====== Kolopom ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
The Kolopom language family consists of four languages spoken in the Merauke regency of Indonesia's Papua Province, three on Kolopom (Yos Sudarso, Frederik-Hendrik) island and one, Moraori (Morari,) located east of Marind territory near the Papuan border. The Fly River language Marind is plainly intrusive to the region, and is presumably the reason for Moraori's geographical separation from the insular Kolopom languages.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of Kolopom is as follows:\\
\\

Kolopom

Moraori

Ndom

Central Kolopom

Riantana

Kimaghama\\
\\

Voorhoeve (1968: 8) gives the following lexicostatistics for the Kolopom family, excluding Moraori which was not then known to belong:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|        |  Ndom  |  Riantana  |  Kimagh.  |
|Ndom    |  ---   |     33     |    40     |
|Riantana|   33   |    ---     |    44     |
|Kimagh. |   40   |     44     |    ---    |

The figure 13% is given for Kimaghama and Moraori (1968: 9.) As Moraori is riddled with loans from Kanum, Yei and especially Marind, any unadjusted figure will understate the genetic relationship. Since Voorhoeve did not specify here the asserrtions of cognacy underlying his figures, they're impossible to directly evaluate; however Voorhoeve (1968: 10) relied exclusively upon Drabbe (1949, 1954,) so the same data is available here for any of us to propose our own figures.

===== Sources =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Geurtjens (1933: 398-433) 455 comparative terms for Kaladdar(sch) (west) and Teri Kalwa(sch) (northeast) varieties of Kimaghama.

Nevermann (1939: 60-69) comparative vocabulary of Moraori.

Drabbe (1949) brief grammars of and (pp. 14-24) … comparative terms for Kimaghama, Riantana and Ndom.

Drabbe (1954: 15-26, 53-68) detailed grammar and comparative vocabulary of Moraori.

Boelaars (1950: 33-36 44-48) English-language recension of Drabbe's Kimaghama and Moraori

Voorhoeve (1975: 364-366) grammar notes for Kimaghama, Riantana and Ndom following Drabbe (!949)

Voorhoeve (1975) …     Donohue (1996) notes on and comparative vocabulary of Moraori (Wasur.)

Gebze and Donohue (1998) dictionary of Moraori (unobtained)

Menanti and Susanto (2001) surtvey of Kimaam (unobtained)

Susanto (2001) 233 comparative terms for Kalilam (Ndom) of Wetau village

Choi (2015) grammar of Riantana and (pp. 55-57) 203 terms

Arka … Marori …

Arka … Marori …

Arka … Marori …

Arka … Marori …

Arka … Marori …

Arka … Marori …

Arka … Marori …

Arka … Marori …\\
\\

In addition to these, Paul Whitehouse provided rekeyed versions of four unattributed survey vocabularies from the Summer Institute of Linguistics for Ndom, Riantana and two Kimaghama villages.

===== History of classification =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

\\

The taxonomic unity of the insular Kolopom languages has been evident since 1949, when Drabbe presented comparative vocabularies and brief notes on the grammars of Kimaghama, Riantana and Ndom. According to Boelaars (1950: 33,) Drabbe himself did not consider the languages genetically related, stating that "a comparison of the vocabularies of these three languages does not show resemblances and certainly no fixed soundshifting."

Voorhoeve (1968: 8-9) places Kolopom, along with the unrelated Bulaka River and Morehead River families, with his proposed Central and South New Guinea Stock at the phylum level.

Moraori has been the object of taxonomic confusion.\\
\\

Drabbe (1950: …) …

Voorhoeve (1968: …) …

Greenberg (1971: …) …

Wurm (1975: …) …

Wurm (1982: …) …

Ross (…) …

===== Historical phonology =====
The Kolopom languages are too diverse to support a robust reconstruction without substantially more data. Accordingly, we're unable to present as complete and as accurate a system as we would have liked, for example those of Awyu-Dumut (Healey 1970,) Bulaka River or Marind, which are likewise based primarily on Drabbe, using more or less the same termlist. However, an outline of the most common correspondences can be presented, which can provide a basis for further investigation. Interpretations of least common correspondences are necessarily tentative.\\
\\

**[under construction]**\\
\\

Proto-Kolopom had between 10 and 14 [resolve *r *ɣ] consonants and [unaddressed] vowels:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|   *m   |   *n   |        |        |
|   *p   |   *t   |   *s   |   *k   |
|  *mb   |  *nd   |  *ndz  |  *ŋg   |
|  [*w]  |  [*r]  |  [*j]  |  [*ɣ]  |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i  |      |  *u  |
|  *e  |  *ɵ  |  *o  |
|  *æ  |  *a  |      |

There is as of yet no segmental evidence that /*j *w/ are distinct from sequential vowels /*i *u/, as they are in neighboring families.\\
\\

All attestations in this section are from Drabbe (1949, 1954) unless otherwise specified. Where Moraori or Kimaghama attestations are separated by a semicolon, the first form is Drabbe's and the second is Donohue's or Geurtjens (1933) respectively.

We recognize that not all Central Kolopom roots date to Proto-Kolopom, but find it useful to present roots shared by only only Riantana and Kimaghama along with the others.\\
\\

Initial bibabial nasal /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kolopom      |Moraori             |Ndom                  |Riantana                     |Kimaghama   |
|             |***m-**      |**m**               |**m**                 |**m**                        |**m**       |
|tie          |*mi[a]t      |                    |mər                   |miˈa                         |miˈɛ        |
|flat/smooth  |             |ˈmiti-\\ ˈmitɛrɛˈjaɾ|                      |ˈmidœrœ                      |            |
|some.enough  |*mit[a]      |                    |                      |miˈta                        |ˈmidɛ       |
|shoot/stab   |*mindVrV     |                    |                      |ˈmindʏdʏra                   |mindɛrɛ [hg]|
|meat/flesh   |*me[i]       |mɛˈi; mei           |                      |mɛːratə                      |mɛ-mbu      |
|tongue       |*mepreŋg     |mrɛŋɣ               |mɛfrɛr                |meβə-dombo                   |            |
|stone        |*mete        |mɛrɛ                |mɛːt                  |ˈmɛtə                        |ˈmɛtɛ       |
|sweat        |*me[s/ndz]   |                    |mɛːs                  |                             |ˈmija-ɣa    |
|five         |*mVtVk       |                    |mɛˈrɛɣ                |mata                         |ˈmado       |
|ear          |?*mVrVk      |mɛrɛɣ; merew        |?munumb               |moro-ˈko-\\ nadə ~\\ morə-tə-|ˈmuru-kadu  |
|head         |*mVrV[w]     |mɛˈrao; morow       |                      |moˈdo                        |            |
|son          |*m…          |                    |                      |məˈnadəβa                    |munaduwa    |
|rib(s)       |*mVrVn       |                    |                      |mərən-əmbo                   |mœrœ        |
|breast/milk  |*mam         |mam                 |mam                   |ma                           |ma          |
|fence        |*mat         |                    |mar                   |maˈda                        |ma          |
|lime/white   |*maka        |                    |maɣ-                  |                             |maɣa-       |
|snake        |*m…          |                    |muˈrubin\\ ~ muˈrubʷin|                             |ˈmarawi     |
|rain         |*m[o/u][e/a]n|                    |mwar                  |                             |ˈmoa ~ mue  |
|deep         |*m[o/u][a]t  |                    |mur                   |ˈmoa                         |            |
|vomit        |*m[o/u]ru    |                    |mur-mur               |morə-morə                    |            |
|brain        |*mu          |mu                  |                      |                             |mu          |
|hair/feathers|*muena       |                    |mwɛn ~ mɛːn\\ ~ -mɛr  |                             |muna        |

Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Kolopom        |Moraori|Ndom     |Riantana     |Kimaghama|
|               |***-m-**       |**m**  |**m**    |**m**        |**m**    |
|earthquake     |*imind         |       |imənt    |             |ˈimi     |
|chin           |*amata         |       |         |kamaˈda [sic]|ˈamata   |
|door           |*taramwin      |       |taramˈwin|             |ˈtramu   |
|come           |*[u]m[a]n[V]   |umon   |aˈman    |             |         |
|get up/stand up|*samV          |       |θaːm     |             |ˈtʲɛmœ   |
|cheek          |*sama          |saˈma  |         |tʲama        |tʲama    |
|crocodile      |*karam[a/u]    |       |ˈɣaraːma |             |ˈkuramu  |
|river          |*[j][e]ram[a/u]|       |jɛˈrama  |             |ˈiramu   |

Initial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |Kolopom       |Moraori |Ndom    |Riantana |Kimaghama  |
|                |***n-**       |**n**   |**n**   |**n**    |**n**      |
|full count      |*nip          |        |nif     |niː      |nĩ         |
|tears           |*nierep       |        |neˈrɛf  |niːrə    |           |
|cry/weep        |*niek         |        |nɛɣ     |niə-βədə |niˈɛ ~ nœˈɛ|
|dog             |*n[ia]        |        |        |niˈa     |nœɛ        |
|louse           |*nemeŋg       |nɛˈmɛŋk |nɛːmən  |nəˈmɛ    |nœˈmɛ      |
|rope            |*n[e/a]k      |naɣ     |nɛɣ     |naː      |niˈɛ       |
|spirit/ghost    |*n…           |        |nʏmba(ː)|         |numbai [hg]|
|name            |*n[e/a][k/ŋg] |nɛɣ; naw|nar     |naː [SIL]|nɛ         |
|spirit of living|*nam          |        |nam     |         |           |
|drum            |*n[a/u]mbu    |        |naˈmbu  |         |ˈnumbu     |
|wind            |*n[o/u][a/o]  |        |        |noˈa--mbo|ˈnuo       |
|fly (v.)        |*n[o/u]mb[a/o]|        |        |nomba    |ˈnumbo     |
|know            |*nuɣa         |        |nuˈɣwa  |         |ˈnua-no    |

Medial apical nasal /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kolopom  |Moraori|Ndom                |Riantana |Kimaghama     |
|             |***-n-** |**r**  |**n r**             |****     |**n**         |
|eye          |*VnV     |       |unu-ˈnor ~ una      |ˈanə-mbə |              |
|son          |*m…      |       |                    |məˈnadəβa|munaduwa      |
|hair/feathers|*muen[a] |       |mwɛn ~ mɛːn\\ ~ -mɛr|         |muna          |
|blunt/blind  |*puna    |       |-ˈfur               |         |ˈpuna ~ -ˈβuna|
|spear/axe    |*kapuna  |       |ɣafuˈnɛ-            |kaːβuˈna |ˈkaβuna       |
|moon         |*kumbanV |ˈmbarɛ |ɣubaˈna             |         |ˈkumbanu      |
|two          |*[j]enapa|jɛna-du|                    |ɛˈnaβa   |              |

Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is fricated to /f/ in Ndom:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kolopom     |Moraori |Ndom |Riantana|Kimaghama     |
|           |***p-**     |**p**   |**f**|**p**   |**p**         |
|mouse      |*p[u]ondz[a]|        |fwos |poˈar   |poj           |
|blunt/blind|*puna       |        |-ˈfur|        |ˈpuna ~ -ˈβuna|
|ripe       |*pur[a]     |pra [WA]|fu   |        |ˈpuranu       |

Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ … [β] …. :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kolopom   |Moraori|Ndom    |Riantana    |Kimaghama    |
|             |***-p-**  |**ø**  |**f**   |**p [β]**   |**p [β]**    |
|sugarcane    |*ipiŋg    |jiɣ    |iˈfin   |            |             |
|stone axe    |*api      |       |aˈfi    |            |ˈɛβœ         |
|see          |*ap[u]o[C]|       |        |aːβo        |ˈaβu ~ ˈaβuo |
|head         |*tipV     |       |        |tiβɛ ~ -tiβə|ˈtuβa ~ ˈtua-|
|coconut shell|*t[a/o]po |       |        |taːbo       |tuˈbo; towa  |
|sick/ill     |*ndipV    |       |        |ˈdiβə       |ˈduo         |
|spear/axe    |*kapuna   |       |ɣafuˈnɛ-|kaːβuˈna    |ˈkaβuna      |
|two          |*[j]enapa |jɛna-du|        |ɛˈnaβa      |             |

Moraori's apparent retention of /*p/ as [p b] in Donohue's and Arka's attestations of the following word probably result from excrescence of the cluster /mr/ :

|< - Nonepx Nonepx Nonepx Nonepx Nonepx Nonepx >|
|      |***-p-**|**ø**|**f** |**p [β]** |****|
|tongue|*mepreŋg|mrɛŋɣ|mɛfrɛr|meβə-dombo|    |

Intitial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such an all four languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kolopom     |Moraori               |Ndom           |Riantana      |Kimaghama    |
|              |***t-**     |**t**                 |**t**          |**t**         |**t**        |
|head          |*tipV       |                      |               |tiβɛ ~ -tiβə  |ˈtuβa ~ ˈtua-|
|ashes         |*tin        |                      |wo-ˈtin        |tin-aˈna      |tiː          |
|forehead      |*t[i/u]t    |tur                   |tir            |ti            |tœ           |
|straight/erect|*tember[e/a]|                      |təbərɛ ~ təbrɛ-|təmbəra       |tɛmbœrœ      |
|shin          |*terin      |                      |trin           |tɛrə          |tœrœe        |
|tooth         |*t[e]r[a]k  |tɛroɣ ~ trao\\ ~ taraw|trɛːɣ          |              |tra-ˈβae     |
|carry         |*tambe[t]   |                      |tabɛrɛ         |              |tɛˈmbɛje     |
|arm/hand      |*tan        |                      |taːn           |ta-ˈβat ~ taː-|             |
|grandparent   |*tat        |tat                   |tɛt            |              |tad-u        |
|door          |*taramwin   |                      |taramˈwin      |              |ˈtramu       |
|coconut shell |*t[a/o]po   |                      |               |taːbo         |tuˈbo; towa  |
|hole          |*t…         |                      |               |to            |taː [hg]     |
|vagina        |*t[o]t      |tor                   |               |tə            |             |
|six           |*turV[C]    |                      |               |tərwa         |tuˈro        |

Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kolopom |Moraori             |Ndom                     |Riantana     |Kimaghama           |
|           |***-t-**|**r**               |**t [t r]**              |**t [t d]**  |**t [t d]**         |
|chin       |*amata  |                    |                         |kamaˈda [sic]|ˈamata              |
|flat/smooth|        |ˈmiti-\\ ˈmitɛrɛˈjaɾ|                         |ˈmidœrœ      |                    |
|some.enough|*mit[a] |                    |                         |miˈta        |ˈmidɛ               |
|stone      |*mete   |mɛrɛ                |mɛːt                     |ˈmɛtə        |ˈmɛtɛ               |
|five       |*mVtVk  |                    |mɛˈrɛɣ                   |mata         |ˈmado               |
|ochre      |*-w…    |                    |-watɛ-ˈjar\\ ~ -oatɛ-ˈjar|             |-ˈβaderɛ\\ ~ -baderɛ|

Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is lenited to x [x ɣ] in Ndom and to [w ø] in Moraori. …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom     |Moraori    |Ndom           |Riantana    |Kimaghama|
|          |***k-**     |**w [w ø]**|**ɣ**          |**k**       |**k**    |
|spear/axe |*kapuna     |           |ɣafuˈnɛ-       |kaːβuˈna    |ˈkaβuna  |
|call      |*kamb[o/u]  |           |               |ˈkambo      |ˈkambu   |
|testicle  |*kar        |           |ɣar            |ka          |         |
|bow       |*karep      |uˈrɛɣ; urew|ɣaˈrɛf         |kaˈra-βo    |ˈkara    |
|rat/mouse |*karop      |woro; waro |ɣaˈrof         |            |         |
|crocodile |*karam[o/u] |           |ˈɣaraːma       |            |ˈkuramu  |
|plant (v.)|*ka[w]ot    |           |ɣaˈwor         |            |ˈkao     |
|pig       |*k[o/u][a]  |           |ɣoˈa           |ku          |ku       |
|root      |*k[u]a[ndz]a|           |ɣata; aθa [SIL]|kwara-nəˈmba|         |
|fruit/seed|*kua[?t]    |           |               |nduˈa-kwa   |kuˈo     |
|moon      |*kumbanV    |ˈmbarɛ     |ɣubaˈna        |            |ˈkumbanu |

Initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is lenited to x [x ɣ] in Ndom and to [w ø] in Moraori. …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kolopom   |Moraori|Ndom   |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|     |***k-/_i**|****   |**s**  |**k**   |**k**    |
|arrow|*k…       |       |ˈsitaɣa|kiˈda   |ˈkida    |

Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is lenited to x [x ɣ] in Ndom and to [w ø] in Moraori. It is sometimes realized as [ɣ] in Kimaghama. …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom |Moraori      |Ndom  |Riantana |Kimaghama  |
|          |***-k-**|**w [w ø]**  |**ɣ** |**k**    |**k [k ɣ]**|
|child     |*aka    |             |      |aˈka     |ˈaɣa-βœ    |
|lime/white|*maka   |             |maɣ-  |         |maɣa-      |
|think     |*…      |             |      |roˈa-kado|ˈtʲo-kadu  |
|bad       |*jakut  |jawur "wound"|jaˈɣur|         |jaka       |
|smoke     |*j…     |             |      |di-dʏkwʏ |ˈjuhu      |

Voiced prenasalized stops /*mb *nd/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kolopom       |Moraori|Ndom            |Riantana                         |Kimaghama    |
|              |***mb-**      |****   |**mb [mb b]**   |**mb [mb b]**                    |**mb [mb b]**|
|chop/break    |*mberV        |       |bər             |mbɛˈrarə (tr.)\\ mbɛˈdɛrə (intr.)|bœrœ         |
|star          |*mberem       |       |beˈrem          |                                 |bœˈrɛe       |
|roofing/td>   |*mbun         |       |bun             |                                 |buŋ [hg]     |
|bamboo        |*mb[u]et      |       |bwer            |bɛː                              |             |
|              |***-mb-**     |**mb** |**mb [mb b]**   |**mb**                           |**mb**       |
|spirit/ghost  |*n…           |       |nʏmba(ː)        |                                 |numbai [hg]  |
|drum          |*n[a/u]mbu    |       |naˈmbu          |                                 |ˈnumbu       |
|fly (v.)      |*n[o/u]mb[a/o]|       |                |nomba                            |ˈnumbo       |
|straight/erect|*tember[e/a]  |       |təbərɛ- ~ təbrɛ-|təmbəra                          |tɛmbœrœ      |
|carry         |*tambe[t]     |       |tabɛrɛ          |                                 |tɛˈmbɛje     |
|call          |*kamb[o/u]    |       |                |ˈkambo                           |ˈkambu       |
|moon          |*kumbanV      |ˈmbarɛ |ɣubaˈna         |                                 |ˈkumbanu     |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Kolopom   |Moraori|Ndom  |Riantana     |Kimaghama |
|         |***nd-**  |****   |**nd**|**nd [nd d]**|**nd [d]**|
|fish     |*nd[ia]   |       |      |diˈa         |dɛ        |
|sick/ill |*ndipV    |       |      |ˈdiβə        |ˈduo      |
|canoe    |*ndije    |       |      |drə          |diˈjɛ     |
|make/do  |*ndiw[a/o]|       |      |ndiˈwa       |ˈdiwo     |
|tree/wood|*nd[ua]t  |       |ndər  |nduˈa        |do        |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom |Moraori        |Ndom  |Riantana     |Kimaghama   |
|          |****    |****           |****  |****         |****        |
|          |        |               |      |             |            |
|four      |?*VndVn |ndɛna-;andaina-|      |wɛːnda       |ˈjando      |
|shoot/stab|*mindVrV|               |      |ˈmindʏdʏra   |mindɛrɛ [hg]|
|          |        |               |      |             |            |
|thunder   |        |?ruru          |θruˈar|tʲədə        |tʲœndu-ˈβu  |
|          |        |               |      |             |            |
|firefly   |        |               |ˈwatin|?ˈwanta-βotʲə|ˈwadu       |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom         |Riantana   |Kimaghama  |
|         |****   |****   |****-ndʲ-****|****ndʲ****|****ndʲ****|
|         |       |       |             |           |           |
|lightning|*…     |       |wandʲir      |ˈwandʲə    |oˈandʲi    |

The status of velars other than /*k/ is difficult to determine. The clearest example of /*ŋg/ is the second person plural:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom |Riantana    |Kimaghama    |
|     |***ŋg**|**k**  |**k**|**ŋg [ntʲ]**|**ŋg [ŋg g]**|
|2 pl.|*ŋgi[V]|ki-    |ki   |ntʲə        |gi/ˈiŋgi     |
|nose |*ŋgon  |kon    |     |            |ˈgon-da      |

The second person singular poses a problem in that the Ndom form suggests /*k/ or perhaps /*ɣ/ (see below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |Kolopom |Moraori         |Ndom  |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|       |***ŋg** |**k-**          |**ɣ** |**ŋg**  |**ŋg**   |
|2 sg.  |*ŋga    |ka              |ɣe/ɣa-|ŋgə/ŋga |ˈuŋgu/ga |
|branch |*ŋgoraŋg|kwaraɣ ~\\ koroɣ|ɣoˈran|        |         |
|coconut|*ŋguVn  |                |ɣur   |kuˈa    |kuˈo     |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kolopom |Moraori |Ndom    |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|     |**?*ŋg**|**k**   |**k**   |**k**   |****     |
|snake|*kap    |kaf; kaɸ|        |ka      |         |
|frog |        |        |karˈɛsaf|krɛˈtabu|         |

Initial velar non-stop /*ɣ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom  |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|    |***ɣ-**|****   |**ɣ** |**ø**   |**ø**    |
|wing|*ɣapam |       |ɣaˈfam|aˈβa    |uβˈa     |

Medial velar non-stop /*ɣ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kolopom |Moraori|Ndom   |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|     |***-ɣ-**|****   |**ɣ**  |**ø**   |**ø**    |
|know |*nu[?ɣ]a|       |nuˈɣwa |        |ˈnua-no  |
|arrow|*k…     |       |ˈsitaɣa|kiˈda   |ˈkida    |

Voiceless fricative or affricate /*s/ is realized by allophones [θ s ts] in Ndom and by voiceless laminal stop /tʲ/ in Central Kolopom:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Kolopom  |Moraori|Ndom          |Riantana  |Kimaghama  |
|               |***s-**  |**s**  |**s [θ s ts]**|**tʲ**    |**tʲ**     |
|shy/shame      |*sin     |       |brɛ-ˈsir      |          |tʲin-dʲi   |
|leech          |*sit     |       |sir           |          |tʲi        |
|boil (n.)      |*sVt     |       |θər           |tʲə-mbə   |           |
|two            |*sVp     |       |θef           |          |           |
|firewood       |*set     |       |              |tʲət-aˈna |tʲeˈɛ      |
|cough/phlegm   |*sVt-sVt |       |sɛr-sɛr       |tʲa-ˈtʲa  |tʲiˈrɛ-iˈrɛ|
|heart          |*san     |       |              |ˈtʲan-əmbə|ˈtʲɛn-dʲe  |
|get up/stand up|*samV    |       |θaːm          |          |ˈtʲɛmœ     |
|cheek          |*sama    |saˈma  |              |tʲama     |tʲama      |
|lip            |?*sati   |       |              |tʲatə     |tʲɛtʲiˈrɛ  |
|chin           |*s[o]a[r]|soar   |sa-mɛr "beard"|          |           |
|thunder        |         |?ruru  |?θruˈar       |tʲədə     |tʲœndu-ˈβu |

[CHART]"knife", "taro", "bitter", "break (stone)", ?"sweet", "tell lies"\\
\\

Medial /*s/ has the same values, but in Kimaghama /tʲ/ is optionally lenited to [j]:

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|           |Kolopom |Moraori    |Ndom          |Riantana|Kimaghama    |
|           |***-s-**|**s**      |**s [θ s ts]**|**tʲ**  |**tʲ [tʲ j]**|
|sneeze     |*asi    |ɛsi        |eˈθi          |atʲi    |aˈtʲi        |
|face       |*asup   |?ajiɣ; ajiw|aˈθuf         |ˈatʲə   |             |
|sand       |*dzisin |           |θəθər         |rətʲi   |tʲiˈji       |
|frog       |        |           |karɛˈsaf      |krɛˈtabu|             |
|kunai grass|*wasV   |           |was           |ˈwatʲə  |             |

"Sneeze" is found also in (at least) Muli Strait, Marind, Lake Murray, Awyu, Bulaka River (where it is a loan from Kolopom or Marind) and as far away as Koiari-Managalas Plateau (q.v. Dutton 2010: 58) and Guhu-Oro, allowing us to assign the value /*s/ to this correspondence with some confidence. Ndom's allophones of /s/ [θ ts] are also found in Cook and Gondu Rivers (Voorhoeve 1971: 84) and in Asmat dialects (Voorhoeve 1980: CITE) as allophones of /s/. Riantana and Kimaghama's fortition of /s/ to a stop is shared with Yelmek immediately to the east and Yaqay to the northeast, where Bulaka River and Yaqay-Warkay's /*s/ are realized as /t/.\\
\\

Prenasalized affricate /*ndz/ is merged with /s/ in Ndom and lenited to /r/ in Riantana. Its initial reflexes in Kimaghama appear to be indistinguishable from those of /*s/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kolopom     |Moraori|Ndom          |Riantana      |Kimaghama             |
|              |***ndz-**   |**?**  |**s [θ s ts]**|**r-**        |**ndʲ [tʲ]**          |
|man/person    |*ndz[ia]p   |       |ref           |ria           |tʲĩ ~ tʲin [hg]       |
|grandchild    |*ndi[e]ndza |       |              |riˈɛtʲa       |tʲitʲa ;tʲindʲi [hg]  |
|bathe         |*ndindz[i/a]|?sʲɛ   |θiθi          |riˈra         |tʲetʲɛ; tʲii ~ tʲindʲi|
|sand          |*ndzisin    |       |θəθər         |rətʲi         |tʲiˈji                |
|banana        |*ndzVmb     |       |θeb           |              |tʲõ; tʲã              |
|ear/mind      |*ndz[o/u]an |roan   |              |ruˈa-kɛ ~ roa-|ˈtʲa-kra ~ ˈtʲo-      |
|think         |*…          |       |              |roˈa-kado     |ˈtʲo-kadu             |
|water         |*ndzu       |       |              |rə            |tʲu                   |
|charcoal/black|*ndzut      |       |θur-toˈboɣ    |ru-datari     |tʲu-ˈpaderɛ           |

[CHART], "hard", "shiver", ?""see/hear"\\
\\

Medial /*ndz/ …

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|          |Kolopom      |Moraori|Ndom           |Riantana    |Kimaghama             |
|          |***-ndz-**   |****   |**s [θ s ts]** |**r**       |**ndʲ [ndʲ tʲ j]**    |
|mouse     |*p[u]ondz[a] |       |fwos           |poˈar       |poj                   |
|grandchild|*ndzi[e]ndza |       |               |riˈɛtʲa     |tʲitʲa ~ tʲindʲi [hg] |
|bathe     |*ndzindz[i/a]|       |θiθi           |riˈra       |tʲetʲɛ; tʲii ~ tʲindʲi|
|urine     |*kat ndzu    |       |               |kaː-ro-aˈna |ka ndʲu               |
|root      |*k[u]andza   |       |ɣata; aθa [SIL]|kwara-nəˈmba|                      |

[CHART]"intestines"\\
\\

Strong support for the identification of this correspondence with /*ndz/ is found in Geurtjens' nasalized medial reflex [ndʲ] in "bathe" and "grandchild" as well as Kimaghama's nasalized [ĩ] in "man," as there otherwise would seem to be no other place nasality could have come from. "Urine" is a compount /*kat ndzu/ "testicle water," unambiguously equating Kimaghama's prenasalized medial allophone with the denasalized initial reflex.\\
\\

Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is neither occluded nor aspirated, as it is in neighboring Muli Strait and Marind (and Maklew) respectively:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom                     |Riantana|Kimaghama           |
|          |***w-**|****   |**w**                    |****    |****                |
|night/dark|*w…    |       |                         |βe-     |wi-; weː- [hg]      |
|ochre     |*-w…   |       |-watɛ-ˈjar\\ ~ -oatɛ-ˈjar|        |-ˈβaderɛ\\ ~ -baderɛ|
|garden    |*w[a]s |       |wot                      |        |                    |
|fly (n.)  |*w…    |       |worwer                   |        |urowr [hg]          |

Medial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is neither occluded nor aspirated, as it is in neighboring Muli Strait and Marind (and Maklew) respectively:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom   |Moraori|Ndom                  |Riantana                |Kimaghama|
|          |***-w-**  |****   |**w**                 |**w**                   |**w**    |
|cassowary |*awi      |       |aˈwi                  |aˈwi                    |aˈwi     |
|wild      |*…        |       |aur-                  |                        |ˈao-     |
|snake     |*m…       |       |muˈrubin\\ ~ muˈrubʷin|                        |ˈmarawi  |
|make/do   |*ndiw[a/o]|       |                      |ndiˈwa                  |ˈdiwo    |
|woman/wife|*jowa     |       |                      |duˈaβo\\ ndoˈaːβo "wife"|jo       |

Initial apical non-stop /*r/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kolopom   |Moraori           |Ndom |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|            |***r-**   |**r**             |**r**|**r**   |**?d**   |
|excrement   |*r[i/e][k]|rɛ; ra            |rɛːɣ |        |         |
|wound/scar  |*roak     |                  |roˈaɣ|daroˈa  |         |
|earth/ground|*ru[e]    |ruˈwɛ ~ ruˈa-; ruo|     |rə--mbə |?ˈdɛe    |

Medial apical non-stop /*r/ …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kolopom   |Moraori              |Ndom                     |Riantana  |Kimaghama           |
|           |***-r-**  |**r**                |**r**                    |**r**     |**r**               |
|flat/smooth|          |ˈmiti-\\ ˈmitɛrɛˈjaɾ |                         |ˈmidœrœ   |                    |
|shoot/stab |*mindVrV  |                     |                         |ˈmindʏdʏra|mindɛrɛ [hg]        |
|rib(s)     |*mVrVn    |                     |                         |mərən-əmbo|mœrœ                |
|snake      |*m…       |                     |muˈrubin\\ ~ muˈrubʷin   |          |ˈmarawi             |
|tooth      |*t[e]r[a]k|tɛroɣ ~ trao\\ ~taraw|trɛːɣ ~ tara-            |          |tra-ˈβae ~ tˈra-    |
|door       |*taramwin |                     |taramˈwin                |          |ˈtramu              |
|ochre      |*-w…      |                     |-watɛ-ˈjar\\ ~ -oatɛ-ˈjar|          |-ˈβaderɛ\\ ~ -baderɛ|
|fly (n.)   |*w…       |                     |worwer                   |          |urowr [hg]          |

Palatal non-stop /*j/ is occluded to /r/ [r d] in Riantana:

[are these medials distinct from /*-ndz-/?]

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom |Moraori|Ndom |Riantana                |Kimaghama|
|          |***j-** |****   |**j**|**r [d]**               |**j**    |
|woman/wife|*jowa[k]|       |     |duˈaβo\\ ndoˈaːβo "wife"|jo       |
|rattan    |*juak   |       |juˈaɣ|duˈa-ko                 |juˈo     |
|smoke     |*j…     |       |     |di-dʏkwʏ                |ˈjuhu    |

Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |Kolopom |Moraori|Ndom|Riantana|Kimaghama|
|       |***-j-**|**j**  |****|**r**   |**j**    |
|go down|*noj... |nojom  |    |nerˈmɛ  |noˈɛrɛ   |
|canoe  |*ndije  |       |    |drə     |diˈjɛ    |


All final consonants are lost in Central Kolopom.\\
\\

Final /*m/ is preserved as such in Moraori and Ndom:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom  |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|           |***-m**|**m**  |**m** |**ø**   |**ø**    |
|breast/milk|*mam   |mam    |mam   |ma      |ma       |
|star       |*mberem|       |beˈrem|        |bœˈrɛe   |
|wing       |*ɣapam |       |ɣaˈfam|aˈβa    |uβˈa     |
|canoe      |       |jom    |θam   |        |         |

One Marind word, in Riantana's case via Yelmek, indicates that Central Kolopom's final dropping is or was synchronically operative in recent times, postdating for example Yelmek's shift of /*ɣ/ to /ŋ/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Marind   |Moraori|Yelmek|Riantana|
|         |***-m**  |**-m** |**-m**|**-ø**  |
|young man|*noɣ-anem|noanem |noanem|noˈana  |

Ndom denasalizes final /*n/ to /r/ where a nasal /*m *n/ appears in a previous segment, a rule which also governs the reflexes of final /*ŋg/ (below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kolopom      |Moraori|Ndom                  |Riantana      |Kimaghama     |
|           |***-n**      |**n**  |**n [n r]**           |**ø**         |**ø**         |
|snake      |*m…          |       |muˈrubin\\ ~ muˈrubʷin|              |ˈmarawi       |
|rain       |*mu[e/a]n    |       |mwar                  |              |ˈmoa ~ mue    |
|roofing/td>|*mbun        |       |bun                   |              |buŋ [hg]      |
|shin       |*terin       |       |trin                  |tɛrə          |tœrœe         |
|arm/hand   |*tan         |       |taːn                  |ta-ˈβat ~ taː-|              |
|door       |*taramwin    |       |taramˈwin             |              |ˈtramu        |
|shy/shame  |*sin         |       |brɛ-ˈsir              |              |tʲin-dʲi      |
|ear/mind   |*[ndz][o/u]an|roan   |                      |ruˈa-kɛ ~ roa-|tʲa-kra ~ ˈtʲo|
|coconut    |*ŋguVn       |       |ɣur                   |kuˈa          |kuˈo          |
|firefly    |             |       |waˈtin                |?ˈwanta-βotʲə |ˈwadu         |

As with initials, the final reflexes of peripheral stops /*p *k/ are fricated in Ndom and fricated or lost in Moraori:

**[double-check separation of Riantana [-βo -bu -ko], possibly /*pV *kV/]**

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom   |Moraori              |Ndom         |Riantana |Kimaghama       |
|          |***-p**   |**ɣ ~ w ~ ɸ**        |**ɸ**        |**ø**    |**ø**           |
|paddle    |*iap      |                     |jaːf         |         |ja              |
|3 sg.     |*ep       |-f-i; eβ-i           |ɛf           |jə       |                |
|face      |*asup     |ajiɣ; ajiw           |aˈθuf        |ˈatʲə    |                |
|full count|*nip      |                     |nif          |niː      |nĩ              |
|tears     |*nierep   |                     |neˈrɛf       |niːrə    |                |
|two       |*sVp      |                     |θef          |         |                |
|man/person|*ndz[ia]p |                     |ref          |ria      |tʲĩ             |
|snake     |*kap      |kaf; kaɸ             |             |ka       |                |
|bow       |*karep    |uˈrɛɣ; urew          |ɣaˈrɛf       |kaˈra-βo |ˈkara           |
|rat/mouse |*karop    |woro; waro           |ɣaˈrof       |         |                |
|frog      |          |                     |karɛˈsaf     |krɛˈta-bu|                |
|          |          |                     |             |         |                |
|          |***-k**   |****                 |**ɣ**        |**ø**    |**ø**           |
|egg       |*uak      |                     |waɣ          |         |uˈo             |
|five      |*mVtVk    |                     |mɛˈrɛɣ       |mata     |mado            |
|cry/weep  |*niek     |                     |nɛɣ          |niə-βədə |niˈɛ ~ nœˈɛ     |
|rope      |*n[e/a]k  |naɣ                  |nɛɣ          |naː      |niˈɛ            |
|tooth     |*t[e]r[a]k|tɛroɣ ~ trao\\ ~taraw|trɛːɣ ~ tara-|         |tra-ˈβae ~ tˈra-|
|excrement |*r[i/e][k]|rɛ; ra               |rɛːɣ         |?ˈdi-ka  |                |
|wound/scar|*roak     |                     |roˈaɣ        |daroˈa   |                |
|rattan    |          |                     |juˈaɣ        |duˈa-ko  |juˈo            |

Final /*t/ is realized as /r/ in Moraori and Ndom [was there a distinction /*t *r/ that is lost here?]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |Kolopom    |Moraori      |Ndom      |Riantana |Kimaghama  |
|              |***-t**    |**r**        |**r**     |**ø**    |**ø**      |
|tie           |*miVt      |             |mər       |miˈa     |miˈɛ       |
|fence         |*mat       |             |mar       |maˈda    |ma         |
|deep          |*m[o/u][a]t|             |mur       |ˈmoa     |           |
|bamboo        |*mb[u]et   |             |bwer      |bɛː      |           |
|forehead      |*t[i/u]t   |tur          |tir       |ti       |tœ         |
|vagina        |*t[o]t     |tor          |          |tə       |           |
|tree/wood     |*nd[ua]t   |             |ndər      |nduˈa    |do         |
|              |*sit       |             |sir       |         |tʲi        |
|boil (n.)     |*sVt       |             |θər       |tʲˈə-mbə |           |
|sand          |*ndzisit   |             |θəθər     |rətʲi    |tʲiˈji     |
|charcoal/black|*ndzut     |             |θur-toˈboɣ|ru-datari|tʲu-ˈpaderɛ|
|plant (v.)    |*ka[w]ot   |             |ɣaˈwor    |         |ˈkao       |
|testicle      |*kat       |             |ɣar       |ka       |ka         |
|bad           |*jakut     |jawur "wound"|jaˈɣur    |         |jaka       |
|lightning     |*…         |             |wandʲir   |ˈwandʲə  |oˈandʲi    |

**[outcomparison suggests /*dzisin/ "sand" – some of these may have been final /*n/]**\\
\\

Ndom has meged the reflexes of final /*ŋg/ with those of /*n/, with regular denasalization to /r/ where a nasal /*m *n/ appears in a previous segment. Moraori takes the opposite turn, denasalizing /*ŋg/ [ŋg ŋk ŋɣ] to /ɣ/ [ɣ w] when not preceded by a nasal:

**[but Ndom "louse" does not follow this rule as stated]**

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Kolopom    |Moraori         |Ndom       |Riantana  |Kimaghama|
|         |***-ŋg**   |**ɣ**           |**n ~ r**  |**ø**     |**ø**    |
|sugarcane|*ipiŋg     |jiɣ             |iˈfin      |          |         |
|branch   |*ŋgoraŋg   |kwaraɣ ~\\ koroɣ|ɣoˈran     |          |         |
|         |***-ŋg/N_**|**ŋg**          |**n [n r]**|**ø**     |**ø**    |
|tongue   |*mepreŋg   |mrɛŋɣ           |mɛfrɛr     |meβə-dombo|         |
|louse    |*nemeŋg    |nɛˈmɛŋk         |nɛːmən     |nəˈmɛ     |nœˈmɛ    |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |Kolopom      |Moraori |Ndom |Riantana |Kimaghama|
|    |***-[k/ŋg]** |**ɣ**   |**r**|**ø**    |**ø**    |
|name|*n[e/a][k/ŋg]|nɛɣ; naw|nar  |naː [SIL]|nɛ       |

Final prenasalized stops /*mb *nd/ have only been identified in a few examples:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom |Moraori|Ndom  |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|          |***-mb**|****   |**b** |**ø**   |**ø**    |
|banana    |*ndzVmb |       |θeb   |        |tʲõ; tʲã |
|          |***-nd**|****   |**nt**|****    |**ø**    |
|earthquake|*imind  |       |imənt |        |ˈimi     |

Final /*s/ **[?is this distinct from final /*ndz/]** …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom       |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|      |***-s**|****   |**s [θ t]**|****    |****     |
|dream |*is    |       |iθ         |        |         |
|garden|*w[a]s |       |wot        |        |         |

One example of Ndom final [t] occurs on a widespread regional term:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |Kolopom |Moraori|Ndom |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|               |***-t** |****   |**t**|**ø**   |**ø**    |
|breadfruit tree|*jos (?)|       |jot  |        |joj      |

Final consonants are preserved in Riantana when suffixed with the particle /-aˈna/, which appears to signify a mass or collective:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom   |Riantana                            |Kimaghama    |
|            |***-C**|****   |**C**  |**C-aˈna**                          |**ø**        |
|ashes       |*tin   |       |wo-ˈtin|tin-aˈna                            |tiː          |
|hand/fingers|*tan   |       |taːn   |taːn-aˈna                           |             |
|firewood    |*set   |       |       |tʲət-aˈna                           |tʲeˈɛ        |
|blood       |*iendz |       |ɛθ     |jer-aˈna "blood"\\ jər-aˈna "saliva"|ˈjɛœ "saliva"|

Similarly, this loan from Marind:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Marind|Riantana|
|body hair|*rur  |ˈrur-ana|

An analogous phenomenon occurs in Kimaghama before [-aɣa] plural; Drabbe (1949: 4) interprets the surfaced consonant as a component of the suffix:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |Kolopom |Moraori|Ndom |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|         |***-C** |**C**  |**C**|**ø**   |**C-aɣa**|
|tree/wood|*nd[ua]t|       |ndər |nduˈa   |do r-aɣa |

Several kin terms do not lose their finals in Kimaghama because they have been suffixed with a morpheme /-u/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|             |***-C**|**C**  |**C**|**ø**   |**C-u**  |
|mother       |*mam   |mam    |mam  |ma-ˈka  |maˈm-u   |
|older sibling|*nVn   |nin    |     |        |nan-u    |
|grandparent  |*tat   |tat    |     |        |tad-u    |


|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Kolopom|Moraori|Ndom|Riantana|Kimaghama|
||****   |****   |****|****    |****     |
||       |       |    |        |         |


===== Pronouns =====
The nominative forms of the personal pronouns (q.v. Drabbe 1949: 5-6, 1954: 16) are as follow:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |Kolopom          |Moraori|Ndom|Riantana|Kimaghama|
|1 sg.|*n[a/o]          |       |    |        |         |
|2 sg.|*[k/ŋ/ɣ][a/o] (?)|       |    |        |         |
|3 sg.|*ep              |       |    |        |         |
|1 pl.|*nie             |       |    |        |         |
|2 pl.|*ŋgie            |       |    |        |         |
|3 pl.|*em[t/nd]e       |       |    |        |         |

The oblique forms were derived from the nominatives by the suffixation of /*-i/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Kolopom            |Moraori|Ndom|Riantana|Kimaghama|
|1 sg. obl.|*n[a/o]-i          |       |    |        |         |
|2 sg. obl.|*[k/ŋ/ɣ][a/o]-i (?)|       |    |        |         |
|3 sg. obl.|*ep-i              |       |    |        |         |
|1 pl. obl.|*nie-i             |       |    |        |         |
|2 pl. obl.|*ngie-i            |       |    |        |         |
|3 pl. obl.|*em[t/nd]e-i (?)   |       |    |        |         |

Moraori has generalized the third person obliques to the nominatives, a grammatical change shared with Maklew, with the oblique coming to be signified by the addition of a prefix /ŋga/.\\
\\

What we presume to be the original possessive pattern has been lost outside Moraori. The presumption of originality is based upon outcomparison to Cook and Gondu River's singular possessives (q.v. Voorhoeve 1975: 85-86,) with the shared idiosyncrasy of a zero base in the first person singular:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kolopom          |Moraori    |Cook & Gondu|
|1 sg. poss.|*ø-nam           |ø-nam      |*ø-n[e/a]m  |
|2 sg. poss.|*[k/ŋ/ɣ][a/o]-nam|ka-nam     |*a-n[e/a]m  |
|3 sg. poss.|*ep-nam (?)      |ŋga-fi-nam |*e-n[e/a]m  |
|1 pl. poss.|?                |ni-nam     |*n[o]-k[o]m |
|2 pl. poss.|?                |ki-nam     |*i-kim      |
|3 pl. poss.|?                |ŋga-mdɛ-nam|?           |

In the other Kolopom languages, the possessive base reflects either the oblique or the nominative:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |Kolopom          |Ndom|Riantana|Kimaghama|
|1 sg. (obl.)|*n[a/o](-i)      |    |        |         |
|2 sg. (obl.)|*[k/ŋ/ɣ][a/o](-i)|    |        |         |
|3 sg. (obl.)|*ep(-i)          |    |        |         |
|1 pl. (obl.)|*nie(-i)         |    |        |         |
|2 pl. (obl.)|*ngie(-i)        |    |        |         |
|3 pl. (obl.)|*em[t/nd]e(-i)   |    |        |         |

Prefixed undergoers, too, have been lost outside of Moraori. The second and third person are original to Trans-New Guinea, and hence to Kolopom, but the first person form is unexpected:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |Kolopom       |Moraori |
|1 sg. und..|?             |i- ~ jɛ-|
|2 sg. und. |*[k/ŋ/ɣ][a/o]-|ka-nam  |
|3 sg. und. |*ø-           |ø-      |


===== Loans from neighboring languages =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…\\
\\

Several roots are shared with the unrelated Bulaka River family to the north (q.v. Usher 2014):

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |Kolopom|Bulaka River|
|cassowary    |*awi   |*owi        |
|stone        |*mete  |*mate       |
|breast       |*mam   |*momo       |
|older sibling|*ɲena  |*nan        |

Several of these roots are shared with other families. "Stone" is found also in Cook River, Kolopom's nearest relative, as well as in Muli Strait and thus might be a loan in either direction. "Cassowary" is found also in the Paho River and Oriomo Plateau families to the east. This must be of ancient origin as it is not found in either Marind or in the Morehead River family which now separates these enclaves. "Older sibling" … "Breast" …

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Bulaka River|Kimaghama|Kaladdarsch|Teri Kalwasch|
|woman/wife|*iowa       |…        |…          |…            |


One word shared with Morehead River, most likely borrowed in the context of the senary counting system unique to this region of New Guinea (q.v. …, Choi 2015: 36,) has subequently been loaned from Kolopom into Marind and thence into Bulaka River. We can tell that Kolopom is the immiedate source for the Marind word because Marind /*h/ reflects previous /*ɸ/ (Usher and Suter 2015: 130) This loan must be ancient in origin because Morehead River medial /*n̪/ has since become /*θ/ in Bensbach River and /t/ in Yei:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |Morehead River|Kolopom  |Marind|Bulaka River|
|two|*jən̪əmbV     |*[j]enapa|*inah |*ina        |

… Muli Strait …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |Muli Strait|Kolopom    |Moraori    |Ndom    |Riantana|Kimaghama|
|coconut   |*iŋgiuin   |*ŋguVn     |           |ɣur     |kuˈa    |kuˈo     |
|lime/white|*mo̝ɣo̝    |*maka      |           |maɣ-    |        |maɣa-    |
|many/all  |           |           |           |        |        |         |
|bow       |*ɣaræw     |*karep     |uˈrɛɣ; urew|ɣaˈrɛf  |kaˈra-βo|ˈkara    |
|crocodile |*karam[o̝i]|*karam[a/u]|           |ˈɣaraːma|        |ˈkuramu  |
|garden    |*par       |           |           |        |        |         |
|lightning |*[i/u]Vndir|*…         |           |wandʲir |ˈwandʲə |oˈandʲi  |
|house     |           |           |           |        |        |         |
|blood     |           |           |           |        |        |         |

In more recent times, … Marind loans found only in Moraori are too numerous to list here …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||Marind|Moraori|Ndom|Riantana|Kimaghama|
||      |       |    |        |         |