====== Kimaghama ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
Kimaghama (Kimaama, Kimaam) is spoken by approximately 2,000 people (1949) living in 14 villages in the northeast and southwest portions of Kolopom (Yos Sudarso, Frederik-Hendrik) island (Drabbe 1949: 1.) Drabbe names these villages as Jaové, Wébu, Kivaru, Waniè, Térö, Kàroa, Tjìghaé, Tjàvudo, Bàmu, Wanggambön, Kàwe in the northeast and Kàrada, Sàbon and Tor in the southwest (q.v. Drabbe 1949: 3 3.)

===== Dialects =====
Comparison of Drabbe's (1949: 14-24) Kimaghama vocabulary with those of Geurtjens (1933: 388-433) shows that there are at least two fairly distinct dialects of Kimaghama, one spoken in the northeast and one in the southwest, with Geurtjens' Teri KAlwasch representing the northeastern dialect and Kaladdar respresenting the southwestern dialect:\\
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Kimaghama

North Kimaghama

South Kimaghama

===== Sources =====
Geurtjens (1933: 398-433) 455 comparative terms for Kaladdarsch and Teri Kalwasch

Drabbe (1949) brief description of and (pp. 14-24) 469 comparative terms for Kimaghama

Boelaars (1950: 33-36) English-language recension of Drabbe's Kimaghama (1949)

Drabbe (1950) comparative vocabulary for Kimaghama

Drabbe (1954: 231-255) 100 comparative terms for Kimaghama

Voorhoeve (1975: 365) phonological inventory and pronouns for Kimaghama following Drabbe (1949)

Voorhoeve (1975" 96) 40 comparative terms for Kimaghama following Drabbe (1949)

Menanti and Susanto (2001) surtvey of Kimaam (unobtained)

===== Phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Drabbe (1949: 3-4) gives 26 consonants and 7 vowels for Kimaghama as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m   |  n   |       |       |  ŋ   |
|  p   |  t   |  tr   |  tʲ   |  k   |
|  b   |  d   |  dr   |  dʲ   |  g   |
|      |      |  ntr  |  ntʲ  |      |
|  mb  |  nd  |  ndr  |  ndʲ  |  ŋg  |
|      |  s   |       |       |      |
|  β   |      |       |       |  ɣ   |
|  w   |  r   |       |   j   |      |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i  |     |  u  |
|  e  |  œ  |  o  |
|  ɛ  |     |     |
|     |  a  |     |

This inventory of consonants is far too complicated.\\
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Drabbe's velar nasal [ŋ] is given in only one word, [ˈiŋa] "sago", where Geurtjens indicates medial /ŋg/ [ŋg].\\
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Drabbe's <ov gh> [β ɣ] are not phonemic but originate as the regulat lenitions of root-medial voiceless stops /p k/. Similarly, root-medial apical /t/ is lenited to voiced stop or non-stop [d r]. Medial palatal /tʲ/ is generally not affected by lenition.\\
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Drabbe's plain voiced stops [b d g] occur root-initially while prenasalized [mb nd ŋg] are found root-medially, both reflecting phonemic prenalized voiced stops /mb nd ŋg/.\\
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Palatal stops /tʲ ndʲ/ are often realized in Geurtjens' phonetic transcriptions as [tʃ ndʒ]. Drabbe's palatal plain voiceless stop [dʲ] seems to exist only in possessed kin terms where it appears to be an allophone of /j/. Laminal voiceless fricative [s] is not given in Drabbe's termlist at all except as [ts] which is an allophone of palatal /tʲ/ and its inclusion in Drabbe's inventory would seem to be an unintentional error.\\
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Drabbe's [tr dr ndr] are not unit phonemes but clusters as they are in Riantana. The following clusters have been identified\\
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…\\
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Accordingly, we propose a much simpler inventory of 13 consonants and 6 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m   |  n   |       |      |
|  p   |  t   |  tʲ   |  k   |
|  mb  |  nd  |  ndʲ  |  ŋg  |
|  w   |  r   |   j   |      |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i  |     |  u  |
|     |  œ  |  o  |
|  ɛ  |     |     |
|     |  a  |     |

….\\
\\

\\

… Kimaghama attestations drawn from Drabbe (1949: …) and teri Kalwasch and Kaladdar from Geurtjens (!933: …) Drabbe's forms are substantially more reliable, but Geurtjens' nevertheless help to shed light upon the phonological variations and morphological phenomena at work.\\
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\\

…\\
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Bilabial nasal /m/ occurs intially and medially

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Kimaghama  |Teri Kalwasch           |Kaladdar               |
|               |Drabbe     |Geurtjens               |Geurtjens              |
|               |**m-**     |**m-**                  |**m-**                 |
|flat/smooth    |ˈmidœrœ    |                        |                       |
|enough         |ˈmidɛ      |                        |                       |
|stab           |           |mindɛrɛ                 |                       |
|sweat          |ˈmijaɣa    |megai-da                |mihi                   |
|rib(s)/side    |mœrœ       |æmæræ                   |                       |
|gather         |mœjɛ       |                        |                       |
|stone          |ˈmɛtɛ      |                        |matɛ                   |
|fence          |ma         |maa                     |-ma                    |
|breast         |ma         |man-da                  |maː                    |
|mother         |mam-ˈu     |                        |                       |
|big            |ˈmamu      |mamun                   |mamra                  |
|young man      |maβuˈrɛrɛ  |maworedeː               |moureːda               |
|five           |ˈmado      |mando                   |madoa                  |
|mother         |           |-ma-ka                  |-ŋ-ka (?)              |
|lime/white     |maɣa-      |maɣa ~ maa-da\\ ~ maa-ra|                       |
|tongue         |ˈma-ku     |mæ-ku                   |ma-ku                  |
|not            |           |maw                     |                       |
|eat/drink      |muˈjɛ      |mudʲɛ ~ mojɛ            |muja                   |
|brain          |mu         |                        |                       |
|hair           |muna       |munara\\ ~ muna-        |mune(ː)ra\\ ~ muna-    |
|tie            |miˈɛ       |                        |                       |
|come           |           |muinanɛ                 |mowija                 |
|rain           |ˈmoa ~ mue |muwo                    |mowa                   |
|               |**-m-**    |**-m-**                 |**-m-**                |
|earthquake     |ˈimi       |                        |                       |
|swim           |imu-imu    |imu-imu                 |                       |
|river          |ˈiɾamu     |                        |iramu                  |
|chin           |ˈamata     |amata                   |amad                   |
|bird           |ˈaɣanɛmœ   |ahanem\\ aranemu        |                       |
|big            |ˈmamu      |mamun                   |mamra                  |
|hill/mound     |ˈbamu      |mbamu                   |                       |
|louse          |nœˈmɛ      |nʌmːɛ                   |nʌmːen-dəreː\\ ~ -nʌmmɛ|
|hide           |tumaˈjɛ    |tomːaja                 |tamaja                 |
|door           |tˈramu     |tʌrːam                  |                       |
|get up/stand up|ˈtʲɛmœ     |                        |                       |
|buttocks       |tʲœˈmɛ bœrœ|tʃʌmːɛ                  |                       |
|cheek          |ˈtʲama     |tʲama                   |                       |
|crocodile      |ˈkuramu    |kramu                   |kʌrːamu                |
|thigh          |ˈβɛrimu    |                        |                       |

Apical nasal /n/ occurs initially and medially:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kimaghama         |Teri Kalwasch   |Kaladdar               |
|            |Drabbe            |Geurtjens       |Geurtjens              |
|            |**n-**            |**n-**          |**n-**                 |
|1 pl. nom.  |ni                |ni              |                       |
|full count  |nĩ                |                |                       |
|rope        |niˈɛ              |njɛ             |                       |
|weep/cry    |niˈɛ ~ nœˈɛ       |ne-wada         |nɛɛ                    |
|yesterday   |neɛnœ             |nənɛ            |                       |
|machete     |neɛrœ             |                |                       |
|name        |nɛ                |neːɛ-neː        |                       |
|dog         |nœɛ               |nʌwːʌ̆          |noi                    |
|go down     |nœɛˈrɛ            |                |nʌrːe-tʃinɛ            |
|louse       |nœˈmɛ             |nʌmːɛ           |nʌmːen-dəreː\\ ~ -nʌmmɛ|
|one         |nœβɛrɛ            |                |nʌwːeːda               |
|spirit/ghost|                  |                |numbai                 |
|plait       |nœnœ              |nʌnːə           |nʌnːʌ                  |
|1 sg. poss. |na                |naa             |na-                    |
|brother     |nan-ˈu            |                |                       |
|wallaby     |                  |na              |naːr                   |
|sharp       |naˈwe             |                |                       |
|1 sg. nom.  |no                |                |-                      |
|fly (v.)    |ˈnumbo            |numba           |                       |
|finger      |numbu             |nomba           |                       |
|drum        |ˈnumbu            |numbu           |numbu                  |
|wind        |ˈnuo              |nuwa            |                       |
|know        |ˈnua-no           |nuwo            |-nowa-(no)             |
|            |**-n-**           |**-n-**         |**-n-**                |
|bird        |ˈaɣanɛmœ          |ahanem\\ aranemu|                       |
|son/boy     |munaduwa-\\ -ˈrɛrɛ|monadowo        |                       |
|hair        |muna              |munara\\ ~ muna-|mune(ː)ra\\ ~ muna-    |
|yesterday   |neɛnœ             |nənɛ            |                       |
|without     |ˈpuna ~ -βuna     |-buna ~ -wana   |-pona ~ -wona          |
|plait       |nœnœ              |nʌnːə           |nʌnːʌ                  |
|ripe        |ˈpuranu           |peranə (?)      |                       |
|bite        |tˈra-nawɛ         |tʌrːa-nami      |tʌrːa-nowa             |
|small       |ˈtʲaɣanu          |tʃeːhanu        |tʃanera                |
|axe         |ˈkaβuna           |                |kawona                 |
|moon        |ˈkumbanu          |kumban          |kumbon                 |
|sweet potato|ˈβɛẽ kuni         |wain-konɛ       |jiwon-kani             |

Initial bilabial voiceless stop /p/ \is realized as [p]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kimaghama           |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar    |
|            |Drabbe              |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens   |
|            |**p-**              |**p-**       |**p-**      |
|heavy       |pi                  |pi-wino      |pi-na       |
|jump        |ˈpɛtʲe              |petʃɛ        |peːtʃa-tʃina|
|three       |pendʲi              |peːndʲi      |pandʃii     |
|mucus       |pœˈrɛ               |             |pʌrːen-ko   |
|back        |ˈpae                |pa           |            |
|ground/below|padae(-da)          |pada-d       |            |
|shallow     |                    |padoro       |paderu      |
|wound/yaws  |ˈparu               |padu         |parːa       |
|coconut     |                    |paŋga        |poŋgara     |
|mouse/rat   |poj                 |paï          |            |
|not         |ˈpuna               |             |            |
|belly       |ˈpuri-kwo\\ ~ puˈri-|podi-kwo     |puri        |
|lie down    |puˈda               |puta         |pula        |
|ripe        |ˈpuranu             |peranə (?)   |            |
|flesh       |                    |pi           |pui         |

Medial ilabial voiceless stop /p/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kimaghama         |Teri Kalwasch      |Kaladdar         |
|             |Drabbe            |Geurtjens          |Geurtjens        |
|             |**-p- [β w]**     |**-p- [b w]**      |**-p- [b w]**    |
|three        |                  |                   |-wendʃi          |
|sleepy       |-βaβuˈjɛ          |                   |                 |
|young woman  |iβoˈtʲɛrɛ         |iwatʃa\\ ~ iwatʃelɛ|                 |
|knee         |ˈiduβœ            |                   |idowa-kwa        |
|stone axe    |ˈɛβœ              |                   |                 |
|see          |ˈaβu              |                   |                 |
|eye          |ˈaβ-uo            |ab-uwo ~ a-wo-     |a-w ~ a-wo-      |
|hit/beat     |ˈawra             |aula               |-awra            |
|wing         |uˈβa              |aban-da            |                 |
|child        |ˈaɣaβœ            |                   |arabu            |
|young man    |maβuˈrɛrɛ         |maworedeː          |moureːda         |
|head/thumb   |ˈtuβa\\ ~ ˈtua-kwo|teba-ku\\ ~ toba-  |towa-da\\ ~ tuwa-|
|sick/ill     |ˈduo              |dowa               |ndoa             |
|thunder      |tʲœnduˈβu         |                   |tʃinduwu         |
|forget       |tʲawo             |tʃawejɛ            |                 |
|steal        |ˈkaeβu            |kewo               |                 |
|two          |ˈkaβe             |kabi               |kaweː            |
|axe          |ˈkaβuna           |                   |kawona           |
|heel         |kuˈra βɛ          |                   |kura-weː         |
|sole         |kuˈra βudu        |kəra-bada          |kura-buda        |
|coconut shell|kuˈo-tuˈbo        |kwa-towara         |kwa-towa         |

Apparent exceptions to the /p/ lenition rule probably indicate a compound:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kimaghama   |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar    |
|     |Drabbe      |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens   |
|     |**-p- [p]** |**-p- [p]**  |****        |
|dry  |tu-ˈpa      |tu-pa        |            |
|short|ka-ˈpaj-bœrœ|ka-pa-berʌ   |ka-pwʌ-bːərə|

Variation between lenited and unlenited reflexes of /p/ is evident in the realization of the postposed /puna/ "without":

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kimaghama      |Teri Kalwasch  |Kaladdar       |
|              |Drabbe         |Geurtjens      |Geurtjens      |
|              |**(-)p- [p β]**|**(-)p- [b w]**|**(-)p- [p w]**|
|blind         |ˈaβ-uo ˈpuna   |               |               |
|empty         |aɣa βuna       |               |               |
|tame          |ˈao-punae      |               |               |
|light (weight)|pi-βuna        |pi-wana        |pi-wona        |
|skinny        |               |pidʃi-punara   |               |
|not know      |               |nuwo buna      |               |
|soft/weak     |ˈtɛe-βuna      |teː-pona       |               |
|blunt         |tˈra-βuna      |               |               |
|honest        |               |waw-buna       |               |

Initial apical voiceless stop /t/ is realized as [t]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kimaghama         |Teri Kalwasch    |Kaladdar                 |
|              |Drabbe            |Geurtjens        |Geurtjens                |
|              |**t-**            |****             |****                     |
|ashes         |tii               |tin-da           |tin-dara                 |
|laugh         |teˈɛn-teˈɛ        |tʃien-tʃɛ (?)    |teːɛ                     |
|hard/strong   |ˈtɛ-inɛ ~ ˈtɛe-   |teː(i)-          |                         |
|carry         |tɛˈmbɛje          |tæmbæ            |tembeːa                  |
|straight/erect|tɛmbœrœ           |                 |teːmbr                   |
|forehead      |tœ                |tʌ-kwo           |tu                       |
|spit          |                  |                 |-ta                      |
|grandparent   |ˈtad-u            |                 |                         |
|head/thumb    |ˈtuβa\\ ~ ˈtua-kwo|teba-ku\\ ~ toba-|towa-da\\ ~ tuwa-        |
|hide          |tumaˈjɛ           |tomːaja          |tamaja                   |
|elbow         |tu                |tun-kɛ           |tuuŋ                     |
|dry           |tu-ˈpa            |tu-pa            |                         |
|woomera       |                  |tumbui           |tumbui                   |
|long          |tudu              |tutura           |                         |
|six           |tuˈro             |tʌlwa            |turua ~ tʌrːa\\ ~ turːewa|
|mosquito      |tra               |tʌrːa            |tʌnːa                    |
|shin          |tœrœe jɛ          |trindʃɛ          |                         |
|excrete       |-tra              |                 |-tera                    |
|tooth         |tra-ˈβae          |tʌrːa            |tʌrːa                    |
|door          |tˈramu            |tʌrːam           |                         |
|bite          |tˈra-nawɛ         |tʌrːa-nami       |tʌrːa-nowa               |

Root-medial apical voiceless stop /t/ is lenited to voiced stop or non-stop [d r]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kimaghama           |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar         |
|            |**-t- [t d r]**     |**-t- [t d]**|**-t- [t d r l]**|
|grandparent |                    |-dad         |                 |
|excrete     |-dra                |             |-ra              |
|liver       |                    |idumbu       |itumbu\\ ~ irimbu|
|knee        |ˈiduβœ              |             |idowa-kwa        |
|chin        |ˈamata              |amata        |amad             |
|give birth  |uˈdajɛ              |             |udə-udə          |
|flat/smooth |ˈmidœrœ             |             |                 |
|stone       |ˈmɛtɛ               |             |matɛ             |
|young man   |maβuˈrɛrɛ           |maworedeː    |moureːda         |
|five        |ˈmado               |mando (?)    |madoa            |
|ground/below|padae(-da)          |pada-d       |                 |
|shallow     |                    |padoro       |paderu           |
|wound/yaws  |ˈparu               |padu         |parːa            |
|belly       |ˈpuri-kwo\\ ~ puˈri-|podi-kwo     |puri             |
|lie down    |puˈda               |puta         |pula             |
|one         |nœβɛrɛ              |             |nʌwːeːda         |
|blood       |dœrœ                |dʌdːʌ        |ndzʌrːə          |
|mouth       |ˈdadu               |dado         |dalo             |
|raw/unripe  |tʲɛˈrɛ              |tʃiet-nɛ     |tʃeːdarərə       |
|navel       |ˈtʲɛdœ              |tʃedːə       |tʃeːru-kwa       |
|think       |ˈtʲo-kadu           |             |                 |
|arrow       |ˈkida               |kid ə        |                 |
|chest       |koˈdam-bœrœ         |keddanamo    |kelam-bərə       |
|coconut husk|                    |kadi-pi      |kareː            |
|centipede   |kadaˈmbu            |kadambu      |                 |
|near        |ˈkaroduˈru          |karoda       |karodːʌ          |
|sole        |kuˈra βudu          |kəra-bada    |kura-buda        |
|belch       |ˈkote               |             |kwatɛ            |
|far         |ˈjodo               |jodːa        |joda             |

Two apparent execptions indicate reduplication and a coumpond:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kimaghama    |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar     |
|             |**(-)t- [d]**|**(-)t- [t]**|****         |
|long         |tudu         |tutura       |             |
|             |****         |**(-)t- [t]**|**(-)t- [t]**|
|coconut shell|kuˈo-tuˈbo   |kwa-towara   |kwa-towa     |

Initial palatal voiceless stop /tʲ/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Kimaghama      |Teri Kalwasch  |Kaladdar    |
|               |Drabbe         |Geurtjens      |Geurtjens   |
|               |**tʲ- [tʲ ts]**|**tʲ- [tʲ tʃ]**|**tʲ- [tʃ]**|
|leech          |tʲi            |               |            |
|man/person     |tʲĩ            |tʃin-do        |tʃin        |
|shame/taboo    |tʲin-dʲi       |tʃin-di        |tʃin-dʃi    |
|new            |tʲitʲiraˈɣa    |tʃtʃra         |            |
|sand           |tʲiˈji         |               |tʃirə       |
|cough          |tʲiˈrɛ-iˈrɛ    |               |            |
|bathe          |tʲietʲɛ        |tʃindʃi        |tʃii        |
|deep           |tʲiˈɛ          |tʃieː          |            |
|morning        |ˈtʲɛ-mœdɛ      |tʃeːi          |            |
|firewood       |tʲeˈɛ          |tʃia-da        |tʃeː        |
|bitter         |ˈtʲɛ-ine       |               |            |
|get up/stand up|ˈtʲɛmœ         |               |            |
|heart/soul     |ˈtʲɛn-dʲe      |               |tʃiɛ        |
|sweet          |tʲen-tʲe       |tʃie-tʃiɛ      |            |
|hear           |ˈtʲɛrɛ         |tʃidɛ          |tʃeːreran   |
|navel          |ˈtʲɛdœ         |tʃedːə         |tʃeːru-kwa  |
|lip(s)         |tʲɛtʲiˈrɛ      |tʃetʃireː      |tʃetʃireː   |
|raw/unripe     |tʲɛˈrɛ         |tʃiet-nɛ       |tʃeːdarərə  |
|buttocks       |tʲœˈmɛ         |tʃʌmːɛ         |            |
|thunder        |tʲœnduˈβu      |               |tʃinduwu    |
|taro           |ˈtʲae          |tʃæ            |tʃɛ         |
|cheek          |ˈtʲama         |tʲama          |            |
|calf           |ˈtʲambu-ku     |tʃambu-ku      |tʃambu-ku   |
|ear            |ˈtʲa-kra       |tʃa-kr         |tʃa-kura    |
|small          |ˈtʲaɣanu       |tʃeːhanu       |tʃanera     |
|forget         |tʲawo          |tʃawejɛ        |            |
|break (stone)  |tʲaˈro         |               |            |
|banana         |tʲõ            |tʃaŋ           |tʃaː~ tʃaŋ  |
|leaf           |ˈtʲu-ku        |tʃu-kun        |            |
|water          |tʲu ~ tsu      |tʃu ~ tsu      |tʃu         |
|black          |tʲu-           |tʃu-           |tʃu-        |
|intestines     |ˈtso bœrœ      |               |            |
|think          |ˈtʲo-kadu      |               |            |

Medial palatal voiceless stop /tʲ/ does not generally undergo lenition as do medial /p t k/ (above, below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kimaghama    |Teri Kalwasch      |Kaladdar       |
|           |Drabbe       |Geurtjens          |Geurtjens      |
|           |**-tʲ- [tʲ]**|**-tʲ- [tʃ]**      |**-tʲ- [tʃ s]**|
|young woman|iβoˈtʲɛrɛ    |iwatʃa\\ ~ iwatʃelɛ|               |
|sneeze     |aˈtʲi        |atʃi               |               |
|jump       |ˈpɛtʲe       |petʃɛ              |peːtʃa-tʃina   |
|new        |tʲitʲiraˈɣa  |tʃtʃra             |               |
|lip(s)     |tʲɛtʲiˈrɛ    |tʃetʃireː          |tʃetʃireː      |
|hand       |kiˈtʲɛ       |ketʃa-             |ketʃa- ~ kes-  |
|many       |ˈkatʲa-ˈraɣa |katʃara            |               |
|good       |ˈkutʲi       |kutʃiŋ             |kutʃin-era     |
|shoulder   |ˈwatʲo       |watʃo              |watʃeː         |

… suffix … which looks to derive adjectives from nominals:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kimaghama         |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar  |
|             |Drabbe            |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens |
|             |****              |****         |****      |
|skinny       |mwi-mˈw-inɛ       |             |          |
|heavy        |                  |pi-wino (?)  |pi-na     |
|dead         |-buˈrao iˈnɛ      |             |          |
|hard/strong  |ˈtɛ-inɛ           |             |          |
|wide         |tɛˈrin-inɛ        |             |          |
|bitter       |ˈtʲɛ-ine          |             |          |
|stink        |tʲœβœ iˈnɛ        |             |          |
|wet          |ˈtʲu-inɛ          |tʃuw-ino     |          |
|slippery     |&nˈri-\\ -ɣaˈr-inɛ|             |          |
|soft         |βɛrœ-\\ βɛrœ-iˈnɛ |             |          |
|quick/fast   |                  |             |woode-inɛ |
|             |****              |****         |****      |
|cooked       |i tʲiˈnɛ          |             |          |
|pregnant     |puˈri tʲiˈnɛ      |             |          |
|tired        |ˈdara tʲiˈnɛ      |             |          |
|black        |                  |             |tʃu-tʃina |
|red/white (?)|                  |             |keːe-tʃina|

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kimaghama  |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|     |Drabbe     |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|     |****       |****         |****     |
|cough|tʲiˈrɛ-iˈrɛ|             |         |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|     |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|     |****     |****         |****     |
|bathe|tʲietʲɛ  |tʃindʃi      |tʃii     |

Initial velar voiceless stop /k/is realized as [k]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kimaghama      |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar     |
|             |Drabbe         |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens    |
|             |**k-**         |**k-**       |**k-**       |
|arrow        |ˈkida          |kid ə        |             |
|root         |kiˈjɛ          |kijɛ         |-ɣia         |
|hand         |kiˈtʲɛ         |ketʃa-       |ketʃa- ~ kes-|
|chest        |koˈdam-bœrœ    |keddanamo    |kelam-bərə   |
|coconut husk |               |kadi-pi      |kareː        |
|coconut plug |               |kandu        |kandə        |
|sugarcane    |ˈkunda         |kʌnda        |konda-konda  |
|urine        |ka n-          |ka           |kan-         |
|two          |ˈkaβe          |kabi         |kaweː        |
|short        |ka-ˈpaj-bœrœ   |ka-pa-berʌ   |ka-pwʌ-bːərə |
|axe          |ˈkaβuna        |             |kawona       |
|scabies      |kambi-kambi    |kambi-       |             |
|call/scream  |ˈkambu         |kambu        |kambu        |
|centipede    |kadaˈmbu       |kadambu      |             |
|many         |ˈkatʲa-ˈraɣa   |katʃara      |             |
|excrement    |kaɣa           |kaɣa ~ ka    |kaɣa-        |
|plant (v.)   |ˈkao           |kaw          |             |
|bow          |ˈkara          |kara         |kara ~ ɣara  |
|near         |ˈkaroduˈru     |karoda       |karodːʌ      |
|cocktoach    |koaˈɣa         |koara        |             |
|pig          |ku             |ku-ku        |ku           |
|moon         |ˈkumbanu       |kumban       |kumbon       |
|tail/behind  |ˈkumbu         |kumbu-       |-kumba       |
|foot         |kuˈra          |kəra         |kura         |
|sit          |kui            |kwij         |kwi          |
|coconut shell|kuˈo-tuˈbo     |kwa-towara   |kwa-towa     |
|belch        |ˈkote          |             |kwatɛ        |
|fruit/seed   |kuˈo ~ ko-     |kuo          |             |
|crocodile    |ˈkuramu        |kramu        |kʌrːamu      |
|skin/bark    |kraˈra ~ ˈkrara|kʌrːada      |-keradera    |

Root-medial velar voiceless stop /k/ is lenited to velar non-stop [ɣ]. This is further supported by reduplications such as Drabbe's [kaˈri-ɣaˈri-nɛ] "glibberig (slippery)" amd compounds such as Geurtjens' Kaladdarsch [joneː-ɣia] "wortel (root)":

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kimaghama   |Teri Kalwasch           |Kaladdar       |
|           |Drabbe      |Geurtjens               |Geurtjens      |
|           |**-k- [ɣ]** |**-k- [ɣ h r g ø]**     |**-k- [ɣ h ø]**|
|bird       |ˈaɣanɛmœ    |ahanem\\ aranemu        |               |
|child      |ˈaɣaβœ      |                        |arabu          |
|sweat      |ˈmijaɣa     |megai-da                |mihi           |
|lime/white |maɣa-       |maɣa ~ maa-da\\ ~ maa-ra|               |
|new        |tʲitʲiraˈɣa |tʃtʃra                  |               |
|small      |ˈtʲaɣanu    |tʃeːhanu                |tʃanera        |
|many       |ˈkatʲa-ˈraɣa|katʃara                 |               |
|excrement  |kaɣa        |kaɣa ~ ka               |kaɣa-          |
|cocktoach  |koaˈɣa      |koara                   |               |
|kunai grass|ˈwaga (?)   |waa                     |               |
|house      |ˈwaɣara     |                        |woharæ         |
|smoke      |ˈjuhu (?)   |                        |               |

Apparent exceptions to the /k/ lenition rule generally indicate a compound:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kimaghama |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar  |
|            |Drabbe    |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens |
|            |**(-)k-** |**(-)k-**    |**(-)k-** |
|leaf        |-ku       |-kun         |-ku       |
|tongue      |ˈma-ku    |mæ-ku        |ma-ku     |
|calf        |ˈtʲambu-ku|tʃambu-ku    |tʃambu-ku |
|think       |ˈtʲo-kadu |             |          |
|sweet potato|ˈβɛẽ kuni |wain-konɛ    |jiwon-kani|
|bad         |ja-ka     |ja-ka        |          |

This is especially evident in the case of the numerous compounds involving suffixation of /kwo/ "fruit/seed":

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar  |
|        |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens |
|        |**(-)k-**|**(-)k-**    |**(-)k-** |
|knee    |         |             |idowa-kwa |
|belly   |ˈpuri-kwo|podi-kwo     |          |
|forehead|         |tʌ-kwo       |          |
|head    |ˈtua-kwo |teba-ku      |          |
|navel   |         |             |tʃeːru-kwa|

Terms for "mother" and "father", probably referential in contrast to address forms with suffix /-u/ (below,) are suffixed with an element /-ka/ which is found also in Riantana:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar   |
|      |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens  |
|      |**-**    |**(-)k-**    |**(-)k-**  |
|mother|         |-ma-ka       |-ŋ-ka      |
|father|         |-dʲi-ka      |tʲi-tʲa (?)|

The word for "ear" is likely the root for "thought/feelings" /tʲwa/ (as seen more clearly in Riantana /rwa/) suffixed with /kra/ "skin":

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|   |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|   |**-**    |**(-)k-**    |**(-)k-**|
|ear|ˈtʲa-kra |tʃa-kr       |tʃa-kura |

Initial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /mb/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kimaghama  |Teri Kalwasch      |Kaladdar      |
|            |Drabbe     |Geurtjens          |Geurtjens     |
|            |**mb- [b]**|**mb- [b mb]**     |**mb- [mb b]**|
|star        |bœˈrɛe     |mbʌrːewa           |              |
|chop down   |bœriˈjɛ    |bʌrːijɛ\\ ~ bʌrːije|              |
|chop/break  |ˈbœrœ      |                   |bʌrːandu      |
|hill/mound  |ˈbamu      |mbamu              |              |
|ditch       |           |bando              |mbanderoo     |
|take/receive|ˈbandʲa    |bendʲa             |              |
|speech      |baŋgu      |                   |mbaŋgu        |
|nape        |bom-bœrœ   |bam-br             |              |
|neck        |bu         |                   |bu-da         |
|lime gourd  |           |bu                 |mbu           |
|roofing     |           |buŋ                |bun-da        |
|die         |buˈrao     |boraw-ino          |mburow        |
|bamboo      |           |bujɛ               |mbweː ~ bɛ    |
|play        |buã        |                   |mbwa          |

Root-medial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /mb/is invariably reflected as prenasalized [mb]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kimaghama    |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar         |
|              |Drabbe       |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens        |
|              |**-mb- [mb]**|**-mb- [mb]**|**-mb- [mb]**    |
|liver         |             |idumbu       |itumbu\\ ~ irimbu|
|spirit/ghost  |             |             |numbai           |
|fly (v.)      |ˈnumbo       |numba        |                 |
|drum          |ˈnumbu       |numbu        |numbu            |
|carry         |tɛˈmbɛje     |tæmbæ        |tembeːa          |
|straight/erect|tɛmbœrœ      |             |teːmbr           |
|woomera       |             |tumbui       |tumbui           |
|calf          |ˈtʲambu-ku   |tʃambu-ku    |tʃambu-ku        |
|scabies       |kambi-kambi  |kambi-       |                 |
|call/scream   |ˈkambu       |kambu        |kambu            |
|centipede     |kadaˈmbu     |kadambu      |                 |
|moon          |ˈkumbanu     |kumban       |kumbon           |
|tail/behind   |ˈkumbu       |kumbu-       |-kumba           |
|nail          |ˈβɛmbœ       |wemben-da    |weːmbe-tawa      |

Initial apical prenasalized voiced stop /nd/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kimaghama  |Teri Kalwasch     |Kaladdar                   |
|              |Drabbe     |Geurtjens         |Geurtjens                  |
|              |**nd- [d]**|**nd [d nd]**     |**nd [nd d]**              |
|fat/grease    |di         |                  |ndi                        |
|stand         |diˈɛ       |ndijɛ             |                           |
|make/do       |diwo       |ndiwo             |                           |
|canoe         |diˈjɛ      |dijɛ              |dijan                      |
|fish          |dɛ         |da                |deːn-da                    |
|blood         |dœrœ       |dʌdːʌ             |ndzʌrːə (?)                |
|3 sg. poss.   |da         |                  |                           |
|go up         |da         |daa               |-da                        |
|path          |da         |daan              |doː                        |
|mouth         |ˈdadu      |dado              |dalo                       |
|sick/ill      |ˈduo       |dowa              |ndoa                       |
|bone/upper arm|duˈro      |dʌrːowa\\ ~ ndəro-|drowa\\ ~ durwa\\ ~ -dʌrːoa|
|lazy          |           |ndu               |du-dʃa                     |
|tree/wood     |do         |da-               |ndar (?)                   |

Root-medial apical prenasalized voiced stop /nd/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kimaghama    |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar     |
|            |Drabbe       |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens    |
|            |**-nd- [nd]**|**-nd- [nd]**|**-nd- [nd]**|
|3 sg. obl.  |anda         |             |             |
|stab        |             |mindɛrɛ      |             |
|ditch       |             |bando        |mbanderoo    |
|thunder     |tʲœnduˈβu    |             |tʃinduwu     |
|coconut plug|             |kandu        |kandə        |
|sugarcane   |ˈkunda       |kʌnda        |konda-konda  |
|four        |ˈjando       |jaːndu       |jaːndo       |
|hunger      |ˈjonda-tʲœ   |jonda-tʃə    |jonda        |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |Kimaghama         |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|       |Drabbe            |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|       |****              |****         |****     |
|son/boy|munaduwa-\\ -ˈrɛrɛ|monadowo     |         |

Palatal prenasalized voiced stop /ndʲ/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kimaghama      |Teri Kalwasch  |Kaladdar           |
|            |Drabbe         |Geurtjens      |Geurtjens          |
|            |**ndʲ-**       |****           |****               |
|            |               |               |                   |
|            |**-ndʲ- [ndʲ]**|**-ndʲ- [ndʲ]**|**-ndʲ- [ndʲ ndʃ]**|
|three       |pendʲi         |peːndʲi        |pandʃii\\ ~ wendʃi |
|take/receive|ˈbandʲa        |bendʲa         |                   |
|lightning   |oˈandʲi        |wandʲi         |wandʃi             |
|body        |ˈjɛndʲe        |               |jeːndʲa            |

Inital velar prenasalized voiced stop /ŋg/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kimaghama  |Teri Kalwasch |Kaladdar  |
|           |Drabbe     |Geurtjens     |Geurtjens |
|           |**ŋg- [g]**|**ŋg- [g ŋg]**|****      |
|2 pl. poss.|gi         |              |          |
|2 sg. poss.|ga         |ga-           |          |
|forest     |gaˈru      |ŋgaro         |          |
|nose       |ˈgon-da    |              |wan-da (?)|

Medial velar prenasalized voiced stop /ŋg/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kimaghama    |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|          |Drabbe       |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|          |**ŋg [ŋg ŋ]**|**ŋg**       |**ŋg**   |
|2 pl. nom.|ˈiŋgi        |ŋgi-         |         |
|sago      |ˈiŋa         |iŋga         |eiŋga    |
|2 sg. nom.|ˈuŋgu        |eŋgu         |         |
|coconut   |             |paŋga        |poŋgara  |
|speech    |baŋgu        |             |mbaŋgu   |
|plain(s)  |             |waŋga        |woŋga    |

Bilabial non-stop /w/…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kimaghama         |Teri Kalwasch     |Kaladdar                   |
|              |Drabbe            |Geurtjens         |Geurtjens                  |
|              |**w- [w u o β]**  |****              |****                       |
|beard         |uˈi               |wi                |wui ~ -wi                  |
|dream         |uˈi               |                  |                           |
|night/dark    |wi-bœrœ           |weː-br            |ʌ-bːʌrːʌ (?)               |
|fish net      |                  |wijɛ              |wɛ                         |
|ghost         |ˈβɛe              |wɛi               |                           |
|nail          |ˈβɛmbœ            |wemben-da         |weːmbe-tawa                |
|thigh         |ˈβɛrimu           |                  |                           |
|sweet potato  |ˈβɛẽ kuni         |wain-konɛ         |jiwon-kani                 |
|shoulder      |ˈwatʲo            |watʃo             |watʃeː                     |
|lightning     |oˈandʲi           |wandʲi            |wandʃi                     |
|kunai grass   |ˈwaga             |waa               |                           |
|house         |ˈwaɣara           |                  |woharæ                     |
|lie (n.)      |                  |wau ~ waw-        |-owa                       |
|wave          |                  |waru              |warom-bwa                  |
|plain(s)      |                  |waŋga             |woŋga                      |
|egg           |uˈo ~ -uo         |-uwo ~ -wo        |-w ~ -wo                   |
|fly (n.)      |                  |urowr             |                           |
|              |**-w-**           |****              |****                       |
|eye           |ˈaβ-uo            |ab-uwo ~ a-wo-    |a-w ~ a-wo-                |
|cassowary     |aˈwi              |awi               |awi                        |
|wild          |ˈao-ˈtɛrɛrɛ       |                  |                           |
|not           |                  |maw               |                           |
|son/boy       |munaduwa-\\ -ˈrɛrɛ|monadowo          |                           |
|come          |                  |muinanɛ           |mowija                     |
|rain          |ˈmoa ~ mue        |muwo              |mowa                       |
|flesh         |                  |pi                |pui                        |
|die           |buˈrao            |boraw-ino         |mburow                     |
|bamboo        |                  |bujɛ              |mbweː ~ bɛ                 |
|play          |buã               |                  |mbwa                       |
|one           |nœβɛrɛ            |                  |nʌwːeːda                   |
|sharp         |naˈwe             |                  |                           |
|bite          |tˈra-nawɛ         |tʌrːa-nami (?)    |tʌrːa-nowa                 |
|six           |tuˈro             |tʌlwa             |turua ~ tʌrːa\\ ~ turːewa  |
|bone/upper arm|duˈro             |dʌrːowa\\ ~ ndəro-|drowa\\ ~ durwa\\ ~ -dʌrːoa|
|rain          |ˈmoa ~ mue        |muwo              |mowa                       |
|wind          |ˈnuo              |nuwa              |                           |
|know          |ˈnua-no           |nuwo              |-nowa-(no)                 |
|make/do       |diwo              |ndiwo             |                           |
|plant (v.)    |ˈkao              |kaw               |                           |
|sit           |kui               |kwij              |kwi                        |
|coconut shell |kuˈo-tuˈbo        |kwa-towara        |kwa-towa                   |
|belch         |ˈkote             |                  |kwatɛ                      |
|fruit/seed    |kuˈo ~ ko-        |kuo               |                           |
|woman/wife    |jo ~ dʲa          |jʌ- ~ -dʲa        |ja ~ -dʲowa                |
|rattan        |juˈo              |juwo              |                           |

Apical non-stop /r/occurs only medially:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kimaghama      |Teri Kalwasch      |Kaladdar                   |
|              |Drabbe         |Geurtjens          |Geurtjens                  |
|              |**-r- [r]**    |**-r- [r l]**      |**-r- [r]**                |
|river         |ˈiɾamu         |                   |iramu                      |
|sun           |œˈrɛ           |                   |hʌrːa                      |
|hit/beat      |ˈawra          |aula               |-awra                      |
|flat/smooth   |ˈmidœrœ        |                   |                           |
|stab          |               |mindɛrɛ            |                           |
|rib(s)/side   |mœrœ           |æmæræ              |                           |
|young man     |maβuˈrɛrɛ      |maworedeː          |moureːda                   |
|mucus         |pœˈrɛ          |                   |pʌrːen-ko                  |
|shallow       |               |padoro             |paderu                     |
|ripe          |ˈpuranu        |peranə (?)         |                           |
|star          |bœˈrɛe         |mbʌrːewa           |                           |
|chop down     |bœriˈjɛ        |bʌrːijɛ\\ ~ bʌrːije|                           |
|chop/break    |ˈbœrœ          |                   |bʌrːandu                   |
|die           |buˈrao         |boraw-ino          |mburow                     |
|machete       |neɛrœ          |                   |                           |
|go down       |nœɛˈrɛ         |                   |nʌrːe-tʃinɛ                |
|straight/erect|tɛmbœrœ        |                   |teːmbr                     |
|shin          |tœrœe jɛ       |trindʃɛ            |                           |
|six           |tuˈro          |tʌlwa              |turua ~ tʌrːa\\ ~ turːewa  |
|mosquito      |tra            |tʌrːa              |tʌnːa (?)                  |
|excrete       |-tra ~ -dra    |                   |-tera ~ -ra                |
|tooth         |tra-ˈβae       |tʌrːa              |tʌrːa                      |
|door          |tˈramu         |tʌrːam             |                           |
|bite          |tˈra-nawɛ      |tʌrːa-nami         |tʌrːa-nowa                 |
|bone/upper arm|duˈro          |dʌrːowa\\ ~ ndəro- |drowa\\ ~ durwa\\ ~ -dʌrːoa|
|new           |tʲitʲiraˈɣa    |tʃtʃra             |                           |
|cough         |tʲiˈrɛ-iˈrɛ    |                   |                           |
|lip(s)        |tʲɛtʲiˈrɛ      |tʃetʃireː          |tʃetʃireː                  |
|hear          |ˈtʲɛrɛ         |tʃidɛ              |tʃeːreran                  |
|ear           |ˈtʲa-kra       |tʃa-kr             |tʃa-kura                   |
|break (stone) |tʲaˈro         |                   |                           |
|many          |ˈkatʲa-ˈraɣa   |katʃara            |                           |
|bow           |ˈkara          |kara               |kara ~ ɣara                |
|near          |ˈkaroduˈru     |karoda             |karodːʌ                    |
|foot          |kuˈra          |kəra               |kura                       |
|crocodile     |ˈkuramu        |kramu              |kʌrːamu                    |
|skin/bark     |kraˈra ~ ˈkrara|kʌrːada            |-keradera                  |
|forest        |gaˈru          |ŋgaro              |                           |
|thigh         |ˈβɛrimu        |                   |                           |
|house         |ˈwaɣara        |                   |woharæ                     |
|wave          |               |waru               |warom-bwa                  |
|fly (n.)      |               |urowr              |                           |
|hot           |ˈjoru          |jolo               |                           |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|    |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|    |****     |****         |****     |
|sand|tʲiˈji   |             |tʃirə    |

Initial palatal non-stop /j/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |Kimaghama |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|       |Drabbe    |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|       |**j-**    |**j-**       |**j-**   |
|body   |ˈjɛndʲe   |             |jeːndʲa  |
|spittle|ˈjɛœ      |jʌ-          |jeːʌ-    |
|paddle |ja        |jaː          |ija      |
|four   |ˈjando    |jaːndu       |jaːndo   |
|bad    |ja-ka     |ja-ka        |         |
|woman  |jo        |jʌ-          |ja       |
|far    |ˈjodo     |jodːa        |joda     |
|hunger |ˈjonda-tʲœ|jonda-tʃə    |jonda    |
|hot    |ˈjoru     |jolo         |         |
|smoke  |ˈjuhu     |             |         |
|rattan |juˈo      |juwo         |         |

Root-initial /j/ in kin terms is realized as voiced palatal stop [dʲ] when preceded by a possessive pronoun. Here Drabbe's free forms with the otherwise prohibited initial [dʲ] result from misanalysis of possessive phrases:

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|      |Kimaghama      |Teri Kalwasch  |Kaladdar       |
|      |Drabbe         |Geurtjens      |Geurtjens      |
|      |**-j-/N_ [dʲ]**|**-j-/N_ [dʲ]**|**-j-/N_ [dʲ]**|
|father|dʲi            |nan-dʲi-ka     |tʲi-tʲa (?)    |
|wife  |dʲa            |gan-dʲa        |nan-dʲowa      |

Medial palatal non-stop /j/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch      |Kaladdar |
|         |Drabbe   |Geurtjens          |Geurtjens|
|         |**-j-**  |**-j-**            |**-j-**  |
|sweat    |ˈmijaɣa  |megai-da           |mihi     |
|gather   |mœjɛ     |                   |         |
|eat/drink|muˈjɛ    |mudʲɛ ~ mojɛ       |muja     |
|chop down|bœriˈjɛ  |bʌrːijɛ\\ ~ bʌrːije|         |
|carry    |tɛˈmbɛje |tæmbæ              |tembeːa  |
|hide     |tumaˈjɛ  |tomːaja            |tamaja   |
|stand    |diˈɛ     |ndijɛ              |         |
|canoe    |diˈjɛ    |dijɛ               |dijan    |


… final consonants …\\
\\

… suffix /-u/ on kin terms …:

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|           |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|           |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|           |**C-u**  |****         |****     |
|mother     |mam-ˈu   |             |         |
|brother    |nan-ˈu   |             |         |
|grandparent|ˈtad-u   |             |         |

… nasalization …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kimaghama  |Teri Kalwasch  |Kaladdar     |
|          |Drabbe     |Geurtjens      |Geurtjens    |
|          |**Ṽ [Ṽ ø]**|**Ṽ [Ṽ ŋ n ø]**|**Ṽ [ŋ n ø]**|
|roofing   |           |buŋ            |             |
|play      |buã        |               |mbwa         |
|dog       |nœɛ        |nʌwːʌ̆         |noi          |
|elbow     |tu         |               |tuuŋ         |
|man/person|tʲĩ        |               |tʃin         |
|canoe     |diˈjɛ      |dijɛ           |dijan        |
|banana    |tʲõ        |tʃaŋ           |tʃaː~ tʃaŋ   |
|path.     |da         |daan           |doː          |
|leaf      |-ku        |-kun           |-ku          |
|good      |ˈkutʲi     |kutʃiŋ         |             |

… reduplication …

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|           |Kimaghama     |Teri Kalwasch |Kaladdar      |
|           |Drabbe        |Geurtjens     |Geurtjens     |
|           |**C₁V₁N-C₁V₁**|**C₁V₁N-C₁V₁**|**C₁V₁N-C₁V₁**|
|laugh      |teˈɛn-teˈɛ    |tʃien-tʃɛ     |              |
|shame/taboo|tʲin-dʲi      |tʃin-di (?)   |tʃin-dʃi      |
|heart/soul |ˈtʲɛn-dʲe     |              |              |
|sweet      |tʲen-tʲe      |tʃie-tʃiɛ     |              |

… suffix /-nda/ [-da] …

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|            |Kimaghama              |Teri Kalwasch        |Kaladdar     |
|            |Drabbe                 |Geurtjens            |Geurtjens    |
|            |**V-nd [d]**           |**V-d [d]**          |**V-d [d]**  |
|sweat       |                       |megai-da             |             |
|lime/white  |                       |maa-da\\ ~ maa-ra (?)|             |
|ground/below|padae-da               |pada-d               |             |
|neck        |                       |                     |bu-da        |
|head        |                       |                     |towa-da      |
|firewood    |                       |tʃia-da              |ː            |
|skin/bark   |kraˈ-ra\\ ~ ˈkra-ra (?)|kʌrːa-da             |-kera-dera   |
|            |****                   |**N-nd [nd]**        |**N-nd [nd]**|
|wing        |                       |aban-da              |             |
|breast      |                       |man-da               |             |
|roofing     |                       |buŋ                  |bun-da       |
|ashes       |                       |tin-da               |tin-dara     |
|fish        |                       |                     |deːn-da      |
|man/person  |                       |tʃin-do              |             |
|nose        |ˈgon-da                |                     |wan-da       |
|nail        |                       |wemben-da            |             |

…suffix /mbœrœ/ [-bœrœ]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kimaghama     |Teri Kalwasch |Kaladdar      |
|          |Drabbe        |Geurtjens     |Geurtjens     |
|          |**V-mb- [b]** |**V-mb- [b]** |**V-mb- [b]** |
|firewood  |              |              |tʃeː buwarːərə|
|intestines|ˈtso bœrœ     |              |              |
|buttocks  |tʲœˈmɛ bœrœ   |              |              |
|short     |ka-ˈpaj-bœrœ  |ka-pa-berʌ    |ka-pwʌ-bːərə  |
|night/dark|wi-bœrœ       |weː-br        |ʌ-bːʌrːʌ      |
|          |**N-mb- [mb]**|**N-mb- [mb]**|**N-mb- [mb]**|
|buttocks  |              |              |bem-bero      |
|nape      |bom-bœrœ      |bam-br        |              |
|chest     |koˈdam-bœrœ   |              |kelam-bərə    |

… compound of /tʲi(n)/ "man/person" and the root for "die":

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kimaghama       |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar      |
|           |Drabbe          |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens     |
|           |**N-mb- [mb]**  |****         |**N-mb- [mb]**|
|dead person|tʲĩm-buˈrao iˈnɛ|             |tʃim-burow    |

… suffix which is found more extensively in Riantana …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Kimaghama   |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar  |
|      |Drabbe      |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens |
|      |****        |****         |****      |
|eye   |            |             |a-wondoʌba|
|toe   |            |             |kurandubu |
|      |****        |****         |****      |
|finger|kiˈtʲɛn-umbu|ketʃan-omba  |          |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar  |
|    |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens |
|    |****     |****         |****      |
|good|         |             |kutʃin-era|

… "bone" …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|     |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|     |****     |****         |****     |
|bone |         |             |ka-drowa |
|     |****     |****         |****     |
|spine|ˈjan-duro|             |         |

… "water" …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kimaghama          |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|     |Drabbe             |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|     |****               |****         |****     |
|milk |man-tʲu\\ ~ man-tsu|             |man-tʃu  |
|urine|ka n-tʲu           |             |         |

… /tra/ "excrete" preceded by /kaɣa/ "excrement" and /ka(n)/ "urine":

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|        |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|        |****     |****         |****     |
|defecate|kaɣa dra |             |kaɣa-ra  |
|        |****     |****         |****     |
|urinate |ka n-tra |             |kan-tera |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kimaghama       |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar  |
|           |Drabbe          |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens |
|           |****            |****         |****      |
|chest      |                |keddanamo    |          |
|dead person|tʲĩm-buˈrao iˈnɛ|             |tʃim-burow|
|wave       |                |             |warom-bwa |
|mucus      |pœˈrɛ           |             |pʌrːen-ko |
|elbow      |                |tun-kɛ       |          |


… vowels …\\
\\

High front vowel /i/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|    |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|    |**i**    |**i**        |**i**    |
|fire|i        |i            |i        |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
||Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
||****     |****         |****     |
||         |             |         |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
||Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
||****     |****         |****     |
||         |             |         |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
||Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
||****     |****         |****     |
||         |             |         |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
||Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
||****     |****         |****     |
||         |             |         |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
||Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
||****     |****         |****     |
||         |             |         |


===== Pronouns =====
Drabbe (1949: 5-6) gives Kimaghama pronouns in three case forms as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |nominative|oblique|possessive|
|1 sg.|no        |ni'ɛ   |na        |
|2 sg.|'uŋgu     |'aŋga  |ga        |
|3 sg.|nə        |'anda  |da        |
|1 pl.|ni        |ni'rɛ  |ni        |
|2 pl.|'iŋgi     |'aŋge  |gi        |
|3 pl.|ii        |'ande  |dii       |

Geurtjens' (1933: 430-431) pronouns are unreliable and are not presented here.



===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Like Riantana and Ndom, Kimaghama stands out within Trans New Guinea in being an isolating language with no verbal morphology.



===== Loans from neighboring languages =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

… Marianne Strait …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Marianne Strait|Kimaghama  |Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar         |
|            |               |Drabbe     |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens        |
|liver       |*…             |           |idumbu       |itumbu\\ ~ irimbu|
|cassowary   |*awi           |aˈwi       |awi          |awi              |
|young man   |*…             |maβuˈrɛrɛ  |maworedeː    |moureːda         |
|belly       |*put           |ˈpuri-kwo  |podi-kwo     |puri             |
|star        |*mb…           |bœˈrɛe     |mbʌrːewa     |                 |
|many/all    |*ndom          |ndom       |             |                 |
|sand        |*sir           |tʲiˈji     |             |tʃirə            |
|chest       |*keɣen         |koˈdam-bœrœ|keddanamo    |kelam-bərə       |
|coconut plug|*…             |           |kandu        |kandə            |
|bow         |*ɣaræw         |ˈkara      |kara         |kara ~ ɣara      |
|crocodile   |*karam[o̝i]    |ˈkuramu    |kramu        |kʌrːamu          |
|forest      |*ŋg…           |gaˈru      |ŋgaro        |                 |
|lightning   |*wandir        |oˈandʲi    |wandʲi       |wandʃi           |
|house       |*…             |ˈwaɣara    |             |woharæ           |
|sun/day     |*jaua          |tʲuˈo      |             |                 |

… Marind …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Marind|Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|      |      |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|      |      |         |             |         |
|cuscus|*mbeam|ˈbajamu  |             |         |
|ghost |*ɣeis |ˈβɛe     |wɛi          |         |

… Indonesian …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Indonesian|Kimaghama|Teri Kalwasch|Kaladdar |
|     |          |Drabbe   |Geurtjens    |Geurtjens|
|knife|pisaᵘ     |piˈtʲɛ   |             |         |