |iri'ri | | | | | |stone |*ɛⁱɾɔ |i'ro |i'ro |'eiɾo ≈ 'iɾɔ |'eiɾo |ɛⁱro | |butterfly |*apɜɾɔ |'apɛro | | | | | |hide |*atuɾumɔ- |asurumo- | | | | | |louse |*mɛɾu | | |'mɛɾu |meɾu |meru | |knee/elbow |*maɾ[ɔ/u] | |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾo | |long |*piɾi | |pi'ɾi |'piɾi |'piɾi |pirɪ | |fly (v.) |*buɾuN |burũ- |'buruŋ- |buɾuŋ- |buɾuŋ- |buruŋ- | |grandchild |*ɸiɾɔN | | |ɸi'ɾɔŋ |ɸi'ɾɔŋ | | |breath |*ɸiɾɔ |fero- | | | | | |crocodile |*nagaru | | |naga'ɾuʔ |naga'ɾuʔ |nagru | |leech |*tiɾiN | | | |tʃiɾiŋ |tʃɪriŋ | |cold |*taɾu |'taru |'tɑru |'taɾu |'taɾu |ta'ru | |afterbirth |*t[ɔ]gɔɾɔ |'togoro | | | | | |finger/toe |*tɔɾɔN |torõ |'toɾoŋ |'toɾoŋ ≈ to'ɾɔŋ|to'ɾɔŋ |toraŋ | |ear |*tuɾuN |'surũ |'suruŋ |su'ɾuŋ |tʃuɾuŋ |tʃu'ruŋ | |heart |*dʉb[u]ɾɔ |'duburo | |'dʒubuɾɔ |'dʒubuɾɔ | | |high/above |*siɾi |si'ri |si'ɾi |'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi |'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi |siri ≈ sirɪ | |black |*siɾi |si'ri |'siɾi |si'ɾi |si'ɾi |si'rɪ | |mud |*sʉɾu | |'sɯru | | | | |eye |*kiɾɔ |kiro |ki'ɾo |'kiɾo |'kiɾo |ke:ro | |tree |*kasVrɔ |'kasɛro |kɑso'ro |kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo|kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo| | |leech |*kaɾijaN |karia |'karijɑŋ |kaɾijaŋ | | | |ripe/dry (?) |*kaɾʉ | |'kɑru |'kaɾʉ |'kaɾʉ |kʰaru | |cassowary |*kaɾʉwɛ |'karuwɛ |'kɑruwɛ |kaɾʉ'we |kaɾʉ'we |karuɛ | |not/no |*kaɾɜ |ka'rɛ |'kɑrɛ |ka'ɾa |kaɾa |kʰa'ra ≈ kara| |two |*kɔɾumaN |kurumã |koru'mɑʔ |ku'ɾuma |ku'ɾuma |kʰɔrman | |sand |*giɾiN |girĩ |'giriŋ |gi'ɾiŋ |gi'ɾiŋ |giriŋ | |fence/wall |*xaɾi | |'xɑɾi |'haɾi |ʔa:ɾi |ha'rɪ | |be in pain |*xaɾimɔ |ɣarimo- | | | | | |be enough |*xaɾini |ɣarini- | | | | | |worm |*wɛɾʉ | |'weru |'weɾʉ |'weɾʉ |eu'ru | |break/crush (tr.)|*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-|waɣaramo- | | | | | At least two comparisons show an irregular alternation between [ɾ] and [j]: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River|Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K.|Amagatsu | | |***[ɾ/j]**|**j** |**j** |**ɾ** |**ɾ** |**ɾ** | |breadfruit|*[ɾ/j]awɔ |ja'wo |'jɑwo |'ɾawo |ɾawo |ra'wo | | |***[ɾ/j]**|**j** |**j** |**j** |**ɾ** |**ɾ** | |person |*[ɾ/j]ɔxu |'juɣu |'jogoŋ |'ju'ɣu |ɾɔu |roʔu | …\\ \\ Palatal glide /*j/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***j** |**j** |**j** |**j** |**j** |**j** | |bird |*ji |ji |ɪ: |ʝi |ʝi |i: | |fire |*ji(n) |jĩ |dziŋ |ʝi ≈ 'ʝin- |ʝi ≈ 'ʝin- |ji: ≈ n- | |fruit/seed |*jindV-ɾɔ|jindɛ-ro | |jindɔ-'ro |jindʒə-ɾo | | |path |*jɛdi | |jɛdi |jɛ'di |jɛdʒi |jedʒi | |hunger/thirst|*jɜ |jɛ | | | | | |love |*jɜ |jɛ | | | | | |bandicoot |*j[a]mi | |'jemi ≈ 'jɛmi |'jami |jemiʔ ≈ jamiʔ | | |scab |*j[a]miN |jamĩ | | | | | |thorn |*jamɔxɔN |'jamoɣõ |jɑməɣõŋ |jamɔ'kɔŋ |jɛmɔʔɔ ≈ jimɔ̃:|ⁿji:moʔo | |bark |*jaxaN | | |'jaɣaŋ |'jaɣaŋ ≈ ja:ŋ |ɲʲaʔa | |lie(s) |*jaxam[a]|'jaɣama | | | | | |canoe |*jaxʷʉN |jɛfũ |jɑ'xuŋ |ja'vʉŋ |ja'vʉŋ |jaɣʊŋ | |copulate |*jɔN |jõ- | | | | | |3 pl. |*jɔxɔ |joɣo | |jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo |jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo |jo:o | |rattan/rope |*jɔxu |'joɣomo |joɣomo |'juɣumo ≈ joɣo-|jɔɣu |joɣu | |water |*ɜjɜ |ɛ |'ɛ |'aja |'aja |aija | |coconut |*pɜjɔ |pe'jo |'pejo |'pajo |'pajo |pajo | |blind/deaf |*pɜjɔ |pɛ'jo |'pɛjo |pa'jo |pa'jo |pajo: | |bamboo |*ɸijɔ |fi'o |ʍi'joʔ |'ɸijo |'ɸijo |fɪo: | |one |*tɛ-isijɜ|tisije | |te'sia |tɛsia |teisʲa | |goanna |*tɛⁱja | | |'teija |'teia |teije | |nail |*k[i/ɛ]ja|ki'a |ki'jɑ |ki'ja |ki'ja |ke'a | |bad |*kɛjɔN | |'kijoŋ |'kejoŋ |'kejoŋ |keijoŋ | |leech |*kaɾijaN |karia |'karijɑŋ |kaɾijaŋ | | | |garden |*gijɔN |giõ |ɣijoŋ | | | | |bandicoot |*xaⁱjɔ |'ɣajo | |hɛijo |haijo(ʔ) | | |white |*xaja |'ɣaja |'xɑjɑ |ha'ja |ha'ja | | |crocodile |*xajambu |'ɣaⁱjambu |xɑ'jɑmbu | | | | Glide /*w/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***w** |**w [w u]** |**w [w u]** |**w [w u]** |**w [w u]** |**w [w u]**| |mother's mother |*wi |wi |wi |wi |wi |wi | |roof |*wɛnikɔ | | |we'niko |we'niko |we'niŋko | |worm |*wɛɾʉ | |'weru |'weɾʉ |'weɾʉ |eu'ru | |kill |*wʉ |wu- |-u- |-ʉ- | | | |left |*wɜ | |we |wa |wɛma |wa | |3 sg. poss. |*wa- |ewa- |wɑ- |wa- |wa- | | |snake |*wati |wasi |'wɑsi |wa'si |watʃi ≈ wa'si |wa'dʒi | |river |*wadɛⁱ |wa'di |'wɑdi |'wadi |'wadi |wa'dɪ | |thumb/big toe |*wadɔ |wa'do | | | |wa'do | |bamboo knife |*waki |wa'ki |'wɑki |wa'ki |waki | | |break/crush (tr.)|*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-|waɣaramo- | | | | | |inside |*wɔmu |'womu |'womu |'womu |womu |gʷo'mu | |tail |*wɔbʉ |wo'bu |'wobu |'wobʉ |'wobʉ |'wobu | |testicle |*wɔb[ʉ]-ɾɔ |'wobu-ro | | | | | |liver |*wɔwuN |wũ |wõŋ |wõŋ ≈wuŋ [dial.]|woŋ |wouŋ | |green/blue |*wɔxu | |'woɣo |'wuɣu |'wuɣu ≈ wɔᵘ |woɣu | |3 sg. poss. |*ɛwa- |ewa- | | | | | |right (side) |*ɔwu | |'ou |ou |uma |oᵘʔ | |pig |*uwɛⁱ |u'i |wi |wei |wei |weɪ | |lake |*pɔxuwɔ | | |poɣuwɔ | |pou'wo | |mud |*tawɛ | | |'tawe |tawɛ |tawe | |sun/day |*sawɜ |sa'wɛ |'sɑwɛ |'sawa |'sawa | | |cassowary |*kaɾʉwɛ |'karuwɛ |'kɑruwɛ |kaɾʉ'we |kaɾʉ'we |karuɛ | |cloud/sky |*xɔwʉ |ɣoᵘ |xu ≈ xo |hoʉ ≈ hu |hoʉ ≈ hu ≈ ʔoᵘ|ou: | |breadfruit |*[ɾ/j]awɔ |ja'wo |'jɑwo |'ɾawo |ɾawo |ra'wo | Additionally, there is a correspondence, represented here as /*xʷ/, which is found only in loans from Marind or Marind-Yaqay, where glide /*w/ is realized as [xʷ] in the western dialects of Marind (q.v. Drabbe 1955: 148-151): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River|Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K.|Amagatsu | | |***xʷ** |**ɸ ** |**ɸ [ɸ f]** |**w** |**w** |**w** | |paddle|*kaxʷi |'kafi |kɑfi ≈ kɑɸi |'kawi |'kawi |kawɪ | | |***xʷ** |**ɸ ** |**x** |**w [v]** |**w [v]** |**x [ɣ]** | |canoe |*jaxʷʉN |jɛfũ |jɑ'xuŋ |ja'vʉŋ |ja'vʉŋ |jaɣʊŋ | High front vowel /*i/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***i** |**i** |**i [i ɪ]** |**i** |**i** |**i [i ɪ]** | |weeping/crying |*iɸɛ |i'fɛ |i'fɛ |i'fɛ |ɛɸɛ |eɸia | |rainbow |*iɾiN |irĩ | | | | | |earthquake |*iɾiɾi |iri'ri | | | | | |goanna. |*ɛbi | | |ɛbi [dial.] |'ɛbi | | |gall/bile |*[ɛ]timuN |isimũ | | | | | |sweet potato |*ɛdiN | |'idiŋ |'ɛdiŋ |edʒiŋ |edʒiŋ | |3 sg. |*ɛki |eki |i'ki |'ɛki |'ɛki |e'ke | |drink (irrealis)|*ami | |ɑmi |ami |ami | | |young woman |*am[i]gi |am'gi | | | | | |eat (future) |*a[n]di |adi- | | |andʒi |andʒ- | |sneeze (n.) |*asiN |asĩ | | | | | |dog |*aŋgi |aŋ'gi |'ɑŋgi |'aŋgi |'aŋgi |aŋgi | |tail of bird |*ɔti-ɾɔN |'osirõ | | | | | |taro |*ʉwi |wi |wi |ʉi |ʉi |wɜ | |drink (realis) |*mi |mi- | | | | | |star/firefly |*miN |mĩ |miŋ |mi |mi |miʔ | |morning |*mimiN |mimĩ | | | | | |thigh |*midiN |midĩ | | | | | |in front |*migi | |'miɣi |'migi ≈ mi'gi|migi | | |beard |*mati |masi-rõ | | | | | |afraid |*mɔki | |'moki |mo'ki- |moki- |moki- | |leg |*piti | |'bisi |pi'si |pi'si | | |long |*piɾi | |pi'ɾi |'piɾi |'piɾi |pirɪ | |chest |*biN |bĩ | | | | | |shin |*biniɾɔ |bini'ro | | | | | |moon |*bidiN |bidĩ |bɪ'diŋ |'bidʒiŋ |'bidʒiŋ |bidʒiŋ | |hand/arm |*bidɜ |bi'dɛ |'bidɛ |bi'da |bi'da |bi'da | |go out (of fire)|*bʉni |bu'ni- | | | | | |male |*b[a]tiN |bisĩ |b'siŋ | | | | |bone |*bagi |bagi |'bɑgi |'bagi ≈ ba'gi|ba'gi |bagɪ | |shiver |*bɔbiN |bobĩ- | | | | | |elbow/knee |*bɔkiN | | | | |bokĩ | |name |*ɸi |fi |ɸi |ɸi ≈ fi |ɸi |ɸi: | |smell |*ɸ[i]mi |fimi- | | | | | |think |*ɸimɔ |fimo- | | | | | |grandchild |*ɸiɾɔN | | |ɸi'ɾɔŋ |ɸi'ɾɔŋ | | |bamboo |*ɸijɔ |fi'o |ʍi'joʔ |'ɸijo |'ɸijo |fɪo: | |mother |*ni |ni |'wɑni |'wani |('wa)ni |keni | |wake (tr.) |*naɸiN | |nɑɸi- |naɸi(ŋ)- | | | |good |*n[a]ni | | |'nani | |nenɪ | |father's father |*ti |si |si |si |tʃi |tʃi | |plait |*ti |si- | | | | | |old (things) |*timi | |'simi |si'mi |tʃimi |tʃɪ'mɪ | |ant |*titaxa | |'sitʰɑ(ɣa) |sita'ɣa |tʃitʰaʔa |tʃetʃa:a | |penis |*tigi |si'gi | | | | | |leech |*tiɾiN | | | |tʃiɾiŋ |tʃɪriŋ | |one |*tɛ-isijɜ |tisije | |te'sia |tɛsia |teisʲa | |ashes |*taki |'taki |tɑ'ki |'taki |'taki |ta'kʰɪ | |salt |*disɛ | | |di'se |di'se |di'se | |arrow |*dɛb[ɛ]ti | |dibi'si |dɛ'bɛsi |debitʃi |eptʃi | |island |*dʉbi |du'bi | | | | | |roof |*dugi | |'duɣi |'dʒugi | | | |spine |*si |si | | | | | |nose |*siN(-tɔ) |sin-'to |'sin-tɔ | | |si: | |mucus |*siniɸɔ |sini'fo | | | | | |high/above |*siɾi |si'ri |si'ɾi |'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi|'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi |siri ≈ sirɪ | |black |*siɾi |si'ri |'siɾi |si'ɾi |si'ɾi |si'rɪ | |theft |*ki |ki | | | | | |flower |*ki |ki | | | | | |ankle |*kiN |kĩ | | | | | |bathe/swim |*kiN |kĩ |kĩŋ- |ki: ≈ ki(ŋ)- |kiŋ- ≈ kim- |kʰin- ≈ kɪm-| |tear(s) |*kin-(ɜjɜ) |kin-'ɛ | | | | | |near |*kinaxaN |kinaɣã |kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ |'kina |'kina |'kiraŋ | |foot/leg |*kitɔ |kito | |'kito | |ki'to | |rope |*kikiN |kikĩ | | | | | |side |*kikiN |kikĩ | | | | | |wind |*kɛɸi |ki'fi |'kiɸi |'kɛɸi |'kɛɸi |keɸi | |sharp |*kɛtiN |'kisĩ |'kisiŋ |'kesiŋ |kɪtʃiŋ ≈ kitʃiŋ|kitʃiŋ | |branch |*kabiN |kabĩ | | | | | |sweat |*k[a]tiN |kasĩ | | | | | |vomit |*k[a]ndi |kandi | | | | | |leech |*kaɾijaN |karia |'karijɑŋ |kaɾijaŋ | | | |paddle |*kaxʷi |'kafi |kɑfi ≈ kɑɸi |'kawi |'kawi |kawɪ | |scratch |*gi- |gi- |-ɣi |-gi |-gi |-gɪ | |gather |*gigi[jɔ] kuN|gigio kũ- | | | | | |sand |*giɾiN |girĩ |'giriŋ |gi'ɾiŋ |gi'ɾiŋ |giriŋ | |garden |*gijɔN |giõ |ɣijoŋ | | | | |break/snap |*gɛni |geni- | | | | | |nape |*gubiN |gubĩ | | | | | |lime |*xami | | | | |ami | |friend |*xabiN | | | |abiŋ [dial.] |ha:bim | |spear |*xati |ɣa'si | | | | | |fence/wall |*xaɾi | |'xɑɾi |'haɾi |ʔa:ɾi |ha'rɪ | |be in pain |*xaɾimɔ |ɣarimo- | | | | | |be enough |*xaɾini |ɣarini- | | | | | |die (pl.) |*xɔs[a]ŋgi |ɣosaŋgi- | | | | | |flying fox |*xɔŋgi |ɣoŋ'gi | | | | | |call/sing |*ɾi |ri- | | | | | |lie down |*ɾi |ri- | |ɾi |ɾi |ri | |rib(s) |*ɾiN |rim-bigi | | | | | |twist rope |*ɾiN |rĩ- | | | | | |bird |*ji |ji |ɪ: |ʝi |ʝi |i: | |fire |*ji(n) |jĩ |dziŋ |ʝi ≈ 'ʝin- |ʝi ≈ 'ʝin- |ji: ≈ n- | |fruit/seed |*jindV-ɾɔ |jindɛ-ro | |jindɔ-'ro |jindʒə-ɾo | | |path |*jɛdi | |jɛdi |jɛ'di |jɛdʒi |jedʒi | |bandicoot |*j[a]mi | |'jemi ≈ 'jɛmi |'jami |jemiʔ ≈ jamiʔ | | |scab |*j[a]miN |jamĩ | | | | | |mother's mother |*wi |wi |wi |wi |wi |wi | |roof |*wɛnikɔ | | |we'niko |we'niko |we'niŋko | |snake |*wati |wasi |'wɑsi |wa'si |watʃi ≈ wa'si |wa'dʒi | |river |*wadi |wa'di |'wɑdi |'wadi |'wadi |wa'dɪ | |bamboo knife |*waki |wa'ki |'wɑki |wa'ki |waki | | In several examples where /*i/ is followed by mid back vowel /*ɔ/, it is lowered to [e] in Amagatsu and/or Drabbe's Pisà: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***i/Cɔ**|**i e ɛ** |**i** |**i** |**i** |**e** | |see/find |*ɸitɔ |feto- |ɸi'tɑ |'ɸita ≈ ɸi'to|'ɸita ≈ ɸitɔ|he'to: | |breath |*ɸiɾɔ |fero- | | | | | |kunai grass|*sisɔ |sɛ'so |siso |'siso |'siso |suso (?) | |marsupial |*kisɔ |ki'so |ki'soɑ |'kiso | |keso | |eye |*kiɾɔ |kiro |ki'ɾo |'kiɾo |'kiɾo |ke:ro | High central vowel /*ʉ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***ʉ** |**u** |**ɯ [ɯ u]** |**ʉ [ʉ u]** |**ʉ [ʉ u]** |**ʉ [ʉ u ʊ]**| |close eyes |*abʉN |abu- | | | | | |body |*adʉ |adu | | | | | |night |*asʉ |a'su |'ɑsɯ |'asʉ |'asʉ |a'su | |break/split (tr.)|*axaɸʉN |aɣafũ- | | | | | |taro |*ʉwi |wi |wi |ʉi |ʉi |wɜ | |neck/throat |*mʉ(-tɔ) |mu(-'to) | | | | | |stomach |*madʉ | | |madzu [dial.]|madzu [dial.] | | |go out (of fire) |*bʉni |bu'ni- | | | | | |village |*butʉ | |'busɯ |bu'sʉ ≈ bʉ'sʉ|butʃɯ |butʃu | |bad smell |*paxa ɸʉ[N]|'paɣa fu | | | |patʃu: | |banana |*tʉ |su |sɯ |sʉ |tʃɯ |tʃu: | |urinate |*tʉ |su- | | | | | |cook/burn |*dʉ |du- |du- |dʒʉ |dʒu |dʒu | |bow |*dʉN |dũ |dũŋ |ⁿdu |dʒũŋ |dʒʊn | |island |*dʉbi |du'bi | | | | | |young man |*sʉbaN |'subã | | | | | |mud |*sʉɾu | |'sɯru | | | | |ripe/dry (?) |*kaɾʉ | |'kɑru |'kaɾʉ |'kaɾʉ |kʰaru | |cassowary |*kaɾʉwɛ |'karuwɛ |'kɑruwɛ |kaɾʉ'we |kaɾʉ'we |karuɛ | |brain |*g[ʉ]N |gũ | | | | | |navel |*g[ʉ]N |gũ | | | | | |cloud/sky |*xɔwʉ |ɣoᵘ |xu ≈ xo |hoʉ ≈ hu |hoʉ ≈ hu ≈ ʔoᵘ|ou: | |go down |*ɾʉ- |ru- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |chop down |*ɾʉ- |ru- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |thunder |*ɾʉ- |ru- | | | | | |scar |*ɾʉ[N] |ru | | | | | |boil (n.) |*ɾʉN |rũ | | | | | |canoe |*jaxʷʉN |jɛfũ |jɑ'xuŋ |ja'vʉŋ |ja'vʉŋ |jaɣʊŋ | |worm |*wɛɾʉ | |'weru |'weɾʉ |'weɾʉ |eu'ru | |kill |*wʉ |wu- |-u- |-ʉ- | | | |tail |*wɔbʉ |wo'bu |'wobu |'wobʉ |'wobʉ |'wobu | High back vowel /*u/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***u** |**u** |**u [u ʊ]** |**u** |**u** |**u [u ʊ]**| |gall/bile |*[ɛ]timuN |isimũ | | | | | |hide |*atuɾumɔ- |asurumo- | | | | | |bite |*asu |asu- |ɑsʊ- |asu | | | |smoke |*aku |a'ku |'ɑku |aku |aku |a'kʰu | |seek/search |*agu |agu- |ɑgu- |agu |ago- |agʰu- | |louse |*aŋgu |'aŋgu |'ɑŋgu |aŋ'gu |aŋ'gu | | |louse |*mɛɾu | | |'mɛɾu |meɾu |meru | |blunt/dull |*mutu | | | |mutʃu | | |swallow |*m[u]kuN |mukũ- | | | | | |egg |*mugɔ |mu'go |mugɔʔ |mu'go |mu'go |muŋgo | |lake |*pɔxuwɔ | | |poɣuwɔ | |pou'wo | |elbow/knee |*buN |bũ |buŋ |buŋ [dial.] |buŋ | | |outside/below |*butaxa |'butaɣa |'butɑɣɑ |buta'ɣa | | | |village |*butʉ | |'busɯ |bu'sʉ ≈ bʉ'sʉ|butʃɯ |butʃu | |fly (v.) |*buɾuN |burũ- |'buruŋ- |buɾuŋ- |buɾuŋ- |buruŋ- | |below |*[ɸ/x]u |fu |xu(h) | | | | |crocodile |*nagaɾu | | |naga'ɾuʔ |naga'ɾuʔ |nagru | |1 sg. |*nu |nu |nũ |nũ |nũ |nu | |1 pl. |*nugu |nugu |'nugu |'nugu |'nugu |nuŋgu | |cold |*taɾu |'taru |'tɑru |'taɾu |'taɾu |ta'ru | |go down |*tu |su- | | | | | |daughter |*tub-ɾaN |subrã | | | | | |nipple |*tubu |subu | | | | | |ear |*tuɾuN |'surũ |'suruŋ |su'ɾuŋ |tʃuɾuŋ |tʃu'ruŋ | |sago |*du |du |du |du |du |duʔ | |roof |*dugi | |'duɣi |'dʒugi | | | |mud |*sʉɾu | |'sɯru | | | | |nose |*susuN | | |'susuŋ |'susuŋ |susuŋ | |slow |*sukum[a]N |'sukumã | | | | | |carry |*kɛkuN |kɛkũ- | | | | | |older brother |*kapu |ka'pu |kɑ'pu |'kapu |'kapu ≈ a-'kabu|a-kabu | |belly |*kaku |'kaku |'kɑku |ka'ku |ka'ku |ka'ku | |two |*kɔɾumaN |kurumã |koru'mɑʔ |ku'ɾuma |ku'ɾuma |kʰɔrman | |die (sg.) |*kuN |kũ- |kuŋ- |kuŋ- |kuŋ- |kuŋ- | |wash |*kuN |kũ |ku(ŋ)- |ku(ŋ)- |ku(ŋ)- |ku(ŋ)- | |sleep (n.) |*kunuN |kunũ |'kunu |kunu- |kunu- |ku'nu- | |goura pigeon |*kutɛ |ku'tɛ | | | | | |gather |*gigi[jɔ] kuN|gigio kũ- | | | | | |younger sibling|*kudɜ |ku'dɛ |kudɛ |'kuda |'kuda | | |2 sg. |*gu |gu |gu | | |gu | |nape |*gubiN |gubĩ | | | | | |stone axe |*xabu |ɣa'bu | |'habu |ʔabu |a'bu: | |crocodile |*xajambu |'ɣaⁱjambu |xɑ'jɑmbu | | | | |friend |*xɔmu | | |'homu |ɔ:mu [dial.] | | |husband |*xu |-ɣu |-gu |-ɣu |-ᵘ |-u: ≈ -uʔ | |milk |*xu[N] |ɣu | | | | | |yawn |*xuɸamɔ |ɣufamo- | | | | | |voice/speech |*ɾu |ru |ru |ɾu |ɾu |ru(:) | |person |*[ɾ/j]ɔxu |'juɣu |'jogoŋ |'ju'ɣu |ɾɔu |roʔu | |inside |*wɔmu |'womu |'womu |'womu |womu |gʷo'mu | |green/blue |*wɔxu | |'woɣo |'wuɣu |'wuɣu ≈ wɔᵘ |woɣu | Mid front vowel /*ɛ/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***ɛ** |**e [ɛ e]** |**e [ɛ e]** |**e [ɛ e]** |**e [ɛ e]** |**e** | |weeping/crying|*iɸɛ |i'fɛ |i'fɛ |i'fɛ |ɛɸɛ |eɸia | |do/make |*ɛmɔ |emo- | | | | | |3 sg. poss. |*ɛna- |ena- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- | |give |*ɛdV |edo- | | | | | |3 sg. poss. |*ɛwa- |ewa- | | | | | |louse |*mɛɾu | | |'mɛɾu |meɾu |meru | |wound |*pɛsɔ |'pɛso | | | | | |tongue |*ɸagɛ |fa'gɛ |ɸɑ'gɛ |'ɸagɛ |'ɸagɛ ≈ hage|ha'ge | |root |*tatɛ |ta'tɛ |tɑ'tɛ |ta'tɛ | | | |mud |*tawɛ | | |'tawe |tawɛ |tawe | |salt |*disɛ | | |di'se |di'se |di'se | |older sister |*dɛ |dɛ |nɑ'tɛ |'wadɛ |na'dɛ |nade | |not |*dɛ |dɛ | | | | | |arrow |*dɛb[ɛ]ti| |dibi'si |dɛ'bɛsi |debitʃi |eptʃi | |widower |*sɛN |'sɛŋ-go | | | | | |carry |*kɛkuN |kɛkũ- | | | | | |bad |*kɛjɔN | |'kijoŋ |'kejoŋ |'kejoŋ |keijoŋ | |wet |*kakɛ |kake |'kɑkɛ |'kakɛ |'kakɛ | | |cassowary |*kaɾʉwɛ |'karuwɛ |'kɑruwɛ |kaɾʉ'we |kaɾʉ'we |karuɛ | |goura pigeon |*kutɛ |ku'tɛ | | | | | |break/snap |*gɛni |geni- | | | | | |play |*xaɸɛ |ɣa'fɛ | | | | | |worm |*wɛɾʉ | |'weru |'weɾʉ |'weɾʉ |eu'ru | When /*ɛ/ is followed by high front /*i/ in the next syllable, it tends to be raised to /i/ in Wildeman River: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***ɛ/_Ci**|**e i** |**ɛ i** |**e** |**e** |**e** | |goanna. |*ɛbi | | |ɛbi [dial.] |'ɛbi | | |sweet potato|*ɛdiN | |'idiŋ |'ɛdiŋ |edʒiŋ |edʒiŋ | |3 sg. |*ɛki |eki |i'ki |'ɛki |'ɛki |e'ke | |one |*tɛ-isijɜ |tisije | |te'sia |tɛsia |teisʲa | |wind |*kɛɸi |ki'fi |'kiɸi |'kɛɸi |'kɛɸi |keɸi | |sharp |*kɛtiN |'kisĩ |'kisiŋ |'kesiŋ |kɪtʃiŋ ≈ kitʃiŋ|kitʃiŋ | |path |*jɛdi | |jɛdi |jɛ'di |jɛdʒi |jedʒi | |roof |*wɛnikɔ | | |we'niko |we'niko |we'niŋko | Mid central vowel /*ɜ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River|Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K.|Amagatsu | | |***ɜ** |**e [ɛ e]** |**e [ɛ e]** |**a** |**a** |**a** | |mosquito |*ɛⁱsɜ |ise |'isɛ |i'sa ≈ ɛⁱsɛ [dial.]|i'sa ≈ isɛ |eisʲa | |water |*ɜjɜ |ɛ |'ɛ |'aja |'aja |aija | |butterfly |*apɜɾɔ |'apɛro | | | | | |coconut |*pɜjɔ |pe'jo |'pejo |'pajo |'pajo |pajo | |blind/deaf |*pɜjɔ |pɛ'jo |'pɛjo |pa'jo |pa'jo |pajo: | |hand/arm |*bidɜ |bi'dɛ |'bidɛ |bi'da |bi'da |bi'da | |one |*tɛ-isijɜ|tisije | |te'sia |tɛsia |teisʲa | |come |*dɜ |dɛ- |dɛ |da |da |da: | |dry |*sɜ |sɛ |sɛ |sa-ka'ɾa |sa-kᵊɾa |sa: ≈ sa-kra)| |sun/day |*sawɜ |sa'wɛ |'sɑwɛ |'sawa |'sawa | | |not/no |*kaɾɜ |ka'rɛ |'kɑrɛ |ka'ɾa |kaɾa |kʰa'ra ≈ kara| |younger sibling|*kudɜ |ku'dɛ |kudɛ |'kuda |'kuda | | |mouth |*xatɜ |ɣa'tɛ |xɑ'tɛ |'hata |'hat:a |ata | |hunger/thirst |*jɜ |jɛ | | | | | |love |*jɜ |jɛ | | | | | |left |*wɜ | |we |wa |wɛma |wa | Mid back vowel /*ɔ/… |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***ɔ** |**o** |**o [ɔ o]** |**o [ɔ o]** |**o [ɔ o]** |**o** | |stone |*ɛⁱɾɔ |i'ro |i'ro |'eiɾo ≈ 'iɾɔ |'eiɾo |ɛⁱro | |do/make |*ɛmɔ |emo- | | | | | |butterfly |*apɜɾɔ |'apɛro | | | | | |hide |*aturumɔ- |asurumo- | | | | | |excrement |*ɔ |o |ɔ |ɔ̃ |ɔ̃ ≈ o: [dial.]|o: | |breast |*ɔN |õ |õŋ |õŋ |õŋ |õ | |child |*ɔɸɔ |'ofo | |'oɸo |'oɸo |oho | |tail of bird |*ɔti-ɾɔN |'osirõ | | | | | |behind |*mɔ | |mo |mo |mo | | |mother's bro. |*mɔN |mõ | | | | | |small |*m[ɔ]nɔxɔ |'monoɣo |mono'ɣo |mo'nɔɣɔ |monɔ ≈ məno |meʔno | |afraid |*mɔki | |'moki |mo'ki- |moki- |moki- | |earth |*mɔkaN |mokã | | | | | |cheek |*mɔxɔN |moɣõ | | | | | |egg |*mugɔ |mu'go |mugɔʔ |mu'go |mu'go |muŋgo | |wound |*pɛsɔ |'pɛso | | | | | |coconut |*pɜjɔ |pe'jo |'pejo |'pajo |'pajo |pajo | |blind/deaf |*pɜjɔ |pɛ'jo |'pɛjo |pa'jo |pa'jo |pajo: | |lake |*pɔxuwɔ | | |poɣuwɔ | |pou'wo | |shin |*biniɾɔ |bini'ro | | | | | |short/blunt |*bagɔ |ba'go |'bɑɣo |'bogo |'bogo |bogo | |father |*bɔ |bo |bo |bo |bo | | |shiver |*bɔbiN |bobĩ- | | | | | |elbow/knee |*bɔkiN | | | | |bokĩ | |think |*ɸimɔ |fimo- | | | | | |grandchild |*ɸiɾɔN | | |ɸi'ɾɔŋ |ɸi'ɾɔŋ | | |bamboo |*ɸijɔ |fi'o |ʍi'joʔ |'ɸijo |'ɸijo |fɪo: | |breath |*ɸiɾɔ |fero- | | | | | |stink |*ɸɔxɔmɔ |foɣomo- | | | | | |go (imperative) |*nɔxɔⁱ |noɣoj |no'ɣi |'noɣu ≈ 'noɣʉ |noʔi |noɪ | |hole |*tɔ |to |tɔ | | | | |new |*tɔgɔ | |'togɔ | | |togo | |armpit |*tɔgɔN |'toɣõ | | | | | |afterbirth |*t[ɔ]gɔɾɔ |'togoro | | | | | |finger/toe |*tɔɾɔN |torõ |'toɾoŋ |'toɾoŋ ≈ to'ɾɔŋ|to'ɾɔŋ |toraŋ | |get up/stand up |*dɔtɔ |doto- |do'to- |do'to- |doto- |do'to: ≈ doto-| |heart |*dʉb[u]ɾɔ |'duburo | |'dʒubuɾɔ |'dʒubuɾɔ | | |burn (intr.) |*dɔ | |do- |'do- |'do- |do- | |mucus |*siniɸɔ |sini'fo | | | | | |kunai grass |*sisɔ |sɛ'so |siso |'siso |'siso |suso | |earth/ground |*sɔxɔ |so'ɣo |so'xo |'soxo ≈ sɔxɔ |'soɣo ≈ soxo |soʔo | |foot/leg |*kitɔ |kito | |'kito | |ki'to | |marsupial |*kisɔ |ki'so |ki'soɑ |'kiso | |keso | |eye |*kiɾɔ |kiro |ki'ɾo |'kiɾo |'kiɾo |ke:ro | |bad |*kɛjɔN | |'kijoŋ |'kejoŋ |'kejoŋ |keijoŋ | |tree |*kasVrɔ |'kasɛro |kɑso'ro |kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo|kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo| | |red |*kaŋgɔN |'kaŋgo |'kɑŋgo |kaŋgɔ ≈ 'kaŋgo |kaŋgoŋ |kɐ̃ŋgõŋ | |new |*kɔtɔxɔ | | |kotɔɣɔ |ko'toɣoʔ | | |garden |*gijɔN |giõ |ɣijoŋ | | | | |blood |*gɔN |go |goŋ |gɔŋ |gɔŋ |goŋ | |bandicoot |*xaⁱjɔ |'ɣajo | |hɛijo |haijo(ʔ) | | |be in pain |*xaɾimɔ |ɣarimo- | | | | | |man |*xɔ |ɣo |xo |ɸ(u)- |ɔ- ≈ o- |ho:- ≈ o- | |walk/go |*xɔ |ɣo- | | | | | |die (pl.) |*xɔs[a]ŋgi |ɣosaŋgi- | | | | | |flying fox |*xɔŋgi |ɣoŋ'gi | | | | | |ghost |*xɔxɔⁱ |ɣo'ɣoⁱ | |'hoɣo ≈ 'hoɣu |ɸɔɣɔⁱ | | |cloud/sky |*xɔwʉ |ɣoᵘ |xu ≈ xo |hoʉ ≈ hu |hoʉ ≈ hu ≈ ʔoᵘ |ou: | |yawn |*xuɸamɔ |ɣufamo- | | | | | |fruit/seed |*ɾɔ |ro |ro |'ro |ɾo | | |say/speak |*ɾɔ |ro- |ro | |ɾɔ |ro | |hair/leaf/feather|*ɾɔN |rõ |roŋ |ɾɔŋ ≈ ɾõŋ |ɾɔŋ |roŋ | |weep/cry |*ɾɔN | | | | |roŋ- | |breadfruit |*[ɾ/j]awɔ |ja'wo |'jɑwo |'ɾawo |ɾawo |ra'wo | |thorn |*jamɔxɔN |'jamoɣõ |jɑməɣõŋ |jamɔ'kɔŋ |jɛmɔʔɔ ≈ jimɔ̃:|ⁿji:moʔo | |copulate |*jɔN |jõ- | | | | | |3 pl. |*jɔxɔ |joɣo | |jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo |jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo |jo:o | |rattan/rope |*jɔxu |'joɣomo |joɣomo |'juɣumo ≈ joɣo-|jɔɣu |joɣu | |roof |*wɛnikɔ | | |we'niko |we'niko |we'niŋko | |thumb/big toe |*wadɔ |wa'do | | | |wa'do | |break/crush (tr.)|*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-|waɣaramo- | | | | | |tail |*wɔbʉ |wo'bu |'wobu |'wobʉ |'wobʉ |'wobu | |testicle |*wɔb[ʉ]-ɾɔ |'wobu-ro | | | | | When /*ɔ/ is followed by /*u/ in the next syllable, it is raised to /u/ in Drabbe's Pisà and sometimes in Miaro River and in Kewet River of Juvo. This does not occur if the intervening consonant is /*m/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***ɔ/_Cu**|**u** |**o** |**u o** |**ɔ u** |**ɔ o** | |right (side)|*ɔwu | |'ou |ou |uma |oᵘʔ | |two |*kɔɾumaN |kurumã |koru'mɑʔ |ku'ɾuma |ku'ɾuma |kʰɔrman | |husband |*xɔxu | |-ɣogu |ɸu: ≈ ɸuɣu [dial.]|ɔᵘ ≈ -oᵘŋ |ho:u: ≈ ouʔ| |person |*[ɾ/j]ɔxu |'juɣu |'jogoŋ |'ju'ɣu |ɾɔu |roʔu | |green/blue |*wɔxu | |'woɣo |'wuɣu |'wuɣu ≈ wɔᵘ |woɣu | |liver |*wɔwuN |wũ |wõŋ |wõŋ ≈wuŋ [dial.] |woŋ |wouŋ | | |***ɔ/_mu**|**u** |**o** |**o** |**o [ɔ o]** |**o** | |friend |*xɔmu | | |'homu |ɔ:mu [dial.]| | |inside |*wɔmu |'womu |'womu |'womu |womu |gʷo'mu | Low central vowel /*a/ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***a** |**a** |**a [ɑ]** |**a** |**a** |**a** | |3 sg. poss. |*ɛna- |ena- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- |ɛn(a)- | |rain |*a |a: |ɑ: |ʔa |ʔa(:) |a: | |nest |*a |ji 'a | | | | | |vagina |*a-tɔ |'ato | | | | | |drink (irrealis) |*ami | |ɑmi |ami |ami | | |young woman |*am[i]gi |am'gi | | | | | |butterfly |*apɜɾɔ |'apɛro | | | | | |hot |*apa |'apa |'ɑpɑ |a'pasi |apa(si) |a'pa | |laughter |*ab[ɛN] |ab gi- |ɑb-giŋ |aba-'gi- |ab(i)-gi- |ap-gi- | |close eyes |*abʉN |abu- | | | | | |leaf |*ana | |ɑnɑ | | | | |hide |*atuɾumɔ- |asurumo- | | | | | |body |*adʉ |adu | | | | | |tie |*ad[awɔ] |ada- |ɑde- |ada |-da- |ado | |eat (future) |*a[n]di |adi- | | |andʒi |andʒ- | |sneeze (n.) |*asiN |asĩ | | | | | |thin |*as[ɛ][x][ɛ] |'aseɣe | | | | | |night |*asʉ |a'su |'ɑsɯ |'asʉ |'asʉ |a'su | |bite |*asu |asu- |ɑsʊ- |asu | | | |smoke |*aku |a'ku |'ɑku |aku |aku |a'kʰu | |seek/search |*agu |agu- |ɑgu- |agu |ago- |agʰu- | |dog |*aŋgi |aŋ'gi |'ɑŋgi |'aŋgi |'aŋgi |aŋgi | |louse |*aŋgu |'aŋgu |'ɑŋgu |aŋ'gu |aŋ'gu | | |fish |*axaᵉ |a'ɣaᵉ |ɑ'ɣe |ʔa'ɣe |ʔaj |ae: | |break/split (tr.)|*axaɸʉN |aɣafũ- | | | | | |cooked |*ma- |ma- | | | | | |beard |*mati |masi-rõ | | | | | |stand |*mati-ɛ |mase- |mɑ'si- |'masi- ≈ ma'si-|matʃi- |matʃe- | |stomach |*madu | | |madzu [dial.] |madzu [dial.] | | |tooth |*maga |ma'ga |'mɑgɑ |ma'ga |ma'ga |maga | |knee/elbow |*maɾ[ɔ/u] | |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾu |ma'ɾo | |earth |*mɔkaN |mokã | | | | | |old (people) |*patʉ | | | | |patʃu: | |bad smell |*paxa ɸʉ[N] |'paɣa fu | | | |patʃu: | |sit/stay |*ba |ba- |bɑ- |ba- |ba- | | |soul |*b[a]na |bana | | | | | |bone |*bagi |bagi |'bɑgi |'bagi ≈ ba'gi |ba'gi |bagɪ | |wing |*baɾ[ɔ/u] | | |baɾu: [dial.] |baɾɔ | | |outside/below |*butaxa |'butaɣa |'butɑɣɑ |buta'ɣa | | | |not |*ɸa |fa | | | | | |tongue |*ɸagɛ |fa'gɛ |ɸɑ'gɛ |'ɸagɛ |'ɸagɛ ≈ hage |ha'ge | |1 sg. poss. |*na- |na |nɑ- |na- |na- |na- | |eat (imperative) |*na | | |na | | | |wake (tr.) |*naɸiN | |nɑɸi- |naɸi(ŋ)- | | | |knowledge |*naɸaN |nafã |nɑ'ɸɑŋ |na'ɸaŋ |na'ɸaŋ |naxaŋ | |crocodile |*nagaɾu | | |naga'ɾuʔ |naga'ɾuʔ |nagru | |ant |*titaxa | |'sitʰɑ(ɣa) |sita'ɣa |tʃitʰaʔa |tʃetʃa:a | |root |*tatɛ |ta'tɛ |tɑ'tɛ |ta'tɛ | | | |ashes |*taki |'taki |tɑ'ki |'taki |'taki |ta'kʰɪ | |tired |*taxaN |taɣã | | | | | |cold |*taɾu |'taru |'tɑru |'taɾu |'taɾu |ta'ru | |mud |*tawɛ | | |'tawe |tawɛ |tawe | |hear |*da |da- |dɑ- |da |da- |da- | |in front |*samaN | | | | |samam | |sun/day |*sawɜ |sa'wɛ |'sɑwɛ |'sawa |'sawa | | |young man |*sʉbaN |'subã | | | | | |near |*kinaxaN |kinaɣã |kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ |'kina |'kina |'kiraŋ | |nail |*k[i/ɛ]ja |ki'a |ki'jɑ |ki'ja |ki'ja |ke'a | |older brother |*kapu |ka'pu |kɑ'pu |'kapu |'kapu ≈ a-'kabu|a-kabu | |branch |*kabiN |kabĩ | | | | | |flesh |*kad[ʉ] |ka'du |'kɑdu |'kadzu ≈ ka'du |kadʒu ≈ ka'du |kadʒu | |tree |*kasVɾɔ |'kasɛro |kɑso'ro |kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo|kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo| | |wet |*kakɛ |kake |'kɑkɛ |'kakɛ |'kakɛ | | |belly |*kaku |'kaku |'kɑku |ka'ku |ka'ku |ka'ku | |red |*kaŋgɔN |'kaŋgo |'kɑŋgo |kaŋgɔ ≈ 'kaŋgo |kaŋgoŋ |kɐ̃ŋgõŋ | |leech |*kaɾijaN |karia |'karijɑŋ |kaɾijaŋ | | | |not/no |*kaɾɜ |ka'rɛ |'kɑrɛ |ka'ɾa |kaɾa |kʰa'ra ≈ kara| |ripe/dry (?) |*kaɾʉ | |'kɑru |'kaɾʉ |'kaɾʉ |kʰaru | |cassowary |*kaɾʉwɛ |'karuwɛ |'kɑruwɛ |kaɾʉ'we |kaɾʉ'we |karuɛ | |paddle |*kaxʷi |'kafi |kɑfi ≈ kɑɸi |'kawi |'kawi |kawɪ | |two |*kɔɾumaN |kurumã |koru'mɑʔ |ku'ɾuma |ku'ɾuma |kʰɔrman | |raw/young |*[k/x]adaxaⁱ |'kadaɣaⁱ |'xɑdɑɣɑi |kada'ɣei |adaɣai ≈ adaɣi |adʰaʔɪ | |2 sg. poss. |*ga- |ga- | | | | | |skin/bark |*xa |ɣa |xɑ |ha ≈ xa |ʔa: ≈ ha |a: | |head |*xaⁱbaN |ɣajbã |'xɑibɑŋ |he'baŋ ≈ hi'baŋ|habaŋ ≈ ʔa'baŋ |aibaŋ | |lime |*xami | | | | |ami | |widow |*xam[ɜ] |ɣa'mɛ | | | | | |far |*xamaN |ɣamã |xɑ̃mɑ̃ŋ |'xama |amaʔ |a'ma | |friend |*xabiN | | | |abiŋ [dial.] |ha:bim | |stone axe |*xabu |ɣa'bu | |'habu |ʔabu |a'bu: | |play |*xaɸɛ |ɣa'fɛ | | | | | |spear |*xati |ɣa'si | | | | | |mouth |*xatɜ |ɣa'tɛ |xɑ'tɛ |'hata |'hat:a |ata | |fence/wall |*xaɾi | |'xɑɾi |'haɾi |ʔa:ɾi |ha'rɪ | |be in pain |*xaɾimɔ |ɣarimo- | | | | | |be enough |*xaɾini |ɣarini- | | | | | |white |*xaja |'ɣaja |'xɑjɑ |ha'ja |ha'ja | | |crocodile |*xajambu |'ɣaⁱjambu |xɑ'jɑmbu | | | | |yawn |*xuɸamɔ |ɣufamo- | | | | | |take/hold |*ɾa |ra- | |ɾa- |ɾa- | | |woman/wife |*ɾaN |rã |rɑŋ |ɾaŋ |ɾaŋ |raŋ | |breadfruit |*[ɾ/j]awɔ |ja'wo |'jɑwo |'ɾawo |ɾawo |ra'wo | |bark |*jaxaN | | |'jaɣaŋ |'jaɣaŋ ≈ ja:ŋ |ɲʲaʔa | |lie(s) |*jaxam[a] |'jaɣama | | | | | |canoe |*jaxʷʉN |jɛfũ |jɑ'xuŋ |ja'vʉŋ |ja'vʉŋ |jaɣʊŋ | |3 sg. poss. |*wa- |ewa- |wɑ- |wa- |wa- | | |snake |*wati |wasi |'wɑsi |wa'si |watʃi ≈ wa'si |wa'dʒi | | |*wadi |wa'di |'wɑdi |'wadi |'wadi |wa'dɪ | |thumb/big toe |*wadɔ |wa'do | | | |wa'do | |bamboo knife |*waki |wa'ki |'wɑki |wa'ki |waki | | |ripe/yellow |*waxamaN |'waɣamã | |wa'ɣama |wama |waʔ'ma | |break/crush (tr.)|*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-|waɣaramo- | | | | | Diphthongs /*ɛⁱ *ɔⁱ *aⁱ *aᵉ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River | | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami |Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | | |***ɛⁱ** |**i** |**i** |**eⁱ [eⁱ ɛⁱ i]** |**eⁱ [eⁱ i]** |**eⁱ [ei eɪ ɪ]**| |mosquito |*ɛⁱsɜ |ise |'isɛ |i'sa ≈ ɛⁱsɛ [dial.]|i'sa ≈ isɛ |eisʲa | |stone |*ɛⁱɾɔ |i'ro |i'ro |'eiɾo ≈ 'iɾɔ |'eiɾo |ɛⁱro | |pig |*uwɛⁱ |u'i |wi |wei |wei |weɪ | |goanna |*tɛⁱja | | |'teija |'teia |teije | |river |*wadɛⁱ |wa'di |'wɑdi |'wadi |'wadi |wa'dɪ | | |***ɔⁱ** |**oⁱ** |**i** |**o u ʉ** |**ɔⁱ i** |**oɪ** | |go (imperative)|*nɔxɔⁱ |noɣoj |no'ɣi |'noɣu ≈ 'noɣʉ |noʔi |noɪ | |ghost |*xɔxɔⁱ |ɣo'ɣoⁱ | |'hoɣo ≈ 'hoɣu |ɸɔɣɔⁱ | | | |***aⁱ** |**aⁱ** |**ɑi** |**ei ɛi e i** |**ai a i** |**aʔɪ aʔə** | |raw/young |*[k/x]adaxaⁱ|'kadaɣaⁱ |'xɑdɑɣɑi |kada'ɣei |adaɣai ≈ adaɣi|adʰaʔɪ | |give birth |*xaⁱ |ɣaⁱ- | | | | | |house |*xaⁱN |ɣãⁱ |xɑ̃ĩŋ |-ɣiŋ |ʔaĩ: |haʔə | |head |*xaⁱbaN |ɣajbã |'xɑibɑŋ |he'baŋ ≈ hi'baŋ |habaŋ ≈ ʔa'baŋ|aibaŋ | |fence |*xaⁱti |ɣaⁱ'si | | | | | |bandicoot |*xaⁱjɔ |'ɣajo | |hɛijo |haijo(ʔ) | | | |***aᵉ** |**aᵉ** |**e** |**e** |**aj** |**e** | |fish |*axaᵉ |a'ɣaᵉ |ɑ'ɣe |ʔa'ɣe |ʔaj |ae: | ===== Pronouns ===== West Awyu free pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with forms drawn from Drabbe (1950: 99-100,) Kriens and Lebold (2010: 42,) Lebold, Kriens, de Vries and Rumaropen (2010: 45-46, 55-56) and Kriens, Lebold and Menanti (2011: 45-46): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu|Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River |Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K. |Amagatsu | |1 sg.|*nu |nu |nũ |nũ |nũ |nu | |2 sg.|*gu |gu |gu |? |? |gu | |3 sg.|*ɛki |eki |i'ki |'ɛki |'ɛki |e'ke | |1 pl.|*nugu |nugu |'nugu |'nugu |'nugu |nuŋgu | |2 pl.|*g[ɔ]g[ʉ]|gugu |gu'gu |'gɔgʉ ≈ 'gogu|'gɔgʉ ≈ 'gogu|gugu | |3 pl.|*jɔxɔ |joɣo |? |jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo|jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo|jo:o | Possessive forms are found on kin terms, and are reconstructed as follows: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |West Awyu |Wildeman River|Wildeman River|Miaro River |Kewet River|Kewet River| | | |Pisà |Busiri |Keru, Khanami|Juvo B., K.|Amagatsu | |1 sg. poss.|*na- |na- |nɑ- |na- |na- |na- | |2 sg. poss.|*ga- |ga- |? |? |? |? | |3 sg. poss.|*(ɛ-)wa-, *ɛna-|ewa-, ena- |wɑ- |wa-, ɛn(a)- |wa-, ɛn(a)-|ɛn(a)- | Additionally, Drabbe (1950: 101-102) gives plural forms for Pisà possessors, but these are not attested in SIL's survey vocabularies or in other Awyu subfamilies.\\ \\