====== Awbono-Bayono ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
**[under construction]**\\
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…

===== Subclassification =====
**[under construction]**\\
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The internal classification of Awbono-Bayono is as follows:\\
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…

===== Sources =====
Donohue (n.d.) unpublished survey vocabularies of Awbono and Bayono, provided in comparative spreadsheet form by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics

Wilbrink (2004: 105a-105e) 240 comparative terms for Densar and for (pp. 108a-108f) Awbono and Enamesi/Swesu/Bayono after Menanti and Kovojab after de Vries

Hischier (2006: 11) 27 words of Kopayap (thanks to Harald Hammarström for calling our attention to the existence and identity of this attestation)

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Proto-Awbono-Bayono had 12 or 13 consonants and 7 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |      |         |
|  *p  |  *t  |  *s  |  *k  |  [*kᵂ]  |
|  *b  |  *d  |      |  *g  |         |
|  *w  |  *ɾ  |  *j  |      |         |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |      |  *u   |
|  *e̝  |      |  *o̝  |
|  *ɛ   |      |  *ɔ   |
|       |  *a  |       |

Bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is fricated to /ɸ/ [ɸ h] in all descendants

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ occurs only root-initially, because North Digul River medial /*k/ has been dropped.

Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ is found only medially, because Digul River initial /*ɾ/ is palatalized and deoccluded to /*j/ in North Digul River .\\
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Root-finally, two archiphonemes occur, /*N/, which reflects final nasals /*m *n/, and /*C/, which reflects final voiceless stops /*p *t *k/:

|< - 60px >|
|  *N  |
|  *C  |


Initial and medial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >|
|  A-B   |  Awbono  |  Kovojab  |  Enamesi  |
|   *m   |    m     |     m     |     m     |
|   *n   |    n     |     n     |     n     |
|   *p   |    ɸ     |     ɸ     |     ɸ     |
|  *t-   |    t     |     t     |     t     |
|   *s   |    s     |     s     |     s     |
|  *k-   |    k     |     k     |     k     |
|   *b   |    b     |     b     |     b     |
|  *d-   |    d     |     d     |     d     |
|   *g   |          |           |           |
|   *w   |    w     |     w     |     w     |
|  *-ɾ-  |    ɾ     |     ɾ     |     ɾ     |
|   *j   |    j     |     j     |     j     |

Final consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >|
|  A-B   |  Awbono  |  Kovojab  |  Enamesi  |
|  *-VN  |          |           |           |
|  *-VC  |          |           |           |

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >|
|  A-B  |  Awbono  |  Kovojab  |  Enamesi  |
|  *i   |          |           |           |
|  *u   |          |           |           |
|  *e   |          |           |           |
|  *e̝  |          |           |           |
|  *o̝  |          |           |           |
|  *ɔ   |          |           |           |
|  *a   |          |           |           |

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Awbono and Bayono attestations drawn from Menanti unless otherwise indicated and Kovojab from de Vries (Wilbrink 2004: 108a-108f.) Awbono and Bayono attestations drawn from Donohue (n.d.) are indicated ny [md], Kopayap attestations drawn from Hischier (2006: 11) are indicated by [ph].\\
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Bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |A-B         |Awbono       |Kovojab |Enamesi    |
|            |***m-**     |**m**        |**m**   |**m**      |
|shoulder/ten|*mVN        |mɨj-         |mi-     |           |
|husband     |*me̝si      |mɛsi         |        |mesi ~ musi|
|ant         |*mamuC      |maˈmũ        |        |maˈmũ      |
|body hair   |*mo̝C       |mu           |muː     |mu         |
|            |***-m-**    |**m**        |**m**   |**m**      |
|breast      |*ama[N]     |ɑˈmɑ         |ɐmɐ     |           |
|ant         |*mamuC      |maˈmũ        |        |maˈmũ      |
|blow        |*po̝mɔ      |ɸumo- ~ humo-|ɸuːnɔ   |hũmɛ-      |
|finger      |*dɛ-me̝ɾu[C]|             |deː-mêlɯ|ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ   |
|crocodile   |*sɛmi[C]    |             |-sɛmi   |-ostˈmi    |
|bathe/swim  |*sumV-      |             |sumɐ-   |sume       |

Apical nasal /*n/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |A-B     |Awbono      |Kovojab   |Enamesi|
|           |***n-** |**n**       |**n**     |**n**  |
|sand       |*ne̝niN |            |nəni      |       |
|bird       |*nɛC    |nɑ          |nɛh       |nɛ     |
|rattan/rope|*naN    |-nɑ         |nɐ̃ ~ nɐh |nã     |
|tree       |*nɔC    |no̩         |nɔx ~ nɔʔ-|nɔ̃-   |
|1 sg.      |*n[o̝]C |nɛ          |nu        |ne     |
|           |***-n-**|**n**       |**n**     |**n**  |
|elbow/eight|*bɔno̝C |bnu- ~ -βɛnu|bɔnu      |-bunu  |
|sand       |*ne̝niN |            |nəni      |       |
|egg        |*tane̝C |tɑnɛ        |tɐne      |tanɛ   |
|cassowary  |*saniC  |sɑnĩ        |sɐni      |sɑnĩ   |
|cold       |*gise̝na|dzisɛna     |gisənɐ    |ˈgisɨna|
|arrow      |*ge̝ni  |gəˈni       |gəni      |       |

Bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is fricated to /ɸ/ and sometimes deoccluded to [h]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |A-B       |Awbono       |Kovojab|Enamesi    |
|     |***p-**   |**ɸ [ɸ h]**  |**ɸ**  |**ɸ [ɸ h]**|
|name |*p[ui]    |             |ɸi     |ɸwi        |
|sharp|*p[ui][C] |             |ɸi     |ɸwi        |
|child|*po̝      |hu [md]      |əhu    |hu [md]    |
|blow |*po̝mɔ    |ɸumo- ~ humo-|ɸuːnɔ  |hũmɛ-      |
|     |***-p-**  |**ɸ [h]**    |**ɸ**  |**ɸ**      |
|hot  |*tap[o̝/u]|tɑhu         |tʌɸu   |taˈɸu      |

Initial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |A-B       |Awbono  |Kovojab|Enamesi      |
|              |***t-**   |**t**   |**t**  |**t**        |
|ashes         |*tiN-gɔN  |tĩᵑgõŋ  |tiŋgɔ̃ |tĩⁿgo        |
|dog           |*tiC      |tʰi     |tiːh   |tʰí          |
|tongue        |*te̝bu    |tiβu    |tibɯ   |tebu         |
|knee          |*tɛ-kuru  |ˈtɛ-kuru|tɛ-kəɾɯ|te kuɾu      |
|cuscus        |*taiC     |        |-təi   |             |
|hot           |*tap[o̝/u]|tɑhu    |tʌɸu   |taˈɸu        |
|egg           |*tane̝C   |tɑnɛ    |tɐne   |tanɛ         |
|mosquito      |*tatuN    |taruʉ̃  |tɐdy   |taˈdu ~ taˈɾu|
|bad           |*taɾ[o̝]C |        |tʌɾu   |taro         |
|thumb/five    |*tɔ-      |tow-    |tɔ-    |tɔ-          |
|wrist/six     |*tɔN      |toŋ-    |tɔ̃    |             |
|upper arm/nine|*to̝      |tuw-    |tu-    |             |
|stone         |*to̝N     |tõ      |tũ     |tũ           |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |A-B     |Awbono|Kovojab|Enamesi      |
|        |***-t-**|****  |****   |****         |
|mosquito|*tatuN  |taruʉ̃|tɐdy   |taˈdu ~ taˈɾu|

Laminal /*s/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |A-B     |Awbono |Kovojab|Enamesi    |
|             |***s-** |**s**  |**s**  |**s**      |
|crocodile    |*sɛmi[C]|       |-sɛmi  |-ostˈmi    |
|cassowary    |*saniC  |sɑnĩ   |sɐni   |sɑnĩ       |
|tree kangaroo|*sɔC    |       |-sɔʔ   |           |
|eye          |*so̝-ki |suki   |suki   |ˈsuki      |
|bathe/swim   |*sumV-  |       |sumɐ-  |sume       |
|             |***-s-**|**s**  |**s**  |**s**      |
|woman        |*ɔsu    |osu    |ɔsɯ    |osu        |
|husband      |*me̝si  |mɛsi   |       |mesi ~ musi|
|cold         |*gise̝na|dzisɛna|gisənɐ |ˈgisɨna    |

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ occurs only root-initially, where it is retained as such in all descendants. It is typically backed to uvular [q] in Kovojab:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |A-B     |Awbono  |Kovojab       |Enamesi    |
|         |***k-** |**k**   |**k [q k kʰ]**|**k**      |
|house    |*kɛN    |kæ̃     |qɛ̃           |kɛ̃ ~ kɛ̂m-|
|walk/go  |*ka-    |        |qɐ-           |ka-        |
|fish     |*kaN    |kã [md] |qɐ̄           |kã [md]    |
|skin/bark|*kaC    |ka ~ -kɑ|kʰɐ ~ -kɐ     |-ka        |
|tail     |*kade̝C |        |              |kaˈdi      |
|inside   |*kaɾo̝C |kɑrɑ    |              |kayɾo      |
|taro     |*kaju   |        |qɔju          |kaju-      |
|ear      |*kɔp-kaC|ˈkoβo-kɑ|kɔbɔ-kɐ       |ˈkob-ka    |
|sky      |*ko̝C   |-ku     |              |-k         |
|bone     |*kuɾu   |ˈkuru   |kɯɾɯ ~ -kəɾɯ  |kuɾu       |

In compounds …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |A-B     |Awbono  |Kovojab|Enamesi|
|    |***-k-**|**k**   |**k**  |**k**  |
|knee|*te-kuru|ˈtɛ-kuru|tɛ-kəɾɯ|te kuɾu|
|eye |*so̝-ki |suki    |suki   |ˈsuki  |

Rounded velar voiceless stop /*kᵂ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |A-B     |Awbono|Kovojab   |Enamesi|
|      |***kᵂ-**|**kᵂ**|**kᵂ**    |**kᵂ** |
|person|*kᵂ[ai]N|kwe   |kwe ~ kᵂai|kwĩ    |

Bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |A-B      |Awbono        |Kovojab     |Enamesi       |
|            |***b-**  |**b**         |**b**       |**b**         |
|leaf        |*be̝C    |-bi           |-bi         |-bi           |
|head        |*babe̝[N]|baˈbɪ [md]    |bɐbe        |bapeⁱ [md]    |
|bow         |*baɾi    |bɑˈri         |bɐɾi        |badi          |
|goanna      |*b[a]jɔN |              |bidʒɔŋ      |              |
|mouth/lip(s)|*bɔN-    |bon- ~ boŋ-   |bɔn- ~ bɔŋ- |              |
|elbow/eight |*bɔno̝C  |bnu- ~ -βɛnu  |bɔnu        |-bunu         |
|            |***-b-** |**b [b β]**   |**b**       |**b [b p]**   |
|tooth       |*ɛbiC    |ɛˈbi          |ɛbi         |epi ~ ibi-    |
|sun         |*ab[ui]N |abiwiŋ ~ ɑβɛŋ-|ʌbiŋ ~ ɐbiŋ-|abwĩ ~ abwɛ̃ŋ-|
|head        |*babe̝[N]|baˈbɪ [md]    |bɐbe        |bapeⁱ [md]    |
|tongue      |*te̝bu   |tiβu          |tibɯ        |tebu          |

Apical voiced stop /*d/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |A-B     |Awbono   |Kovojab     |Enamesi|
|            |***d-** |**d**    |**d [d nd]**|**d**  |
|not/no      |*dia    |         |ndiæ        |dia    |
|banana      |*dige̝N |digɛŋ-   |dedʒẽ       |diˈɣi  |
|hand/arm    |*dɛ     |de- ~ dɛ-|deː- ~ de-  |dɛ-    |
|cloud       |*de̝C   |         |deː         |       |
|burn (intr.)|*dɔ-    |         |dɔ-         |       |
|sago        |*do̝    |du       |ⁿdu         |du     |
|            |***-d-**|****     |****        |**d**  |
|see         |*ade̝   |         |ɐle         |adi    |
|tail        |*kade̝C |         |            |kaˈdi  |

Velar voiced stop /*g/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |A-B     |Awbono |Kovojab|Enamesi     |
|      |***g-** |****   |**g**  |**g [g ŋg]**|
|pig   |*giC    |gi     |geh    |ŋgi         |
|cold  |*gisena |dzisɛna|gisənɐ |ˈgisɨna     |
|arrow |*ge̝ni  |gəˈni  |gəni   |            |
|2 sg. |*g[o̝]C |gu     |gu     |gwe         |
|      |***-g-**|**g**  |****   |****        |
|banana|*digeN  |digɛŋ- |dedʒẽ  |diˈɣi       |

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |A-B       |Awbono     |Kovojab|Enamesi|
|          |***w-**   |**w**      |**w**  |**w**  |
|fire      |*waN(-tɔN)|wɑnto      |wɐntɔ̃ |wã(-tõ)|
|paddle    |*waɾuC    |wɑru       |wʌɾu   |waɾʏ   |
|moon      |*wɔC      |           |wɔh    |wo     |
|          |***-w-**  |**w [w u]**|**w**  |**w**  |
|snake     |*awɔN     |ɑũ         |ɔwɔn-  |awõ    |
|breadfruit|*jawɔC    |jɑwɑʁ      |iwɔx   |       |

Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ has been found only medially, where it is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |A-B        |Awbono    |Kovojab     |Enamesi     |
|            |***-ɾ-**   |**ɾ [r]** |**ɾ**       |**ɾ**       |
|eat/drink   |*ɛɾe̝-     |ɛrɛ- ~ɛri-|ɛlɛ- ~ eɾe- |ɛri ~ ɛrɛ-  |
|cook/burn   |*aɾu-      |          |ɐɾu-        |            |
|earth/ground|*uɾaC      |urɑh      |ɯɾɐ         |uˈra ~ uˈrah|
|bow         |*baɾi      |bɑˈri     |bɐɾi        |badi (?)    |
|bad         |*taɾ[o̝]C  |          |tʌɾu        |taro        |
|finger      |*de-meɾu[C]|          |deː-mêlɯ    |ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ    |
|bone        |*kuɾu      |ˈkuru     |kɯɾɯ ~ -kəɾɯ|kuɾu        |
|paddle      |*waɾuC     |wɑru      |wʌɾu        |waɾʏ        |
|louse       |*jaɾi      |jɑˈri     |jɐɾi        |            |

Palatal non-stop /*j/ is retained as such in all descendants. It is often occluded to voiced affricate [dʒ] in Kovojab:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |A-B     |Awbono|Kovojab     |Enamesi|
|          |***j-** |**j** |**j [i dʒ]**|**j**  |
|netbag    |*jeN    |jɛ̃   |dʒɛ̃        |jɛ̃    |
|breadfruit|*jawɔC  |jɑwɑʁ |iwɔx        |       |
|louse     |*jaɾi   |jɑˈri |jɐɾi        |       |
|rain      |*jɔN    |jɔ̃ŋ- |jɔŋ-        |       |
|wife      |*jo̝N   |dũ    |-dʒuŋ       |       |
|3 sg.     |*jo̝C   |      |ju          |       |
|thorn     |*juN    |-u    |dʒu         |dzu    |
|          |***-j-**|****  |**j [dʒ]**  |****   |
|goanna    |*b[a]jɔN|      |bidʒɔŋ      |       |
|taro      |*kaju   |      |qɔju        |kaju-  |


Final consonants … :\\
\\

Final nasal archiphone /*N/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |A-B     |Awbono        |Kovojab     |Enamesi       |
|            |***-N** |****          |****        |****          |
|sun         |*ab[ui]N|abiwiŋ ~ ɑβɛŋ-|ʌbiŋ ~ ɐbiŋ-|abwĩ ~ abwɛ̃ŋ-|
|snake       |*awɔN   |ɑũ            |ɔwɔn-       |awõ           |
|liver       |*uN     |              |uw̄         |              |
|goanna      |*b[a]jɔN|              |bidʒɔŋ      |              |
|mouth/lip(s)|*bɔN-   |bon- ~ boŋ-   |bɔn- ~ bɔŋ- |              |
|sand        |*ne̝niN |              |nəni        |              |
|rattan/rope |*naN    |-nɑ           |nɐ̃ ~ nɐh   |nã            |
|ashes       |*tiN-gɔN|tĩᵑgõŋ        |tiŋgɔ̃      |tĩⁿgo         |
|mosquito    |*tatuN  |taruʉ̃        |tɐdy        |taˈdu ~ taˈɾu |
|wrist/six   |*tɔN    |toŋ-          |tɔ̃         |              |
|stone       |*to̝N   |tõ            |tũ          |tũ            |
|banana      |*digeN  |digɛŋ-        |dedʒẽ       |diˈɣi         |
|house       |*kɛN    |kæ̃           |qɛ̃         |kɛ̃ ~ kɛ̂m-   |
|fish        |*kaN    |kã [md]       |qɐ̄         |kã [md]       |
|person      |*kᵂ[ai]N|kwe           |kwe ~ kᵂai  |kwĩ           |
|netbag      |*jeN    |jɛ̃           |dʒɛ̃        |jɛ̃           |
|rain        |*jɔN    |jɔ̃ŋ-         |jɔŋ-        |              |
|wife        |*jo̝N   |dũ            |-dʒuŋ       |              |
|thorn       |*juN    |-u            |dʒu         |dzu           |

Final stop archiphoneme /*C/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |A-B      |Awbono      |Kovojab   |Enamesi     |
|             |***-C**  |****        |****      |****        |
|canoe        |*ɛC      |ɛ           |ɛː        |ɛ           |
|tooth        |*ɛbiC    |ɛˈbi        |ɛbi       |epi ~ ibi-  |
|water/river  |*ɔC      |(ɔɣ-)ɔʁ ~ oʁ|ɔx        |-õh         |
|earth/ground |*uɾaC    |urɑh        |ɯɾɐ       |uˈra ~ uˈrah|
|ant          |*mamuC   |maˈmũ       |          |maˈmũ       |
|body hair    |*mo̝C    |mu          |muː       |mu          |
|leaf         |*be̝C    |-bi         |-bi       |-bi         |
|elbow/eight  |*bɔno̝C  |bnu- ~ -βɛnu|bɔnu      |-bunu       |
|bird         |*nɛC     |nɑ          |nɛh       |nɛ          |
|tree         |*nɔC     |no̩         |nɔx ~ nɔʔ-|nɔ̃-        |
|1 sg.        |*n[o̝]C  |nɛ          |nu        |ne          |
|dog          |*tiC     |tʰi         |tiːh      |tʰí         |
|cuscus       |*taiC    |            |-təi      |            |
|bad          |*taɾ[o̝]C|            |tʌɾu      |taro        |
|cloud        |*de̝C    |            |deː       |            |
|crocodile    |*sɛmi[C] |            |-sɛmi     |-ostˈmi     |
|cassowary    |*saniC   |sɑnĩ        |sɐni      |sɑnĩ        |
|tree kangaroo|*sɔC     |            |-sɔʔ      |            |
|skin/bark    |*kaC     |ka ~ -kɑ    |kʰɐ ~ -kɐ |-ka         |
|tail         |*kade̝C  |            |          |kaˈdi       |
|inside       |*kaɾo̝C  |kɑrɑ        |          |kayɾo       |
|sky          |*ko̝C    |-ku         |          |-k          |
|pig          |*giC     |gi          |geh       |ŋgi         |
|2 sg.        |*g[o̝]C  |gu          |gu        |gwe         |
|moon         |*wɔC     |            |wɔh       |wo          |
|breadfruit   |*jawɔC   |jɑwɑʁ       |iwɔx      |            |
|3 sg.        |*jo̝C    |            |ju        |            |


Vowels …:\\
\\

High front vowel /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |A-B     |Awbono |Kovojab|Enamesi   |
|         |***i**  |****   |****   |****      |
|ashes    |*tiN-gɔN|tĩᵑgõŋ |tiŋgɔ̃ |tĩⁿgo     |
|dog      |*tiC    |tʰi    |tiːh   |tʰí       |
|pig      |*giC    |gi     |geh    |ŋgi       |
|banana   |*digeN  |digɛŋ- |dedʒẽ  |diˈɣi     |
|cold     |*gisena |dzisɛna|gisənɐ |ˈgisɨna   |
|tooth    |*ɛbiC   |ɛˈbi   |ɛbi    |epi ~ ibi-|
|arrow    |*ge̝ni  |gəˈni  |gəni   |          |
|sand     |*ne̝niN |       |nəni   |          |
|crocodile|*sɛmi[C]|       |-sɛmi  |-ostˈmi   |
|eye      |*so̝-ki |suki   |suki   |ˈsuki     |
|bow      |*baɾi   |bɑˈri  |bɐɾi   |badi      |
|louse    |*jaɾi   |jɑˈri  |jɐɾi   |          |
|cassowary|*saniC  |sɑnĩ   |sɐni   |sɑnĩ      |

High back vowel /*u/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |A-B        |Awbono|Kovojab     |Enamesi      |
|            |***u**     |****  |****        |****         |
|liver       |*uN        |      |uw̄         |             |
|thorn       |*juN       |-u    |dʒu         |dzu          |
|bone        |*kuɾu      |ˈkuru |kɯɾɯ ~ -kəɾɯ|kuɾu         |
|bathe/swim  |*sumV-     |      |sumɐ-       |sume         |
|earth/ground|*uɾaC      |urɑh  |ɯɾɐ         |uˈra ~ uˈrah |
|tongue      |*te̝bu     |tiβu  |tibɯ        |tebu         |
|finger      |*de-meɾu[C]|      |deː-mêlɯ    |ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ     |
|woman       |*ɔsu       |osu   |ɔsɯ         |osu          |
|cook/burn   |*aɾu-      |      |ɐɾu-        |             |
|taro        |*kaju      |      |qɔju        |kaju-        |
|ant         |*mamuC     |maˈmũ |            |maˈmũ        |
|mosquito    |*tatuN     |taruʉ̃|tɐdy        |taˈdu ~ taˈɾu|
|paddle      |*waɾuC     |wɑru  |wʌɾu        |waɾʏ         |

High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |A-B         |Awbono    |Kovojab    |Enamesi    |
|         |***e̝**     |****      |****       |****       |
|leaf     |*be̝C       |-bi       |-bi        |-bi        |
|cloud    |*de̝C       |          |deː        |           |
|husband  |*me̝si      |mɛsi      |           |mesi ~ musi|
|arrow    |*ge̝ni      |gəˈni     |gəni       |           |
|sand     |*ne̝niN     |          |nəni       |           |
|tongue   |*te̝bu      |tiβu      |tibɯ       |tebu       |
|finger   |*dɛ-me̝ɾu[C]|          |deː-mêlɯ   |ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ   |
|eat/drink|*ɛɾe̝-      |ɛrɛ- ~ɛri-|ɛlɛ- ~ eɾe-|ɛri ~ ɛrɛ- |
|banana   |*dige̝N     |digɛŋ-    |dedʒẽ      |diˈɣi      |
|cold     |*gise̝na    |dzisɛna   |gisənɐ     |ˈgisɨna    |
|see      |*ade̝       |          |ɐle        |adi        |
|head     |*babe̝[N]   |baˈbɪ [md]|bɐbe       |bapeⁱ [md] |
|tail     |*kade̝C     |          |           |kaˈdi      |

High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |A-B      |Awbono       |Kovojab|Enamesi|
|              |***o̝**  |****         |****   |****   |
|excrement     |*[o̝]    |             |uː     |       |
|child         |*po̝     |hu [md]      |əhu    |hu [md]|
|upper arm/nine|*to̝     |tuw-         |tu-    |       |
|sago          |*do̝     |du           |ⁿdu    |du     |
|body hair     |*mo̝C    |mu           |muː    |mu     |
|stone         |*to̝N    |tõ (?)       |tũ     |tũ     |
|sky           |*ko̝C    |-ku          |       |-k (?) |
|wife          |*jo̝N    |dũ           |-dʒuŋ  |       |
|3 sg.         |*jo̝C    |             |ju     |       |
|eye           |*so̝-ki  |suki         |suki   |ˈsuki  |
|blow          |*po̝mɔ   |ɸumo- ~ humo-|ɸuːnɔ  |hũmɛ-  |
|elbow/eight   |*bɔno̝C  |bnu- ~ -βɛnu |bɔnu   |-bunu  |
|egg           |*tane̝C  |tɑnɛ         |tɐne   |tanɛ   |
|bad           |*taɾ[o̝]C|             |tʌɾu   |taro   |
|inside        |*kaɾo̝C  |kɑrɑ (?)     |       |kayɾo  |

… /*o̝/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |A-B    |Awbono|Kovojab|Enamesi|
|     |***o̝**|****  |****   |****   |
|1 sg.|*n[o̝]C|nɛ    |nu     |ne     |
|2 sg.|*g[o̝]C|gu    |gu     |gwe    |

Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |A-B         |Awbono    |Kovojab    |Enamesi      |
|         |***ɛ**      |****      |****       |****         |
|canoe    |*ɛC         |ɛ         |ɛː         |ɛ            |
|hand/arm |*dɛ         |de- ~ dɛ- |deː- ~ de- |dɛ-          |
|bird     |*nɛC        |nɑ (?)    |nɛh        |nɛ           |
|house    |*kɛN        |kæ̃       |qɛ̃        |kɛ̃ ~ kɛ̂m-  |
|netbag   |*jɛN        |jɛ̃       |dʒɛ̃       |jɛ̃          |
|tooth    |*ɛbiC       |ɛˈbi      |ɛbi        |epi ~ ibi-   |
|crocodile|*sɛmi[C]    |          |-sɛmi      |-ostˈmi [sic]|
|knee     |*tɛ-kuru    |ˈtɛ-kuru  |tɛ-kəɾɯ    |te kuɾu      |
|eat/drink|*ɛɾe̝-      |ɛrɛ- ~ɛri-|ɛlɛ- ~ eɾe-|ɛri ~ ɛrɛ-   |
|finger   |*dɛ-me̝ɾu[C]|          |deː-mêlɯ   |ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ     |

Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |A-B       |Awbono       |Kovojab    |Enamesi|
|             |***ɔ**    |****         |****       |****   |
|thumb/five   |*tɔ-      |tow-         |tɔ-        |tɔ-    |
|burn (intr.) |*dɔ-      |             |dɔ-        |       |
|water/river  |*ɔC       |(ɔɣ-)ɔʁ ~ oʁ |ɔx         |-õh    |
|mouth/lip(s) |*bɔN-     |bon- ~ boŋ-  |bɔn- ~ bɔŋ-|       |
|tree         |*nɔC      |no̩          |nɔx ~ nɔʔ- |nɔ̃-   |
|wrist/six    |*tɔN      |toŋ-         |tɔ̃        |       |
|tree kangaroo|*sɔC      |             |-sɔʔ       |       |
|moon         |*wɔC      |             |wɔh        |wo     |
|rain         |*jɔN      |jɔ̃ŋ-        |jɔŋ-       |       |
|woman        |*ɔsu      |osu          |ɔsɯ        |osu    |
|elbow/eight  |*bɔno̝C   |bnu- ~ -βɛnu |bɔnu       |-bunu  |
|ear          |*kɔp-kaC  |ˈkoβo-kɑ     |kɔbɔ-kɐ    |ˈkob-ka|
|ashes        |*te̝N-gɔN |tĩᵑgõŋ       |tiŋgɔ̃     |tĩⁿgo  |
|blow         |*po̝mɔ    |ɸumo- ~ humo-|ɸuːnɔ      |hũmɛ-  |
|snake        |*awɔN     |ɑũ           |ɔwɔn-      |awõ    |
|goanna       |*b[a]jɔN  |             |bidʒɔŋ     |       |
|fire         |*waN(-tɔN)|wɑnto        |wɐntɔ̃     |wã(-tõ)|
|breadfruit   |*jawɔC    |jɑwɑʁ        |iwɔx       |       |

Low central vowel /*a/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |A-B       |Awbono        |Kovojab     |Enamesi       |
|            |***a**    |****          |****        |****          |
|walk/go     |*ka-      |              |qɐ-         |ka-           |
|rattan/rope |*naN      |-nɑ           |nɐ̃ ~ nɐh   |nã            |
|fish        |*kaN      |kã [md]       |qɐ̄         |kã [md]       |
|skin/bark   |*kaC      |ka ~ -kɑ      |kʰɐ ~ -kɐ   |-ka           |
|breast      |*ama[N]   |ɑˈmɑ          |ɐmɐ         |              |
|bow         |*baɾi     |bɑˈri         |bɐɾi        |badi          |
|louse       |*jaɾi     |jɑˈri         |jɐɾi        |              |
|cassowary   |*saniC    |sɑnĩ          |sɐni        |sɑnĩ          |
|sun         |*ab[ui]N  |abiwiŋ ~ ɑβɛŋ-|ʌbiŋ ~ ɐbiŋ-|abwĩ ~ abwɛ̃ŋ-|
|cook/burn   |*aɾu-     |              |ɐɾu-        |              |
|taro        |*kaju     |              |qɔju        |kaju-         |
|ant         |*mamuC    |maˈmũ         |            |maˈmũ         |
|mosquito    |*tatuN    |taruʉ̃        |tɐdy        |taˈdu ~ taˈɾu |
|paddle      |*waɾuC    |wɑru          |wʌɾu        |waɾʏ          |
|see         |*ade̝     |              |ɐle         |adi           |
|head        |*babe̝[N] |baˈbɪ [md]    |bɐbe        |bapeⁱ [md]    |
|egg         |*tane̝C   |tɑnɛ          |tɐne        |tanɛ          |
|tail        |*kade̝C   |              |            |kaˈdi         |
|hot         |*tap[o̝/u]|tɑhu          |tʌɸu        |taˈɸu         |
|bad         |*taɾ[o̝]C |              |tʌɾu        |taro          |
|inside      |*kaɾo̝C   |kɑrɑ          |            |kayɾo (?)     |
|snake       |*awɔN     |ɑũ            |ɔwɔn-       |awõ           |
|fire        |*waN(-tɔN)|wɑnto         |wɐntɔ̃      |wã(-tõ)       |
|breadfruit  |*jawɔC    |jɑwɑʁ         |iwɔx        |              |
|earth/ground|*uɾaC     |urɑh          |ɯɾɐ         |uˈra ~ uˈrah  |
|cold        |*gisena   |dzisɛna       |gisənɐ      |ˈgisɨna       |


===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Awbono-Bayono free pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with attestations drawn from Wilbrink (2004: 108a-108b):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |A-B    |Awbono    |Kovojab|Enamesi|
|1 sg.|*n[o̝]C|nɛ        |nu     |ne     |
|2 sg.|*g[o̝]C|gu        |gu     |gwe    |
|3 sg.|*jo̝C  |ɛɣo/ɛrɑ/mo|ju     |oroare |
|1 pl.|*…     |---       |niβ    |---    |
|2 pl.|?      |---       |məgi   |---    |
|3 pl.|?      |---       |gidʒɛ  |---    |

…

===== Verbal morphology =====
Nothing is known about Awbono-Bayono verbal morphology.

===== Loans from West Ok =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…\\
\\

…\\
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