====== Atohaim ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
Atohaim (Atohwaim, Atoheim,) known also as Kaugat, is spoken by approximately 700 people (1971) living in five villages along the Cook and Kronkel rivers just inland from the Casuarina coast in the southwest of Indonesia's Papua province. Voorhoeve names these villages as Jakamit, Sanem, Sinepit, Ajkut and Kajpom, with Jakamit on the Kronkel speaking one dialect and the other four along the Cook speaking another. Voorhoeve calculates 93% cognacy between Kronkel and Cook river dialects. Atohaim's nearest relatives are the Gondu River languages immediately to the southeast (Voorhoeve 1971: 79-82, 87, 1975: 366-367.)

===== Sources =====
Voorhoeve (1971: 79-88) general description and (pp. 110-114) 97 comparative terms for Kaugat of Jakamit and Sinepit villages

Voorhoeve (1975: 368-369) sketch phonology and pronouns for Kaugat

Voorhoeve (2007) comparative vocabulary of Kaugat

Clouse (1987) 145 comparative terms for Atoheim of Jaukui village

Kim, Clouse and Price (1987) comparative vocabulary for Atohwaim (unobtained)

Sawi and Sidabutar (2002) 235 comparative terms for Atohaim (Atohwaim) of Yagamit and Yahui vollages

===== Phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Voorhoeve (1971: 82-85, 1975: 369-369) gives 13 consonants and 7 vowels for Kaugat of Sinepit as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m  |  n  |      |     |     |
|  p  |  t  |  tʃ  |  k  |  ʔ  |
|  f  |  s  |      |  x  |     |
|  w  |  r  |  j   |     |     |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i  |  ʉ  |  u  |
|  e  |  ɵ  |  o  |
|     |  a  |     |

The Kronkel River dialect as spoken in Jakamit village lacks high and mid central rounded vowels /ʉ ɵ/; comparison to Clouse's vocabulary of Jaukui shows both to have merged with high back rounded /u/, a change also found in the Awyu and Wambon languages to the east.\\
\\

\\

Any consonant can occur initially.\\
\\

Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |           |Voorhoeve  |Sidabutar  |Clouse    |Sawi      |
|          |           |Jakamit    |Yagamit    |Jaukui    |Yahui     |
|          |***m-**    |**m**      |**m**      |**m**     |**m**     |
|river     |*miti      |           |miːtʃi     |miˈtʃi    |mitːi     |
|rain      |*mene      |mene       |mɛnːɛ      |meˈne     |mɛnnːɛ    |
|tongue    |*mena-karVm|menaxaram  |mɛnːɐxɐrum |mɛnaˈxarum|mɛnːɐxɐrum|
|not       |*mame[n]   |mame       |mɐmːɛ      |mamen     |mɐmːɛ     |
|child     |*map       |map-       |map-       |map-      |map-      |
|lip(s)    |*mapem     |           |mɐpːɛm     |          |mɐpːɛm    |
|stone     |*matu      |           |           |maˈtu     |          |
|sago      |*makam     |maʔam      |           |          |          |
|fly (n.)  |*mɵrɵ      |mɵrɵ       |           |muˈr̃u    |          |
|red       |*mɵrɵm     |merem      |murum      |mur̃um    |murum     |
|wing      |*mʉmʉ-kapm |           |mymykɐpm̩  |mumuˈxam̩ |mymykɐpm̩ |
|mouth/door|*mop       |moːp ~ -mop|moᵘɸ ~ -mɔp|-moɸ      |-mɔp      |

Initial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |       |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar     |Clouse|Sawi  |
|           |       |Jakamit  |Yagamit       |Jaukui|Yahui |
|           |***n-**|**n**    |**n**         |**n** |**n** |
|man/husband|*nimi  |         |nimːi         |nɪmi  |nimːi |
|weep/cry   |*nitie |nitʃe    |nitʃiɛ        |      |nitʃiɛ|
|1 pl.      |*n[e]pi|nipi     |niɸi-r        |neˈβi |niɸi  |
|1 sg.      |*na-ka |naxa     |nɐʔxɐ ~ nɐʔɐ-r|naˈxa |nɐxɐ  |
|bone       |*nɵmɵp |nɵmɵp    |numuɸ         |numuʔ |numup |
|wife       |*n[uo] |         |nuː           |nuː   |nuː   |
|louse      |*numu  |numu     |numːu         |nuˈmu |numːu |

Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |          |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar    |Clouse       |Sawi         |
|           |          |Jakamit  |Yagamit      |Jaukui       |Yahui        |
|           |***p-**   |**p**    |****         |**p**        |****         |
|left       |*pi       |         |pi           |piː          |pi           |
|skin/bark  |*piep     |piep     |piɛɸ ~ -pijɛɸ|piˈɛᵖ ~ piɛː-|piɛp ~ -pijɛp|
|one        |*pir      |         |-pir         |pir ~ pid-   |-piɛr        |
|one        |*pira-kap |-priaxap |pirɐxɐɸ      |pidaˈxaɸ     |pirɐxɐp      |
|bow        |*pe       |         |pɛː          |             |pɛː          |
|fish       |*peten    |peten    |             |pɛˈtɛn       |             |
|this       |*pekem    |pekem    |pɛkːɛm       |peˈgem       |pɛgːɛm       |
|rattan/rope|*per[o/u]m|perom    |pɛːrum       |ˈpɛɾum       |pɛːrum       |
|many       |*papi     |papi-    |pɐβi-        |paˈɸi        |pɐβi         |
|that       |*pokom    |pokom    |pɔkːɔm       |poɣom        |pɔgːɔm       |
|hole       |*pokop    |poxop    |             |             |             |

Initial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |         |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
|   |         |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
|   |***t-**  |**t**    |****     |**t** |**** |
|sun|*t[e/a]me|teme     |tɐmːɛ    |teˈme |tɐmːɛ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |        |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse   |Sawi   |
|             |        |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui   |Yahui  |
|             |***tʃ** |**tʃ**   |**tʃ**   |**ts tʃ**|**tʃ** |
|sit          |*tʃ[ie]-|tʃe-     |-tʃiɛ-m  |tsɛ-ˈtsi |-tʃɛ-m |
|sand         |*tʃinep |         |tʃinːɛɸ  |tsiˈnɛɸ  |tʃiɲːɛp|
|sago porridge|*tʃapi  |         |tʃaɸi    |         |tʃaɸi  |
|two          |*tʃopm  |tʃoːpm   |tʃɔːpm̩  |tʃoːm̩   |tʃɔːpm̩|

Initial laminal voiceless /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |       |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar       |Clouse|Sawi          |
|      |       |Jakamit  |Yagamit         |Jaukui|Yahui         |
|      |***s-**|**s**    |**s [s ʃ]**     |**s** |**s [s ʃ]**   |
|see   |*saka- |saʔa-p   |sɐʔɐ-ɸ          |      |sɐʔɐ-p        |
|eye   |*sakam |saːm     |ʃɐʔːm           |saʔam |sɐʔːm ~ sɐʔɐm-|
|black |*sakum |sakum    |ʃɐkʔkum ~ ʃɐkːum|saˈkum|ʃɐkʔum        |
|arrow |*sonoᵘ |         |ʃonɔu           |      |ʃonɔᵘ         |
|star  |*supʉp |supyp    |suʔpiɸ          |suˈβuɸ|suβup         |
|bamboo|*supu  |supu     |suɸːu           |      |suɸːu         |

Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |            |Voorhoeve     |Sidabutar     |Clouse        |Sawi   |
|          |            |Jakamit       |Yagamit       |Jaukui        |Yahui  |
|          |***k-**     |****          |****          |****          |****   |
|speak/say |*k[ie]-     |ke-p          |kʲɛ-ɸ         |              |kʲɛ-ɸ  |
|leaf      |*kaepm      |kajepm        |xɐpm̩         |-xam̩         |xɐpm̩  |
|big       |*kamen      |xame          |xɐmːɛn        |xamen ~ xaˈmɛn|xɐmɛn  |
|inside    |*kamop      |              |kɐmɔɸ         |              |kɐmɔɸ  |
|tail      |*kapie      |kafie         |kɐɸiɛ         |xaɸiˈe        |xɐɸiɛː |
|sago tree |*kapiem     |              |xɐɸiɛm        |              |xɐɸiɛm |
|belly     |*kape       |kape          |kɐpːɛ         |kaˈpe         |kɐpːɛ  |
|die       |*kanikin    |kanikin       |kɐniʔkin      |kaniˈɣin      |kɐnkin |
|heavy     |*katum      |katʃum        |              |xaˈtʃum       |       |
|moon      |*kakar[a/o]m|kaʔaram       |kɐʔɐrum       |xaʔar̃om      |xɐʔɐrum|
|sago flour|*kari       |              |xɐri          |              |xɐri   |
|long/far  |*kar[o/u]m  |karum- ~-xaram|kɐrum         |karom ~ -garom|kɐrum  |
|white     |*k[o]p[a]r  |kopor         |kɐpːɐr        |kaˈpaɾ        |kɐpːɐr |
|crocodile |*koᵘ        |xow           |              |xɔᵘ           |xɔᵘ    |
|knee/elbow|*kupm       |kupm          |kupm̩ ~ -xupm̩|koˈxm̩        |kupm̩  |

Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is generally retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |              |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar  |Clouse     |Sawi       |
|          |              |Jakamit  |Yagamit    |Jaukui     |Yahui      |
|          |***w-**       |**w**    |**w [w u]**|**w [w u]**|**w [w u]**|
|fat/grease|*wep          |weːp     |           |ueᵖ ~ weːᵖ |           |
|paddle    |*watu         |         |wɐʔtu      |           |wɐʔtu      |
|bird      |*wakɵm        |wakem    |wɐkum      |wakum      |wɐˈkum     |
|pig       |*wakum        |wakum    |wɐkum      |waˈkum     |wɐkˈum     |
|house     |*woᵘ          |wow      |wɔwɐ       |uˈowa      |wɔᵘ        |
|flesh/meat|*w[o/u]k[o/u]m|woxom    |j-ɔxɔm     |uˈxum      |j-uxum     |
|tree      |*wʉm          |wim      |uʔm        |uːm        |u- ~ um-   |
|fingernail|*wʉp          |-yp      |           |           |           |
|blood     |*wʉs          |wis      |us         |wuːs       |us         |

Apical non-stop /*r/ has not been found to occur initially.\\
\\

Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ is generally retained as such in both dialects, though in one example has been occluded to [dʒ] in Clouse's Jaukui:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |       |Voorhoeve   |Sidabutar  |Clouse                |Sawi       |
|         |       |Jakamit     |Yagamit    |Jaukui                |Yahui      |
|         |***j-**|**j**       |**j [j i]**|**j [j i dʒ]**        |**j [j i]**|
|net bag  |*japi  |            |jɐɸi       |                      |jɐɸi       |
|hand/arm |*japm  |japm        |jɐpm̩      |iaˈm̩ ~ jaˈm\\ ~jaˈxm̩|jɐpm̩      |
|below    |*jani  |            |jɐni       |                      |jɐni       |
|fruit/egg|*jakam |jaʔam ~ -iam|-iʔɐm      |-jiʔam ~ -iˈam        |-iʔɐm      |
|person   |*jokopm|            |           |dʒoʔom̩               |           |


… medial consonants …\\
\\

Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |          |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse        |Sawi     |
|           |          |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui        |Yahui    |
|           |***-m-**  |**m**    |**m**    |**m**         |**m**    |
|cloud/sky  |*imip     |imip     |imːip    |imiɸ          |imːip    |
|canoe      |*amu      |         |ɐʔmu     |              |ɐˈmu     |
|cassowary  |*um[u]is  |umuis    |umːis    |uːmis         |umːis    |
|not        |*mame[n]  |mame     |mɐmːɛ    |mamen         |mɐmːɛ    |
|wing       |*mʉmʉ-kapm|         |mymykɐpm̩|mumuˈxam̩     |mymykɐpm̩|
|man/husband|*nimi     |         |nimːi    |nɪmi          |nimːi    |
|bone       |*nɵmɵp    |nɵmɵp    |numuɸ    |numuʔ         |numup    |
|louse      |*numu     |numu     |numːu    |nuˈmu         |numːu    |
|sun        |*t[e/a]me |teme     |tɐmːɛ    |teˈme         |tɐmːɛ    |
|big        |*kamen    |xame     |xɐmːɛn   |xamen ~ xaˈmɛn|xɐmɛn    |
|inside     |*kamop    |         |kɐmɔɸ    |              |kɐmɔɸ    |

Medial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |           |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar |Clouse    |Sawi      |
|         |           |Jakamit  |Yagamit   |Jaukui    |Yahui     |
|         |***-n-**   |**n**    |**n**     |**n**     |**n**     |
|excrement|*ane       |ane      |ɐnːɛ      |          |ɐnːɛ      |
|2 pl.    |*akani     |aʔani    |ɐʔɐnːi-r  |aʔani     |ɐʔɐnːi-r  |
|finger   |*ɵnɵm      |ənəm     |uʔnum     |uˈnum     |unum      |
|woman    |*ɵnɵpɵ     |enepe    |          |          |          |
|rain     |*mene      |mene     |mɛnːɛ     |meˈne     |mɛnnːɛ    |
|tongue   |*mena-karVm|menaxaram|mɛnːɐxɐrum|mɛnaˈxarum|mɛnːɐxɐrum|
|sand     |*tʃinep    |         |tʃinːɛɸ   |tsiˈnɛɸ   |tʃiɲːɛp   |
|arrow    |*sonoᵘ     |         |ʃonɔu     |          |ʃonɔᵘ     |
|die      |*kanikin   |kanikin  |kɐniʔkin  |kaniˈɣin  |kɐnkin    |
|below    |*jani      |         |jɐni      |          |jɐni      |

In one example where medial /*n/ is followed by high back rounded vowel /*u/ it is realized as palatal [ɲ]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |           |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
|     |           |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
|     |***-n-/_u**|****     |**ɲ**    |****  |**ɲ**|
|urine|*anu       |         |ɐɲu      |      |ɐɲu  |

Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |              |Voorhoeve  |Sidabutar|Clouse         |Sawi  |
|             |              |Jakamit    |Yagamit  |Jaukui         |Yahui |
|             |***-p-**      |**p [p f]**|****     |**p [p ɸ f β]**|****  |
|foot/leg     |*apir         |apir       |ɐpːir    |ʔaːpir         |ɐpːir |
|sleep        |*api[i/e]n    |afin       |ɐɸin     |aɸɛn           |ɐɸin  |
|roof         |*ape          |           |ɐpːɛ     |aˈpe           |ɐpːɛ  |
|woman        |*ɵnɵpɵ        |enepe      |         |               |      |
|nose         |*opom         |opom       |ɔpːɔm    |ʔopom          |ɔpːɔm |
|dog          |*[o/u]p[o/u]tʃ|upotʃ      |ɔpɔit    |oˈɸutʃ         |ɔpɔit |
|lip(s)       |*mapem        |           |mɐpːɛm   |               |mɐpːɛm|
|many         |*papi         |papi-      |pɐβi-    |paˈɸi          |pɐβi  |
|1 pl.        |*n[e]pi       |nipi       |niɸi-r   |neˈβi          |niɸi  |
|star         |*supʉp        |supyp      |suʔpiɸ   |suˈβuɸ         |suβup |
|sago porridge|*tʃapi        |           |tʃaɸi    |               |tʃaɸi |
|bamboo       |*supu         |supu       |suɸːu    |               |suɸːu |
|tail         |*kapie        |kafie      |kɐɸiɛ    |xaɸiˈe         |xɐɸiɛː|
|sago tree    |*kapiem       |           |xɐɸiɛm   |               |xɐɸiɛm|
|belly        |*kape         |kape       |kɐpːɛ    |kaˈpe          |kɐpːɛ |
|white        |*k[o]p[a]r    |kopor      |kɐpːɐr   |kaˈpaɾ         |kɐpːɐr|
|net bag      |*japi         |           |jɐɸi     |               |jɐɸi  |

Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in both dialects when preceded by vowels other than high front /*i/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |        |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
|      |        |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
|      |***-t-**|**t**    |**t**    |**t** |**t**|
|breast|*ɵtɵm   |ɵtɵm     |utum     |uˈtum |utum |
|stone |*matu   |         |         |maˈtu |     |
|fish  |*peten  |peten    |         |pɛˈtɛn|     |
|paddle|*watu   |         |wɐʔtu    |      |wɐʔtu|

When preceded by hight fron /*i/, medial /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |           |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse   |Sawi     |
|        |           |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui   |Yahui    |
|        |***-t-/i_**|**tʃ**   |****     |**tʃ t** |****     |
|ashes   |*ititip    |itʃitʃip |iʔtʃitʃiɸ|iːtiˈtiɸ |iʔtʃitʃip|
|leech   |*itetʃ     |         |itʃɛit   |itʃetʃ   |itʃɛit   |
|hear    |*itaka-    |jitʃaʔa-p|iʔtʃɐʔa-ɸ|         |itʃɐʔa-p |
|ear     |*it[a]kop  |itʃoxop  |itʃɔːhɔp |itʃaᵘˈxop|ˈitʃɔːɣɔp|
|river   |*miti      |         |miːtʃi   |miˈtʃi   |mitːi    |
|weep/cry|*nitie     |nitʃe    |nitʃiɛ   |         |nitʃiɛ   |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |           |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse |Sawi |
|     |           |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui |Yahui|
|     |***-t-/_u**|**tʃ**   |****     |**tʃ** |**** |
|fire |*atu       |atʃu     |ɐːtʃu    |aˈtʃu  |ɐːtʃu|
|heavy|*katum     |katʃum   |         |xaˈtʃum|     |

Medial … /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |        |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse     |Sawi     |
|     |        |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui     |Yahui    |
|     |***-s-**|**s**    |**s [ʃ]**|**s [s ʂ]**|**s [ʃ]**|
|night|*isi    |isi      |iːʃːi    |iːˈsi      |iʃːi     |
|thorn|*is[ie]r|         |iʃir     |iˈʂʲɛɾ     |iʃir     |

Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |           |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar       |Clouse       |Sawi     |
|            |           |Jakamit  |Yagamit         |Jaukui       |Yahui    |
|            |***-k-**   |**k**    |****            |**k [k g ɣ]**|****     |
|ear         |*it[a]kop  |itʃoxop  |itʃɔːhɔp        |itʃaᵘˈxop    |ˈitʃɔːɣɔp|
|snake       |*ikor[o/u] |ikor     |ikːɔru          |ikor̃o       |ikːɔru   |
|earth/ground|*upk[ie]m  |upkem    |uʔkiɛm ~ ukiɛm  |ʔuˈkɛm       |uʔkiɛm   |
|tooth       |*[u/o]kokom|ukoxom   |ɔɣɔːxɔm         |okoxˈom      |ɔkɔxum   |
|this        |*pekem     |pekem    |pɛkːɛm          |peˈgem       |pɛgːɛm   |
|black       |*sakum     |sakum    |ʃɐkʔkum ~ ʃɐkːum|saˈkum       |ʃɐkʔum   |
|die         |*kanikin   |kanikin  |kɐniʔkin        |kaniˈɣin     |kɐnkin   |
|bird        |*wakɵm     |wakem    |wɐkum           |wakum        |wɐˈkum   |
|pig         |*wakum     |wakum    |wɐkum           |waˈkum       |wɐkˈum   |

When both preceded and followed by mid back rounded vowel /*o/, …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |              |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse |Sawi         |
|          |              |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui |Yahui        |
|          |***-k-/o_o**  |****     |****     |****   |****         |
|water     |*okom         |oxom     |ɔʔxɔm    |ʔoxom  |ɔʔxɔm ~ -oxom|
|tooth     |*[u/o]kokom   |ukoxom   |ɔɣɔːxɔm  |okoxˈom|ɔkɔxum       |
|that      |*pokom        |pokom    |pɔkːɔm   |poɣom  |pɔgːɔm       |
|hole      |*pokop        |poxop    |         |       |             |
|flesh/meat|*w[o/u]k[o/u]m|woxom    |j-ɔxɔm   |uˈxum  |j-uxum       |
|person    |*jokopm       |         |         |dʒoʔom̩|             |

When both preceded and followed by low central vowel /*a/, medial /*k is generally realized as a glottal stop [ʔ]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |            |Voorhoeve   |Sidabutar|Clouse        |Sawi          |
|         |            |Jakamit     |Yagamit  |Jaukui        |Yahui         |
|         |***-k-/a_a**|**ʔ ø**     |****     |**ʔ ø**       |****          |
|hear     |*itaka-     |jitʃaʔa-p   |iʔtʃɐʔa-ɸ|              |itʃɐʔa-p      |
|smoke    |*akap       |-aʔap       |-ɐp (?)  |-ʔaɸ          |-ɐʔɐp         |
|2 pl.    |*akani      |aʔani       |ɐʔɐnːi-r |aʔani         |ɐʔɐnːi-r      |
|sago     |*makam      |maʔam       |         |              |              |
|see      |*saka-      |saʔa-p      |sɐʔɐ-ɸ   |              |sɐʔɐ-p        |
|eye      |*sakam      |saːm        |ʃɐʔːm    |saʔam         |sɐʔːm ~ sɐʔɐm-|
|moon     |*kakar[a/o]m|kaʔaram     |kɐʔɐrum  |xaʔar̃om      |xɐʔɐrum       |
|fruit/egg|*jakam      |jaʔam ~ -iam|-iʔɐm    |-jiʔam ~ -iˈam|-iʔɐm         |

Apparent exceptions to this rule are either known or likely compounds:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |           |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar     |Clouse    |Sawi       |
|      |           |Jakamit  |Yagamit       |Jaukui    |Yahui      |
|      |***…/a-_a**|**x**    |****          |**x**     |****       |
|2 sg. |*a-ka      |axa      |ɐʔɐ-r         |axa       |ɐxɐ ~ ɐʔɐ-r|
|tongue|*mena-karVm|menaxaram|mɛnːɐxɐrum    |mɛnaˈxarum|mɛnːɐxɐrum |
|one   |*pira-kap  |-priaxap |pirɐxɐɸ       |pidaˈxaɸ  |pirɐxɐp    |
|1 sg. |*na-ka     |naxa     |nɐʔxɐ ~ nɐʔɐ-r|naˈxa     |nɐxɐ       |

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:\\
\\

Medial apical non-stop /*r/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |            |Voorhoeve     |Sidabutar |Clouse        |Sawi      |
|           |            |Jakamit       |Yagamit   |Jaukui        |Yahui     |
|           |***-r-**    |**r**         |****      |**r**         |****      |
|mosquito   |*iri        |iri           |riː       |ɾiː           |riː       |
|snake      |*ikor[o/u]  |ikor          |ikːɔru    |ikor̃o        |ikːɔru    |
|seed       |*arapm      |              |ɐrɐpm̩    |araˈm̩        |ɐrɐpm̩    |
|blue/green |*urip       |              |uriɸ      |              |urip      |
|tongue     |*mena-karVm |menaxaram     |mɛnːɐxɐrum|mɛnaˈxarum    |mɛnːɐxɐrum|
|fly (n.)   |*mɵrɵ       |mɵrɵ          |          |muˈr̃u        |          |
|red        |*mɵrɵm      |merem         |murum     |mur̃um        |murum     |
|rattan/rope|*per[o/u]m  |perom         |pɛːrum    |ˈpɛɾum        |pɛːrum    |
|moon       |*kakar[a/o]m|kaʔaram       |kɐʔɐrum   |xaʔar̃om      |xɐʔɐrum   |
|sago flour |*kari       |              |xɐri      |              |xɐri      |
|long/far   |*kar[o/u]m  |karum- ~-xaram|kɐrum     |karom ~ -garom|kɐrum     |

Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ is retained as such in both dialects:\\
\\

Medial apical non-stop /*r/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |        |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse |Sawi   |
|            |        |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui |Yahui  |
|            |***-j-**|****     |**j**    |****   |**j**  |
|right (side)|*ijapm  |         |iːjɐpm̩  |iːjaˈm̩|iːjɐpm̩|


… final consonants …\\
\\

Final bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |              |Voorhoeve     |Sidabutar       |Clouse        |Sawi          |
|            |              |Jakamit       |Yagamit         |Jaukui        |Yahui         |
|            |***-m**       |**m**         |****            |**m**         |****          |
|young/new   |*em           |em            |ɛːm-            |em            |ɛːm- ~ ɛm-    |
|finger      |*ɵnɵm         |ənəm          |uʔnum           |uˈnum         |unum          |
|breast      |*ɵtɵm         |ɵtɵm          |utum            |uˈtum         |utum          |
|nose        |*opom         |opom          |ɔpːɔm           |ʔopom         |ɔpːɔm         |
|water       |*okom         |oxom          |ɔʔxɔm           |ʔoxom         |ɔʔxɔm ~ -oxom |
|tooth       |*[u/o]kokom   |ukoxom        |ɔɣɔːxɔm         |okoxˈom       |ɔkɔxum        |
|earth/ground|*upk[ie]m     |upkem         |uʔkiɛm ~ ukiɛm  |ʔuˈkɛm        |uʔkiɛm        |
|tongue      |*mena-karVm   |menaxaram     |mɛnːɐxɐrum      |mɛnaˈxarum    |mɛnːɐxɐrum    |
|lip(s)      |*mapem        |              |mɐpːɛm          |              |mɐpːɛm        |
|sago        |*makam        |maʔam         |                |              |              |
|red         |*mɵrɵm        |merem         |murum           |mur̃um        |murum         |
|this        |*pekem        |pekem         |pɛkːɛm          |peˈgem        |pɛgːɛm        |
|rattan/rope |*per[o/u]m    |perom         |pɛːrum          |ˈpɛɾum        |pɛːrum        |
|that        |*pokom        |pokom         |pɔkːɔm          |poɣom         |pɔgːɔm        |
|eye         |*sakam        |saːm          |ʃɐʔːm           |saʔam         |sɐʔːm ~ sɐʔɐm-|
|black       |*sakum        |sakum         |ʃɐkʔkum ~ ʃɐkːum|saˈkum        |ʃɐkʔum        |
|sago tree   |*kapiem       |              |xɐɸiɛm          |              |xɐɸiɛm        |
|heavy       |*katum        |katʃum        |                |xaˈtʃum       |              |
|moon        |*kakar[a/o]m  |kaʔaram       |kɐʔɐrum         |xaʔar̃om      |xɐʔɐrum       |
|long/far    |*kar[o/u]m    |karum- ~-xaram|kɐrum           |karom ~ -garom|kɐrum         |
|bird        |*wakɵm        |wakem         |wɐkum           |wakum         |wɐˈkum        |
|pig         |*wakum        |wakum         |wɐkum           |waˈkum        |wɐkˈum        |
|flesh/meat  |*w[o/u]k[o/u]m|woxom         |j-ɔxɔm          |uˈxum         |j-uxum        |
|tree        |*wʉm          |wim           |uʔm             |uːm           |u- ~ um-      |
|fruit/egg   |*jakam        |jaʔam ~ -iam  |-iʔɐm           |-jiʔam ~ -iˈam|-iʔɐm         |

Final apical nasal /*n/ is generally retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |          |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse  |Sawi  |
|     |          |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui  |Yahui |
|     |***-n**   |**n**    |****     |**n**   |****  |
|sleep|*api[i/e]n|afin     |ɐɸin     |aɸɛn    |ɐɸin  |
|fish |*peten    |peten    |         |pɛˈtɛn  |      |
|die  |*kanikin  |kanikin  |kɐniʔkin |kaniˈɣin|kɐnkin|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |        |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse        |Sawi |
|   |        |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui        |Yahui|
|   |***-n** |**ø**    |**ø**    |**n**         |**ø**|
|not|*mame[n]|mame     |mɐmːɛ    |mamen         |mɐmːɛ|
|   |***-n** |**ø**    |**n**    |**n**         |**n**|
|big|*kamen  |xame     |xɐmːɛn   |xamen ~ xaˈmɛn|xɐmɛn|

Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |         |Voorhoeve  |Sidabutar    |Clouse          |Sawi         |
|           |         |Jakamit    |Yagamit      |Jaukui          |Yahui        |
|           |***-p**  |**p**      |****         |**p [ɸ p̚ p ʔ]**|****         |
|verb suffix|*-p      |-p         |-ɸ           |-p ~ -ɸ         |-p ~ -ɸ      |
|cloud/sky  |*imip    |imip       |imːip        |imiɸ            |imːip        |
|ashes      |*ititip  |itʃitʃip   |iʔtʃitʃiɸ    |iːtiˈtiɸ        |iʔtʃitʃip    |
|ear        |*it[a]kop|itʃoxop    |itʃɔːhɔp     |itʃaᵘˈxop       |ˈitʃɔːɣɔp    |
|smoke      |*akap    |-aʔap      |-ɐp          |-ʔaɸ            |-ɐʔɐp        |
|blue/green |*urip    |           |uriɸ         |                |urip         |
|child      |*map     |map-       |map-         |map-            |map-         |
|mouth/door |*mop     |moːp ~ -mop|moᵘɸ ~ -mɔp  |-moɸ            |-mɔp         |
|skin/bark  |*piep    |piep       |piɛɸ ~ -pijɛɸ|piˈɛᵖ ~ piɛː-   |piɛp ~ -pijɛp|
|one        |*pira-kap|-priaxap   |pirɐxɐɸ      |pidaˈxaɸ        |pirɐxɐp      |
|hole       |*pokop   |poxop      |             |                |             |
|bone       |*nɵmɵp   |nɵmɵp      |numuɸ        |numuʔ           |numup        |
|sand       |*tʃinep  |           |tʃinːɛɸ      |tsiˈnɛɸ         |tʃiɲːɛp      |
|star       |*supʉp   |supyp      |suʔpiɸ       |suˈβuɸ          |suβup        |
|inside     |*kamop   |           |kɐmɔɸ        |                |kɐmɔɸ        |
|fat/grease |*wep     |weːp       |             |ueᵖ ~ weːᵖ      |             |
|fingernail |*wʉp     |-yp        |             |                |             |

Final apical voiceless stop /*t/ …\\
\\

Final laminal voiceless /*tʃ/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |              |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi  |
|     |              |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui |
|     |***-tʃ**      |**tʃ**   |****     |**tʃ**|****  |
|leech|*itetʃ        |         |itʃɛit   |itʃetʃ|itʃɛit|
|dog  |*[o/u]p[o/u]tʃ|upotʃ    |ɔpɔit    |oˈɸutʃ|ɔpɔit |

Final laminal voiceless /*s/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |         |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
|         |         |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
|         |***-s**  |**s**    |****     |**s** |**** |
|hornbill |*[a]k[i]s|akis     |         |      |     |
|cassowary|*um[u]is |umuis    |umːis    |uːmis |umːis|
|blood    |*wʉs     |wis      |us       |wuːs  |us   |

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ has not been found to ccur finally.\\
\\

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ has not been found to occur finally.\\
\\

Final apical non-stop /*r/ is retained as such in both dialects:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |          |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse        |Sawi  |
|        |          |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui        |Yahui |
|        |***-r**   |**r**    |**r**    |**r [r ɾ]**   |**r** |
|thorn   |*is[ie]r  |         |iʃir     |iˈʂʲɛɾ        |iʃir  |
|foot/leg|*apir     |apir     |ɐpːir    |ʔaːpir        |ɐpːir |
|one     |*pir      |         |-pir     |pir ~ pid- (?)|-piɛr |
|white   |*k[o]p[a]r|kopor    |kɐpːɐr   |kaˈpaɾ        |kɐpːɐr|

Palatal non-stop /*j/ has not been found to occur finally.\\
\\

\\

Only one cluster is found finally, a bilabial voiceless stop followed by homorganic nasal /*pm/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |        |Voorhoeve  |Sidabutar     |Clouse                |Sawi        |
|            |        |Jakamit    |Yagamit       |Jaukui                |Yahui       |
|            |***-pm**|**pm [pm]**|**pm [pm̩]**  |**pm [m̩ xm̩ m]**     |**pm [pm̩]**|
|right (side)|*ijapm  |           |iːjɐpm̩       |iːjaˈm̩               |iːjɐpm̩     |
|seed        |*arapm  |           |ɐrɐpm̩        |araˈm̩                |ɐrɐpm̩      |
|hair        |*upm    |upm        |upm̩          |uxm̩ ~ -um            |upm̩        |
|two         |*tʃopm  |tʃoːpm     |tʃɔːpm̩       |tʃoːm̩                |tʃɔːpm̩     |
|leaf        |*kaepm  |kajepm     |xɐpm̩         |-xam̩                 |xɐpm̩       |
|knee/elbow  |*kupm   |kupm       |kupm̩ ~ -xupm̩|koˈxm̩                |kupm̩       |
|hand/arm    |*japm   |japm       |jɐpm̩         |iaˈm̩ ~ jaˈm\\ ~jaˈxm̩|jɐpm̩       |
|person      |*jokopm |           |              |dʒoʔom̩               |            |


…vowels ….\\
\\

High front vowel /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |          |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse    |Sawi     |
|             |          |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui    |Yahui    |
|             |***i**    |**i**    |****     |**i**     |****     |
|left         |*pi       |         |pi       |piː       |pi       |
|one          |*pir      |         |-pir     |pir ~ pid-|-piɛr (?)|
|mother       |*ini      |ini      |         |ini       |         |
|cloud/sky    |*imip     |imip     |imːip    |imiɸ      |imːip    |
|night        |*isi      |isi      |iːʃːi    |iːˈsi     |iʃːi     |
|mosquito     |*iri      |iri      |riː      |ɾiː       |riː      |
|river        |*miti     |         |miːtʃi   |miˈtʃi    |mitːi    |
|man/husband  |*nimi     |         |nimːi    |nɪmi      |nimːi    |
|ashes        |*ititip   |itʃitʃip |iʔtʃitʃiɸ|iːtiˈtiɸ  |iʔtʃitʃip|
|weep/cry     |*nitie    |nitʃe    |nitʃiɛ   |          |nitʃiɛ   |
|thorn        |*is[ie]r  |         |iʃir     |iˈʂʲɛɾ    |iʃir     |
|leech        |*itetʃ    |         |itʃɛit   |itʃetʃ    |itʃɛit   |
|sand         |*tʃinep   |         |tʃinːɛɸ  |tsiˈnɛɸ   |tʃiɲːɛp  |
|snake        |*ikor[o/u]|ikor     |ikːɔru   |ikor̃o    |ikːɔru   |
|right (side) |*ijapm    |         |iːjɐpm̩  |iːjaˈm̩   |iːjɐpm̩  |
|ear          |*it[a]kop |itʃoxop  |itʃɔːhɔp |itʃaᵘˈxop |ˈitʃɔːɣɔp|
|hear         |*itaka-   |jitʃaʔa-p|iʔtʃɐʔa-ɸ|          |itʃɐʔa-p |
|one          |*pira-kap |-priaxap |pirɐxɐɸ  |pidaˈxaɸ  |pirɐxɐp  |
|blue/green   |*urip     |         |uriɸ     |          |urip     |
|cassowary    |*um[u]is  |umuis    |umːis    |uːmis     |umːis    |
|1 pl.        |*n[e]pi   |nipi     |niɸi-r   |neˈβi     |niɸi     |
|many         |*papi     |papi-    |pɐβi-    |paˈɸi     |pɐβi     |
|sago porridge|*tʃapi    |         |tʃaɸi    |          |tʃaɸi    |
|sago flour   |*kari     |         |xɐri     |          |xɐri     |
|net bag      |*japi     |         |jɐɸi     |          |jɐɸi     |
|below        |*jani     |         |jɐni     |          |jɐni     |
|foot/leg     |*apir     |apir     |ɐpːir    |ʔaːpir    |ɐpːir    |
|die          |*kanikin  |kanikin  |kɐniʔkin |kaniˈɣin  |kɐnkin   |
|2 pl.        |*akani    |aʔani    |ɐʔɐnːi-r |aʔani     |ɐʔɐnːi-r |

Voorhoeve's high central rounded vowel [ʉ] corresponds to high back rounded [u] in Clouse's dialect:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |      |Voorhoeve  |Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi    |
|          |      |Jakamit    |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui   |
|          |***ʉ**|**ʉ [y i]**|****     |**u** |****    |
|tree      |*wʉm  |wim        |uʔm      |uːm   |u- ~ um-|
|fingernail|*wʉp  |-yp        |         |      |        |
|blood     |*wʉs  |wis        |us       |wuːs  |us      |
|star      |*supʉp|supyp      |suʔpiɸ   |suˈβuɸ|suβup   |

High back rounded vowel /*u/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |         |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar       |Clouse    |Sawi  |
|            |         |Jakamit  |Yagamit         |Jaukui    |Yahui |
|            |***u**   |**u**    |**u**           |**u**     |**u** |
|hair        |*upm     |upm      |upm̩            |uxm̩ ~ -um|upm̩  |
|knee/elbow  |*kupm    |kupm     |kupm̩ ~ -xupm̩  |koˈxm̩    |kupm̩ |
|louse       |*numu    |numu     |numːu           |nuˈmu     |numːu |
|bamboo      |*supu    |supu     |suɸːu           |          |suɸːu |
|blue/green  |*urip    |         |uriɸ            |          |urip  |
|cassowary   |*um[u]is |umuis    |umːis           |uːmis     |umːis |
|star        |*supʉp   |supyp    |suʔpiɸ          |suˈβuɸ    |suβup |
|earth/ground|*upk[ie]m|upkem    |uʔkiɛm ~ ukiɛm  |ʔuˈkɛm    |uʔkiɛm|
|canoe       |*amu     |         |ɐʔmu            |          |ɐˈmu  |
|urine       |*anu     |         |ɐɲu             |          |ɐɲu   |
|fire        |*atu     |atʃu     |ɐːtʃu           |aˈtʃu     |ɐːtʃu |
|stone       |*matu    |         |                |maˈtu     |      |
|paddle      |*watu    |         |wɐʔtu           |          |wɐʔtu |
|black       |*sakum   |sakum    |ʃɐkʔkum ~ ʃɐkːum|saˈkum    |ʃɐkʔum|
|heavy       |*katum   |katʃum   |                |xaˈtʃum   |      |
|pig         |*wakum   |wakum    |wɐkum           |waˈkum    |wɐkˈum|

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||      |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
||      |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
||***…**|****     |****     |****  |**** |
||      |         |         |      |     |

Mid front vowel /*e/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |           |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar |Clouse        |Sawi      |
|           |           |Jakamit  |Yagamit   |Jaukui        |Yahui     |
|           |***e**     |****     |****      |****          |****      |
|bow        |*pe        |         |pɛː       |              |pɛː       |
|young/new  |*em        |em       |ɛːm-      |em            |ɛːm- ~ ɛm-|
|fat/grease |*wep       |weːp     |          |ueᵖ ~ weːᵖ    |          |
|rain       |*mene      |mene     |mɛnːɛ     |meˈne         |mɛnnːɛ    |
|fish       |*peten     |peten    |          |pɛˈtɛn        |          |
|this       |*pekem     |pekem    |pɛkːɛm    |peˈgem        |pɛgːɛm    |
|rattan/rope|*per[o/u]m |perom    |pɛːrum    |ˈpɛɾum        |pɛːrum    |
|tongue     |*mena-karVm|menaxaram|mɛnːɐxɐrum|mɛnaˈxarum    |mɛnːɐxɐrum|
|sand       |*tʃinep    |         |tʃinːɛɸ   |tsiˈnɛɸ       |tʃiɲːɛp   |
|sun        |*t[e/a]me  |teme     |tɐmːɛ     |teˈme         |tɐmːɛ     |
|roof       |*ape       |         |ɐpːɛ      |aˈpe          |ɐpːɛ      |
|excrement  |*ane       |ane      |ɐnːɛ      |              |ɐnːɛ      |
|belly      |*kape      |kape     |kɐpːɛ     |kaˈpe         |kɐpːɛ     |
|not        |*mame[n]   |mame     |mɐmːɛ     |mamen         |mɐmːɛ     |
|lip(s)     |*mapem     |         |mɐpːɛm    |              |mɐpːɛm    |
|big        |*kamen     |xame     |xɐmːɛn    |xamen ~ xaˈmɛn|xɐmɛn     |

Voorhoeve's mid central rounded vowel [ɵ] corresponds to high back rounded [u] in Clouse's dialect:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |      |Voorhoeve    |Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi  |
|        |      |Jakamit      |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui |
|        |***ɵ**|**ɵ [ɵ ə e]**|**u**    |**u** |**u** |
|fly (n.)|*mɵrɵ |mɵrɵ         |         |muˈr̃u|      |
|finger  |*ɵnɵm |ənəm         |uʔnum    |uˈnum |unum  |
|breast  |*ɵtɵm |ɵtɵm         |utum     |uˈtum |utum  |
|red     |*mɵrɵm|merem        |murum    |mur̃um|murum |
|bone    |*nɵmɵp|nɵmɵp        |numuɸ    |numuʔ |numup |
|woman   |*ɵnɵpɵ|enepe        |         |      |      |
|bird    |*wakɵm|wakem        |wɐkum    |wakum |wɐˈkum|

Mid back rounded vowel /*o/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |           |Voorhoeve  |Sidabutar  |Clouse   |Sawi         |
|          |           |Jakamit    |Yagamit    |Jaukui   |Yahui        |
|          |***o**     |**o**      |****       |**o**    |****         |
|mouth/door|*mop       |moːp ~ -mop|moᵘɸ ~ -mɔp|-moɸ     |-mɔp         |
|two       |*tʃopm     |tʃoːpm     |tʃɔːpm̩    |tʃoːm̩   |tʃɔːpm̩      |
|nose      |*opom      |opom       |ɔpːɔm      |ʔopom    |ɔpːɔm        |
|water     |*okom      |oxom       |ɔʔxɔm      |ʔoxom    |ɔʔxɔm ~ -oxom|
|that      |*pokom     |pokom      |pɔkːɔm     |poɣom    |pɔgːɔm       |
|hole      |*pokop     |poxop      |           |         |             |
|person    |*jokopm    |           |           |dʒoʔom̩  |             |
|arrow     |*sonoᵘ     |           |ʃonɔu      |         |ʃonɔᵘ        |
|snake     |*ikor[o/u] |ikor       |ikːɔru     |ikor̃o   |ikːɔru       |
|tooth     |*[u/o]kokom|ukoxom     |ɔɣɔːxɔm    |okoxˈom  |ɔkɔxum       |
|inside    |*kamop     |           |kɐmɔɸ      |         |kɐmɔɸ        |
|ear       |*it[a]kop  |itʃoxop    |itʃɔːhɔp   |itʃaᵘˈxop|ˈitʃɔːɣɔp    |

Low central vowel /*a/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |            |Voorhoeve     |Sidabutar       |Clouse                |Sawi          |
|             |            |Jakamit       |Yagamit         |Jaukui                |Yahui         |
|             |***a**      |**a**         |****            |**a**                 |****          |
|child        |*map        |map-          |map-            |map-                  |map-          |
|hand/arm     |*japm       |japm          |jɐpm̩           |iaˈm̩ ~ jaˈm\\ ~jaˈxm̩|jɐpm̩         |
|2 sg.        |*a-ka       |axa           |ɐʔɐ-r           |axa                   |ɐxɐ ~ ɐʔɐ-r   |
|1 sg.        |*na-ka      |naxa          |nɐʔxɐ ~ nɐʔɐ-r  |naˈxa                 |nɐxɐ          |
|see          |*saka-      |saʔa-p        |sɐʔɐ-ɸ          |                      |sɐʔɐ-p        |
|smoke        |*akap       |-aʔap         |-ɐp             |-ʔaɸ                  |-ɐʔɐp         |
|seed         |*arapm      |              |ɐrɐpm̩          |araˈm̩                |ɐrɐpm̩        |
|sago         |*makam      |maʔam         |                |                      |              |
|eye          |*sakam      |saːm          |ʃɐʔːm           |saʔam                 |sɐʔːm ~ sɐʔɐm-|
|fruit/egg    |*jakam      |jaʔam ~ -iam  |-iʔɐm           |-jiʔam ~ -iˈam        |-iʔɐm         |
|moon         |*kakar[a/o]m|kaʔaram       |kɐʔɐrum         |xaʔar̃om              |xɐʔɐrum       |
|many         |*papi       |papi-         |pɐβi-           |paˈɸi                 |pɐβi          |
|sago porridge|*tʃapi      |              |tʃaɸi           |                      |tʃaɸi         |
|sago flour   |*kari       |              |xɐri            |                      |xɐri          |
|below        |*jani       |              |jɐni            |                      |jɐni          |
|net bag      |*japi       |              |jɐɸi            |                      |jɐɸi          |
|foot/leg     |*apir       |apir          |ɐpːir           |ʔaːpir                |ɐpːir         |
|2 pl.        |*akani      |aʔani         |ɐʔɐnːi-r        |aʔani                 |ɐʔɐnːi-r      |
|die          |*kanikin    |kanikin       |kɐniʔkin        |kaniˈɣin              |kɐnkin        |
|tail         |*kapie      |kafie         |kɐɸiɛ           |xaɸiˈe                |xɐɸiɛː        |
|sago tree    |*kapiem     |              |xɐɸiɛm          |                      |xɐɸiɛm        |
|canoe        |*amu        |              |ɐʔmu            |                      |ɐˈmu          |
|urine        |*anu        |              |ɐɲu             |                      |ɐɲu           |
|fire         |*atu        |atʃu          |ɐːtʃu           |aˈtʃu                 |ɐːtʃu         |
|stone        |*matu       |              |                |maˈtu                 |              |
|paddle       |*watu       |              |wɐʔtu           |                      |wɐʔtu         |
|black        |*sakum      |sakum         |ʃɐkʔkum ~ ʃɐkːum|saˈkum                |ʃɐkʔum        |
|heavy        |*katum      |katʃum        |                |xaˈtʃum               |              |
|pig          |*wakum      |wakum         |wɐkum           |waˈkum                |wɐkˈum        |
|inside       |*kamop      |              |kɐmɔɸ           |                      |kɐmɔɸ         |
|sleep        |*api[i/e]n  |afin          |ɐɸin            |aɸɛn                  |ɐɸin          |
|roof         |*ape        |              |ɐpːɛ            |aˈpe                  |ɐpːɛ          |
|excrement    |*ane        |ane           |ɐnːɛ            |                      |ɐnːɛ          |
|belly        |*kape       |kape          |kɐpːɛ           |kaˈpe                 |kɐpːɛ         |
|not          |*mame[n]    |mame          |mɐmːɛ           |mamen                 |mɐmːɛ         |
|lip(s)       |*mapem      |              |mɐpːɛm          |                      |mɐpːɛm        |
|big          |*kamen      |xame          |xɐmːɛn          |xamen ~ xaˈmɛn        |xɐmɛn         |
|long/far     |*kar[o/u]m  |karum- ~-xaram|kɐrum           |karom ~ -garom        |kɐrum         |
|right (side) |*ijapm      |              |iːjɐpm̩         |iːjaˈm̩               |iːjɐpm̩       |
|hear         |*itaka-     |jitʃaʔa-p     |iʔtʃɐʔa-ɸ       |                      |itʃɐʔa-p      |
|one          |*pira-kap   |-priaxap      |pirɐxɐɸ         |pidaˈxaɸ              |pirɐxɐp       |
|tongue       |*mena-karVm |menaxaram     |mɛnːɐxɐrum      |mɛnaˈxarum            |mɛnːɐxɐrum    |


… diphthongs …\\
\\

…/*ie/ … :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |       |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar    |Clouse        |Sawi         |
|         |       |Jakamit  |Yagamit      |Jaukui        |Yahui        |
|         |***ie**|**ie**   |****         |**ie [ie iɛ]**|****         |
|skin/bark|*piep  |piep     |piɛɸ ~ -pijɛɸ|piˈɛᵖ ~ piɛː- |piɛp ~ -pijɛp|
|weep/cry |*nitie |nitʃe    |nitʃiɛ       |              |nitʃiɛ       |
|tail     |*kapie |kafie    |kɐɸiɛ        |xaɸiˈe        |xɐɸiɛː       |
|sago tree|*kapiem|         |xɐɸiɛm       |              |xɐɸiɛm       |

… /*uo/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |       |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
|    |       |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
|    |***uo**|****     |****     |****  |**** |
|wife|*n[uo] |         |nuː      |nuː   |nuː  |

… /*ei/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||       |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
||       |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
||***ei**|****     |****     |****  |**** |
||       |         |         |      |     |

… /*ou/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |       |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
|         |       |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
|         |***ou**|****     |****     |****  |**** |
|old      |*oᵘ    |ow       |ɔu-      |ou    |ɔᵘ-  |
|crocodile|*koᵘ   |xow      |         |xɔᵘ   |xɔᵘ  |
|house    |*woᵘ   |wow      |wɔwɐ     |uˈowa |wɔᵘ  |
|arrow    |*sonoᵘ |         |ʃonɔu    |      |ʃonɔᵘ|

… /*ai/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |       |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
|      |       |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
|      |***ai**|****     |****     |****  |**** |
|father|*ai    |ai       |ɐːi      |aːi   |ɐːi  |

… /*ae/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |       |Voorhoeve|Sidabutar|Clouse|Sawi |
|    |       |Jakamit  |Yagamit  |Jaukui|Yahui|
|    |***ae**|****     |****     |****  |**** |
|leaf|*kaepm |kajepm   |xɐpm̩    |-xam̩ |xɐpm̩|


===== Pronouns =====
Voorhoeve (1971: 85-86, 1975: 368) gives pronouns for Kaugat in four case forms as follows. Voorhoeve gives no third person forms and only one indirect object:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |subject|emphatic|indirect object|possessive|
|1 sg.|naxa   |naʔa-r  |naʔa-kae       |ø-nam-or  |
|2 sg.|axa    |aʔa-r   |?              |a-nem-or  |
|1 pl.|nipi   |nipi-r  |?              |nip-m-or  |
|2 pl.|aʔani  |aʔane-r |?              |ekm-or    |

Clouse's (1987: 3) third person singular [puˈkum] is a demonstrative; cf. [peˈgem] "ini", [poɣom] "itu".



===== Verbal morphology =====
No information on Atohaim verbal morphology is currently available to us.\\
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