====== Becking and Dawi Rivers ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

The Becking and Dawi Rivers family consists of anywhere from two to six languages spoken along northerly tributaries of the Digul and Eilanden Rivers, just southwest of New Guinea's central cordillera.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of Becking and Dawi Rivers is as follows:\\
\\

**[under construction]**\\
\\

Becking and Dawi Rivers

Becking River

Dawi River

Komyandaret

Tsaukambo

===== Sources =====
Baas (1981) Tsakwambo (unobtained)

Versteeg (1983) Tsawkwambo (unobtained)

van Enk and de Vries (1997) grammar, (pp. 221-225) 200 comparative terms and (pp. 226-243) 1,425 term vocabulary for Korowai

Wilbrink (2004) 240 comparative terms for Korowai of (pp. 103a-103f) Ajak, Danowage, and Yaniruma villages, (pp. 104a-104f) Mabul and Snimburu, (pp. 105a-105e) Miwagé, (pp. 106a-106f) Burukmakok after de Vries and an unspecified version of Korowai which appears to be the same underlying material as found in Hughes' (2009: 27-37) Abiowage

Hughes (2009: 27-37) 239 comparative terms for Korowai of Abiowage village, Komyandaret of Danokit and Tsaukambo of Waiburu

de Vries (2012) comparison of Baas' (1981) Tsaukambo and Korowai

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Proto-Becking and Dawi Rivers had perhaps 15 consonants and 6 or 7 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n   |       |       |
|  *p  |  *t   |  *s   |  *k   |
|  *b  |  *d   |  *dz  |  *g   |
|      |  *nd  |       |  *ŋg  |
|  *w  |  *l   |  *j   |       |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|   *i   |      |  *u   |
|  *e̝   |      |  *o̝  |
|  [*ɛ]  |      |  *ɔ   |
|        |  *a  |       |

…\\
\\

Only a restricted set of consonants occurs finally:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |      |
|  *p  |  *t  |  *s  |  *k  |
|      |  *l  |      |      |

In accordance with a regional trend which affects all but the southernmost Awyu and Dumut languages along with Asmat, Sempan, East Mek and even Kaure, the most typical synchronic reflexes of Becking and Dawi Rivers vowels are as follows, with high mid back /*o̝/ raised to [u] and high back /*u/ fronted to [ʉ ɯ y]:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i   |  ʉ  |  u  |
|  e̝  |     |     |
|      |     |  ɔ  |
|      |  a  |     |

…\\
\\

Initial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|  Becking-Dawi  |  Dawi River  |  Becking River  |
|      *m-       |      *m      |       *m        |
|      *n-       |      *n      |       *n        |
|      *p-       |      *ɸ      |       *p        |
|      *t-       |      *s      |       *t        |
|    *t-/_e̝     |      *h      |       *t        |
|    *t-/_o̝     |      *ɸ      |       *t        |
|    *t-/_ɔCi    |      *h      |       *t        |
|    *t-/_ɔCu    |      *h      |       *t        |
|      *s-       |      *h      |       *s        |
|      *k-       |      *x      |       *k        |
|      *b-       |      *b      |       *b        |
|      *d-       |      *d      |       *d        |
|      *dz-      |      *d      |       *dz       |
|      *g-       |      *g      |       *g        |
|      *ŋg-      |     *ŋg      |       *ŋg       |
|      *w-       |      *w      |       *w        |
|      *l-       |      *l      |       *l        |
|      *j-       |      *j      |       *j        |

Medial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|  Becking-Dawi  |  Dawi River  |  Becking River  |
|      *-m-      |      *m      |       *m        |
|      *-n-      |      *n      |       *n        |
|      *-p-      |      *w      |       *p        |
|      *-t-      |      *t      |       *t        |
|      *-s-      |      *…      |       *…        |
|      *-k-      |      *x      |       *k        |
|      *-b-      |      *b      |       *b        |
|      *-d-      |      *d      |       *d        |
|     *-nd-      |     *nd      |       *nd       |
|     *-ŋg-      |     *ŋg      |       *ŋg       |
|      *-w-      |      *w      |       *w        |
|      *-l-      |      *l      |       *l        |
|      *-j-      |      *j      |       *j        |

Final consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|  Becking-Dawi  |  Dawi River  |  Becking River  |
|      *-m       |      *N      |       *m        |
|      *-n       |      *N      |       *n        |
|      *-p       |      *C      |       *p        |
|      *-t       |      *C      |       *t        |
|      *-s       |      *C      |       *s        |
|      *-k       |      *C      |       *k        |
|      *-l       |      *ø      |       *l        |

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|  Becking-Dawi  |  Dawi River  |  Becking River  |
|       *i       |      *i      |       *i        |
|       *u       |      *u      |       *u        |
|      *e̝       |     *e̝      |       *e̝       |
|      *o̝       |     *o̝      |       *o̝       |
|      [*ɛ]      |     *e̝      |       *ɛ        |
|       *ɔ       |      *ɔ      |       *ɔ        |
|       *a       |      *a      |       *a        |
|       *…       |      *…      |       *…        |
|       *…       |      *…      |       *…        |
|       *…       |      *…      |       *…        |

These correspondences are exemplified as follows. Some comparisons below are based upon those of de Vries (2012 ibid.)

For clarity, our presentation is divided into three sections, beginning with initial and medial consonants, followed by final consonants, then vowels and diphthongs.\\
\\

\\

Initial and medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|               |***m-**     |***m**    |***m**       |
|drink          |*mi-        |*mi-      |*mi-         |
|star           |*minɔp      |*minɔC    |             |
|side           |*me̝n       |          |*me̝n        |
|hand/arm       |*me̝t       |*me̝C     |*me̝t        |
|vein           |*me̝t       |          |*me̝t        |
|fire           |*me̝lit     |*me̝liC   |*me̝lit      |
|dog            |*me̝jan     |*me̝jaN   |*me̝jan      |
|hot            |*mamun      |*mamuN    |*mamun       |
|grandmother    |*mak        |*maC      |*mak         |
|mother's br.   |*mɔm        |*mɔN      |*mɔm         |
|younger sister |*mɔdɔt      |*mɔdɔC    |*mɔdɔt       |
|father's sister|*mo̝[t/l]   |*mo̝[C]   |*mo̝[t/l]    |
|body hair      |*mo̝k       |          |*mo̝k        |
|old            |*mul        |*mu       |*mul         |
|               |***-m-**    |***m**    |***m**       |
|2 pl. adhort.  |*-mVn       |*-mVN     |*-mVn        |
|do/make        |*-mɔ-       |*-mɔ      |*-mɔ         |
|hot            |*mamun      |*mamuN    |*mamun       |
|blow           |*po̝mɔ-     |*ɸo̝mɔ-   |*po̝mɔ-      |
|smoke          |*te̝mul     |*-te̝mu   |*te̝mul      |
|crocodile      |*sɔmaⁱ[t/l] |*sɔmaⁱ[C] |*sɔmaⁱ[t/l]  |
|die            |*kɔmi-      |*xɔmi-    |*kɔmi-       |
|weep/cry       |*jamɔ-      |*jamɔ-    |*jamɔ-       |

Initial and medial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both subgroups:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Becking-Dawi |Dawi River|Becking River|
|              |***n-**      |***n**    |***n**       |
|mother        |*ni          |*ni       |*ni          |
|friend        |*ne̝kɔ       |*ne̝xɔ    |*ne̝kɔ       |
|1 sg. poss.   |*na-         |*na-      |*na-         |
|brother-in-law|*nabo̝[t/l]  |*nabo̝[C] |*nabo̝[t/l]  |
|rattan/rope   |*nan         |*naN      |*nan         |
|1 pl.         |*nako̝p      |*naxo̝C   |*nɔko̝p      |
|flesh         |*nɔp         |*nɔC      |*nɔp         |
|index f./four |*nɔndɔ       |*nɔndɔ    |*nɔndɔ       |
|1 sg.         |*no̝p        |*no̝C     |*no̝p        |
|              |***-n-**     |***n**    |***n**       |
|ashes         |*anɔm        |*anɔN     |*anɔm        |
|number        |*-anɔp       |*-anɔC    |*-anɔp       |
|snake         |*anɔs        |*anɔC     |*anɔs        |
|star          |*minɔp       |*minɔC    |             |
|mountain      |*panip       |*ɸaniC    |*panip       |
|tired/sleepy  |*[t/s]ɔnute̝p|*hɔnute̝C |*tɔnute̝p    |
|cassowary     |*sanip       |*haniC    |*sanip       |
|person        |*janɔp       |*janɔC    |*janɔp       |

Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|         |***p-**     |***ɸ**    |***p [ɸ]**   |
|name     |*pi         |*ɸi       |*pi          |
|new/young|*p[e̝/a]p   |*ɸaC      |*pe̝p        |
|mountain |*panip      |*ɸaniC    |*panip       |
|blow     |*po̝mɔ-     |*ɸo̝mɔ-   |*po̝mɔ-      |
|wind     |*po̝p       |*ɸo̝C     |*po̝p        |
|cuscus   |*puwɔn      |*ɸuwɔN    |*puwɔn       |
|sharp    |*pu[t/l]    |          |*pu[t/l]     |

Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is deoccluded to merged with non-stop /*w/ in Dawi River, a change shared with Wambon to the southeast:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|             |***-p-**    |***w**    |***p [ɸ]**   |
|1 pl. adhort.|*-pVn       |*-wVN     |*-pVn        |
|older brother|*ape̝       |*awe̝     |*ape̝        |
|forearm/seven|*tapɔt      |*sawɔ(l)  |*tapɔt       |
|red          |*kapun      |*xawuN    |*kapun       |
|man          |*wapit      |*wawiC    |*wapit       |

Apical plain stop /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
||***t-**     |****      |****         |
||*…          |          |             |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
||***t-**     |****      |****         |
||*…          |          |             |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|        |***-t-**    |***t**    |***t**       |
|mosquito|*te̝tun     |          |*te̝tun      |
|clan    |*-kato̝n    |*-xato̝N  |*-kato̝n     |
|ear     |*kɔtɔp      |*xɔtɔC    |*kɔtɔp       |

Laminal voiceless /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|           |***s-**     |***h**    |***s**       |
|cross-child|*sa-        |*ha-      |*sa-         |
|cassowary  |*sanip      |*haniC    |*sanip       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|         |***s-**     |***s**    |***s**       |
|crocodile|*sɔmaⁱ[t/l] |*sɔmaⁱ[C] |*sɔmaⁱ[t/l]  |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
||***-s-**    |****      |****         |
||*…          |          |             |

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|            |***k-**     |***x**    |***k [x]**   |
|flower      |*ke̝t       |          |*ke̝t        |
|men's house |*kaⁱm       |          |*kaⁱm        |
|inside      |*kao̝p      |          |*kao̝p       |
|red         |*kapun      |*xawuN    |*kapun       |
|head        |*kabe̝jan   |*xabe̝jaN |*kabe̝jan    |
|skin/bark   |*kat        |*xaC      |*kat         |
|clan        |*-kato̝n    |*-xato̝N  |*-kato̝n     |
|tail        |*kande̝p    |*xande̝C  |*kande̝p     |
|hornbill    |*kawe̝[t/l] |          |*kaw[e̝]l    |
|mouth       |*kalɔ-      |*xalɔ-    |*kalɔ-       |
|white       |*kajɔ       |*xajɔ     |*kajɔ        |
|arrow       |*kajɔ       |*xajɔ     |*kajɔ        |
|taro        |*kaju       |*xaji     |             |
|die         |*kɔmi-      |*xɔmi-    |*kɔmi-       |
|leg         |*kɔbul      |*xɔbu     |*kɔbul       |
|ear         |*kɔtɔp      |*xɔtɔC    |*kɔtɔp       |
|belly       |*kɔndo̝[t/l]|*xɔndo̝[C]|*kɔndo̝t     |
|bone        |*kɔlɔl      |*xɔlɔ     |*kɔlɔl       |
|sky         |*ko̝t       |          |*ko̝t        |
|            |***-k-**    |***x**    |***k**       |
|friend      |*ne̝kɔ      |*ne̝xɔ    |*ne̝kɔ       |
|1 pl.       |*nako̝p     |*naxo̝C   |*nɔko̝p      |
|2 pl.       |*gak[i/o̝]p |*gaxo̝C   |*gakip       |
|bamboo knife|*waki       |*wax[i]   |*waki        |
|left        |*wakan      |*waxaN    |*wakan       |
|moon        |*wakɔl      |*waxɔ     |*wakɔl       |
|jungle fowl |*wako̝m     |          |*wako̝m      |
|3 pl.       |*jak[i/o̝]p |*jaxo̝C   |*jakip       |
|dig         |*jaku-      |*jaxu-    |*jaku-       |

Bilabial voiced stop /*b/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|              |***b-**     |***b**    |***b**       |
|tortoise sp.  |*bip        |          |*bip         |
|fly (v.)      |*be̝di-     |*be̝di-   |*be̝di-      |
|sit           |*ba-        |*ba-      |*ba-         |
|wing          |*bao̝l      |          |*bao̝l       |
|blunt/dull    |*baŋgɔ      |*b[a]ŋgɔ  |*baŋgɔ       |
|mud           |*balum      |*baluN    |*balum       |
|bow           |*baji       |*baji     |*baji        |
|chin/jaw      |*bɔn        |*bɔN-     |*…           |
|elbow/eight   |*bɔŋgo̝p    |*bɔŋgo̝C  |*bɔŋgo̝p     |
|village       |*bɔlup      |*bɔluC    |*bɔlup       |
|              |***-b-**    |***b**    |***b**       |
|2/3 pl. perf. |*-ba-te̝    |*-ba-e̝   |*-ba-te̝     |
|1 sg. perf.   |*-ba-le̝    |*-ba-le̝  |*-ba-le̝     |
|2/3 sg. perf. |*-bɔ        |*-bɔ      |*-bɔ         |
|son           |*abul       |*abu      |*abul        |
|brother-in-law|*nabo̝[t/l] |*nabo̝[C] |*nabo̝[t/l]  |
|upper arm/nine|*tabo̝[t/l] |*sabo̝[C] |*tabo̝[t/l]  |
|tooth         |*[t/s]ɔbit  |*hɔbi[C]  |*tɔbit       |
|head          |*kabe̝jan   |*xabe̝jaN |*kabe̝jan    |
|leg           |*kɔbul      |*xɔbu     |*kɔbul       |
|knee          |*gabum      |*gabuN    |*gabum       |

Apical voiced stop /*d/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Becking-Dawi  |Dawi River|Becking River|
|               |***d-**       |***d**    |***d**       |
|root           |*dit          |*diC      |*dit         |
|middle f./three|*dil          |*dil-     |*dil         |
|cloud          |*de̝p         |*de̝C     |*de̝p        |
|swim           |*dadu-        |*dadu-    |*dadu-       |
|hear/know      |*…            |*daje̝-   |*daⁱ-        |
|burn (intr.)   |*dɔ-          |*dɔ-      |*dɔ-         |
|               |***-d-**      |***d**    |***d**       |
|younger sister |*mɔdɔt        |*mɔdɔC    |*mɔdɔt       |
|fly (v.)       |*be̝di-       |*be̝di-   |*be̝di-      |
|swim           |*dadu-        |*dadu-    |*dadu-       |
|wrist/six      |*g[e̝]d[o̝/u]n|*gVdun-   |*g[e̝]do̝n   |

Laminal voiced /*dz/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|      |***dz-**    |***d**    |***dz**      |
|bird  |*dze̝t      |*de̝C     |*dze̝t       |
|banana|*dzo̝p      |*de̝-jɔC  |*dzo̝p       |
|netbag|*dzun       |*duN      |*dzun        |

Velar voiced stop /*g/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Becking-Dawi  |Dawi River|Becking River|
|           |***g-**       |***g**    |***g**       |
|bamboo pipe|*ge̝t         |          |*ge̝t        |
|wrist/six  |*g[e̝]d[o̝/u]n|*gVdun-   |*g[e̝]do̝n   |
|nose       |*ge̝lip       |*ge̝liC   |*ge̝lip      |
|2 sg. poss.|*ga-          |          |*ga-         |
|2 pl.      |*gak[i/o̝]p   |*gaxo̝C   |*gakip       |
|song sp.   |*gɔm          |          |*gɔm         |
|2 sg.      |*go̝p         |*go̝C     |*go̝p        |
|pig        |*gɔ[t/l]      |*gɔ[C]    |*gɔ[t/l]     |
|louse      |*go̝t         |*go̝C     |             |

Prenasalized apical stop /*nd/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Becking-Dawi |Dawi River|Becking River|
|             |***-nd-**    |***nd**   |***nd**      |
|index f./four|*nɔndɔ       |*nɔndɔ    |*nɔndɔ       |
|scratch      |*[t/s]e̝nde̝-|*he̝nde̝- |*te̝nde̝-    |
|tail         |*kande̝p     |*xande̝C  |*kande̝p     |
|belly        |*kɔndo̝[t/l] |*xɔndo̝[C]|*kɔndo̝t     |

Prenasalized velar stop /*ŋg/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|           |***ŋg-**    |***…**    |***…**       |
|           |***-ŋg-**   |***ŋg**   |***ŋg**      |
|blunt/dull |*baŋgɔ      |*b[a]ŋgɔ  |*baŋgɔ       |
|elbow/eight|*bɔŋgo̝p    |*bɔŋgo̝C  |*bɔŋgo̝p     |

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|            |***w-**     |***w**    |***w**       |
|man         |*wapit      |*wawiC    |*wapit       |
|bamboo knife|*waki       |*wax[i]   |*waki        |
|left        |*wakan      |*waxaN    |*wakan       |
|moon        |*wakɔl      |*waxɔ     |*wakɔl       |
|jungle fowl |*wako̝m     |          |*wako̝m      |
|paddle      |*walup      |          |*walup       |
|thumb/five  |*wajɔ       |*wajɔ     |*wajɔ        |
|            |***-w-**    |***w**    |***w**       |
|older sister|*awu        |*awu      |*aw[u]       |
|cuscus      |*puwɔn      |*ɸuwɔN    |*puwɔn       |
|hornbill    |*kawe̝[t/l] |          |*kaw[e̝]l    |
|breadfruit  |*jawɔt      |*jawɔC    |*jawɔt       |

Apical non-stop /*l/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|            |***l-**     |***l**    |***l**       |
|daughter    |*las        |*laC      |*las         |
|            |***-l-**    |***l**    |***l**       |
|eat         |*(a)le̝-    |*(a)le̝-  |*(a)le̝-     |
|cook/burn   |*alu-       |          |*alu-        |
|earth/ground|*ula[C]     |*wala[C]  |*ula[C]      |
|fire        |*me̝lit     |*me̝liC   |*me̝lit      |
|1 sg. perf. |*-ba-le̝    |*-ba-le̝  |*-ba-le̝     |
|mud         |*balum      |*baluN    |*balum       |
|village     |*bɔlup      |*bɔluC    |*bɔlup       |
|mouth       |*kalɔ-      |*xalɔ-    |*kalɔ-       |
|bone        |*kɔlɔl      |*xɔlɔ     |*kɔlɔl       |
|nose        |*ge̝lip     |*ge̝liC   |*ge̝lip      |
|paddle      |*walup      |          |*walup       |

Palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|              |***j-**     |***j**    |***j**       |
|lie down/sleep|*je̝-       |*ja-      |*je̝-        |
|3 sg. poss.   |*ja-        |*ja-      |*ja-         |
|weep/cry      |*jamɔ-      |*jamɔ-    |*jamɔ-       |
|person        |*janɔp      |*janɔC    |*janɔp       |
|3 pl.         |*jak[i/o̝]p |*jaxo̝C   |*jakip       |
|dig           |*jaku-      |*jaxu-    |*jaku-       |
|breadfruit    |*jawɔt      |*jawɔC    |*jawɔt       |
|fruit/seed    |*jɔp        |*jɔC      |*jɔp         |
|husband       |*jo̝m       |*jo̝N     |*jo̝m        |
|3 sg.         |*jo̝p       |*jo̝C     |*jo̝p        |
|              |***-j-**    |***j**    |***j**       |
|thorn         |*ajun       |*ajiN     |*ajun        |
|dog           |*me̝jan     |*me̝jaN   |*me̝jan      |
|leech         |*tajɔ       |*sajɔ     |*tajɔ        |
|head          |*kabe̝jan   |*xabe̝jaN |*kabe̝jan    |
|white         |*kajɔ       |*xajɔ     |*kajɔ        |
|arrow         |*kajɔ       |*xajɔ     |*kajɔ        |
|taro          |*kaju       |*xaji     |             |
|thumb/five    |*wajɔ       |*wajɔ     |*wajɔ        |


…\\
\\

\\

Only a limited subset of consonants /*m *n *p *t *s *k *l/ occur finally.\\
\\

Final bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|             |***-m**     |***N [ø]**|***m**       |
|2 sg. adhort.|*-m         |          |*-m          |
|ashes        |*anɔm       |*anɔN     |*anɔm        |
|liver        |*ɔᵘm        |*ɔᵘN      |*um          |
|mother's br. |*mɔm        |*mɔN      |*mɔm         |
|mud          |*balum      |*baluN    |*balum       |
|men's house  |*kaⁱm       |          |*kaⁱm        |
|knee         |*gabum      |*gabuN    |*gabum       |
|song sp.     |*gɔm        |          |*gɔm         |
|jungle fowl  |*wako̝m     |          |*wako̝m      |
|husband      |*jo̝m       |*jo̝N     |*jo̝m        |

Final apical nasal /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Becking-Dawi  |Dawi River|Becking River|
|             |***-n**       |***N [ø]**|***n**       |
|3 sg. adhort.|*-n           |          |*-n          |
|thorn        |*ajun         |*ajiN     |*ajun        |
|side         |*me̝n         |          |*me̝n        |
|2 pl. adhort.|*-mVn         |*-mVN     |*-mVn        |
|dog          |*me̝jan       |*me̝jaN   |*me̝jan      |
|hot          |*mamun        |*mamuN    |*mamun       |
|1 pl. adhort.|*-pVn         |*-wVN     |*-pVn        |
|cuscus       |*puwɔn        |*ɸuwɔN    |*puwɔn       |
|chin/jaw     |*bɔn          |*bɔN-     |*…           |
|rattan/rope  |*nan          |*naN      |*nan         |
|mosquito     |*te̝tun       |          |*te̝tun      |
|netbag       |*dzun         |*duN      |*dzun        |
|red          |*kapun        |*xawuN    |*kapun       |
|head         |*kabe̝jan     |*xabe̝jaN |*kabe̝jan    |
|clan         |*-kato̝n      |*-xato̝N  |*-kato̝n     |
|wrist/six    |*g[e̝]d[o̝/u]n|*gVdun-   |*g[e̝]do̝n   |
|left         |*wakan        |*waxaN    |*wakan       |

Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Becking-Dawi |Dawi River|Becking River|
|             |***-p**      |***C [ʔ]**|***p**       |
|1 sg. adhort.|*-p          |          |*-p          |
|number       |*-anɔp       |*-anɔC    |*-anɔp       |
|house        |*ɔp          |*wɔC      |*ɔp          |
|star         |*minɔp       |*minɔC    |             |
|mountain     |*panip       |*ɸaniC    |*panip       |
|tortoise sp. |*bip         |          |*bip         |
|elbow/eight  |*bɔŋgo̝p     |*bɔŋgo̝C  |*bɔŋgo̝p     |
|village      |*bɔlup       |*bɔluC    |*bɔlup       |
|1 pl.        |*nako̝p      |*naxo̝C   |*nɔko̝p      |
|flesh        |*nɔp         |*nɔC      |*nɔp         |
|1 sg.        |*no̝p        |*no̝C     |*no̝p        |
|tongue       |*[t/s]e̝p    |*he̝C     |*te̝p        |
|tired/sleepy |*[t/s]ɔnute̝p|*hɔnute̝C |*tɔnute̝p    |
|forest       |*tɔp         |*sɔC      |*tɔp         |
|cloud        |*de̝p        |*de̝C     |*de̝p        |
|cassowary    |*sanip       |*haniC    |*sanip       |
|banana       |*dzo̝p       |*de̝-jɔC  |*dzo̝p       |
|inside       |*kao̝p       |          |*kao̝p       |
|tail         |*kande̝p     |*xande̝C  |*kande̝p     |
|ear          |*kɔtɔp       |*xɔtɔC    |*kɔtɔp       |
|nose         |*ge̝lip      |*ge̝liC   |*ge̝lip      |
|2 pl.        |*gak[i/o̝]p  |*gaxo̝C   |*gakip       |
|2 sg.        |*go̝p        |*go̝C     |*go̝p        |
|paddle       |*walup       |          |*walup       |
|person       |*janɔp       |*janɔC    |*janɔp       |
|3 pl.        |*jak[i/o̝]p  |*jaxo̝C   |*jakip       |
|fruit/seed   |*jɔp         |*jɔC      |*jɔp         |
|3 sg.        |*jo̝p        |*jo̝C     |*jo̝p        |

Final apical voiceless stop /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|              |***-t**     |***C [ʔ]**|***t**       |
|hand/arm      |*me̝t       |*me̝C     |*me̝t        |
|vein          |*me̝t       |          |*me̝t        |
|fire          |*me̝lit     |*me̝liC   |*me̝lit      |
|younger sister|*mɔdɔt      |*mɔdɔC    |*mɔdɔt       |
|leaf          |*be̝t       |*be̝C     |*be̝t        |
|roof          |*[t/s]e̝t   |*he̝C     |*te̝t        |
|root          |*dit        |*diC      |*dit         |
|bird          |*dze̝t      |*de̝C     |*dze̝t       |
|flower        |*ke̝t       |          |*ke̝t        |
|sky           |*ko̝t       |          |*ko̝t        |
|bamboo pipe   |*ge̝t       |          |*ge̝t        |
|louse         |*go̝t       |*go̝C     |             |
|man           |*wapit      |*wawiC    |*wapit       |
|breadfruit    |*jawɔt      |*jawɔC    |*jawɔt       |

Final laminal voiceless /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|        |***-s**     |***C [ʔ]**|***s**       |
|snake   |*anɔs       |*anɔC     |*anɔs        |
|hair    |*[t/s]o̝s   |*ɸo̝C     |*to̝s        |
|daughter|*las        |*laC      |*las         |

Final velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|           |***-k**     |***C [ʔ]**|***k**       |
|water      |*ak         |*aC       |*ak          |
|grandmother|*mak        |*maC      |*mak         |
|body hair  |*mo̝k       |          |*mo̝k        |

Final apical non-stop /*l/ is dropped in Dawi River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|         |***-l**     |***ø**    |***l**       |
|son      |*abul       |*abu      |*abul        |
|excrement|*ɔl         |*wɔ       |*ɔl          |
|old      |*mul        |*mu       |*mul         |
|wing     |*bao̝l      |          |*bao̝l       |
|smoke    |*te̝mul     |*-te̝mu   |*te̝mul      |
|leg      |*kɔbul      |*xɔbu     |*kɔbul       |
|bone     |*kɔlɔl      |*xɔlɔ     |*kɔlɔl       |
|moon     |*wakɔl      |*waxɔ     |*wakɔl       |


Vowels /*i *u *e̝ *o̝ *ɔ *a/ … There is no evidence for a low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ despite its existence in Korowai (q.v. van Enk and de Vries 1997: 54-65).\\
\\

High front vowel /*i/ is retained as such in both subfamilies:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|               |***i**      |***i**    |***i**       |
|drink          |*mi-        |*mi-      |*mi-         |
|name           |*pi         |*ɸi       |*pi          |
|mother         |*ni         |*ni       |*ni          |
|tortoise sp.   |*bip        |          |*bip         |
|root           |*dit        |*diC      |*dit         |
|middle f./three|*dil        |*dil-     |*dil         |
|star           |*minɔp      |*minɔC    |             |
|fly (v.)       |*be̝di-     |*be̝di-   |*be̝di-      |
|fire           |*me̝lit     |*me̝liC   |*me̝lit      |
|nose           |*ge̝lip     |*ge̝liC   |*ge̝lip      |
|die            |*kɔmi-      |*xɔmi-    |*kɔmi-       |
|tooth          |*[t/s]ɔbit  |*hɔbi[C]  |*tɔbit       |
|hold           |*ati-       |*ati-     |*ati-        |
|bow            |*baji       |*baji     |*baji        |
|bamboo knife   |*waki       |*wax[i]   |*waki        |
|mountain       |*panip      |*ɸaniC    |*panip       |
|cassowary      |*sanip      |*haniC    |*sanip       |
|man            |*wapit      |*wawiC    |*wapit       |

High back vowel /*u/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Becking-Dawi |Dawi River|Becking River|
|            |***u**       |***u**    |***u**       |
|old         |*mul         |*mu       |*mul         |
|sharp       |*pu[t/l]     |          |*pu[t/l]     |
|netbag      |*dzun        |*duN      |*dzun        |
|cuscus      |*puwɔn       |*ɸuwɔN    |*puwɔn       |
|smoke       |*te̝mul      |*-te̝mu   |*te̝mul      |
|mosquito    |*te̝tun      |          |*te̝tun      |
|village     |*bɔlup       |*bɔluC    |*bɔlup       |
|leg         |*kɔbul       |*xɔbu     |*kɔbul       |
|tired/sleepy|*[t/s]ɔnute̝p|*hɔnute̝C |*tɔnute̝p    |
|older sister|*awu         |*awu      |*aw[u]       |
|cook/burn   |*alu-        |          |*alu-        |
|swim        |*dadu-       |*dadu-    |*dadu-       |
|dig         |*jaku-       |*jaxu-    |*jaku-       |
|son         |*abul        |*abu      |*abul        |
|hot         |*mamun       |*mamuN    |*mamun       |
|mud         |*balum       |*baluN    |*balum       |
|red         |*kapun       |*xawuN    |*kapun       |
|knee        |*gabum       |*gabuN    |*gabum       |
|paddle      |*walup       |          |*walup       |

One example of initial /*u/ is reflected as /*wa/ in Dawi River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|            |***u/#_**   |***wa**   |***u**       |
|earth/ground|*ula[C]     |*wala[C]  |*ula[C]      |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|     |***u/j_**   |***i**    |***u**       |
|taro |*kaju       |*xaji     |             |
|thorn|*ajun       |*ajiN     |*ajun        |

High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Becking-Dawi |Dawi River|Becking River|
|             |***e̝**      |***e̝**   |***e̝**      |
|side         |*me̝n        |          |*me̝n        |
|hand/arm     |*me̝t        |*me̝C     |*me̝t        |
|vein         |*me̝t        |          |*me̝t        |
|leaf         |*be̝t        |*be̝C     |*be̝t        |
|tongue       |*[t/s]e̝p    |*he̝C     |*te̝p        |
|roof         |*[t/s]e̝t    |*he̝C     |*te̝t        |
|scratch      |*[t/s]e̝nde̝-|*he̝nde̝- |*te̝nde̝-    |
|cloud        |*de̝p        |*de̝C     |*de̝p        |
|bird         |*dze̝t       |*de̝C     |*dze̝t       |
|flower       |*ke̝t        |          |*ke̝t        |
|bamboo pipe  |*ge̝t        |          |*ge̝t        |
|fly (v.)     |*be̝di-      |*be̝di-   |*be̝di-      |
|fire         |*me̝lit      |*me̝liC   |*me̝lit      |
|nose         |*ge̝lip      |*ge̝liC   |*ge̝lip      |
|smoke        |*te̝mul      |*-te̝mu   |*te̝mul      |
|mosquito     |*te̝tun      |          |*te̝tun      |
|friend       |*ne̝kɔ       |*ne̝xɔ    |*ne̝kɔ       |
|dog          |*me̝jan      |*me̝jaN   |*me̝jan      |
|tired/sleepy |*[t/s]ɔnute̝p|*hɔnute̝C |*tɔnute̝p    |
|older brother|*ape̝        |*awe̝     |*ape̝        |
|eat          |*(a)le̝-     |*(a)le̝-  |*(a)le̝-     |
|2/3 pl. perf.|*-ba-te̝     |*-ba-e̝   |*-ba-te̝     |
|1 sg. perf.  |*-ba-le̝     |*-ba-le̝  |*-ba-le̝     |
|tail         |*kande̝p     |*xande̝C  |*kande̝p     |
|hornbill     |*kawe̝[t/l]  |          |*kaw[e̝]l    |
|head         |*kabe̝jan    |*xabe̝jaN |*kabe̝jan    |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|              |***e̝/j_**  |***a**    |***e̝**      |
|lie down/sleep|*je̝-       |*ja-      |*je̝-        |

High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Becking-Dawi  |Dawi River|Becking River |
|               |***o̝**       |***o̝**   |***o̝**       |
|go up          |*to̝-         |          |*to̝-         |
|father's sister|*mo̝[t/l]     |*mo̝[C]   |*mo̝[t/l]     |
|body hair      |*mo̝k         |          |*mo̝k         |
|wind           |*po̝p         |*ɸo̝C     |*po̝p         |
|1 sg.          |*no̝p         |*no̝C     |*no̝p         |
|sun            |*to̝p         |*so̝C     |*to̝p         |
|hair           |*[t/s]o̝s     |*ɸo̝C     |*to̝s         |
|penis          |*[d/dz]o̝[t/l]|*do̝l-    |*[d/dz]o̝[t/l]|
|sky            |*ko̝t         |          |*ko̝t         |
|2 sg.          |*go̝p         |*go̝C     |*go̝p         |
|louse          |*go̝t         |*go̝C     |              |
|husband        |*jo̝m         |*jo̝N     |*jo̝m         |
|3 sg.          |*jo̝p         |*jo̝C     |*jo̝p         |
|blow           |*po̝mɔ-       |*ɸo̝mɔ-   |*po̝mɔ-       |
|elbow/eight    |*bɔŋgo̝p      |*bɔŋgo̝C  |*bɔŋgo̝p      |
|belly          |*kɔndo̝[t/l]  |*xɔndo̝[C]|*kɔndo̝t      |
|wing           |*bao̝l        |          |*bao̝l        |
|inside         |*kao̝p        |          |*kao̝p        |
|brother-in-law |*nabo̝[t/l]   |*nabo̝[C] |*nabo̝[t/l]   |
|1 pl.          |*nako̝p       |*naxo̝C   |*nɔko̝p       |
|upper arm/nine |*tabo̝[t/l]   |*sabo̝[C] |*tabo̝[t/l]   |
|clan           |*-kato̝n      |*-xato̝N  |*-kato̝n      |
|jungle fowl    |*wako̝m       |          |*wako̝m       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|      |***…**      |***…**    |***…**       |
|banana|*dzo̝p      |*de̝jɔC   |*dzo̝p       |

There is only scant evidence for a low mid front vowel /*ɛ/, which is marginal in de Vries' Korowai and does not exist in Dawi River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|           |***ɛ**      |***e̝**   |***ɛ**       |
|1 pl. perf.|*-ba-lɛ     |*-ba-le̝  |*-ba-lɛ      |

Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ is retained as such in both subfamilies:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Becking-Dawi |Dawi River|Becking River|
|               |***ɔ**       |***ɔ**    |***ɔ**       |
|do/make        |*-mɔ-        |*-mɔ      |*-mɔ         |
|2/3 sg. perf.  |*-bɔ         |*-bɔ      |*-bɔ         |
|focus          |*-tɔ         |*-tɔ      |*-tɔ         |
|burn (intr.)   |*dɔ-         |*dɔ-      |*dɔ-         |
|mother's br.   |*mɔm         |*mɔN      |*mɔm         |
|chin/jaw       |*bɔn         |*bɔN-     |*…           |
|flesh          |*nɔp         |*nɔC      |*nɔp         |
|forest         |*tɔp         |*sɔC      |*tɔp         |
|song sp.       |*gɔm         |          |*gɔm         |
|pig            |*gɔ[t/l]     |*gɔ[C]    |*gɔ[t/l]     |
|fruit/seed     |*jɔp         |*jɔC      |*jɔp         |
|index f./four  |*nɔndɔ       |*nɔndɔ    |*nɔndɔ       |
|younger sister |*mɔdɔt       |*mɔdɔC    |*mɔdɔt       |
|ear            |*kɔtɔp       |*xɔtɔC    |*kɔtɔp       |
|bone           |*kɔlɔl       |*xɔlɔ     |*kɔlɔl       |
|die            |*kɔmi-       |*xɔmi-    |*kɔmi-       |
|tooth          |*[t/s]ɔbit   |*hɔbi[C]  |*tɔbit       |
|village        |*bɔlup       |*bɔluC    |*bɔlup       |
|leg            |*kɔbul       |*xɔbu     |*kɔbul       |
|tired/sleepy   |*[t/s]ɔnute̝p|*hɔnute̝C |*tɔnute̝p    |
|elbow/eight    |*bɔŋgo̝p     |*bɔŋgo̝C  |*bɔŋgo̝p     |
|belly          |*kɔndo̝[t/l] |*xɔndo̝[C]|*kɔndo̝t     |
|cuscus         |*puwɔn       |*ɸuwɔN    |*puwɔn       |
|friend         |*ne̝kɔ       |*ne̝xɔ    |*ne̝kɔ       |
|blow           |*po̝mɔ-      |*ɸo̝mɔ-   |*po̝mɔ-      |
|younger brother|*mɔp-ka      |*mɔCka    |*mɔpVka      |
|crocodile      |*sɔmaⁱ[t/l]  |*sɔmaⁱ[C] |*sɔmaⁱ[t/l]  |
|star           |*minɔp       |*minɔC    |             |
|blunt/dull     |*baŋgɔ       |*b[a]ŋgɔ  |*baŋgɔ       |
|leech          |*tajɔ        |*sajɔ     |*tajɔ        |
|mouth          |*kalɔ-       |*xalɔ-    |*kalɔ-       |
|white          |*kajɔ        |*xajɔ     |*kajɔ        |
|arrow          |*kajɔ        |*xajɔ     |*kajɔ        |
|thumb/five     |*wajɔ        |*wajɔ     |*wajɔ        |
|weep/cry       |*jamɔ-       |*jamɔ-    |*jamɔ-       |
|ashes          |*anɔm        |*anɔN     |*anɔm        |
|number         |*-anɔp       |*-anɔC    |*-anɔp       |
|snake          |*anɔs        |*anɔC     |*anɔs        |
|forearm/seven  |*tapɔ[t/l]   |*sawɔ(l)  |*tapɔ[t/l]   |
|moon           |*wakɔl       |*waxɔ     |*wakɔl       |
|person         |*janɔp       |*janɔC    |*janɔp       |
|breadfruit     |*jawɔt       |*jawɔC    |*jawɔt       |

To initial /*ɔ/ is preposed a prosthetic bilabial non-stop /*w/ in Dawi River:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|         |***ɔ/#_**   |***wɔ**   |***ɔ**       |
|house    |*ɔp         |*wɔC      |*ɔp          |
|excrement|*ɔl         |*wɔ       |*ɔl          |

Low central vowel /*a/ is generally retained as such in both subfamilies:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|               |***a**      |***a**    |***a**       |
|sit            |*ba-        |*ba-      |*ba-         |
|1 sg. poss.    |*na-        |*na-      |*na-         |
|cross-child    |*sa-        |*ha-      |*sa-         |
|2 sg. poss.    |*ga-        |          |*ga-         |
|3 sg. poss.    |*ja-        |*ja-      |*ja-         |
|breast         |*am         |*aN       |*am          |
|water          |*ak         |*aC       |*ak          |
|grandmother    |*mak        |*maC      |*mak         |
|rattan/rope    |*nan        |*naN      |*nan         |
|skin/bark      |*kat        |*xaC      |*kat         |
|daughter       |*las        |*laC      |*las         |
|left           |*wakan      |*waxaN    |*wakan       |
|hold           |*ati-       |*ati-     |*ati-        |
|bow            |*baji       |*baji     |*baji        |
|bamboo knife   |*waki       |*wax[i]   |*waki        |
|mountain       |*panip      |*ɸaniC    |*panip       |
|cassowary      |*sanip      |*haniC    |*sanip       |
|man            |*wapit      |*wawiC    |*wapit       |
|older sister   |*awu        |*awu      |*aw[u]       |
|cook/burn      |*alu-       |          |*alu-        |
|son            |*abul       |*abu      |*abul        |
|thorn          |*ajun       |*ajiN     |*ajun        |
|swim           |*dadu-      |*dadu-    |*dadu-       |
|taro           |*kaju       |*xaji     |             |
|dig            |*jaku-      |*jaxu-    |*jaku-       |
|hot            |*mamun      |*mamuN    |*mamun       |
|mud            |*balum      |*baluN    |*balum       |
|red            |*kapun      |*xawuN    |*kapun       |
|knee           |*gabum      |*gabuN    |*gabum       |
|paddle         |*walup      |          |*walup       |
|older brother  |*ape̝       |*awe̝     |*ape̝        |
|eat            |*(a)le̝-    |*(a)le̝-  |*(a)le̝-     |
|2/3 pl. perf.  |*-ba-te̝    |*-ba-e̝   |*-ba-te̝     |
|1 sg. perf.    |*-ba-le̝    |*-ba-le̝  |*-ba-le̝     |
|tail           |*kande̝p    |*xande̝C  |*kande̝p     |
|hornbill       |*kawe̝[t/l] |          |*kaw[e̝]l    |
|head           |*kabe̝jan   |*xabe̝jaN |*kabe̝jan    |
|wing           |*bao̝l      |          |*bao̝l       |
|inside         |*kao̝p      |          |*kao̝p       |
|brother-in-law |*nabo̝[t/l] |*nabo̝[C] |*nabo̝[t/l]  |
|upper arm/nine |*tabo̝[t/l] |*sabo̝[C] |*tabo̝[t/l]  |
|clan           |*-kato̝n    |*-xato̝N  |*-kato̝n     |
|jungle fowl    |*wako̝m     |          |*wako̝m      |
|ashes          |*anɔm       |*anɔN     |*anɔm        |
|number         |*-anɔp      |*-anɔC    |*-anɔp       |
|snake          |*anɔs       |*anɔC     |*anɔs        |
|blunt/dull     |*baŋgɔ      |*b[a]ŋgɔ  |*baŋgɔ       |
|leech          |*tajɔ       |*sajɔ     |*tajɔ        |
|mouth          |*kalɔ-      |*xalɔ-    |*kalɔ-       |
|white          |*kajɔ       |*xajɔ     |*kajɔ        |
|arrow          |*kajɔ       |*xajɔ     |*kajɔ        |
|thumb/five     |*wajɔ       |*wajɔ     |*wajɔ        |
|weep/cry       |*jamɔ-      |*jamɔ-    |*jamɔ-       |
|forearm/seven  |*tapɔ[t/l]  |*sawɔ(l)  |*tapɔ[t/l]   |
|moon           |*wakɔl      |*waxɔ     |*wakɔl       |
|person         |*janɔp      |*janɔC    |*janɔp       |
|breadfruit     |*jawɔt      |*jawɔC    |*jawɔt       |
|dog            |*me̝jan     |*me̝jaN   |*me̝jan      |
|younger brother|*mɔp-ka     |*mɔCka    |*mɔpVka      |

In the first person plural free pronoun, /*a/ is raised and backed to /*ɔ/ in Becking River when followed by high mid back /*o̝/ in the second syllable; however this is not regular (above):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|     |***a/_Co̝** |***a**    |***ɔ**       |
|1 pl.|*nako̝p     |*naxo̝C   |*nɔko̝p      |


Diphthongs …\\
\\

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|     |***ɔᵘ**     |***ɔᵘ**   |***u**       |
|liver|*ɔᵘm        |*ɔᵘN      |*um          |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|           |***aⁱ**     |****      |****         |
|men's house|*kaⁱm       |          |*kaⁱm        |
|crocodile  |*sɔmaⁱ[t/l] |*sɔmaⁱ[C] |*sɔmaⁱ[t/l]  |


===== Pronouns =====
Becking and Dawi River free pronouns are reconstructed as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|1 sg.|*no̝p       |*no̝C     |*no̝p        |
|2 sg.|*go̝(-p)    |*go̝C     |*go̝p        |
|3 sg.|*jo̝p       |*jo̝C     |*jo̝p        |
|1 pl.|*nako̝p     |*naxo̝C   |*nɔko̝p      |
|2 pl.|*gak[i/o̝]p |*gaxo̝C   |*gakip       |
|3 pl.|*jak[i/o̝]p |*jaxo̝C   |*jakip       |

Possessive prefixes are reconstructed for singular persons only as follows. These are based upon those of Korowai (q.v. van Enk and de Vries 1997: 67-69) and on prefixes on some kin terms in Hughes (2009: 28) as well as outcomparison to their Central Digul River equivalents:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Becking-Dawi|Dawi River|Becking River|
|1 sg. poss.|*na-        |*na-      |*na-         |
|2 sg. poss.|*ga-        |?         |*ga-         |
|3 sg. poss.|*ja-        |*ja-      |*ja-         |


===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…\\


===== Loans from neighboring families =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Loans from Dumut …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |Dumut|Dawi River|Becking River|
|day|*alup|          |*alup        |

Loans from Ndeiram River …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |Ndeiram River|Dawi River|Becking River|
|village|*…           |*…        |*…           |
|sago   |*…           |          |*ndau        |