====== Nalca ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Nalca (Naltya,) called Hmanggona by its speakers, is spoken by … people living in the Nalca River valley … in the central highlands of Indonesia's Papua province (Voorhoeve 1975: 399, Heeschen 1978: 6-7, q.v. 1992: 466.)

===== Sources =====
Bromley (n.d.) unpublished survey vocabulary of Naltya (unobtained)

Bromley (n.d.) Naltya phonology (unobtained)

Voorhoeve (1975: 116) 39 comparative terms for Naltya after Bromley (n.d.)

Voorhoeve (1975: 399) phonemic inventory for Naltya after Bromley (n.d.)

Heeschen (1978) comparative notes on Nalca

Rule, Rule and Cutting (n.d.) grammar of Hmanggona (unobtained)

Svärd (2013) grammar of Nalca\\
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Additionally, a vocabulary of Hmanggona of Oisekla was provided in digitalized form by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics; however it is unattributed.

===== Phonology =====
Voorhoeve (1975: 399 after Bromley n.d.) gives 15 consonants and 7 vowels for Naltya as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m   |  n   |     |  ŋ   |     |
|  pʰ  |  tʰ  |     |  kʰ  |     |
|      |      |     |      |  ʔ  |
|  b   |  d   |     |  g   |     |
|      |  s   |     |      |  h  |
|  w   |  l   |  j  |      |     |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i  |     |  u  |
|  ɪ  |     |  ʊ  |
|  ɛ  |     |  ɔ  |
|     |  a  |     |

Two tones are distinguished, low-rising and high-falling.

===== Pronouns =====
Voorhoeve (1975: 116, 1975: 399 after Bromley n.d.) gives Naltya free pronouns as follows. We reluctantly include the unattributed Hmanggona data because from these we can complete the basic system; presumably /-da/ [da ra] indicates the subject or is emphatic:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Voorhoeve|[SIL] |
|1sg. |na       |na-ra |
|2 sg.|an       |an-da |
|3 sg.|[al]     |al-da |
|1 pl.|nun      |nun-da|
|2 pl.|?        |?     |
|3 pl.|[sik]    |sik-da|

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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