====== East Kainantu ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
The East Kainantu family is comprised of perhaps five languages spoken in the Kainantu and Okapa subdistricts of Papua New Guinea's Eastern Highland's province and in the Kaiapit subdistrict of Morobe province, just west of the Markham river valley and south of the Markham-Ramu divide.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of East Kainantu is as follows:\\
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East Kainantu

Waffa

Afaqina-Tairora

Afaqina (Binumarien)

Tairora

North Tairora

Omwunra

Vinaata

===== Sources =====
Capell (1948-1949: 350-354) pronouns and 118 comparative terms for Taiora (North Tairora) and pronouns and 90 comparative terms for Binumarian

Vincent and Vincent (1961) (North) Tairora final verbs (unobtained)

Vincent and Vincent (1962) verbal morphology and syntax of (North) Tairora (unobtained)

Vincent and Vincent (1962) phonology of (North) Tairora (unobtained)

Vincent and Vincent (1964) grammar of (North) Tairora

Vincent and Vincent (1968) grammar of (North) Tairora (unobtained)

Vincent (1973: 530-546) nominal morphology of (North) Tairora of Bantura village

Vincent (1973: 561-587) verbal morphology of (North) Tairora

Vincent, compiler (1973: 625-688) (North) Tairora texts

Vincent (1994) dictionary of (North) Tairora

Vincent and Vincent (1994) sketch phonology of Northern Tairora

Vincent and Vincent (1994) sketch phonology of Obura-To'okena

Vincent and Vincent (1994) sketch phonology of Vinata

Vincent (2010) dictionary and grammar of (North) Tairora of Vaantura village, including some forms from Kuvaira (Suwaira) village

McKaughan (1964: 98-121) includes 546 comparative terms for (North) Tairora of Batainabura village, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 694-738)

McKaughan (1973: 588-597) (North) Tairora sequential clauses

Oatridge and Oatridge (1965) Binumarien final verb morpholoogy

Oatridge (n.d.) Binumarien nominal morphology

Bee (1966) grammar of Binumarien following Oatridge and Oatridge

Oatridge and Oatridge (1967: 13-21) phonology of Binumarien of Oníkurádarannai village, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 517-522)

Oatridge, Oatridge and Healey (1973: 557-560) Binumarien nominal morphology

Stringer and Hotz (1969) Waffa verbal morphology and verb phrases

Hotz and Stringer (1970) discourse grammar of Waffa

Stringer and Hotz (1971: 42-48) phonology of Waffa of Kusing village, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 523-529)

Stringer and Hotz (1971: 49-62) Waffa nominal morphology, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 547-556)

Stringer and Hotz (1971) Waffa clauses

Stringer and Hotz (1979) dictionary of central Waffa

Hotz and Stringer, compilers (n.d.) Waffa texts

Stringer (1992) sketch phonology of Waffa

Bee (1965: 1-37) 58 (North) Tairora and 47 Binumarien reflexes of proto-Kainantu, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 739-768)

Kerr (1973: 598-624) verbal subjects for Obura (Omwunra)

Kerr (1973: 769-799) 35 (North) Tairora and 32 Binumarien reflexes of proto-Kainantu kin terms

Gajudsek (1980) brief ethnological description and a few words for Pinata (Viinata)

Xiao (1990) comparison of Binumarien with Awa and Hua

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Proto-East Kainantu had 8 consonants, 6 simple vowels and 4 diphthongs as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |
|  *p  |  *t  |  *s  |
|  *w  |  *ɾ  |  *j  |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |       |  *u   |
|  *e:  |  *ɐ   |  *o:  |
|       |  *ɑ:  |       |


|< - 60px 60px >|
|  *iᵄ  |  *uᵄ  |
|  *ɐⁱ  |  *ɐᵘ  |

Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ does not occur initially. Otherwise, any consonant can occur initially or medially. Consonants do not occur word-finally.\\
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Vowels /*i *ɐ *u/ are inherently short and /*e: *o: *ɑ:/ are inherently long …. This distinction is explicitly specified for Afaqina (Binumarien) (Oatridge and Oatridge CITE) and evident in Waffa (Stringer and Hotz 1979: ibid.) and is also found in West Kainantu … Diphthongs /*iᵄ *uᵄ *ɐⁱ *ɐᵘ/ group in several phonotactic respects with the simple long vowels against the short vowels … Initial short vowels can be dropped (below) but long vowels and diphthongs are never dropped … conversely, thematic long vowels or diphthongs can induce the loss of initial short vowels in some enviroments … Verb stems must end in short vowels, not long vowels or diphthongs …\\
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…\\
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…\\
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Word-initial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >|
|  E. Kainantu  |  Waffa  |  Vaantura  |  Afaqina  |
|     *m₁-      |    ᵯ    |     β      |     m     |
|     *m₂-      |    m    |     m      |     m     |
|     *n₁-      |    ᵰ    |     n      |     n     |
|     *n₂-      |    n    |     n      |     n     |
|      *p-      |    k    |     ʔ      |     k     |
|     *p₂-      |    p    |     ʔ      |     k     |
|     *p₃-      |    k    |    k ʔ     |           |
|     *p₄-      |    k    |     p      |           |
|     *p₅-      |    p    |    p β     |           |
|      *t-      |    t    |     t      |     ʔ     |
|     *t₂-      |    t    |     ʔ      |     ʔ     |
|     *t₃-      |    t    |     t      |     t     |
|      *s-      |    s    |     h      |     s     |
|      *w-      |    β    |     β      |     ɸ     |
|     *w₂-      |    ɸ    |     β      |     ɸ     |
|      *j-      |    j    |     k      |     s     |
|     *j₂-      |    s    |     k      |     s     |

Intervocalic consonants, whether root-medial or root-initial following a prefix, correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >|
|  E. Kainantu  |  Waffa  |  Vaantura  |  Afaqina  |
|     *-m-      |    ᵯ    |     β      |     m     |
|    *-m-/_u    |    ø    |     β      |     m     |
|     *-n-      |   ᵰ ɾ   |     ɾ      |     n     |
|    *-n-/i_    |   ŋʲ    |     n      |           |
|    *-n-/…     |    ø    |     ɾ      |     n     |
|     *-p-      |    k    |     ʔ      |    k:     |
|     *-t-      |    t    |     t      |     ʔ     |
|     *-t₂-     |    t    |     ʔ      |     ʔ     |
|     *-s-      |    s    |     h      |     s     |
|     *-w-      |    β    |     β      |     ɸ     |
|    *-w-/_u    |    ø    |     β      |     ɸ     |
|     *-ɾ-      |    ɾ    |     ɾ      |     ɾ     |
|    *-ɾ-/…     |    ø    |     ɾ      |     ɾ     |
|     *-j-      |    j    |     k      |     s     |
|  *-j-/i ɐⁱ_   |   kʲ    |     k      |     s     |

Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >|
|  E. Kainantu  |  Waffa  |  Vaantura  |  Afaqina  |
|     *-Nm-     |    m    |     m      |    m:     |
|     *-Nn-     |    n    |     n      |    n:     |
|     *-Np-     |   ŋg    |     ŋk     |    k:     |
|     *-Nt-     |   nd    |     nt     |     ʔ     |
|     *-Ns-     |         |            |           |
|     *-Nw-     |   ŋgʷ   |     mp     |           |
|     *-Nj-     |   ŋgʲ   |     nt     |           |

Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final stop /*ʔ/ correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >|
|  E. Kainantu  |  Waffa  |  Vaantura  |  Afaqina  |
|     *-ʔm-     |   mb    |     mp     |    mp     |
|     *-ʔn-     |    n    |     nt     |    nt     |
|     *-ʔp-     |         |            |           |
|     *-ʔt-     |         |            |           |
|     *-ʔs-     |    s    |     h      |    ʔt     |
|     *-ʔw-     |         |            |           |
|     *-ʔj-     |    j    |     h      |    ʔt     |
|  *-ʔj-/i ɐⁱ_  |   kʲ    |     h      |    ʔt     |

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px 80px >|
|  E. Kainantu  |  Waffa  |  Vaantura  |  Afaqina  |
|      *i       |    i    |     i      |     i     |
|     *i-/…     |    ø    |     ø      |     i     |
|     *-i/…     |    i    |     ɐ      |     ɐ     |
|      *u       |    u    |     u      |     u     |
|     *u-/…     |    ø    |     ø      |     u     |
|      *ɐ       |    ɐ    |     ɐ      |     ɐ     |
|     *ɐ-/…     |         |            |           |
|      *e:      |   e:    |     e      |    e:     |
|      *o:      |   o:    |     o      |    o:     |
|      *ɑ:      |   ɑ:    |     ɑ:     |    ɑ:     |
|      *iᵄ      |   ie:   |     iᵄ     |    iᵄ     |
|      *uᵄ      |   uᵄ    |     uᵄ     |    uᵄ     |
|      *ɐⁱ      |   ɐⁱ    |     ɐⁱ     |    ɐⁱ     |
|      *ɐᵘ      |   ɐᵘ    |     ɐᵘ     |    ɐᵘ     |

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Waffa attestations drawn from Stringer and Hotz (1973: 523-529, 547-558, 1979: ibid.) North Tairora of Vaantura from Vincent (2010 ibid.) and Afaqina from Oatridge and Oatridge (1973: 517-522, Bee 1973: 745-759, Kerr 776-795, unattributed n.d.) and Capell (1948-1948: 350-354.)

Vaantura rather than Proto-Tairora is presented here because Omwunra and Viinata are very scantily attested, such that most Proto-Tairora forms would be derived from Vaantura and outcomparison alone. Where a Vaantura segment is known to continue a more archaic proto-Tairora value, this is signified.

As data for Afaqina is quite limited, gaps in attestation are not necessarily meaningful and aren't reliable guides for cognate frequencies.\\
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Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa  |Vaantura|Afaqina    |
|               |***m-**      |**ᵯ**  |**β**   |**m**      |
|maggot         |*mimi        |ᵯiᵯi   |        |           |
|earth/ground   |*mɐtɐ        |ᵯɐtɐ   |βɐtɐ    |mɐʔɐ       |
|put down       |*mɐtɐ-       |ᵯɐtɐ-  |βɐte    |           |
|bird arrow     |*mɐto:ɾu     |ᵯɐtoɾu |        |           |
|earthquake     |*mɐtuɾɐ      |       |βɐtuɾɐ  |           |
|village        |*mɐtujɐ      |ᵯɐtu:jɐ|βɐtukɐ  |maʔusa [ac]|
|tail           |*me:jɐ       |ᵯe:jɐ  |βekɐ    |ɐ-me:sɐ    |
|possum sp.     |*mɐne:jɐ     |ᵯɐᵰe:jɐ|βɐɾekɐ  |           |
|ancestors      |*mɐnip[ɑ:]   |ᵯɐᵰikɑ:|βɐɾiʔɐ  |           |
|shadow/soul    |*mɐnɐ        |ᵯɐᵰɐ   |βɐɾɐ    |           |
|girl           |*mɐnɑ:tɐ     |ᵯɐᵰɑ:tɐ|βɐɾɑ:tɐ |mɐnɑ:ʔɐ    |
|message/news   |*mɐjɑ:jɐ     |ᵯɐjɑ:jɐ|βɐkɑ:kɐ |           |
|vulva/vagina   |*mɑ:[m/w]u   |ᵯɐu    |βɑ:βu   |           |
|ambush/trap    |*mɑ:ɾɐ       |ᵯɑ:ɾɐ  |βɑ:ɾɐ   |           |
|one            |*mo:ʔjɑ:     |ᵯuɑ:   |βohɑ:   |mo:ʔtɑ:    |
|dust/refuse    |*mumu        |ᵯuᵯu   |βuβu    |           |
|wart/mole      |*muɾi        |ᵯiɾi   |βuɾi    |muɾi       |
|vomit          |*muɾu        |ᵯuɾu   |βuɾu    |           |
|grass/grassland|*mujɐᵘ       |ᵯujɐᵘ  |ukɐᵘ (?)|           |
|bone           |*muʔjɑ:ni    |ᵯujɐi  |βuhɑ:ɾi |muʔtɑ:ni   |

Two verbs … /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|        |***m-**      |**ᵯ [β]**|**β**   |**m**  |
|be      |*mɐɾi-       |βɐɾ(i)-  |βɐɾi    |mɐɾi   |
|take/get|*mɐɾɐ-       |βɐɾɐ-    |βɐɾe    |mɐɾe   |

… /*m/ … /*m₂/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura   |Afaqina   |
|               |***m₂-**     |**ᵯ**    |**m**      |**m**     |
|give           |*m₂i-        |ᵯi-      |-mi        |mi        |
|chest          |*m₂iNmiɾɐ    |         |mimiɾɐ     |          |
|owl sp.        |*m₂ɐno:Nmɐni |         |mɐɾomɐɾi   |          |
|meat/flesh     |*m₂ɐti       |ᵯɐti     |mɐti       |ɐ-mɐʔi    |
|this/here      |*m₂ɑ:        |         |mɑ:        |mɑ:       |
|tongue         |*m₂ɑ:piɾi    |ᵯɑ:kiɾi  |mɑ:ʔiɾi    |ɐ-mɑ:k:iɾi|
|place          |*m₂ɑ:pɐ      |         |mɑ:ʔɐ      |          |
|son            |*m₂ɑ:p₂u     |ᵯɑ:pu    |mɑ:ʔu      |mɑ:k:u    |
|law/instruction|*m₂ɑ:nɐ      |ᵯɑ:ᵰɐ    |mɑ:ɾɐ      |          |
|chin           |*m₂ɑ:tini    |         |mɑ:tiɾi    |mɑ:ʔini   |
|mat/house      |*m₂ɑ:tɐ      |ᵯɑ:tɐ    |mɑ:tɐ      |mɑ:ʔɐ     |
|back           |*m₂o:pɐ-     |ᵯo:kɐ-   |moʔɐ       |          |
|day after tom. |*m₂o:nɐ      |βo:ᵰɐ (?)|moɾɐ       |mo:nɐ     |
|kiss           |*m₂o:t₂ɐ-    |ᵯo:tɐ-   |moʔe       |          |
|haze           |*m₂uno:jɐ    |ᵯuᵰo:jɐ  |muɾokɐ [k.]|          |
|old garden     |*m₂uti       |ᵯuti     |muti       |          |
|down/lean      |*m₂uNtu      |         |muntu      |          |
|heart          |*m₂uNtujɐ    |ᵯundu:jɐ |muntukɐ    |muʔusɐ    |

… /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***m₂-**     |**m**|**m**   |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

Initial apical nasal /*n/ is lenited to nasal flap /ᵰ/ in Waffa:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu |Waffa     |Vaantura    |Afaqina     |
|             |***n-**       |**ᵰ**     |**n**       |**n**       |
|walk         |*ni-          |ᵰi-       |ni          |ni-         |
|old          |*nisi         |ᵰisi:     |nihi        |            |
|tuber of s.p.|*nɐⁱʔnɐ       |ᵰɐⁱnɐ     |nɐⁱntɐ      |            |
|cicada       |*n[ɐᵘ]si      |ᵰo:si     |nɐᵘhi       |            |
|eat/drink    |*nɐ-          |ᵰɐ-       |ne          |nɐ          |
|enemy        |*nɐmutɑ:(-wɐ) |ᵰɐᵯutʷɑ:  |nɐβutɑ:-(βɐ)|            |
|grease/water |*nɐ[N]mɐɾi    |ᵰɐᵯɐɾi    |nɐmɐɾi      |nɐm:ɐɾi     |
|sore (n.)    |*n[ɐ]Nmuᵄnɐ   |          |numuᵄɾɐ     |            |
|shiver       |*nɐɾu nɐɾu    |ᵰɐɾu-ᵰɐɾu-|nɐɾu nɐɾu   |            |
|house        |*nɑ:mu        |ᵰɐu       |nɑ:βu       |            |
|headband sp. |*nɑ:mu        |ᵰɑ:ᵯu     |nɑ:βu       |            |
|breast       |*nɑ:Nmɐ       |ᵰɑ:ᵯɐ     |nɑ:mɐ       |nɑ:m:ɐ      |
|vine/rope    |*nɑ:puʔnɐ     |          |nɑ:ʔuntɐ    |nɑ:k:untɐ   |
|laugh/smile  |*nɑ:nɐⁱ       |          |nɐɾɐⁱ-hi    |nɑ:nɐⁱ-ʔtɐɾɐ|
|baby         |*nɑ:ti        |          |nɑ:ti       |nɑ:ʔi       |
|wife         |*nɑ:tɐ        |ᵰɑ:tɐ     |nɑ:tɐ       |nɑ:ʔɐ       |
|tuber        |*nɑ:tupɐ      |ᵰɑ:tukɐ   |nɑ:tuʔɐ     |            |
|blood/red    |*nɑ:ɾe:       |          |nɑ:ɾe       |            |
|long ago/old |*nɑ:ɾu        |ᵰɑ:ɾu     |nɑ:ɾu       |nɑ:ɾu       |
|behind/later |*nɑ:Njiᵄ[n/ɾ]i|ᵰɑ:ŋgʲɐi  |nɑ:ntiɐɾɐ   |            |
|yam sp.      |*no:mɐ[n/ɾ]i  |ᵰo:ᵯɐɾi   |noβɐɾi      |            |
|water        |*no:ni        |ᵰo:ɾi     |noɾɐ        |            |
|big          |*no:nɐ        |ᵰo:ᵰɐ     |noɾɐ        |            |
|duck sp.     |*no:Ntumu     |          |nontuβu     |            |
|fish         |*no:ʔjɐnɐ     |          |            |no:ʔtɐnɐ    |
|louse        |*numɐ         |ᵰuᵯʷɐ     |numɐ        |            |
|sand         |*nupɐ         |ᵰukɐ      |nuʔɐ        |            |

In the Waffa form of the first person singular, initial /*n/ is not lenited:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|     |***n-**      |**n**|**n**   |**n**  |
|1 sg.|*nɐ          |nɐ   |        |       |

In Waffa kin terms … /*n/ … Note suppletion in the terms for “older sister”:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |East Kainantu|Waffa         |                 |Vaantura  |Afaqina   |
|              |             |1 sg.         |2/3 sg./pl./1 pl.|          |          |
|              |***n-**      |**n [< *n-n]**|**ᵰ**            |**n**     |**n**     |
|grandchild    |*n[ɐⁱ]-Nti   |ne:ndi        |ᵰe:ndi           |nɐⁱnti    |          |
|mother's br.  |*nɐᵘ(-wɐ)    |nɐᵘ-ŋgo:-βɐ   |ᵰɐᵘ-βɐ           |nɐᵘ(-βɐ)  |          |
|sister's child|*nɐᵘNti      |nɐᵘndi        |ᵰɐᵘndi           |nɐᵘnti    |nɐᵘʔi [hk]|
|older sister  |*nɐjɑ:(-wɐ)  |              |ᵰɐjɑ:-βɐ         |nɐkɑ:-(βɐ)|nɐsɑ:-ɸɐ  |
|grandfather   |*nɑ:pu(-wɐ)  |nɑ:ku-βɐ      |ᵰɑ:ku-βɐ         |nɑ:ʔu-(βɐ)|nɑ:k:u-ɸɐ |
|son's wife    |*nɑ:p₂utu    |nɑ:putu       |ᵰɑ:putu          |nɑ:ʔutu   |nɑ:k:uʔu  |
|older sister  |*nɑ:Nno:(-wɐ)|nɑ:no(:)-βɐ   |                 |          |          |
|mother        |*no:(-wɐ)    |no:-βɐ        |                 |no-(βɐ)   |ɐ-no:-ɸɐ- |

One example … /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|           |***n-**      |**t**|**n**   |**n**  |
|kunai grass|*nɐmusi      |tɐusi|nɐβuhi  |       |

One example … /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu|Waffa   |Vaantura |Afaqina|
|             |***n-**      |**ø**   |**n**    |****   |
|casuarina sp.|*nɑ:ɾe:[Np]ɑ:|ɐɾe:mbɑ:|nɑ:ɾempɑ:|       |

Initial bilabial stop /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa     |Vaantura       |Afaqina       |
|               |***p-**      |**k**     |**ʔ [ʔ ø]**    |**k [≈ -k:-]**|
|co-wife        |*piᵄ[n/ɾ]i   |kie:-     |ʔiᵄɾi          |              |
|head           |*piᵄtɐ       |kie:tɐ    |ʔiᵄtɐ          |ɐ-k:iᵄʔɐ      |
|hook           |*pipo:[n/ɾ]ɐ |ki:ko:    |ʔiʔoɾɐ         |              |
|short          |*pipu        |kiku      |ʔiʔu           |              |
|brain          |*piʔn[o:]nɐ  |pinɑ:ɾɐ   |               |              |
|pith/quid      |*pit[ɐ/ɑ:]   |kitɐ      |ʔitɑ: ≈ itɐ    |              |
|doorway        |*pe:Njɐ      |ke:ŋgʲɐ   |ʔe:nti ≈ ʔe:ntɐ|              |
|afraid         |*pe:tɐ-      |          |ʔete           |              |
|go inside      |*pe:tɐ-      |ke:tɐ-    |               |              |
|again          |*pɐⁱpɑ:      |kɐⁱkɑ:    |ʔɐⁱʔɑ:         |              |
|sweat          |*pɐᵘsɐ       |kɐᵘsɐ     |               |              |
|yam sp.        |*pɐNmiNnɐ    |kɐminɐ    |ʔɐminɐ         |              |
|just/merely    |*pɐt₂i       |kɐti      |ʔɐʔi           |              |
|younger brother|*pɐtɐ        |kɐtɐ      |ʔɐtɐ           |kɐʔɐ [hk]     |
|nettle sp.     |*pɐNtipɐ     |kɐndikɐ   |ʔɐtiʔɐ [k.]    |              |
|burnt/charred  |*pɐɾɐ        |kɐɾɐ      |ʔɐɾɐ           |              |
|raw/new        |*pɐɾɑ:j₂ɐ    |kɐɾɑ:sɐ   |ʔɐɾɑ:kɐ        |              |
|kidney         |*pɐjɑ:…      |kɐjɑ:tɐ   |ʔɐkɑ:βɐ        |              |
|tree sp.       |*pɐNj[o:]jɐ  |kɐŋgʲɐ    |ʔɐntokɐ        |              |
|comb           |*pɑ:si       |          |ʔɑ:hi          |              |
|wild           |*pɑ:jɐᵘ      |kɑ:jɐᵘ    |ʔɑ:kɐᵘ         |              |
|earthworm      |*pɐʔjiᵄ…     |          |ʔɐhiᵄʔu        |kɐʔtiᵄɾu      |
|cuscus sp.     |*po:tɐjɐ     |ko:tɐjɐ   |otɐkɐ          |              |
|woman's bro.   |*po:ɾutɐ     |ko:ɾutɐ   |ʔoɾutɐ         |              |
|notched post   |*puᵄʔmɐⁱ     |kuᵄmbɐⁱ   |ʔuᵄmpɐⁱ        |              |
|banana sp.     |*puᵄɾisɑ:p₂ɐ |kuᵄɾisɑ:pɐ|ʔuᵄɾihɑ:ʔɐ     |              |
|shoulder       |*pumu        |          |ʔuβu [k.]      |ɐ-k:umu       |
|cough          |*pu[ʔn/Nt]u  |kundu:    |ʔuntu          |kuntu         |
|true           |*put₂ɑ:      |kutɑ:     |ʔuʔɑ:          |              |
|speech         |*puwɐ        |kuɐ       |uβɐ            |              |

In Waffa kin terms … /*p/ … the regular reflex of cluster /*Np/ (below) when formerly preceded by a dropped initial /*i/ (below):

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|      |East Kainantu|Waffa    |             |                 |Vaantura|Afaqina   |
|      |             |1 sg.    |2/3 sg./1 pl.|2 pl.            |        |          |
|      |***p-**      |**p**    |**k**        |**ŋgʲ [< *iN-p]**|**ʔ**   |**k:**    |
|father|*po:(-wɐ)    |nɐ-po:-βɐ|ko:-βɐ       |ŋgʲo:-βɐ         |ʔo-(βɐ) |ɐ-k:o:-ɸɐ-|

… /*p/ … /*p₂/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu|Waffa  |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|             |***p₂-**     |**p**  |**ʔ**   |**k**  |
|penis        |*p₂ɐje:      |pe:    |ʔɐke:   |       |
|pandanus sp. |*p₂ɐjɑ:nɐ    |pɐjɑ:ᵰɐ|ʔɐkɑ:ɾɐ |       |
|nose ornament|*p₂o:ɾɑ:     |po:ɾɑ: |        |       |
|pig          |*p₂uᵄɾɐ      |puᵄɾɐ  |ʔuᵄɾɐ   |kuᵄɾɐ  |
|initiate     |*p₂umɑ:ɾɑ:   |puɑ:ɾɑ:|ʔuβɑ:ɾɑ:|       |
|die          |*p₂utu-      |put-   |ʔuti    |kuʔ-   |

… /*p/ … /*p₃/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |East Kainantu|Waffa     |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|            |***p₃-**     |**k**     |**k ʔ** |****   |
|embers/ashes|*p₃ɐɾɐʔmɑ:   |kɐɾɐmbɑ:jɐ|kɐɾɐmpɑ:|       |

… /*p/ … /*p₄/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |East Kainantu|Waffa   |Vaantura  |Afaqina|
|         |***p₄-**     |**k**   |**p β**   |****   |
|butterfly|*p₄…         |keŋgenɑ:|pempenɑ:ɾu|       |
|dirty    |*p₄ɐⁱNɑ:Nmɐ  |kɐⁱnɑ:mɐ|pɐⁱnɑ:mɐ  |       |

… /*p/ … /*p₅/ … It seems very likely that these are loans …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu|Waffa   |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|          |***p₅-**     |**p**   |**p β** |****   |
|bark skirt|*p₅ɐʔjɑ:nɐ   |pɐjɑ:ᵰɐ |pɐhɑ:ɾɐ |       |
|wet       |*p₅utɐ       |pu:tɐ   |putɐ    |       |
|thumb     |*p₅o:Nnɐn[ɑ:]|po:nɐnɑ:|ponɐɾɐ  |       |
|wall sp.  |*p₅o:ɾo:mɑ:  |        |poɾoβɑ: |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu|Waffa |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|             |***…**       |**ø** |**ʔ**   |****   |
|bandicoot sp.|*[p]iɾo:jɐ   |iɾo:jɐ|ʔiɾokɐ  |       |

Initial apical stop /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa     |Vaantura     |Afaqina    |
|               |***t-**      |**t**     |**t**        |**ʔ [ʔ ø]**|
|speak/say      |*ti-         |ti-       |ti           |ʔi-        |
|forehead       |*tini        |tiᵰi      |tiɾi         |ʔini       |
|headdress sp.  |*tiNtiɾɐ     |tindi:ɾɐ  |tintiɾɐ      |           |
|stump of tree  |*tiNtunɐ     |tinduᵰɐ   |tintuɾɐ      |           |
|dream          |*tɐⁱnɐ       |          |tɐⁱɾɐ        |           |
|platform/shelf |*tɐⁱʔnɐ      |tɐⁱnɐ     |tɐⁱntɐ       |ɐⁱntɐ      |
|stillbirth     |*tɐⁱɾi       |tɐⁱɾi-    |tɐⁱɾi        |           |
|forget         |*tɐᵘnu       |tɐᵘᵰ-     |tɐᵘɾu-       |           |
|cook/burn      |*tɐ-         |tɐ-       |             |           |
|stubborn       |*tɐmi tumi   |tɐᵯi-tu:- |tɐβi tuβi    |           |
|fruit/seed     |*tɐmɐ        |          |tɐβɐ         |           |
|waist/middle   |*tɐmɑ:[n/ɾ]ɐ |tɐᵯɑ:     |tɐβɑ:ɾɐ      |           |
|firefly        |*tɐʔmu       |tɐmbu     |tɐmpumpu [k.]|           |
|fireplace      |*tɐp₂i       |tɐpi      |tɐʔi         |           |
|bamboo         |*tɐp₂u       |tɐpu      |tɐʔu         |           |
|P. raggiana    |*tɐpuᵄnɐ     |tɐkuᵄᵰɐ   |tɐβuᵄɾɐ      |           |
|squeeze/wring  |*tɐti-       |tɐti-     |tɐti         |           |
|sap            |*tɐtɐ        |tɐtɐ      |tɐtɐ         |           |
|tree kangaroo  |*tɐwe:Nnɐnɐ  |          |tɐβenɐɾɐ     |           |
|see            |*tɐwɐ-       |ta-       |tɐβe         |ʔɐɸ-       |
|P. alberti     |*tɐɾi[n/ɾ]ɐ  |tɐɾiɾɐ    |tɐɾiɾɐ       |           |
|nettle         |*tɐɾo:p₂ɐ    |tɐɾo:pɐ   |tɐɾoʔɐ       |           |
|flea           |*tɐɾu        |tɐɾu      |tɐɾu         |ɐɾu        |
|joint/node     |*tɑ:         |ɐ-tɑ:     |ɐ-tɑ:        |           |
|mountain/ridge |*tɑ:p₂i      |tɑ:pi     |tɑ:ʔi        |           |
|bush garden    |*tɑ:nɑ:      |tɑ:ᵰɐ     |tɑ:ɾɑ:       |           |
|ginger sp.     |*tɑ:tu       |tɑ:tu     |tɑ:tu        |           |
|pandanus mat   |*tɑ:ɾi       |tɑ:ɾi     |tɑ:ɾi        |           |
|two            |*tɑ:ɾɐ       |tɑ:ɾɐ-    |tɑ:ɾɐ        |ʔɑ:ɾɐ      |
|spittle        |*tɑ:ɾɐ       |tɑ:ɾɐ     |tɑ:ɾɐ        |           |
|betel pepper   |*tɑ:ɾut₂ɑ:   |tɐɾutɑ:   |tɑ:ɾuʔɑ:     |           |
|casuarina sp.  |*tɑ:jɐ       |tɑ:jɐ     |tɑ:kɐ        |           |
|hair net       |*to:m[e:]pɐ  |toᵯe:kɐ   |toβɐʔɐ       |           |
|join/extend    |*to:Nmɐpɐ-   |to:mɐkɐ-  |tomɐʔe       |           |
|cloud          |*to:Nnɐmu    |          |tonɐβu       |o:nɐmu     |
|trading partner|*to:Nti      |to:ndi    |tonti        |           |
|striped pig    |*to:Ntɐⁱ     |to:ndɐⁱ   |tontɐⁱ       |           |
|heat/hot       |*to:to:pɐ    |toto:kɐ   |totoʔe       |           |
|knee           |*to:ɾi       |to:ɾi-βu  |toɾi         |ɐ-ʔo:ɾi    |
|edge/boundary  |*to:jɑ:      |to:jɐ     |tokɑ:        |           |
|liver          |*tumu        |ɐ-tu      |tuβu         |a-ʔumu [ac]|
|come down      |*tum[u]      |tumɐ      |tuβi         |           |
|rat            |*tumunɐ      |          |tuβuɾɐ       |ʔumunɐ     |
|poison vine sp.|*tupɐ        |tukɐ      |tuʔɐ         |           |
|turn           |*tupɐNj[ɑ:]  |tukɐŋgʲɐ- |tuʔɐntɑ:     |uʔɐntɐ     |
|disappear      |*tupɑ:jɐ     |tukɐ(i)-  |tuʔɑ:kɐ      |           |
|house post     |*tunɐ        |tu:ᵰɐ     |tuɾɐ         |           |
|poker stick    |*tunɑ:Nj[ɑ:] |tuᵰɑ:ŋgʲɑ:|tuɾɑ:ntɐ     |           |
|headrest       |*tunu        |          |tuɾu         |           |
|rattan sp.     |*tuNnɑ:nɐ    |tunɑ:ᵰɐ   |tunɑ:ɾɐ      |           |
|fence          |*tutujɐ      |          |tutukɐ       |ʔuʔusɐ     |
|top of tree    |*tuɾu        |tuɾu      |tuɾu         |           |

In a minority of examples, /*t/ is unexpectedly reflected as glottal stop /ʔ/ in Tairora, a change which characterizes not only Afaqina but also Kambaira immediately to the northeast. It's not clear whether these should be viewed as loans from these relatively poorly documented languages into Tairora, or as an affectation introduced by their speakers. This correspondence is shown as /*t₂/ since its historic identity with /*t/ is not in question:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu |Waffa |Vaantura   |Afaqina    |
|          |***t₂-**      |**t** |**ʔ [ʔ ø]**|**ʔ [ʔ ø]**|
|bark cloak|*t₂ɐ[N]mu[N]nɐ|      |ʔɐβunɐ     |ɐm:unɐ     |
|torch     |*t₂o:mɐ       |to:mbɐ|oβɐ        |ʔo:mɐ      |
|fence post|*t₂o:sɑ:      |to:sɑ:|ohɑ:       |           |

… /*t/ … /*t₃/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu |Waffa      |Vaantura  |Afaqina   |
|           |***t₃-**      |**t**      |**t**     |**t**     |
|finish     |*t₃ɐⁱpɐ-      |tɐⁱkɐ-     |tɐⁱʔe     |tɐⁱk:ɐ-   |
|spine      |*t₃ɐᵘwɐpɐ     |           |tɐᵘβɐʔɐ   |tɐᵘɸɐk:ɐ  |
|grandmother|*t₃ɑ:t₃o:(-wɐ)|tɑ:to(:)-βɐ|tɑ:to-(βɐ)|tɑ:t:o:-ɸɐ|
|root       |*t₃upɐ        |tu:kɐ      |tuʔɐ      |ɐ-tukɐ    |
|           |              |           |          |          |

… /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|     |***t-**      |**ø**|**t**   |****   |
|leech|*tumo:pɐ     |ᵯo:kɐ|tuβoʔɐ  |       |

… special case … /*t/ … when followed by nasal cluster /*Np/ is reflected as velar /k/ in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura |Afaqina  |
|           |***tVNp**    |**kVŋg** |**kVŋk** |**kVk:** |
|flying fox |*tɑ:Npɑ:nɐ   |kɑ:ŋgɑ:ɾɐ|kɑ:ŋkɑ:ɾɐ|kɑ:k:ɑ:nɐ|
|Job's tears|*tuNpuɾɐ     |kuŋgu:ɾɐ |kuŋkuɾɐ  |kuk:uɾɐ  |

Initial laminal /*s/ is deoccluded to /h/ in Vaantura, reflecting Proto-Tairora /*s/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura    |Afaqina|
|             |***s-**      |**s**    |**h [< *s]**|**s**  |
|bowstring    |*siʔnɐ       |si:nɐ    |hintɐ       |       |
|sorcery      |*sijɑ:pɐ     |sɑ:kɐ    |hikɑ:ʔɐ     |       |
|fly (n.)     |*s[i/u]ʔmɐᵘ  |simbɐᵘ   |humpɐᵘ [k.] |       |
|magic sp.    |*se:p₅i      |se:pi    |hepi        |       |
|nit(s)       |*se:pɐ       |se:kɐ    |he:ʔɐ       |       |
|aimless      |*sɐʔmi       |sɐmbi    |hɐmpi       |       |
|sew          |*sɐp₂iɾV-    |sɐpiɾɐ-  |hɐʔiɾi      |       |
|chip/splinter|*sɐNpɐ       |sɐŋgɐɾe: |hɐŋkɐ       |       |
|orchid sp.   |*sɐwɐɾijɐ    |sɐβɐɾi:jɐ|hɐβɐɾikɐ    |       |
|tree sp.     |*sɐɾɐⁱ       |sɐɾɐⁱ    |hɐɾɐⁱ       |       |
|shelter sp.  |*sɐɾɑ:nɐ     |sɐɾɑ:ᵰɐ  |hɐɾɑ:ɾɐ     |       |
|parcel       |*sɑ:ʔmɐ      |sɑ:mbɐ   |hɑ:mpɐ      |       |
|greens sp.   |*so:Nni      |so:ni    |            |       |
|owl sp.      |*so:wiɾi     |so:βiɾi  |hoβiɾoɾoɾɐ  |       |
|cool         |*suʔmɐ-      |su:mbɐ-  |humpe       |       |
|smell/stink  |*suNtɐ       |su:ndɐ   |huntɐ       |       |
|blackpalm/bow|*suɾu        |suɾu     |huɾu        |       |

Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ is occluded to [β] in Waffa and in Tairora, and fricated to [ɸ] in Binumarien in parallel with the reflexes of palatal /*j/ (below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |East Kainantu|Waffa      |Vaantura   |Afaqina     |
|              |***w-**      |**β**      |**β**      |**ɸ**       |
|get (person)  |*witɐ-       |βitɐ-      |βite       |            |
|blood         |*wi[ʔt]ipɐ   |βiti:kɐ    |           |ɸiʔtik:ɐ    |
|spit          |*wis[i/u]-   |βis(i)-    |βisi       |            |
|frog sp.      |*wisɐᵘʔnɐ    |βisɐᵘnɐ    |βisɐᵘntɐ   |            |
|face          |*wiɾi        |βiɾi       |βiɾi       |            |
|adopt/care for|*wiɾi-       |wiɾ(i)-    |wiɾi       |            |
|indicative    |*-we:        |-βe:       |-βe        |-ɸe:        |
|food packet   |*we:mu       |           |βeβu       |ɸe:mu       |
|whirlwind     |*we:to:ɾɐ    |βe:to:ɾɐ   |βetoɾɐ     |            |
|poverty       |*we:si       |βe:si      |βehi       |            |
|shin          |*we:ʔjɐ      |βe:jɐ      |βehɐ       |ɸe:ʔtɐ      |
|near          |*wɐⁱ         |βɐⁱ-ni     |βɐⁱ        |            |
|tooth         |*wɐⁱ         |ɐ-βɐⁱ      |ɐ-βɐⁱ      |ɐ-ɸɐⁱ       |
|lie down/sleep|*wɐⁱ-        |βɐⁱ-       |βɐⁱ        |            |
|man           |*wɐⁱ-iNti    |βɐⁱndi     |βɐⁱnti     |ɸɐⁱʔi       |
|men's house   |*wɐⁱnɐ       |βɐⁱŋʲɐ     |βɐⁱɾɐ      |            |
|lie down/sleep|*wɐⁱtɐ-      |           |βɐⁱte      |ɸɐⁱʔɐ-      |
|not           |*-wɐᵘ        |           |           |-ɸɐᵘ        |
|patella       |*wɐᵘɾo:ɾɐ    |βɐᵘɾo:     |βɐᵘɾoɾɐ    |            |
|strong wind   |*wɐᵘɾuɾu     |βɐᵘɾuɾu    |βɐᵘɾuɾu    |            |
|widow         |*wɐte:pɐ     |           |βɐteʔɐ     |            |
|fat/grease    |*wɐʔsɐme:nɐ  |           |βɐhɐβeɾɐ   |ɸɐʔtɐme:nɐ  |
|lake/pool     |*wɐɾumɐ      |           |βɐɾuβɐ     |            |
|star          |*wɐjɐᵘ       |           |mɐkɐᵘ      |ɸɐsɐᵘ       |
|older brother |*wɐjɑ:(-wɐ)  |βɐjɑ:-βɐ   |βɐkɑ:(-βɐ) |ɐ-ɸɐsɑ:-ɸɐ  |
|ghost         |*wɑ:Nnɐ      |           |βɑ:nɐ      |fana [ac]   |
|husband       |*wɑ:ti       |βɑ:ti      |βɑ:ti      |ɸɑ:ʔi       |
|nape          |*wɑ:we:      |βɑ:βe:     |βɑ:βe      |            |
|older brother |*wɑ:wo:(-wɐ) |βɑ:βo-βɐ   |           |            |
|fence/palisade|*wɑ:Njɑ:munɐ |βɐŋgʲɑ:muᵰɐ|βɑ:ntɑ:βuɾɐ|            |
|eye           |*wu          |ɐ-βu       |(ɐ)-βu     |ɐ-ɸu        |
|go            |*wu-         |           |βi         |fu- [ac]    |
|king parrot   |*wuᵄjɑ:ɾɐ    |βuᵄjɑ:     |βuᵄkɑ:ɾɐ   |            |
|thigh         |*wuʔnɐnɐ     |           |(ɐ)-βunteɾɐ|fundona [ac]|
|cassowary     |*wuje:nɐ     |           |βukeɾɐ     |ɸuse:nɐ     |

… /*w/ … /*w₂/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|   |***w₂-**     |**ɸ**|**β**   |**ɸ**  |
|dog|*w₂ɐⁱni      |ɸɐⁱ  |βɐⁱɾi   |ɸɐⁱni  |
|dew|*w₂ɐɾɐ[m/w]u |ɸɐɾɐu|βɐɾɐβu  |       |

Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ does not occur initially.\\
\\

Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ is occluded to velar stop /k/ in Vaantura, reflecting Proto-Tairora /*j/, and fricated to laminal /s/ in Afaqina:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |East Kainantu    |Waffa          |Vaantura     |Afaqina     |
|                |***j-**          |**j**          |**k [< *j]** |**s [s ts]**|
|not             |*jiᵄ             |               |kiᵄ          |siᵄ         |
|pandanus sp.    |*jɐⁱmu           |jɐⁱᵯu          |kɐⁱβu        |            |
|smoking rack    |*jɐⁱ[s]e:[n/ɾ]ɐ  |jɐⁱhe:ɾɐ       |kɐⁱhe:ɾɐ     |            |
|birth feast     |*jɐⁱsɐ           |jɐⁱsɐ          |kɐⁱhɐ        |            |
|cowrie shell sp.|*jɐᵘ             |jɐᵘ            |kɐᵘ          |            |
|limbless tree   |*jɐᵘpɐ           |jɐᵘkɐ-         |kɐᵘʔɐ        |            |
|hand            |*jɐᵘpu           |jɑ:ku          |kɐᵘʔu        |ɐ-sɐᵘk:u    |
|digging stick   |*jɐᵘnu           |jɐᵘ            |kɐᵘɾu        |            |
|hair/feather    |*jɐᵘsi           |jɑ:si: ≈ jɐᵘsi |kɐᵘhi ≈ kɑ:hi|sɐᵘsi       |
|snake           |*jɐp₂ɐni         |jɐpɐi          |             |sɐk:ɐni     |
|tree            |*jɐtɐɾi          |jɐtɐɾi ≈ jɐtiɾi|kɐtɐɾi       |sɐʔɐɾi      |
|fallow          |*jɐNtu           |jɐndu          |kɐntu        |            |
|bush/mountain   |*jɐwɐjɐ          |jɐβɐjɐ         |kɐβɐkɐ       |            |
|tree kangaroo   |*jɐwɑ:si         |jɐβɑ:sɐ        |kɐβɑ:hi      |            |
|sugarcane       |*jɑ:pi           |jɑ:ki          |kɑ:ʔɐ        |sɑ:k:ɐ      |
|branch          |*jɑ:nɐ           |               |kɑ:ɾɐ        |            |
|tree sp.        |*jɑ:no:nɐ        |jɑ:ᵰo:ᵰɐ       |kɑ:ɾoɾɐ      |            |
|rope/string     |*j[ɑ:]ʔnɐ        |je:nɐ          |kɑ:ntɐ       |            |
|elbow           |*jɑ:Ntɑ:         |jɐndɑ:         |kɑ:ntɑ:      |sɑ:t:ɑ:     |
|centipede       |*j[ɑ:][s]ɑ:[n/ɾ]ɐ|jɐhɑ:ɾɐ        |kɑ:hɑ:ɾɐ     |            |
|crest           |*jɑ:wɐ           |jɑ:βɐ          |kɑ:βɐ        |            |
|bark sp.        |*j[ɑ:]wɐ[nɐ]     |jɐβɐ           |             |            |
|count           |*jɑ:ɾ[ɐ]-        |jɑ:ɾ-          |kɑ:ɾɐ        |            |
|rolling string  |*jɑ:jɐ[m/w]u     |jɑ:jɐu         |kɑ:kɐβu      |            |
|woman's bro.    |*jo:pi(-wɐ)      |               |koʔi-(βɐ)    |            |
|good            |*jo:pe:          |joketɐ-        |koʔe         |            |
|payment/price   |*jo:pɑ:          |jo:kɐ-         |koʔɑ:        |            |
|brideprice      |*jo:tɐ           |jo:tɐ          |kotɐ         |            |
|swell           |*jo:tɐ-          |jo:tɐ-         |             |            |
|tree sp.        |*jo:Njɑ:…        |jo:ŋgʲauɾɐ     |kontɑ:βuɾɐ   |            |
|seed            |*jumu            |               |kuβu         |ɐ-sumu      |
|python sp.      |*juNnɐ           |ju:nɐ          |kunɐ         |            |

In Waffa kin terms … /*j/ … the regular reflex of cluster /*Nj/ (below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |East Kainantu|Waffa           |             |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|            |             |1 sg.           |2/3 sg./3 pl.|        |       |
|            |***j-**      |**ŋgʲ [< *n-j]**|**j**        |**k**   |**s**  |
|mother's sib|*jɑ:jo:(-wɐ) |ŋgʲɑ:jo-βɐ      |jɑ:jo        |kɑ:ko   |       |

… /*j/ … /*j₂/ … :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura    |Afaqina|
|   |***j₂-**     |**s**|**k [< *j]**|**s**  |
|sun|*j₂uᵄni      |suᵄi |kuᵄɾi       |suᵄni  |

… /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu|Waffa |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|             |***…**       |**j** |**ø**   |****   |
|tree sp./salt|*[j]o:ɾo:pu  |joɾoku|oɾoʔu   |       |

In addition to these, there are several correspondences which cannot be traced back to proto-Eastern Highlands. They have so far been identified only initially, but that does not preclude them from having occurred medially, though it is doubtful that they would been affected by or support the medial cluster rules which govern native words.\\
\\

… /*h/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***h-**      |**h**|**ø**   |**ø**  |
||*…           |     |        |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***…**       |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***…**       |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |


Intervocalic bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura    |Afaqina   |
|               |***-m-**     |**ᵯ**    |**β**       |**m**     |
|over/along     |*-mɐᵘ        |         |-βɐᵘ        |-mɐᵘ      |
|cassowary quill|*e:ɾimɐ      |e:ɾiᵯɐ   |eɾiβɐ       |          |
|underneath     |*ɐme:mɑ:nɐ   |ᵯe:mɑ:   |βeβɑ:ɾɐ     |ɐme:mɑ:nɐ |
|husk/peel      |*upɐmɑ:si    |kʷɐᵯɑ:si |ʔɐβɐhi      |          |
|maggot         |*mimi        |ᵯiᵯi     |            |          |
|wall sp.       |*p₅o:ɾo:mɑ:  |         |poɾoβɑ:     |          |
|enemy          |*nɐmutɑ:(-wɐ)|ᵰɐᵯutʷɑ: |nɐβutɑ:-(βɐ)|          |
|headband sp.   |*nɑ:mu       |ᵰɑ:ᵯu    |nɑ:βu       |          |
|yam sp.        |*no:mɐ[n/ɾ]i |ᵰo:ᵯɐɾi  |noβɐɾi      |          |
|stubborn       |*tɐmi tumi   |tɐᵯi-tu:-|tɐβi tuβi   |          |
|fruit/seed     |*tɐmɐ        |         |tɐβɐ        |          |
|waist/middle   |*tɐmɑ:[n/ɾ]ɐ |tɐᵯɑ:    |tɐβɑ:ɾɐ     |          |
|rat            |*tumunɐ      |         |tuβuɾɐ      |ʔumunɐ    |
|fat/grease     |*wɐʔsɐme:nɐ  |         |βɐhɐβeɾɐ    |ɸɐʔtɐme:nɐ|
|pandanus sp.   |*jɐⁱmu       |jɐⁱᵯu    |kɐⁱβu       |          |

… /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura |Afaqina|
|          |***-m-**     |**ᵯ**|**m**    |****   |
|stone file|*inumi       |ŋʲuᵯi|numi [k.]|       |
|louse     |*numɐ        |ᵰuᵯʷɐ|numɐ     |       |

… /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu|Waffa        |Vaantura |Afaqina    |
|           |***-m-/ɐ_u** |**ø**        |**β**    |**m**      |
|kunai grass|*nɐmusi      |tɐusi        |nɐβuhi   |           |
|           |***-m-/ɑ:_ɐ**|**ᵯ ø**      |****     |****       |
|bird       |*inɑ:mɐ      |ŋʲɑ:ᵯɐ ≈ ŋʲɑ:|         |           |
|           |***-m-/ɑ:_u**|**ø**        |**β**    |**m**      |
|daughter   |*iɾɑ:-munɐ   |ɾɐuɾɐ        |ɾɑ:βuɾɐ  |ɾɑ:munɐ    |
|cave       |*o:Nn[ɑ:]mu  |o:nɐu        |onɐβu    |           |
|house      |*nɑ:mu       |ᵰɐu          |nɑ:βu    |           |
|           |***-m-/u_i** |**ø**        |**β**    |****       |
|stubborn   |*tɐmi tumi   |tɐᵯi-tu:-    |tɐβi tuβi|           |
|           |***-m-/u_ɑ:**|**ø**        |**β**    |****       |
|initiate   |*p₂umɑ:ɾɑ:   |puɑ:ɾɑ:      |ʔuβɑ:ɾɑ: |           |
|           |***-m-/u_u** |**ø**        |**β**    |**m**      |
|liver      |*tumu        |ɐ-tu         |tuβu     |a-ʔumu [ac]|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu|Waffa |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|             |***-m-/ɑ:_u**|**ø** |**m**   |****   |
|women's house|*inɑ:muni    |ŋʲɐuᵰi|nɑ:muɾɐ |       |

Intervocalic apical nasal /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu  |Waffa      |Vaantura      |Afaqina     |
|               |***-n-**       |**ᵰ**      |**ɾ [< *n]**  |**n**       |
|women's house  |*inɑ:muni      |ŋʲɐuᵰi     |nɑ:muɾɐ       |            |
|thunder        |*inɑ:ɾunɐ      |ŋʲɑ:ɾuᵰɐ   |nɑ:ɾuɾɐ       |            |
|afternoon      |*[h]e:nɐⁱni    |haᵰɐⁱ-     |eɾɐⁱɾikɐ      |            |
|grass sp.      |*e:w[ɐ]ni      |eβe:ᵰi     |eβɐɾi         |            |
|song sp.       |*ɐⁱjo:nɐ       |ɐⁱjo:ᵰɐ    |ɐⁱkoɾɐ        |            |
|path/road      |*ɑ:ni          |           |ɑ:ɾɐ          |ɑ:nɐ        |
|tusk           |*ɑ:nɐⁱ         |ɑ:ᵰɐⁱ      |ɑ:ɾɐⁱ         |            |
|dry            |*ɑ:ʔsɐnɐ       |ɑ:sɐᵰɐ     |ɐhɐɾɐ ≈ ɑ:hɐɾɐ|ɑ:ʔtɐnɐ     |
|call/shout     |*ɑ:jɐnɐ        |ɑ:jɐᵰɐ     |ɑ:kɐɾɐ        |            |
|stone          |*o:ni          |           |oɾi           |o:ni        |
|orchid sp.     |*o:te:nɐ       |ote:ᵰɐ     |oteɾɐ         |            |
|younger sister |*unɐ           |(ᵰ)-uᵰɐ    |ɐ-uɾɐ         |unɐ         |
|tendon/vein    |*[u]nu[N]n[ɐ/u]|ᵰ-iᵰu:nɐ   |ɐ-uɾuɾɐ       |            |
|moon           |*[u]to:nɐ      |           |toɾɐ          |uʔo:nɐ      |
|bird           |*uwini         |           |uβiɾi         |uɸini       |
|ancestors      |*mɐnip[ɑ:]     |ᵯɐᵰikɑ:    |βɐɾiʔɐ        |            |
|shadow/soul    |*mɐnɐ          |ᵯɐᵰɐ       |βɐɾɐ          |            |
|girl           |*mɐnɑ:tɐ       |ᵯɐᵰɑ:tɐ    |βɐɾɑ:tɐ       |mɐnɑ:ʔɐ     |
|law/instruction|*m₂ɑ:nɐ        |ᵯɑ:ᵰɐ      |mɑ:ɾɐ         |            |
|chin           |*m₂ɑ:tini      |           |mɑ:tiɾi       |mɑ:ʔini     |
|day after tom. |*m₂o:nɐ        |βo:ᵰɐ      |moɾɐ          |mo:nɐ       |
|mushroom sp.   |*[N]muʔjɑ:ni   |ᵯujɑ:ᵰi    |muhɑ:ɾi       |            |
|grub sp.       |*Nmɐni         |mɐᵰi       |mɐɾi          |            |
|pandanus sp.   |*p₂ɐjɑ:nɐ      |pɐjɑ:ᵰɐ    |ʔɐkɑ:ɾɐ       |            |
|laugh/smile    |*nɑ:nɐⁱ        |           |nɐɾɐⁱ-hi      |nɑ:nɐⁱ-ʔtɐɾɐ|
|stump of tree  |*tiNtunɐ       |tinduᵰɐ    |tintuɾɐ       |            |
|forget         |*tɐᵘnu-        |tɐᵘᵰ-      |tɐᵘɾu-        |            |
|P. raggiana    |*tɐpuᵄnɐ       |tɐkuᵄᵰɐ    |tɐβuᵄɾɐ       |            |
|bush garden    |*tɑ:nɑ:        |tɑ:ᵰɐ      |tɑ:ɾɑ:        |            |
|rat            |*tumunɐ        |           |tuβuɾɐ        |ʔumunɐ      |
|house post     |*tunɐ          |tu:ᵰɐ      |tuɾɐ          |            |
|poker stick    |*tunɑ:Nj[ɑ:]   |tuᵰɑ:ŋgʲɑ: |tuɾɑ:ntɐ      |            |
|headrest       |*tunu          |           |tuɾu          |            |
|rattan sp.     |*tuNnɑ:nɐ      |tunɑ:ᵰɐ    |tunɑ:ɾɐ       |            |
|shelter sp.    |*sɐɾɑ:nɐ       |sɐɾɑ:ᵰɐ    |hɐɾɑ:ɾɐ       |            |
|fat/grease     |*wɐʔsɐme:nɐ    |           |βɐhɐβeɾɐ      |ɸɐʔtɐme:nɐ  |
|fence/palisade |*wɑ:Njɑ:munɐ   |βɐŋgʲɑ:muᵰɐ|βɑ:ntɑ:βuɾɐ   |            |
|shell nosepiece|*jɐᵘʔnɐnɐ      |jɐᵘnɐᵰɐ    |kɐᵘntɐɾɐ      |            |
|branch         |*jɑ:nɐ         |           |kɑ:ɾɐ         |            |
|tree sp.       |*jɑ:no:nɐ      |jɑ:ᵰo:ᵰɐ   |kɑ:ɾoɾɐ       |            |

… /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu|Waffa          |Vaantura     |Afaqina   |
|             |***-n-/#i_** |**ŋʲ**         |**n [< *nʲ]**|**n**     |
|far          |*iniᵄnɐ      |ŋʲe:ᵰɐ ≈ ŋʲe:ɾɐ|niᵄɾɐ        |          |
|bird         |*inɑ:mɐ      |ŋʲɑ:ᵯɐ ≈ ŋʲɑ:  |             |          |
|women's house|*inɑ:muni    |ŋʲɐuᵰi         |nɑ:muɾɐ      |          |
|old man      |*inɑ:ʔmɐⁱ    |ŋʲɑ:mbɐⁱ       |nɑ:mpɐⁱ      |          |
|sky          |*inɑ:ɾu[m/w]V|ŋʲɐu           |nɑ:ɾuβɐ      |inaru [ac]|
|thunder      |*inɑ:ɾunɐ    |ŋʲɑ:ɾuᵰɐ       |nɑ:ɾuɾɐ      |          |
|stone file   |*inumi       |ŋʲuᵯi          |numi [k.]    |          |

… /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu |Waffa |Vaantura     |Afaqina|
|           |***-n-/i ɐⁱ_**|**ŋʲ**|**ɾ [< *nʲ]**|****   |
|ask/ask for|*in[ɑ:]-      |ŋʲɑ:- |iɾe          |       |
|dream      |*tɐⁱnɐ        |      |tɐⁱɾɐ        |       |
|men's house|*wɐⁱnɐ        |βɐⁱŋʲɐ|βɐⁱɾɐ        |       |

… /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu|Waffa              |Vaantura    |Afaqina  |
|          |***-n-**     |**ᵰ ɾ**            |**ɾ [< *n]**|**n**    |
|far       |*iniᵄnɐ      |ŋʲe:ᵰɐ ≈ ŋʲe:ɾɐ    |niᵄɾɐ       |         |
|daughter  |*iɾɑ:-munɐ   |ɾɐuɾɐ              |ɾɑ:βuɾɐ     |ɾɑ:munɐ  |
|leaves sp.|*Nmɐᵘnɐ      |mɐᵘɾɐ              |mɐᵘɾɐ       |         |
|brain     |*piʔn[o:]nɐ  |pinɑ:ɾɐ\\ ≈ pinɑ:ᵰɐ|            |         |
|water     |*no:ni       |ᵰo:ɾi              |noɾɐ        |         |
|flying fox|*tɑ:Npɑ:nɐ   |kɑ:ŋgɑ:ɾɐ          |kɑ:ŋkɑ:ɾɐ   |kɑ:k:ɑ:nɐ|

… /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |East Kainantu|Waffa |Vaantura    |Afaqina  |
|              |***-n-**     |**ø** |**ɾ [< *n]**|**n**    |
|underneath    |*ɐme:mɑ:nɐ   |ᵯe:mɑ:|βeβɑ:ɾɐ     |ɐme:mɑ:nɐ|
|bone          |*muʔjɑ:ni    |ᵯujɐi |βuhɑ:ɾi     |muʔtɑ:ni |
|dog           |*w₂ɐⁱni      |ɸɐⁱ   |βɐⁱɾi       |ɸɐⁱni    |
|stone axe/adze|*[hʲ]ɐni     |hɐi   |kɐɾi        |sɐni     |
|digging stick |*jɐᵘnu       |jɐᵘ   |kɐᵘɾu       |         |
|snake         |*jɐp₂ɐni     |jɐpɐi |            |sɐk:ɐni  |
|sun           |*j₂uᵄni      |suᵄi  |kuᵄɾi       |suᵄni    |

Intervocalic bilabial stop /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa   |Vaantura   |Afaqina   |
|               |***-p-**     |**k**   |**ʔ**      |**k:**    |
|in             |*-pi         |-ki-    |-ʔi        |-k:i-     |
|only           |*-pɐⁱ        |        |-ʔɐⁱ       |-k:ɐⁱ     |
|calf           |*imɑ:pu      |ᵰ-iᵯɑ:ku|ɐ-iβɑ:ʔu   |          |
|nose           |*ipi         |ᵰ-iki   |ɐ-iʔi      |ɐ-ik:i    |
|weeping/crying |*ipi         |        |iʔi        |          |
|foot/leg       |*ipu         |juku    |ɐ-iʔu      |ik:u      |
|white cockatoo |*e:pɐɾɐ      |e:kɐɾɐ  |eʔɐɾɐ      |e:k:ɐɾɐ   |
|rain           |*ɑ:pu        |        |ɑ:ʔu       |ɑ:k:u     |
|needle         |*upɐ         |        |uʔɐ        |          |
|husk/peel      |*upɐmɑ:si    |kʷɐᵯɑ:si|ʔɐβɐhi     |          |
|tongue         |*m₂ɑ:piɾi    |ᵯɑ:kiɾi |mɑ:ʔiɾi    |ɐ-mɑ:k:iɾi|
|place          |*m₂ɑ:pɐ      |        |mɑ:ʔɐ      |          |
|back           |*m₂o:pɐ-     |ᵯo:kɐ-  |moʔɐ       |          |
|hole           |*[N]mɐⁱpɐ    |        |mɐⁱʔɐ      |          |
|narrow space   |*Nmuᵄpe:     |muᵄke:  |muᵄʔe      |          |
|hook           |*pipo:[n/ɾ]ɐ |ki:ko:  |ʔiʔoɾɐ     |          |
|short          |*pipu        |kiku    |ʔiʔu       |          |
|again          |*pɐⁱpɑ:      |kɐⁱkɑ:  |ʔɐⁱʔɑ:     |          |
|nettle sp.     |*pɐNtipɐ     |kɐndikɐ |ʔɐtiʔɐ [k.]|          |
|grandfather    |*nɑ:pu(-wɐ)  |ᵰɑ:ku-βɐ|nɑ:ʔu-(βɐ) |nɑ:k:u-ɸɐ |
|vine/rope      |*nɑ:puʔnɐ    |        |nɑ:ʔuntɐ   |nɑ:k:untɐ |
|tuber          |*nɑ:tupɐ     |ᵰɑ:tukɐ |nɑ:tuʔɐ    |          |
|sand           |*nupɐ        |ᵰukɐ    |nuʔɐ       |          |
|finish         |*t₃ɐⁱpɐ-     |tɐⁱkɐ-  |tɐⁱʔe      |tɐⁱk:ɐ-   |
|spine          |*t₃ɐᵘwɐpɐ    |        |tɐᵘβɐʔɐ    |tɐᵘɸɐk:ɐ  |
|hair net       |*to:m[e:]pɐ  |toᵯe:kɐ |toβɐʔɐ     |          |
|join/extend    |*to:Nmɐpɐ-   |to:mɐkɐ-|tomɐʔe     |          |
|heat/hot       |*to:to:pɐ    |toto:kɐ |totoʔe     |          |
|leech          |*tumo:pɐ     |ᵯo:kɐ   |tuβoʔɐ     |          |
|root           |*t₃upɐ       |tu:kɐ   |tuʔɐ       |ɐ-t:uk:ɐ  |
|poison vine sp.|*tupɐ        |tukɐ    |tuʔɐ       |          |
|disappear      |*tupɑ:jɐ     |tukɐ(i)-|tuʔɑ:kɐ    |          |
|sorcery        |*sijɑ:pɐ     |sɑ:kɐ   |hikɑ:ʔɐ    |          |
|nit(s)         |*se:pɐ       |se:kɐ   |he:ʔɐ      |          |
|limbless tree  |*jɐᵘpɐ       |jɐᵘkɐ-  |kɐᵘʔɐ      |          |
|hand           |*jɐᵘpu       |jɑ:ku   |kɐᵘʔu      |ɐ-sɐᵘk:u  |
|sugarcane      |*jɑ:pi       |jɑ:ki   |kɑ:ʔɐ      |sɑ:k:ɐ    |
|woman's bro.   |*jo:pi(-wɐ)  |        |koʔi-(βɐ)  |          |
|good           |*jo:pe:      |joketɐ- |koʔe       |          |
|payment/price  |*jo:pɑ:      |jo:kɐ-  |koʔɑ:      |          |

In one example …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|    |***-p-**     |**k**    |**ʔ**   |**ʔ**  |
|turn|*tupɐNj[ɑ:]  |tukɐŋgʲɐ-|tuʔɐntɑ:|uʔɐntɐ |

… /*p/ … /*p₂/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |East Kainantu |Waffa     |Vaantura  |Afaqina   |
|              |***-p₂-**     |**p**     |**ʔ**     |**k:**    |
|son-in-law    |*iɾɑ:-m[ɑ:]p₂u|iɾɑ:-pu   |iɾɑ:-mɐʔu |iɾɑ:-mɐk:u|
|handle        |*ɐp₂u         |ɐpu       |ɐʔu       |          |
|ripe          |*ɐp₂u         |ɐpu-      |ɐʔu       |          |
|white clay    |*ɑ:p₂ɐtɐⁱ     |ɑ:pɐtɐⁱ   |ɑ:ʔɐtɐⁱ   |          |
|son           |*m₂ɑ:p₂u      |ᵯɑ:pu     |mɑ:ʔu     |mɑ:k:u    |
|banana sp.    |*puᵄɾisɑ:p₂ɐ  |kuᵄɾisɑ:pɐ|ʔuᵄɾihɑ:ʔɐ|          |
|son's wife    |*nɑ:p₂utu     |ᵰɑ:putu   |nɑ:ʔutu   |nɑ:k:uʔu  |
|fireplace     |*tɐp₂i        |tɐpi      |tɐʔi      |          |
|bamboo        |*tɐp₂u        |tɐpu      |tɐʔu      |          |
|nettle        |*tɐɾo:p₂ɐ     |tɐɾo:pɐ   |tɐɾoʔɐ    |          |
|mountain/ridge|*tɑ:p₂i       |tɑ:pi     |tɑ:ʔi     |          |
|sew           |*sɐp₂iɾV-     |sɐpiɾɐ-   |hɐʔiɾi    |          |
|widow         |*wɐte:pɐ      |          |βɐteʔɐ    |          |
|snake         |*jɐp₂ɐni      |jɐpɐi     |          |sɐk:ɐni   |

… /*p/ … /*p₅/ …:

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|         |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|         |***-p₅-**    |**p**|**p**   |****   |
|magic sp.|*se:p₅i      |se:pi|hepi    |       |

Intervocalic apical stop /*t/ …:

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|               |East Kainantu|Waffa          |Vaantura    |Afaqina       |
|               |***-t-**     |**t**          |**t**       |**ʔ**         |
|dual           |*-tɐʔnɐ      |-tɐnɐ          |-tɐntɐ      |-ʔɐntɐ        |
|s.'s husband   |*ituᵄ(-wɐ)   |(ᵰ)-ituo:-βɐ   |ɐ-ituᵄ(-βɐ) |iʔuᵄ(-ɸɐ) [hk]|
|woven band     |*ijo:tɐ      |               |kotɐ        |              |
|banana         |*e:tɐ        |               |etɐ         |e:ʔɐ          |
|white clay     |*ɑ:p₂ɐtɐⁱ    |ɑ:pɐtɐⁱ        |ɑ:ʔɐtɐⁱ     |              |
|surpass        |*ɑ:tɐɾɐ-     |j-ɑ:tɐɾɐ-      |ɑ:tɐɾe      |              |
|ear            |*ɑ:to:       |               |ɑ:to        |ɑ:ʔo:         |
|fear           |*ɑ:tu        |ɑ:tu:-         |ɑ:tu        |              |
|orchid sp.     |*o:te:nɐ     |ote:ᵰɐ         |oteɾɐ       |              |
|(going) down   |*o:t[u]      |oto            |otu         |              |
|netbag         |*utɐ         |utʷɐ           |utɐ         |uʔɐ           |
|moon           |*[u]to:nɐ    |               |toɾɐ        |uʔo:nɐ        |
|name           |*utu         |ᵰ-utu          |(ɐ)-utu     |ɐ-uʔu         |
|hold           |*utu-        |ut-            |uti         |              |
|plant (v.)     |*utu-        |ut-            |uti         |              |
|real/true      |*utɐNnɐɾɐ    |tʷɐnɐɐ         |tɐnɐɾɐ      |uʔɐn:ɐ        |
|edge/end       |*miti        |ᵯiti           |βiti        |              |
|girl           |*mɐnɑ:tɐ     |ᵯɐᵰɑ:tɐ        |βɐɾɑ:tɐ     |mɐnɑ:ʔɐ       |
|meat/flesh     |*m₂ɐti       |ᵯɐti           |mɐti        |ɐ-mɐʔi        |
|earth/ground   |*mɐtɐ        |ᵯɐtɐ           |βɐtɐ        |mɐʔɐ          |
|put down       |*mɐtɐ-       |ᵯɐtɐ-          |βɐte        |              |
|bird arrow     |*mɐto:ɾu     |ᵯɐtoɾu         |            |              |
|earthquake     |*mɐtuɾɐ      |               |βɐtuɾɐ      |              |
|village        |*mɐtujɐ      |ᵯɐtu:jɐ        |βɐtukɐ      |maʔusa [ac]   |
|chin           |*m₂ɑ:tini    |               |mɑ:tiɾi     |mɑ:ʔini       |
|mat/house      |*m₂ɑ:tɐ      |ᵯɑ:tɐ          |mɑ:tɐ       |mɑ:ʔɐ         |
|old garden     |*muti        |ᵯuti           |muti        |              |
|now/today      |*[N]mɐte:    |mɐte:          |βɐte        |mɐʔe:         |
|sister-in-law  |*Nmɑ:ti(-wɐ) |mɑ:ti-βɐ       |mɑ:ti-(βɐ)  |mɑ:ʔi-ɸɐ      |
|head           |*piᵄtɐ       |kie:tɐ         |ʔiᵄtɐ       |ɐ-kiᵄʔɐ       |
|pith/quid      |*pit[ɐ/ɑ:]   |kitɐ           |ʔitɑ: ≈ itɐ |              |
|afraid         |*pe:tɐ-      |               |ʔete        |              |
|go inside      |*pe:tɐ-      |ke:tɐ-         |            |              |
|younger brother|*pɐtɐ        |kɐtɐ           |ʔɐtɐ        |kɐʔɐ [hk]     |
|cuscus sp.     |*po:tɐjɐ     |ko:tɐjɐ        |otɐkɐ       |              |
|woman's bro.   |*po:ɾutɐ     |ko:ɾutɐ        |ʔoɾutɐ      |              |
|wet            |*p₅utɐ       |pu:tɐ          |putɐ        |              |
|die            |*p₂utu-      |put-           |ʔuti        |kuʔ-          |
|enemy          |*nɐmutɑ:(-wɐ)|ᵰɐᵯutʷɑ:       |nɐβutɑ:-(βɐ)|              |
|son's wife     |*nɑ:p₂utu    |ᵰɑ:putu        |nɑ:ʔutu     |nɑ:k:uʔu      |
|baby           |*nɑ:ti       |               |nɑ:ti       |nɑ:ʔi         |
|wife           |*nɑ:tɐ       |ᵰɑ:tɐ          |nɑ:tɐ       |nɑ:ʔɐ         |
|tuber          |*nɑ:tupɐ     |ᵰɑ:tukɐ        |nɑ:tuʔɐ     |              |
|squeeze/wring  |*tɐti-       |tɐti-          |tɐti        |              |
|sap            |*tɐtɐ        |tɐtɐ           |tɐtɐ        |              |
|ginger sp.     |*tɑ:tu       |tɑ:tu          |tɑ:tu       |              |
|fence          |*tutujɐ      |               |tutukɐ      |ʔuʔusɐ        |
|get (person)   |*witɐ-       |βitɐ-          |βite        |              |
|whirlwind      |*we:to:ɾɐ    |βe:to:ɾɐ       |βetoɾɐ      |              |
|lie down/sleep |*wɐⁱtɐ-      |βɐⁱ-           |βɐⁱte       |ɸɐⁱʔɐ-        |
|widow          |*wɐte:pɐ     |               |βɐteʔɐ      |              |
|and/also       |*-wɐtɐ       |               |-βɐtɐ       |-ɸɐʔɐ-        |
|husband        |*wɑ:ti       |βɑ:ti          |βɑ:ti       |ɸɑ:ʔi         |
|tree           |*jɐtɐɾi      |jɐtɐɾi ≈ jɐtiɾi|kɐtɐɾi      |sɐʔɐɾi        |
|brideprice     |*jo:tɐ       |jo:tɐ          |kotɐ        |              |
|swell          |*jo:tɐ-      |jo:tɐ-         |            |              |

… /*t/ … /*t₂/ …:

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|            |East Kainantu|Waffa  |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|            |***-t₂-**    |**t**  |**ʔ**   |**ʔ**  |
|kiss        |*mo:t₂ɐ-     |ᵯo:tɐ- |moʔe    |       |
|just/merely |*pɐt₂i       |kɐti   |ʔɐʔi    |       |
|true        |*put₂ɑ:      |kutɑ:  |ʔuʔɑ:   |       |
|betel pepper|*tɑ:ɾut₂ɑ:   |tɐɾutɑ:|tɑ:ɾuʔɑ:|       |

… /*t/ … /*t₃/ …:

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|            |East Kainantu |Waffa      |Vaantura  |Afaqina   |
|            |***-t₃-**     |**t**      |**t**     |**t**     |
|tail of bird|*ɐɾɐt₃iɾɐ     |           |ɾɐtiɾɐ    |ɐɾɐt:iɾɐ  |
|grandmother |*t₃ɑ:t₃o:(-wɐ)|tɑ:to(:)-βɐ|tɑ:to-(βɐ)|tɑ:t:o:-ɸɐ|

Intervocalic laminal /*s/ …:

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|              |East Kainantu|Waffa         |Vaantura     |Afaqina|
|              |*-s-         |s             |**h [< *s]** |s      |
|ginger sp.    |*isɑ:ji      |isɐi          |hɑ:kɐ        |       |
|areca nut     |*isu         |isu           |ihu          |       |
|plug of leaves|*e:sɐ[Nw]u   |e:sɐŋu        |ehɐmpu       |       |
|belly         |*[ɐᵘ/u]sɐ    |ɐusɐ          |ɐuhɐ         |       |
|husk/peel     |*upɐmɑ:si    |kʷɐᵯɑ:si      |ʔɐβɐhi       |       |
|shadow/soul   |*mɐnɐsɐ      |ᵯɐᵰɐsɐ        |βɐɾɐhɐ [k.]  |       |
|coconut       |*Nmɑ:su      |mu:sɐ (?)     |mɑ:hu        |       |
|sweat         |*pɐᵘsɐ       |kɐᵘsɐ         |             |       |
|comb          |*pɑ:si       |              |ʔɑ:hi        |       |
|white magic   |*puᵄsɐ       |kuᵄsɐ         |ʔuᵄhɐ        |       |
|banana sp.    |*puᵄɾisɑ:p₂ɐ |kuᵄɾisɑ:pɐ    |ʔuᵄɾihɑ:ʔɐ   |       |
|old           |*nisi        |ᵰisi:         |nihi         |       |
|cicada        |*n[ɐᵘ]si     |ᵰo:si         |nɐᵘhi        |       |
|kunai grass   |*nɐmusi      |tɐusi         |nɐβuhi       |       |
|fence post    |*t₂o:sɑ:     |to:sɑ:        |ohɑ:         |       |
|spit          |*wis[i/u]-   |βis(i)-       |βisi         |       |
|frog sp.      |*wisɐᵘʔnɐ    |βisɐᵘnɐ       |βisɐᵘntɐ     |       |
|poverty       |*we:si       |βe:si         |βehi         |       |
|birth feast   |*jɐⁱsɐ       |jɐⁱsɐ         |kɐⁱhɐ        |       |
|hair/feather  |*jɐᵘsi       |jɑ:si: ≈ jɐᵘsi|kɐᵘhi ≈ kɑ:hi|sɐᵘsi  |
|tree kangaroo |*jɐwɑ:si     |jɐβɑ:sɐ       |kɐβɑ:hi      |       |

Intervocalic bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

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|             |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura  |Afaqina |
|             |***-w-**     |**β**    |**β**     |**ɸ**   |
|singular     |*-wɐ         |-βɐ      |-βɐ       |-ɸɐ     |
|singular     |*-wɐNno:     |         |-βɐno     |-ɸɐn:o: |
|and/also     |*-wɐtɐ       |         |-βɐtɐ     |-ɸɐʔɐ-  |
|eel          |*iwɑ:ɾi      |iβɑ:ɾi   |          |        |
|grass sp.    |*e:w[ɐ]ni    |eβe:ᵰi   |eβɐɾi     |        |
|yam sp.      |*o:wɐ        |o:βɐ     |oβɐ       |        |
|thorn/barb   |*uwi         |o:βi     |ɐ-uβi     |        |
|bird         |*uwini       |         |uβiɾi     |uɸini   |
|spine        |*t₃ɐᵘwɐpɐ    |         |tɐᵘβɐʔɐ   |tɐᵘɸɐk:ɐ|
|tree kangaroo|*tɐwe:Nnɐnɐ  |         |tɐβenɐɾɐ  |        |
|see          |*tɐwɐ-       |ta- (?)  |tɐβe      |ʔɐɸ-    |
|orchid sp.   |*sɐwɐɾijɐ    |sɐβɐɾi:jɐ|hɐβɐɾikɐ  |        |
|owl sp.      |*so:wiɾi     |so:βiɾi  |hoβiɾoɾoɾɐ|        |
|nape         |*wɑ:we:      |βɑ:βe:   |βɑ:βe     |        |
|older brother|*wɑ:wo:(-wɐ) |βɑ:βo-βɐ |          |        |
|bush/mountain|*jɐwɐjɐ      |jɐβɐjɐ   |kɐβɐkɐ    |        |
|tree kangaroo|*jɐwɑ:si     |jɐβɑ:sɐ  |kɐβɑ:hi   |        |
|crest        |*jɑ:wɐ       |jɑ:βɐ    |kɑ:βɐ     |        |
|bark sp.     |*j[ɑ:]wɐ[nɐ] |jɐβɐ     |          |        |

… /*w/ …:

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|      |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|      |***-w-/_u**  |**ø**|**β**   |**β**  |
|      |*…           |     |        |       |
|      |***-w-/u_**  |**ø**|**β**   |**β**  |
|wind  |*uwɐⁱ        |     |uβɐⁱ    |uɸɐⁱ   |
|speech|*puwɐ        |kuɐ  |uβɐ     |       |

Intervocalic apical non-stop /*ɾ/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

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|               |East Kainantu    |Waffa          |Vaantura  |Afaqina   |
|               |***-ɾ-**         |**ɾ**          |**ɾ**     |**ɾ**     |
|in valley      |*-ɾuNnɐ          |               |-ɾunɐ     |-ɾun:ɐ    |
|sky            |*inɑ:ɾu[m/w]V    |ŋʲɐu           |nɑ:ɾuβɐ   |inaru [ac]|
|thunder        |*inɑ:ɾunɐ        |ŋʲɑ:ɾuᵰɐ       |nɑ:ɾuɾɐ   |          |
|eel            |*iwɑ:ɾi          |iβɑ:ɾi         |          |          |
|bridge         |*iɾi             |iɾi            |iɾi       |          |
|bear fruit     |*iɾɐ-            |               |iɾe       |          |
|wife's parents |*iɾɑ:            |-iɾɑ:-         |-iɾɑ:-    |-iɾɑ:-    |
|white cockatoo |*e:pɐɾɐ          |e:kɐɾɐ         |eʔɐɾɐ     |e:k:ɐɾɐ   |
|cassowary quill|*e:ɾimɐ          |e:ɾiᵯɐ         |eɾiβɐ     |          |
|pinkie         |*e:ɾɐ(-Nnɐ[n/ɾ]ɐ)|e:ɾɐ-(nɐ)      |eɾɐ-nɐɾɐ  |          |
|slime of eel   |*ɐɾiɾi           |ɾiɾi           |ɾiɾi      |          |
|edge/end       |*ɐɾɐⁱ            |ɐɾɐⁱ           |          |          |
|tail of bird   |*ɐɾɐt₃iɾɐ        |               |ɾɐtiɾɐ    |ɐɾɐt:iɾɐ  |
|hit            |*ɐɾu-            |ɾi- ≈ ɾu-      |ɐɾi       |aɾu-      |
|surpass        |*ɑ:tɐɾɐ-         |j-ɑ:tɐɾɐ-      |ɑ:tɐɾe    |          |
|“hmm…”         |*ɑ:ɾi            |ɑ:ɾi           |ɑ:ɾi      |          |
|call/call out  |*ɑ:ɾɐ-           |               |ɑ:ɾe      |a:ɾa [ac] |
|point          |*ɑ:ɾu            |ɑ:ɾu           |          |          |
|(going) down   |*o:ɾ[u]          |oɾo            |oɾu       |          |
|heavy          |*umɑ:ɾɐ          |ᵯʷɑ:ɾɐ         |mɑ:ɾɐ     |ʔumɑ:ɾɐ   |
|echidna sp.    |*umɑ:ɾu[m/w]u    |ᵯʷɑ:ɾu         |mɑ:ɾuβu   |          |
|theft/adultery |*umuᵄɾɐ          |ᵯuᵄɾɐ          |muᵄɾɐ     |          |
|chest          |*m₂iNmiɾɐ        |               |mimiɾɐ    |          |
|bird arrow     |*mɐto:ɾu         |ᵯɐtoɾu         |          |          |
|be             |*mɐɾi-           |βɐɾ(i)-        |βɐɾi      |mɐɾi      |
|take/get       |*mɐɾɐ-           |βɐɾɐ-          |βɐɾe      |mɐɾe      |
|tongue         |*m₂ɑ:piɾi        |ᵯɑ:kiɾi        |mɑ:ʔiɾi   |ɐ-mɑ:k:iɾi|
|ambush/trap    |*mɑ:ɾɐ           |ᵯɑ:ɾɐ          |βɑ:ɾɐ     |          |
|wart/mole      |*muɾi            |ᵯiɾi           |βuɾi      |muɾi      |
|bandicoot sp.  |*[p]iɾo:jɐ       |iɾo:jɐ         |ʔiɾokɐ    |          |
|embers/ashes   |*p₃ɐɾɐʔmɑ:       |kɐɾɐmbɑ:jɐ     |kɐɾɐmpɑ:  |          |
|raw/new        |*pɐɾɑ:j₂ɐ        |kɐɾɑ:sɐ        |ʔɐɾɑ:kɐ   |          |
|nose ornament  |*p₂o:ɾɑ:         |po:ɾɑ:         |          |          |
|wall sp.       |*p₅o:ɾo:mɑ:      |               |poɾoβɑ:   |          |
|woman's bro.   |*po:ɾutɐ         |ko:ɾutɐ        |ʔoɾutɐ    |          |
|initiate       |*p₂umɑ:ɾɑ:       |puɑ:ɾɑ:        |ʔuβɑ:ɾɑ:  |          |
|banana sp.     |*puᵄɾisɑ:p₂ɐ     |kuᵄɾisɑ:pɐ     |ʔuᵄɾihɑ:ʔɐ|          |
|pig            |*p₂uᵄɾɐ          |puᵄɾɐ          |ʔuᵄɾɐ     |kuᵄɾɐ     |
|grease/water   |*nɐ[N]mɐɾi       |ᵰɐᵯɐɾi         |nɐmɐɾi    |nɐm:ɐɾi   |
|blood/red      |*nɑ:ɾe:          |               |nɑ:ɾe     |          |
|casuarina sp.  |*nɑ:ɾe:[Np]ɑ:    |ɐɾe:mbɑ:       |nɑ:ɾempɑ: |          |
|long ago/old   |*nɑ:ɾu           |ᵰɑ:ɾu          |nɑ:ɾu     |nɑ:ɾu     |
|tree sp.       |*Nno:ɾi          |no:ɾi          |noɾi      |          |
|headdress sp.  |*tiNtiɾɐ         |tindi:ɾɐ       |tintiɾɐ   |          |
|stillbirth     |*tɐⁱɾi           |tɐⁱɾi-         |tɐⁱɾi     |          |
|P. alberti     |*tɐɾi[n/ɾ]ɐ      |tɐɾiɾɐ         |tɐɾiɾɐ    |          |
|nettle         |*tɐɾo:p₂ɐ        |tɐɾo:pɐ        |tɐɾoʔɐ    |          |
|flea           |*tɐɾu            |tɐɾu           |tɐɾu      |ɐɾu       |
|pandanus mat   |*tɑ:ɾi           |tɑ:ɾi          |tɑ:ɾi     |          |
|two            |*tɑ:ɾɐ           |tɑ:ɾɐ-         |tɑ:ɾɐ     |ʔɑ:ɾɐ     |
|spittle        |*tɑ:ɾɐ           |tɑ:ɾɐ          |tɑ:ɾɐ     |          |
|betel pepper   |*tɑ:ɾut₂ɑ:       |tɐɾutɑ:        |tɑ:ɾuʔɑ:  |          |
|knee           |*to:ɾi           |to:ɾi-βu       |toɾi      |ɐ-ʔo:ɾi   |
|Job's tears    |*tuNpuɾɐ         |kuŋgu:ɾɐ       |kuŋkuɾɐ   |kuk:uɾɐ   |
|top of tree    |*tuɾu            |tuɾu           |tuɾu      |          |
|hang up        |*[s/h]iɾi-       |hiɾi-          |hiɾi      |          |
|sew            |*sɐp₂iɾV-        |sɐpiɾɐ-        |hɐʔiɾi    |          |
|tree sp.       |*sɐɾɐⁱ           |sɐɾɐⁱ          |hɐɾɐⁱ     |          |
|shelter sp.    |*sɐɾɑ:nɐ         |sɐɾɑ:ᵰɐ        |hɐɾɑ:ɾɐ   |          |
|orchid sp.     |*sɐwɐɾijɐ        |sɐβɐɾi:jɐ      |hɐβɐɾikɐ  |          |
|owl sp.        |*so:wiɾi         |so:βiɾi        |hoβiɾoɾoɾɐ|          |
|blackpalm/bow  |*suɾu            |suɾu           |huɾu      |          |
|face           |*wiɾi            |βiɾi           |βiɾi      |          |
|adopt/care for |*wiɾi-           |wiɾ(i)-        |wiɾi      |          |
|whirlwind      |*we:to:ɾɐ        |βe:to:ɾɐ       |βetoɾɐ    |          |
|patella        |*wɐᵘɾo:ɾɐ        |βɐᵘɾo:         |βɐᵘɾoɾɐ   |          |
|strong wind    |*wɐᵘɾuɾu         |βɐᵘɾuɾu        |βɐᵘɾuɾu   |          |
|dew            |*w₂ɐɾɐ[m/w]u     |ɸɐɾɐu          |βɐɾɐβu    |          |
|lake/pool      |*wɐɾumɐ          |               |βɐɾuβɐ    |          |
|king parrot    |*wuᵄjɑ:ɾɐ        |βuᵄjɑ:         |βuᵄkɑ:ɾɐ  |          |
|legend/story   |*[w]uɾi          |uɾi            |βuɾi      |          |
|tree           |*jɐtɐɾi          |jɐtɐɾi ≈ jɐtiɾi|kɐtɐɾi    |sɐʔɐɾi    |
|count          |*jɑ:ɾ[ɐ]-        |jɑ:ɾ-          |kɑ:ɾɐ     |          |
|because        |*-jɑ:ɾɐ          |               |-kɑ:ɾɐ    |-sɑ:ɾɐ    |
|tree sp./salt  |*[j]o:ɾo:pu      |joɾoku         |oɾoʔu     |          |

… /*ɾ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***-ɾ-**     |**ø**|**ɾ**   |**ɾ**  |
||*…           |     |        |       |

Intervocalic palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura    |Afaqina    |
|               |***-j-**     |**j**    |**k [< *j]**|**s**      |
|at/place       |*-jɐNtɐ      |         |-kɐntɐ      |-sɐʔɐ      |
|on             |*-jɑ:        |-jɑ:     |-kɑ:        |-sɑ:       |
|because        |*-jɑ:ɾɐ      |         |-kɑ:ɾɐ      |-sɑ:ɾɐ     |
|ginger sp.     |*isɑ:ji      |isɐi     |hɑ:kɐ       |           |
|plural         |*-[i]jɐ      |-ijɐ-    |-kɐ         |-sɐ        |
|sweet          |*iʔjiᵄj[ɑ:]  |kie:jɐ-  |hiᵄkɑ:      |           |
|all            |*e:jɑ:       |e:jɑ:    |ekɑ:        |           |
|song sp.       |*ɐⁱjo:nɐ     |ɐⁱjo:ᵰɐ  |ɐⁱkoɾɐ      |           |
|woman          |*ɐnɑ:je:     |ᵰɑ:je:   |nɑ:ke:      |ɐnɑ:se:    |
|old woman      |*ɐjo:[ʔn/Nt]ɐ|jo:nɐ    |kontɐ       |ɐso:ʔɐ     |
|call/shout     |*ɑ:jɐnɐ      |ɑ:jɐᵰɐ   |ɑ:kɐɾɐ      |           |
|stem/clan      |*o:jɐni      |ojɐi     |okɐɾɐ       |o:sɐnɐ     |
|wood grub      |*uNpɐjɐ      |ŋgʷɐjɐ   |uŋkɐkɐ      |uk:ɐsi     |
|tail           |*me:jɐ       |ᵯe:jɐ    |βekɐ        |ɐ-me:sɐ    |
|possum sp.     |*mɐne:jɐ     |ᵯɐᵰe:jɐ  |βɐɾekɐ      |           |
|village        |*mɐtujɐ      |ᵯɐtu:jɐ  |βɐtukɐ      |maʔusa [ac]|
|message/news   |*mɐjɑ:jɐ     |ᵯɐjɑ:jɐ  |βɐkɑ:kɐ     |           |
|haze           |*muno:jɐ     |ᵯuᵰo:jɐ  |muɾokɐ [k.] |           |
|heart          |*muNtujɐ     |ᵯundu:jɐ |muntukɐ     |muʔusɐ     |
|grass/grassland|*mujɐᵘ       |ᵯujɐᵘ    |ukɐᵘ        |           |
|bandicoot sp.  |*[p]iɾo:jɐ   |iɾo:jɐ   |ʔiɾokɐ      |           |
|penis          |*p₂ɐje:      |pe:      |ʔɐke:       |           |
|kidney         |*pɐjɑ:…      |kɐjɑ:tɐ  |ʔɐkɑ:βɐ     |           |
|pandanus sp.   |*p₂ɐjɑ:nɐ    |pɐjɑ:ᵰɐ  |ʔɐkɑ:ɾɐ     |           |
|tree sp.       |*pɐNj[o:]jɐ  |kɐŋgʲɐ   |ʔɐntokɐ     |           |
|cuscus sp.     |*po:tɐjɐ     |ko:tɐjɐ  |otɐkɐ       |           |
|wild           |*pɑ:jɐᵘ      |kɑ:jɐᵘ   |ʔɑ:kɐᵘ      |           |
|older sister   |*nɐjɑ:(-wɐ)  |ᵰɐjɑ:-βɐ |nɐkɑ:-(βɐ)  |nɐsɑ:-ɸɐ   |
|casuarina sp.  |*tɑ:jɐ       |tɑ:jɐ    |tɑ:kɐ       |           |
|edge/boundary  |*to:jɑ:      |to:jɐ    |tokɑ:       |           |
|disappear      |*tupɑ:jɐ     |tukɐ(i)- |tuʔɑ:kɐ     |           |
|orchid sp.     |*sɐwɐɾijɐ    |sɐβɐɾi:jɐ|hɐβɐɾikɐ    |           |
|star           |*wɐjɐᵘ       |         |mɐkɐᵘ       |ɸɐsɐᵘ      |
|older brother  |*wɐjɑ:(-wɐ)  |βɐjɑ:-βɐ |βɐkɑ:(-βɐ)  |ɐ-ɸɐsɑ:-ɸɐ |
|king parrot    |*wuᵄjɑ:ɾɐ    |βuᵄjɑ:   |βuᵄkɑ:ɾɐ    |           |
|cassowary      |*wuje:nɐ     |         |βukeɾɐ      |ɸuse:nɐ    |
|bush/mountain  |*jɐwɐjɐ      |jɐβɐjɐ   |kɐβɐkɐ      |           |
|rolling string |*jɑ:jɐ[m/w]u |jɑ:jɐu   |kɑ:kɐβu     |           |
|mother's sib   |*jɑ:jo:      |jɑ:jo    |kɑ:ko       |           |

… /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu |Waffa |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|          |***-j-/i ɐⁱ_**|**kʲ**|**k**   |****   |
|day/midday|*ijɐnɐ        |ikʲɐᵰɐ|ikɐɾɐ   |       |
|woven band|*ijo:tɐ       |      |kotɐ    |       |
|ladder    |*[h]ɐⁱjɐ      |hɑ:kʲɐ|ɐⁱkɐ    |       |

… /*j/ … /j₂/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |East Kainantu|Waffa  |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|       |***-j₂-**    |**s**  |**k**   |****   |
|raw/new|*pɐɾɑ:j₂ɐ    |kɐɾɑ:sɐ|ʔɐɾɑ:kɐ |       |


… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ …:\\
\\

… /*Nm/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura |Afaqina|
|           |***-Nm-**    |**m**    |**m**    |**m:** |
|overcast   |*ɑ:NmɐNjɐᵘ   |ɑ:mɐŋgʲɐᵘ|ɑ:mɐntɐᵘ-|       |
|chest      |*m₂iNmiɾɐ    |         |mimiɾɐ   |       |
|owl sp.    |*m₂ɐno:Nmɐni |         |mɐɾomɐɾi |       |
|dirty      |*p₄ɐⁱNɑ:Nmɐ  |kɐⁱnɑ:mɐ |pɐⁱnɑ:mɐ |       |
|yam sp.    |*pɐNmiNnɐ    |kɐminɐ   |ʔɐminɐ   |       |
|join/extend|*to:Nmɐpɐ-   |to:mɐkɐ- |tomɐʔe   |       |

… /*Nm/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|      |***-Nm-**    |**ᵯ**|**m**   |**m:** |
|breast|*nɑ:Nmɐ      |ᵰɑ:ᵯɐ|nɑ:mɐ   |nɑ:m:ɐ |

… /*Nn/ …:

|             |East Kainantu  |Waffa      |Vaantura|Afaqina   ||
|             |***-Nn-**      |**n**      |**n**   |**n:**    ||
|indicative   |*-Nno:         |-no:       |        |          ||
|to           |*-[i]Nni       |-ni        |-ni     |-ni       ||
|pinkie       |*e:ɾɐ-Nnɐ[n/ɾ]ɐ|e:ɾɐ-nɐ    |eɾɐ-nɐɾɐ|          ||
|breath       |*ɑ:Nnɐ         |           |ɑ:nɐ    |          ||
|cave         |*o:Nn[ɑ:]mu    |o:nɐu      |onɐβu   |          ||
|real/true    |*utɐNnɐɾɐ      |tʷɐnɐɐ     |tɐnɐɾɐ  |uʔɐn:ɐ    ||
|banana sp.   |*NmuᵄNnɑ:      |monɑ:      |muᵄnɑ:  |          ||
|dirty        |*p₄ɐⁱNnɑ:Nmɐ   |kɐⁱnɑ:mɐ   |pɐⁱnɑ:mɐ|          ||
|yam sp.      |*pɐNmiNnɐ      |kɐminɐ     |ʔɐminɐ  |          ||
|thumb        |*p₅o:Nnɐn[ɑ:]  |po:nɐnɑ:   |ponɐɾɐ  |          ||
|older sister |*nɑ:Nno:(-wɐ)  |nɑ:no(:)-βɐ|        |          ||
|tree kangaroo|*tɐwe:Nnɐnɐ    |           |tɐβenɐɾɐ|          ||
|cloud        |*to:Nnɐmu      |           |tonɐβu  |o:nɐmu (?)||
|rattan sp.   |*tuNnɑ:nɐ      |tunɑ:ᵰɐ    |tunɑ:ɾɐ |          ||
|greens sp.   |*so:Nni        |so:ni      |        |          ||
|singular     |*-wɐNno:       |           |-βɐno   |-ɸɐn:o:   ||
|ghost        |*wɑ:Nnɐ        |           |βɑ:nɐ   |fana [ac] ||
|in valley    |*-ɾuNnɐ        |           |-ɾunɐ   |-ɾun:ɐ    ||
|python sp.   |*juNnɐ         |ju:nɐ      |kunɐ    |          ||

… /*Np/ … The Kuvaira dialect of North Tairora merges Tairora prenasalized /*ŋk/ with plain stop /k/ as does Omwunra (not shown here;) since these Kuvaira variants are generally given in Vincent (2010 ibid.) where they are known, they are presented here in their own column:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu|Waffa    |Vaantura |Kuvaira |Afaqina  |
|             |***-Np-**    |**ŋg**   |**ŋk**   |**k**   |**k:**   |
|steep/ravine |*o:Npɐⁱ      |o:ŋgɐⁱ   |oŋkɐⁱ    |okɐⁱ    |         |
|wood grub    |*uNpɐjɐ      |ŋgʷɐjɐ   |uŋkɐkɐ   |nukɐkɐ  |uk:ɐsi   |
|flying fox   |*tɑ:Npɑ:nɐ   |kɑ:ŋgɑ:ɾɐ|kɑ:ŋkɑ:ɾɐ|kɑ:kɑ:ɾɐ|kɑ:k:ɑ:nɐ|
|Job's tears  |*tuNpuɾɐ     |kuŋgu:ɾɐ |kuŋkuɾɐ  |kukuɾɐ  |kuk:uɾɐ  |
|chip/splinter|*sɐNpɐ       |sɐŋgɐɾe: |hɐŋkɐ    |hɐkɐ    |         |

… /*Nt/ … The Kuvaira dialect of North Tairora merges Tairora prenasalized /*nt/ with plain stop /t/ as does Omwunra (not shown here;) since these Kuvaira variants are generally given in Vincent (2010 ibid.) where they are known, they are presented here in their own column. This does not occur with the reflexes of /*ʔn/ (above) which remain /nt/ in Kuvaira:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa   |Vaantura|Kuvaira|Afaqina   |
|               |***-Nt-**    |**nd**  |**nt**  |**t**  |**ʔ**     |
|be cold        |*ɐNtɐ-       |ɐndɐ-   |ɐnte    |       |          |
|stink/rotten   |*uNtɐ        |u:ndɐ   |untɐ    |       |          |
|down/lean      |*muNtu       |        |muntu   |mutu   |          |
|heart          |*muNtujɐ     |ᵯundu:jɐ|muntukɐ |mutukɐ |muʔusɐ    |
|nettle sp.     |*pɐNtipɐ     |kɐndikɐ |        |ʔɐtiʔɐ |          |
|grandchild     |*n[ɐⁱ]-Nti   |ᵰe:ndi  |nɐⁱnti  |nɐⁱti  |          |
|sister's child |*nɐᵘ-Nti     |ᵰɐᵘndi  |nɐᵘ/td> |nɐᵘti  |nɐᵘʔi [hk]|
|duck sp.       |*no:Ntumu    |        |nontuβu |notuβu |          |
|headdress sp.  |*tiNtiɾɐ     |tindi:ɾɐ|tintiɾɐ |titiɾɐ |          |
|stump of tree  |*tiNtunɐ     |tinduᵰɐ |tintuɾɐ |tituɾɐ |          |
|trading partner|*to:Nti      |to:ndi  |tonti   |       |          |
|striped pig    |*to:Ntɐⁱ     |to:ndɐⁱ |tontɐⁱ  |       |          |
|smell/stink    |*suNtɐ       |su:ndɐ  |huntɐ   |       |          |
|man            |*wɐⁱ-iNti    |βɐⁱndi  |βɐⁱnti  |βɐⁱti  |ɸɐⁱʔi     |
|at/place       |*-jɐNtɐ      |        |-kɐntɐ  |-kɐtɐ  |-sɐʔɐ     |
|fallow         |*jɐNtu       |jɐndu   |kɐntu   |       |          |

… /*Nt/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |East Kainantu|Waffa |Vaantura|Kuvaira|Afaqina|
|     |***-N-t-**   |**nd**|**nt**  |**t**  |**t:** |
|elbow|*jɑ:N-tɑ:    |jɐndɑ:|kɑ:ntɑ: |kɑ:tɑ: |sɑ:t:ɑ:|

… /*Ns/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***-Ns-**    |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

… /*Nw/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***-Nw-**    |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

… /*Nj/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |East Kainantu |Waffa      |Vaantura       |Afaqina    |
|              |***-Nj-**     |**ŋgʲ**    |**nt**         |**nt [nd]**|
|overcast      |*ɑ:NmɐNjɐᵘ    |ɑ:mɐŋgʲɐᵘ  |ɑ:mɐntɐᵘ-      |           |
|animal/game   |*ɑ:Njɐᵘ       |           |ɑ:ntɐᵘ         |ɑ:ntɐᵘ     |
|doorway       |*pe:Njɐ       |ke:ŋgʲɐ    |ʔe:nti ≈ ʔe:ntɐ|           |
|tree sp.      |*pɐNj[o:]jɐ   |kɐŋgʲɐ     |ʔɐntokɐ        |           |
|behind/later  |*nɑ:Njiᵄ[n/ɾ]i|ᵰɑ:ŋgʲɐi   |nɑ:ntiɐɾɐ      |           |
|turn          |*tupɐNj[ɑ:]   |tukɐŋgʲɐ-  |tuʔɐntɑ:       |uʔɐntɐ     |
|poker stick   |*tunɑ:Nj[ɑ:]  |tuᵰɑ:ŋgʲɑ: |tuɾɑ:ntɐ       |           |
|fence/palisade|*wɑ:Njɑ:munɐ  |βɐŋgʲɑ:muᵰɐ|βɑ:ntɑ:βuɾɐ    |           |
|tree sp.      |*jo:Njɑ:…     |jo:ŋgʲauɾɐ |kontɑ:βuɾɐ     |           |


… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*ʔ/ …:\\
\\

There has not yet been found direct confirmation of the quality of … /*ʔm/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |East Kainantu|Waffa     |Vaantura     |Afaqina    |
|            |***-ʔm-**    |**mb**    |**mp**       |**mp [mb]**|
|old man     |*inɑ:ʔmɐⁱ    |ŋʲɑ:mbɐⁱ  |nɑ:mpɐⁱ      |           |
|embers/ashes|*p₃ɐɾɐʔmɑ:   |kɐɾɐmbɑ:jɐ|kɐɾɐmpɑ:     |           |
|notched post|*puᵄʔmɐⁱ     |kuᵄmbɐⁱ   |ʔuᵄmpɐⁱ      |           |
|firefly     |*tɐʔmu       |tɐmbu     |tɐmpumpu [k.]|           |
|fly (n.)    |*s[i/u]ʔmɐᵘ  |simbɐᵘ    |humpɐᵘ [k.]  |           |
|aimless     |*sɐʔmi       |sɐmbi     |hɐmpi        |           |
|parcel      |*sɑ:ʔmɐ      |sɑ:mbɐ    |hɑ:mpɐ       |           |
|cool        |*suʔmɐ-      |su:mbɐ-   |humpe        |           |

… /*ʔn/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa  |Vaantura      |Afaqina     |
|               |***-ʔn-**    |**n**  |**nt [< *ʔn]**|**nt [nd]** |
|night          |*[h]e:ʔnɐ    |he:nɐ  |entɐ          |e:ntɐ       |
|fenced area    |*[h]ɐʔniʔjɐ  |hɐnikʲɐ|ɐntihɐ        |            |
|saliva         |*puwɐ-ɑ:ʔnu  |kuɑ:nu:|ɐ-uβɑ:ntu [k.]|            |
|neck/throat    |*uʔnɐ        |ᵰ-u:nɐ |ɐ-untɐ        |            |
|brain          |*piʔn[o:]nɐ  |pinɑ:ɾɐ|              |            |
|tuber of s.p.  |*nɐⁱʔnɐ      |ᵰɐⁱnɐ  |nɐⁱntɐ        |            |
|bush/forest    |*nɐʔnɐ       |       |nɐntɐ         |nɐntɐ       |
|vine/rope      |*nɑ:puʔnɐ    |       |nɑ:ʔuntɐ      |nɑ:k:untɐ   |
|platform/shelf |*tɐⁱʔnɐ      |tɐⁱnɐ  |tɐⁱntɐ        |ɐⁱntɐ       |
|dual           |*-tɐʔnɐ      |-tɐnɐ  |-tɐntɐ        |-ʔɐntɐ      |
|bowstring      |*siʔnɐ       |si:nɐ  |hintɐ         |            |
|frog sp.       |*wisɐᵘʔnɐ    |βisɐᵘnɐ|βisɐᵘntɐ      |            |
|thigh          |*wuʔnɐnɐ     |       |(ɐ)-βunteɾɐ   |fundona [ac]|
|shell nosepiece|*jɐᵘʔnɐnɐ    |jɐᵘnɐᵰɐ|kɐᵘntɐɾɐ      |            |
|rope/string    |*j[ɑ:]ʔnɐ    |je:nɐ  |kɑ:ntɐ        |            |

… /*ʔp/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***-ʔp-**    |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

… /*ʔt/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***-ʔt-**    |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

… /*ʔs/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu|Waffa           |Vaantura      |Afaqina    |
|          |***-ʔs-**    |**s**           |**h [< *ʔj]** |**ʔt [ʔd]**|
|dry       |*ɑ:ʔsɐnɐ     |ɑ:sɐᵰɐ          |ɐhɐɾɐ ≈ ɑ:hɐɾɐ|ɑ:ʔtɐnɐ    |
|fat/grease|*wɐʔsɐme:nɐ  |                |βɐhɐβeɾɐ      |ɸɐʔtɐme:nɐ |
|nail/claw |*jɐpɐʔsi     |jɐkɐsi ≈ jɐkʷɐsi|kɐkɐhi        |ɐ-sɐkɐʔti  |

… /*ʔw/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***-ʔw-**    |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

… /*ʔj/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu |Waffa   |Vaantura     |Afaqina    |
|             |***-ʔj-**     |**j**   |**h [< *ʔj]**|**ʔt [ʔd]**|
|mud          |*[ɐ/u]ʔjo:n[ɐ]|jo:ᵰɐ   |hoɾɐ         |           |
|fuzz of plant|*[h]ɑ:ʔjɐ     |hɑ:jɐ   |ɑ:hɐ [k.]    |           |
|rat sp.      |*e:tɐʔji      |        |etɐhi        |e:t:ɐʔti   |
|one          |*mo:ʔjɑ:      |ᵯuɑ: (?)|βohɑ:        |mo:ʔtɑ:    |
|bone         |*muʔjɑ:ni     |ᵯujɐi   |βuhɑ:ɾi      |muʔtɑ:ni   |
|mushroom sp. |*[N]muʔjɑ:ni  |ᵯujɑ:ᵰi |muhɑ:ɾi      |           |
|earthworm    |*pɐʔjiᵄ…      |        |ʔɐhiᵄʔu      |kɐʔtiᵄɾu   |
|bark skirt   |*p₅ɐʔjɑ:nɐ    |pɐjɑ:ᵰɐ |pɐhɑ:ɾɐ      |           |
|fish         |*no:ʔjɐnɐ     |        |             |no:ʔtɐnɐ   |
|shin         |*we:ʔjɐ       |βe:jɐ   |βehɐ         |ɸe:ʔtɐ     |

… /*ʔj/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu  |Waffa  |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|             |***-ʔj-/i ɐⁱ_**|**kʲ** |**h**   |**ʔt** |
|brush turkey |*iʔjiᵄnu       |kiᵄᵰu  |hiᵄɾu   |       |
|sweet        |*iʔjiᵄj[ɑ:]    |kie:jɐ-|hiᵄkɑ:  |       |
|fire/firewood|*iʔjɐ          |ikʲɐ   |ihɐ     |iʔtɐ   |
|fenced area  |*[h]ɐʔniʔjɐ    |hɐnikʲɐ|ɐntihɐ  |       |


While the realizations of consonants (above) vary a great deal, the vowels, three short vowels /*i *u *ɐ/, three long vowels /*e: *o: *ɑ:/ and four diphthongs /*iᵄ *uᵄ *ɐⁱ *ɐᵘ/, are carried forward with very little modification in all descendants. The most significant change is the loss of unstressed initial short vowels in Waffa and Tairora (below.)\\
\\

High front vowel /*i/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa        |Vaantura   |Afaqina       |
|               |***i**       |**i**        |**i**      |**i**         |
|3 pl.          |*i-          |i-           |           |              |
|do/make        |*i-          |i-           |i          |              |
|calf           |*imɑ:pu      |ᵰ-iᵯɑ:ku     |ɐ-iβɑ:ʔu   |              |
|nose           |*ipi         |ᵰ-iki        |ɐ-iʔi      |ɐ-ik:i        |
|weeping/crying |*ipi         |             |iʔi        |              |
|foot/leg       |*ipu         |juku         |ɐ-iʔu      |ik:u          |
|to             |*-[i]Nni     |-ni          |-ni        |-ni           |
|s.'s husband   |*ituᵄ(-wɐ)   |(ᵰ)-ituo:-βɐ |ɐ-ituᵄ(-βɐ)|iʔuᵄ(-ɸɐ) [hk]|
|areca nut      |*isu         |isu          |ihu        |              |
|eel            |*iwɑ:ɾi      |iβɑ:ɾi       |           |              |
|bridge         |*iɾi         |iɾi          |iɾi        |              |
|bear fruit     |*iɾɐ-        |             |iɾe        |              |
|wife's parents |*iɾɑ:        |-iɾɑ:-       |-iɾɑ:-     |-iɾɑ:-        |
|day/midday     |*ijɐnɐ       |ikʲɐᵰɐ       |ikɐɾɐ      |              |
|fire/firewood  |*iʔjɐ        |ikʲɐ         |ihɐ        |iʔtɐ          |
|cassowary quill|*e:ɾimɐ      |e:ɾiᵯɐ       |eɾiβɐ      |              |
|come           |*ɐ[N]ni-     |ᵰi-          |ɐni        |ɐni-          |
|fenced area    |*[h]ɐʔniʔjɐ  |hɐnikʲɐ      |ɐntihɐ     |              |
|slime of eel   |*ɐɾiɾi       |ɾiɾi         |ɾiɾi       |              |
|tail of bird   |*ɐɾɐt₃iɾɐ    |             |ɾɐtiɾɐ     |ɐɾɐt:iɾɐ      |
|thorn/barb     |*uwi         |o:βi         |ɐ-uβi      |              |
|bird           |*uwini       |             |uβiɾi      |uɸini         |
|3 sg.          |*mi          |             |βi-(βɐ)    |mi-ɸɐ         |
|that/there     |*mi          |             |mi-ni      |              |
|give           |*m₂i-        |ᵯi-          |-mi        |mi            |
|maggot         |*mimi        |ᵯiᵯi         |           |              |
|chest          |*m₂iNmiɾɐ    |             |mimiɾɐ     |              |
|edge/end       |*miti        |ᵯiti         |βiti       |              |
|ancestors      |*mɐnip[ɑ:]   |ᵯɐᵰikɑ:      |βɐɾiʔɐ     |              |
|be             |*mɐɾi-       |βɐɾ(i)-      |βɐɾi       |mɐɾi          |
|tongue         |*m₂ɑ:piɾi    |ᵯɑ:kiɾi      |mɑ:ʔiɾi    |ɐ-mɑ:k:iɾi    |
|chin           |*m₂ɑ:tini    |             |mɑ:tiɾi    |mɑ:ʔini       |
|grub sp.       |*Nmɐni       |mɐᵰi         |mɐɾi       |              |
|in             |*-pi         |-ki-         |-ʔi        |-k:i-         |
|hook           |*pipo:[n/ɾ]ɐ |ki:ko:       |ʔiʔoɾɐ     |              |
|short          |*pipu        |kiku         |ʔiʔu       |              |
|brain          |*piʔn[o:]nɐ  |pinɑ:ɾɐ      |           |              |
|pith/quid      |*pit[ɐ/ɑ:]   |kitɐ         |ʔitɑ: ≈ itɐ|              |
|bandicoot sp.  |*[p]iɾo:jɐ   |iɾo:jɐ       |ʔiɾokɐ     |              |
|yam sp.        |*pɐNmiNnɐ    |kɐminɐ       |ʔɐminɐ     |              |
|nettle sp.     |*pɐNtipɐ     |kɐndikɐ      |ʔɐtiʔɐ [k.]|              |
|banana sp.     |*puᵄɾisɑ:p₂ɐ |kuᵄɾisɑ:pɐ   |ʔuᵄɾihɑ:ʔɐ |              |
|walk           |*ni-         |ᵰi-          |ni         |ni-           |
|old            |*nisi        |ᵰisi:        |nihi       |              |
|sister's child |*nɐᵘ-Nti     |ᵰɐᵘndi       |nɐᵘnti     |nɐᵘʔi [hk]    |
|speak/say      |*ti-         |ti-          |ti         |ʔi-           |
|forehead       |*tini        |tiᵰi         |tiɾi       |ʔini          |
|headdress sp.  |*tiNtiɾɐ     |tindi:ɾɐ     |tintiɾɐ    |              |
|stump of tree  |*tiNtunɐ     |tinduᵰɐ      |tintuɾɐ    |              |
|fireplace      |*tɐp₂i       |tɐpi         |tɐʔi       |              |
|squeeze/wring  |*tɐti-       |tɐti-        |tɐti       |              |
|P. alberti     |*tɐɾi[n/ɾ]ɐ  |tɐɾiɾɐ       |tɐɾiɾɐ     |              |
|with           |*-Nti[ɾi]    |-ndiɾi ≈ -ndi|-nti       |-ndiɾi        |
|bowstring      |*siʔnɐ       |si:nɐ        |hintɐ      |              |
|sew            |*sɐp₂iɾV-    |sɐpiɾɐ-      |hɐʔiɾi     |              |
|orchid sp.     |*sɐwɐɾijɐ    |sɐβɐɾi:jɐ    |hɐβɐɾikɐ   |              |
|hang up        |*[s/h]iɾi-   |hiɾi-        |hiɾi       |              |
|owl sp.        |*so:wiɾi     |so:βiɾi      |hoβiɾoɾoɾɐ |              |
|get (person)   |*witɐ-       |βitɐ-        |βite       |              |
|blood          |*wi[ʔt]ipɐ   |βiti:kɐ      |           |ɸiʔtik:ɐ      |
|spit           |*wis[i/u]-   |βis(i)-      |βisi       |              |
|frog sp.       |*wisɐᵘʔnɐ    |βisɐᵘnɐ      |βisɐᵘntɐ   |              |
|face           |*wiɾi        |βiɾi         |βiɾi       |              |
|adopt/care for |*wiɾi-       |wiɾ(i)-      |wiɾi       |              |
|woman's bro.   |*jo:pi(-wɐ)  |             |koʔi-(βɐ)  |              |

Unstressed initial /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu |Waffa          |Vaantura |Afaqina   |
|             |***i/_n**     |**ø**          |**ø**    |**i**     |
|far          |*iniᵄnɐ       |ŋʲe:ᵰɐ ≈ ŋʲe:ɾɐ|niᵄɾɐ    |          |
|bird         |*inɑ:mɐ       |ŋʲɑ:ᵯɐ ≈ ŋʲɑ:  |         |          |
|women's house|*inɑ:muni     |ŋʲɐuᵰi         |nɑ:muɾɐ  |          |
|old man      |*inɑ:ʔmɐⁱ     |ŋʲɑ:mbɐⁱ       |nɑ:mpɐⁱ  |          |
|sky          |*inɑ:ɾu[m/w]V |ŋʲɐu           |nɑ:ɾuβɐ  |inaru [ac]|
|thunder      |*inɑ:ɾunɐ     |ŋʲɑ:ɾuᵰɐ       |nɑ:ɾuɾɐ  |          |
|stone file   |*inumi        |ŋʲuᵯi          |numi [k.]|          |
|             |***i/_Nn**    |**ø**          |**ø**    |**i**     |
|2 pl. emph.  |*iNne:        |ŋʲe(:)         |ne       |in:e:     |
|2 pl.        |*iNnɐ         |ŋʲɐ            |         |          |
|             |***i/_j**     |**ø**          |**ø**    |**i**     |
|woven band   |*ijo:tɐ       |               |kotɐ     |          |
|             |***i/_ʔj**    |**ø**          |**ø**    |**i**     |
|brush turkey |*iʔjiᵄnu      |kiᵄᵰu          |hiᵄɾu    |          |
|sweet        |*iʔjiᵄj[ɑ:]   |kie:jɐ-        |hiᵄkɑ:   |          |
|mud          |*[ɐ/u]ʔjo:n[ɐ]|jo:ᵰɐ          |hoɾɐ     |          |

… /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |East Kainantu|Waffa |Vaantura|Afaqina|
|            |***i/_n**    |**ø** |**i**   |****   |
|ask/ask for |*in[ɑ:]-     |ŋʲɑ:- |iɾe     |       |
|            |***i/_ɾ**    |**ø** |**i**   |**i**  |
|hear        |*iɾi-        |ɾikʲɐ-|iɾi     |iɾi-   |
|tie on skirt|*iɾɐ-        |ɾi-   |iɾe     |       |

… /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|          |***i**       |**i**|**ø**   |****   |
|ginger sp.|*isɑ:ji      |isɐi |hɑ:kɐ   |       |

In a number of examples, final /*i/ is neutralized to /ɐ/ in Afaqina and Tairora:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |East Kainantu |Waffa   |Vaantura |Afaqina|
|             |***i**        |**i**   |**ɐ**    |**ɐ**  |
|women's house|*inɑ:muni     |ŋʲɐuᵰi  |nɑ:muɾɐ  |       |
|ginger sp.   |*isɑ:ji       |isɐi    |hɑ:kɐ    |       |
|path/road    |*ɑ:ni         |        |ɑ:ɾɐ     |ɑ:nɐ   |
|ditch        |*o:ni (?)     |o:ni    |oɾɐ      |       |
|stem/clan    |*o:jɐni       |ojɐi    |okɐɾɐ    |o:sɐnɐ |
|behind/later |*nɑ:Njiᵄ[n/ɾ]i|ᵰɑ:ŋgʲɐi|nɑ:ntiɐɾɐ|       |
|water        |*no:ni        |ᵰo:ɾi   |noɾɐ     |       |
|sugarcane    |*jɑ:pi        |jɑ:ki   |kɑ:ʔɐ    |sɑ:k:ɐ |

There are many more examples in which final /*i/ is retained in this position …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu|Waffa          |Vaantura     |Afaqina   |
|               |***i**       |**i**          |**i**        |**i**     |
|rat sp.        |*e:tɐʔji     |               |etɐhi        |e:t:ɐʔti  |
|grass sp.      |*e:w[ɐ]ni    |eβe:ᵰi         |eβɐɾi        |          |
|“hmm…”         |*ɑ:ɾi        |ɑ:ɾi           |ɑ:ɾi         |          |
|stone          |*o:ni        |               |oɾi          |o:ni      |
|stone file     |*umi         |               |uβi          |          |
|husk/peel      |*upɐmɑ:si    |kʷɐᵯɑ:si       |ʔɐβɐhi       |          |
|bird           |*uwini       |               |uβiɾi        |uɸini     |
|meat/flesh     |*m₂ɐti       |ᵯɐti           |mɐti         |ɐ-mɐʔi    |
|tongue         |*m₂ɑ:piɾi    |ᵯɑ:kiɾi        |mɑ:ʔiɾi      |ɐ-mɑ:k:iɾi|
|chin           |*m₂ɑ:tini    |               |mɑ:tiɾi      |mɑ:ʔini   |
|old garden     |*muti        |ᵯuti           |muti         |          |
|wart/mole      |*muɾi        |ᵯiɾi           |βuɾi         |muɾi      |
|bone           |*muʔjɑ:ni    |ᵯujɐi          |βuhɑ:ɾi      |muʔtɑ:ni  |
|mushroom sp.   |*[N]muʔjɑ:ni |ᵯujɑ:ᵰi        |muhɑ:ɾi      |          |
|sister-in-law  |*Nmɑ:ti(-wɐ) |mɑ:ti-βɐ       |mɑ:ti-(βɐ)   |mɑ:ʔi-ɸɐ  |
|co-wife        |*piᵄ[n/ɾ]i   |kie:-          |ʔiᵄɾi        |          |
|just/merely    |*pɐt₂i       |kɐti           |ʔɐʔi         |          |
|comb           |*pɑ:si       |               |ʔɑ:hi        |          |
|grandchild     |*n[ɐⁱ]-Nti   |ᵰe:ndi         |nɐⁱnti       |          |
|cicada         |*n[ɐᵘ]si     |ᵰo:si          |nɐᵘhi        |          |
|kunai grass    |*nɐmusi      |tɐusi          |nɐβuhi       |          |
|grease/water   |*nɐ[N]mɐɾi   |ᵰɐᵯɐɾi         |nɐmɐɾi       |nɐm:ɐɾi   |
|baby           |*nɑ:ti       |               |nɑ:ti        |nɑ:ʔi     |
|yam sp.        |*no:mɐ[n/ɾ]i |ᵰo:ᵯɐɾi        |noβɐɾi       |          |
|tree sp.       |*Nno:ɾi      |no:ɾi          |noɾi         |          |
|stillbirth     |*tɐⁱɾi       |tɐⁱɾi-         |tɐⁱɾi        |          |
|stubborn       |*tɐmi tumi   |tɐᵯi-tu:-      |tɐβi tuβi    |          |
|mountain/ridge |*tɑ:p₂i      |tɑ:pi          |tɑ:ʔi        |          |
|pandanus mat   |*tɑ:ɾi       |tɑ:ɾi          |tɑ:ɾi        |          |
|trading partner|*to:Nti      |to:ndi         |tonti        |          |
|knee           |*to:ɾi       |to:ɾi-βu       |toɾi         |ɐ-ʔo:ɾi   |
|magic sp.      |*se:p₅i      |se:pi          |hepi         |          |
|aimless        |*sɐʔmi       |sɐmbi          |hɐmpi        |          |
|greens sp.     |*so:Nni      |so:ni          |             |          |
|stone axe/adze |*[hʲ]ɐni     |hɐi            |kɐɾi         |sɐni      |
|face           |*wiɾi        |βiɾi           |βiɾi         |          |
|poverty        |*we:si       |βe:si          |βehi         |          |
|man            |*wɐⁱ-iNti    |βɐⁱndi         |βɐⁱnti       |ɸɐⁱʔi     |
|husband        |*wɑ:ti       |βɑ:ti          |βɑ:ti        |ɸɑ:ʔi     |
|legend/story   |*[w]uɾi      |uɾi            |βuɾi         |          |
|hair/feather   |*jɐᵘsi       |jɑ:si: ≈ jɐᵘsi |kɐᵘhi ≈ kɑ:hi|sɐᵘsi     |
|snake          |*jɐp₂ɐni     |jɐpɐi          |             |sɐk:ɐni   |
|tree           |*jɐtɐɾi      |jɐtɐɾi ≈ jɐtiɾi|kɐtɐɾi       |sɐʔɐɾi    |
|tree kangaroo  |*jɐwɑ:si     |jɐβɑ:sɐ        |kɐβɑ:hi      |          |
|woman's bro.   |*jo:pi(-wɐ)  |               |koʔi-(βɐ)    |          |
|sun            |*j₂uᵄni      |suᵄi           |kuᵄɾi        |suᵄni     |

High back vowel /*u/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu  |Waffa       |Vaantura      |Afaqina     |
|               |***u**         |**u [u u:]**|**u**         |**u**       |
|calf           |*imɑ:pu        |ᵰ-iᵯɑ:ku    |ɐ-iβɑ:ʔu      |            |
|foot/leg       |*ipu           |juku        |ɐ-iʔu         |ik:u        |
|women's house  |*inɑ:muni      |ŋʲɐuᵰi      |nɑ:muɾɐ       |            |
|sky            |*inɑ:ɾu[m/w]u  |ŋʲɐu        |nɑ:ɾuβɐ       |inaru [ac]  |
|thunder        |*inɑ:ɾunɐ      |ŋʲɑ:ɾuᵰɐ    |nɑ:ɾuɾɐ       |            |
|stone file     |*inumi         |ŋʲuᵯi       |numi [k.]     |            |
|areca nut      |*isu           |isu         |ihu           |            |
|son-in-law     |*iɾɑ:-m[ɑ:]p₂u |iɾɑ:-pu     |iɾɑ:-mɐʔu     |iɾɑ:-mɐk:u  |
|daughter       |*iɾɑ:-munɐ     |ɾɐuɾɐ       |ɾɑ:βuɾɐ       |ɾɑ:munɐ     |
|brush turkey   |*iʔjiᵄnu       |kiᵄᵰu       |hiᵄɾu         |            |
|plug of leaves |*e:sɐ[Nw]u     |e:sɐŋu      |ehɐmpu        |            |
|hip            |*ɐmuN-jɑ:ni    |ᵯundɐᵰɐ     |              |            |
|handle         |*ɐp₂u          |ɐpu         |ɐʔu           |            |
|ripe           |*ɐp₂u          |ɐpu-        |ɐʔu           |            |
|hit            |*ɐɾu-          |ɾi- ≈ ɾu-   |ɐɾi           |aɾu-        |
|rain           |*ɑ:pu          |            |ɑ:ʔu          |ɑ:k:u       |
|saliva         |*puwɐ-ɑ:ʔnu    |kuɑ:nu:     |ɐ-uβɑ:ntu [k.]|            |
|fear           |*ɑ:tu          |ɑ:tu:-      |ɑ:tu          |            |
|point          |*ɑ:ɾu          |ɑ:ɾu        |              |            |
|sit            |*o:[ʔp]um-     |            |oʔuβ-         |o:ʔum-      |
|cave           |*o:Nn[ɑ:]mu    |o:nɐu       |onɐβu         |            |
|stone file     |*umi           |            |uβi           |            |
|echidna sp.    |*uNmɑ:ɾu[m/w]u |ᵯʷɑ:ɾu      |mɑ:ɾuβu       |            |
|smoke          |*uNmunɐ        |muᵰɐ        |muɾɐ          |munɐ        |
|needle         |*upɐ           |            |uʔɐ           |            |
|wood grub      |*uNpɐjɐ        |ŋgʷɐjɐ      |uŋkɐkɐ        |uk:ɐsi      |
|younger sister |*unɐ           |(ᵰ)-uᵰɐ     |ɐ-uɾɐ         |unɐ         |
|chew           |*u[N]n[u]-     |uᵰ-         |uni           |            |
|tendon/vein    |*[u]nu[N]n[ɐ/u]|ᵰ-iᵰu:nɐ    |ɐ-uɾuɾɐ       |            |
|lie/false      |*u[N]nɐ        |uᵰɐ-kuɐ     |unɐ           |            |
|neck/throat    |*uʔnɐ          |ᵰ-u:nɐ      |ɐ-untɐ        |            |
|netbag         |*utɐ           |utʷɐ        |utɐ           |uʔɐ         |
|moon           |*[u]to:nɐ      |            |toɾɐ          |uʔo:nɐ      |
|name           |*utu           |ᵰ-utu       |(ɐ)-utu       |ɐ-uʔu       |
|hold           |*utu-          |ut-         |uti           |            |
|plant (v.)     |*utu-          |ut-         |uti           |            |
|real/true      |*utɐNnɐɾɐ      |tʷɐnɐɐ      |tɐnɐɾɐ        |uʔɐn:ɐ      |
|stink/rotten   |*uNtɐ          |u:ndɐ       |untɐ          |            |
|bird           |*uwini         |            |uβiɾi         |uɸini       |
|wind           |*uwɐⁱ          |            |uβɐⁱ          |uɸɐⁱ        |
|egg/seed       |*uɾu           |uɾu         |ɐ-uɾu         |            |
|come up/grow   |*uɾu-          |uɾi-        |uɾi           |            |
|earthquake     |*mɐtuɾɐ        |            |βɐtuɾɐ        |            |
|village        |*mɐtujɐ        |ᵯɐtu:jɐ     |βɐtukɐ        |maʔusa [ac] |
|son            |*m₂ɑ:p₂u       |ᵯɑ:pu       |mɑ:ʔu         |mɑ:k:u      |
|vulva/vagina   |*mɑ:[m/w]u     |ᵯɐu         |βɑ:βu         |            |
|dust/refuse    |*mumu          |ᵯuᵯu        |βuβu          |            |
|haze           |*muno:jɐ       |ᵯuᵰo:jɐ     |muɾokɐ [k.]   |            |
|old garden     |*muti          |ᵯuti        |muti          |            |
|down/lean      |*muNtu         |            |muntu         |            |
|heart          |*muNtujɐ       |ᵯundu:jɐ    |muntukɐ       |muʔusɐ      |
|grass/grassland|*mujɐᵘ         |ᵯujɐᵘ       |ukɐᵘ          |            |
|wart/mole      |*muɾi          |ᵯiɾi        |βuɾi          |muɾi        |
|vomit          |*muɾu          |ᵯuɾu        |βuɾu          |            |
|bone           |*muʔjɑ:ni      |ᵯujɐi       |βuhɑ:ɾi       |muʔtɑ:ni    |
|mushroom sp.   |*[N]muʔjɑ:ni   |ᵯujɑ:ᵰi     |muhɑ:ɾi       |            |
|father's sister|*Nmɑ:mu(-wɐ)   |mɑ:mu-βɐ    |mɑ:βu-(βɐ)    |mɑ:mu-ɸɐ    |
|short          |*pipu          |kiku        |ʔiʔu          |            |
|earthworm      |*pɐʔjiᵄ…       |            |ʔɐhiᵄʔu       |kɐʔtiᵄɾu    |
|woman's bro.   |*po:ɾutɐ       |ko:ɾutɐ     |ʔoɾutɐ        |            |
|initiate       |*p₂umɑ:ɾɑ:     |puɑ:ɾɑ:     |ʔuβɑ:ɾɑ:      |            |
|shoulder       |*pumu          |            |ʔuβu [k.]     |ɐ-kumu      |
|cough          |*pu[ʔn/Nt]u    |kundu:      |ʔuntu         |kuntu       |
|wet            |*p₅utɐ         |pu:tɐ       |putɐ          |            |
|true           |*put₂ɑ:        |kutɑ:       |ʔuʔɑ:         |            |
|die            |*p₂utu-        |put-        |ʔuti          |kuʔ-        |
|speech         |*puwɐ          |kuɐ         |uβɐ           |            |
|enemy          |*nɐmutɑ:(-wɐ)  |ᵰɐᵯutʷɑ:    |nɐβutɑ:-(βɐ)  |            |
|kunai grass    |*nɐmusi        |tɐusi       |nɐβuhi        |            |
|shiver         |*nɐɾu nɐɾu     |ᵰɐɾu-ᵰɐɾu-  |nɐɾu nɐɾu     |            |
|house          |*nɑ:mu         |ᵰɐu         |nɑ:βu         |            |
|headband sp.   |*nɑ:mu         |ᵰɑ:ᵯu       |nɑ:βu         |            |
|grandfather    |*nɑ:pu(-wɐ)    |ᵰɑ:ku-βɐ    |nɑ:ʔu-(βɐ)    |nɑ:k:u-ɸɐ   |
|son's wife     |*nɑ:p₂utu      |ᵰɑ:putu     |nɑ:ʔutu       |nɑ:k:uʔu    |
|vine/rope      |*nɑ:puʔnɐ      |            |nɑ:ʔuntɐ      |nɑ:k:untɐ   |
|tuber          |*nɑ:tupɐ       |ᵰɑ:tukɐ     |nɑ:tuʔɐ       |            |
|long ago/old   |*nɑ:ɾu         |ᵰɑ:ɾu       |nɑ:ɾu         |nɑ:ɾu       |
|duck sp.       |*no:Ntumu      |            |nontuβu       |            |
|louse          |*numɐ          |ᵰuᵯʷɐ       |numɐ          |            |
|sand           |*nupɐ          |ᵰukɐ        |nuʔɐ          |            |
|forget         |*tɐᵘnu-        |tɐᵘᵰ-       |tɐᵘɾu-        |            |
|stubborn       |*tɐmi tumi     |tɐᵯi-tu:-   |tɐβi tuβi     |            |
|bark cloak     |*t₂ɐ[N]mu[N]nɐ |            |ʔɐβunɐ        |ɐm:unɐ      |
|firefly        |*tɐʔmu         |tɐmbu       |tɐmpumpu [k.] |            |
|bamboo         |*tɐp₂u         |tɐpu        |tɐʔu          |            |
|flea           |*tɐɾu          |tɐɾu        |tɐɾu          |ɐɾu         |
|ginger sp.     |*tɑ:tu         |tɑ:tu       |tɑ:tu         |            |
|betel pepper   |*tɑ:ɾut₂ɑ:     |tɐɾutɑ:     |tɑ:ɾuʔɑ:      |            |
|cloud          |*to:Nnɐmu      |            |tonɐβu        |o:nɐmu      |
|liver          |*tumu          |ɐ-tu        |tuβu          |a-ʔumu [ac] |
|come down      |*tumu          |tumɐ        |tuβi          |            |
|rat            |*tumunɐ        |            |tuβuɾɐ        |ʔumunɐ      |
|root           |*t₃upɐ         |tu:kɐ       |tuʔɐ          |ɐ-t:uk:ɐ    |
|poison vine sp.|*tupɐ          |tukɐ        |tuʔɐ          |            |
|turn           |*tupɐNj[ɑ:]    |tukɐŋgʲɐ-   |tuʔɐntɑ:      |uʔɐntɐ      |
|disappear      |*tupɑ:jɐ       |tukɐ(i)-    |tuʔɑ:kɐ       |            |
|Job's tears    |*tuNpuɾɐ       |kuŋgu:ɾɐ    |kuŋkuɾɐ       |kuk:uɾɐ     |
|house post     |*tunɐ          |tu:ᵰɐ       |tuɾɐ          |            |
|poker stick    |*tunɑ:Nj[ɑ:]   |tuᵰɑ:ŋgʲɑ:  |tuɾɑ:ntɐ      |            |
|headrest       |*tunu          |            |tuɾu          |            |
|rattan sp.     |*tuNnɑ:nɐ      |tunɑ:ᵰɐ     |tunɑ:ɾɐ       |            |
|fence          |*tutujɐ        |            |tutukɐ        |ʔuʔusɐ      |
|top of tree    |*tuɾu          |tuɾu        |tuɾu          |            |
|cool           |*suʔmɐ-        |su:mbɐ-     |humpe         |            |
|smell/stink    |*suNtɐ         |su:ndɐ      |huntɐ         |            |
|blackpalm/bow  |*suɾu          |suɾu        |huɾu          |            |
|food packet    |*we:mu         |            |βeβu          |ɸe:mu       |
|strong wind    |*wɐᵘɾuɾu       |βɐᵘɾuɾu     |βɐᵘɾuɾu       |            |
|dew            |*w₂ɐɾɐ[m/w]u   |ɸɐɾɐu       |βɐɾɐβu        |            |
|lake/pool      |*wɐɾumɐ        |            |βɐɾuβɐ        |            |
|fence/palisade |*wɑ:Njɑ:munɐ   |βɐŋgʲɑ:muᵰɐ |βɑ:ntɑ:βuɾɐ   |            |
|eye            |*wu            |ɐ-βu        |(ɐ)-βu        |ɐ-ɸu        |
|go             |*wu-           |            |βi            |fu- [ac]    |
|king parrot    |*wuᵄjɑ:ɾɐ      |βuᵄjɑ:      |βuᵄkɑ:ɾɐ      |            |
|thigh          |*wuʔnɐnɐ       |            |(ɐ)-βunteɾɐ   |fundona [ac]|
|legend/story   |*[w]uɾi        |uɾi         |βuɾi          |            |
|cassowary      |*wuje:nɐ       |            |βukeɾɐ        |ɸuse:nɐ     |
|in valley      |*-ɾuNnɐ        |            |-ɾunɐ         |-ɾun:ɐ      |
|pandanus sp.   |*jɐⁱmu         |jɐⁱᵯu       |kɐⁱβu         |            |
|hand           |*jɐᵘpu         |jɑ:ku       |kɐᵘʔu         |ɐ-sɐᵘk:u    |
|digging stick  |*jɐᵘnu         |jɐᵘ         |kɐᵘɾu         |            |
|fallow         |*jɐNtu         |jɐndu       |kɐntu         |            |
|rolling string |*jɑ:jɐ[m/w]u   |jɑ:jɐu      |kɑ:kɐβu       |            |
|tree sp.       |*jo:Njɑ:…      |jo:ŋgʲauɾɐ  |kontɑ:βuɾɐ    |            |
|seed           |*jumu          |            |kuβu          |ɐ-sumu      |
|python sp.     |*juNnɐ         |ju:nɐ       |kunɐ          |            |

… unstressed initial /*u/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu|Waffa   |Vaantura|Afaqina       |
|           |***uC**      |**Cʷ**  |**C**   |**uC C [uCʷ]**|
|heavy      |*umɑ:ɾɐ      |ᵯʷɑ:ɾɐ  |mɑ:ɾɐ   |ʔumɑ:ɾɐ       |
|echidna sp.|*umɑ:ɾu[m/w]u|ᵯʷɑ:ɾu  |mɑ:ɾuβu |              |
|husk/peel  |*upɐmɑ:si    |kʷɐᵯɑ:si|ʔɐβɐhi  |              |
|real/true  |*utɐNnɐɾɐ    |tʷɐnɐɐ  |tɐnɐɾɐ  |uʔɐn:ɐ        |
|smoke      |*uNmunɐ      |muᵰɐ    |muɾɐ    |munɐ          |

In one example, …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
|          |***ɐ-u**     |**** |****    |****   |
|thorn/barb|*ɐ-uwi       |o:βi |ɐ-uβi   |       |

Mid central vowel /*ɐ/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***ɐ**       |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

Unstressed initial /*ɐ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |East Kainantu|Waffa  |Vaantura|Afaqina  |
|            |***ɐ**       |**ø**  |**ø**   |**ɐ**    |
|underneath  |*ɐme:mɐ      |       |βeβɐ    |         |
|underneath  |*ɐme:mɑ:nɐ   |ᵯe:mɑ: |βeβɑ:ɾɐ |ɐme:mɑ:nɐ|
|hip         |*ɐmuN-jɑ:ni  |ᵯundɐᵰɐ|        |         |
|woman       |*ɐnɑ:je:     |ᵰɑ:je: |nɑ:ke:  |ɐnɑ:se:  |
|slime of eel|*ɐɾiɾi       |ɾiɾi   |ɾiɾi    |         |
|tail of bird|*ɐɾɐt₃iɾɐ    |       |ɾɐtiɾɐ  |ɐɾɐt:iɾɐ |
|old woman   |*ɐjo:[ʔn/Nt]ɐ|jo:nɐ  |kontɐ   |ɐso:ʔɐ   |

… initial /*ɐ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|Afaqina|
||***ɐ**       |**** |****    |****   |
||*…           |     |        |       |

Long mid front vowel /*e:/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu    |Waffa        |Vaantura       |Afaqina   |
|               |***e:**          |**e: [e: e]**|**e**          |**e:**    |
|white cockatoo |*e:pɐɾɐ          |e:kɐɾɐ       |eʔɐɾɐ          |e:k:ɐɾɐ   |
|rat sp.        |*e:tɐʔji         |             |etɐhi          |e:t:ɐʔti  |
|banana         |*e:tɐ            |             |etɐ            |e:ʔɐ      |
|plug of leaves |*e:sɐ[Nw]u       |e:sɐŋu       |ehɐmpu         |          |
|grass sp.      |*e:w[ɐ]ni        |eβe:ᵰi       |eβɐɾi          |          |
|cassowary quill|*e:ɾimɐ          |e:ɾiᵯɐ       |eɾiβɐ          |          |
|pinkie         |*e:ɾɐ(-Nnɐ[n/ɾ]ɐ)|e:ɾɐ-(nɐ)    |eɾɐ-nɐɾɐ       |          |
|all            |*e:jɑ:           |e:jɑ:        |ekɑ:           |          |
|afternoon      |*[h]e:nɐⁱni      |haᵰɐⁱ-       |eɾɐⁱɾikɐ       |          |
|night          |*[h]e:ʔnɐ        |he:nɐ        |entɐ           |e:ntɐ     |
|underneath     |*ɐme:mɐ          |             |βeβɐ           |          |
|underneath     |*ɐme:mɑ:nɐ       |ᵯe:mɑ:       |βeβɑ:ɾɐ        |ɐme:mɑ:nɐ |
|woman          |*ɐnɑ:je:         |ᵰɑ:je:       |nɑ:ke:         |ɐnɑ:se:   |
|armpit         |*ɑ:ʔpe:          |jɑ:pe:       |ɑ:kɐ           |          |
|orchid sp.     |*o:te:nɐ         |ote:ᵰɐ       |oteɾɐ          |          |
|tail           |*me:jɐ           |ᵯe:jɐ        |βekɐ           |ɐ-me:sɐ   |
|possum sp.     |*mɐne:jɐ         |ᵯɐᵰe:jɐ      |βɐɾekɐ         |          |
|black kite     |*[N]me:Nmo:nɐ    |hemo:ᵰɐ      |memoɾɐ         |          |
|now/today      |*[N]mɐte:        |mɐte:        |βɐte           |mɐʔe:     |
|leaf           |*Nmɐne:          |             |mɐɾe           |mɐne:     |
|narrow space   |*Nmuᵄpe:         |muᵄke:       |muᵄʔe          |          |
|doorway        |*pe:Njɐ          |ke:ŋgʲɐ      |ʔe:nti ≈ ʔe:ntɐ|          |
|afraid         |*pe:tɐ-          |             |ʔete           |          |
|go inside      |*pe:tɐ-          |ke:tɐ-       |               |          |
|penis          |*p₂ɐje:          |pe:          |ʔɐke:          |          |
|butterfly      |*p₄…             |keŋgenɑ:     |pempenɑ:ɾu     |          |
|blood/red      |*nɑ:ɾe:          |             |nɑ:ɾe          |          |
|casuarina sp.  |*nɑ:ɾe:[Np]ɑ:    |ɐɾe:mbɑ:     |nɑ:ɾempɑ:      |          |
|tree kangaroo  |*tɐwe:Nnɐnɐ      |             |tɐβenɐɾɐ       |          |
|magic sp.      |*se:p₅i          |se:pi        |hepi           |          |
|nit(s)         |*se:pɐ           |se:kɐ        |he:ʔɐ          |          |
|indicative     |*-we:            |-βe:         |-βe            |-ɸe:      |
|food packet    |*we:mu           |             |βeβu           |ɸe:mu     |
|whirlwind      |*we:to:ɾɐ        |βe:to:ɾɐ     |βetoɾɐ         |          |
|poverty        |*we:si           |βe:si        |βehi           |          |
|shin           |*we:ʔjɐ          |βe:jɐ        |βehɐ           |ɸe:ʔtɐ    |
|widow          |*wɐte:pɐ         |             |βɐteʔɐ         |          |
|fat/grease     |*wɐʔsɐme:nɐ      |             |βɐhɐβeɾɐ       |ɸɐʔtɐme:nɐ|
|nape           |*wɑ:we:          |βɑ:βe:       |βɑ:βe          |          |
|cassowary      |*wuje:nɐ         |             |βukeɾɐ         |ɸuse:nɐ   |
|smoking rack   |*jɐⁱ[s]e:[n/ɾ]ɐ  |jɐⁱhe:ɾɐ     |kɐⁱhe:ɾɐ       |          |
|good           |*jo:pe:          |joketɐ-      |koʔe           |          |

Long mid back vowel /*o:/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu |Waffa        |Vaantura   |Afaqina   |
|               |***o:**       |**o: [o: o]**|**o**      |**o:**    |
|woven band     |*ijo:tɐ       |             |kotɐ       |          |
|song sp.       |*ɐⁱjo:nɐ      |ɐⁱjo:ᵰɐ      |ɐⁱkoɾɐ     |          |
|old woman      |*ɐjo:[ʔn/Nt]ɐ |jo:nɐ        |kontɐ      |ɐso:ʔɐ    |
|mud            |*[ɐ/u]ʔjo:n[ɐ]|jo:ᵰɐ        |hoɾɐ       |          |
|ear            |*ɑ:to:        |             |ɑ:to       |ɑ:ʔo:     |
|mouth          |*o:           |             |n-o        |o:        |
|vocative       |*-o:          |             |-o         |          |
|steep/ravine   |*o:Npɐⁱ       |o:ŋgɐⁱ       |oŋkɐⁱ      |          |
|sit            |*o:[ʔp]um-    |             |oʔuβ-      |o:ʔum-    |
|stone          |*o:ni         |             |oɾi        |o:ni      |
|ditch          |*o:ni (?)     |o:ni         |oɾɐ        |          |
|cave           |*o:Nn[ɑ:]mu   |o:nɐu        |onɐβu      |          |
|orchid sp.     |*o:te:nɐ      |ote:ᵰɐ       |oteɾɐ      |          |
|(going) up     |*o:t[u]       |oto          |otu        |          |
|yam sp.        |*o:wɐ         |o:βɐ         |oβɐ        |          |
|face           |*o:ɾi         |o:ɾi         |           |          |
|(going) down   |*o:ɾ[u]       |oɾo          |oɾu        |          |
|stem/clan      |*o:jɐni       |ojɐi         |okɐɾɐ      |o:sɐnɐ    |
|moon           |*[u]to:nɐ     |             |toɾɐ       |uʔo:nɐ    |
|owl sp.        |*m₂ɐno:Nmɐni  |             |mɐɾomɐɾi   |          |
|bird arrow     |*mɐto:ɾu      |ᵯɐtoɾu       |           |          |
|back           |*m₂o:pɐ-      |ᵯo:kɐ-       |moʔɐ       |          |
|day after tom. |*m₂o:nɐ       |βo:ᵰɐ        |moɾɐ       |mo:nɐ     |
|kiss           |*mo:t₂ɐ-      |ᵯo:tɐ-       |moʔe       |          |
|one            |*mo:ʔjɑ:      |ᵯuɑ:         |βohɑ:      |mo:ʔtɑ:   |
|haze           |*muno:jɐ      |ᵯuᵰo:jɐ      |muɾokɐ [k.]|          |
|hook           |*pipo:[n/ɾ]ɐ  |ki:ko:       |ʔiʔoɾɐ     |          |
|bandicoot sp.  |*[p]iɾo:jɐ    |iɾo:jɐ       |ʔiɾokɐ     |          |
|father         |*po:(-wɐ)     |ko:-βɐ       |ʔo-(βɐ)    |ɐ-k:o:-ɸɐ-|
|thumb          |*p₅o:Nnɐn[ɑ:] |po:nɐnɑ:     |ponɐɾɐ     |          |
|cuscus sp.     |*po:tɐjɐ      |ko:tɐjɐ      |otɐkɐ      |          |
|nose ornament  |*p₂o:ɾɑ:      |po:ɾɑ:       |           |          |
|wall sp.       |*p₅o:ɾo:mɑ:   |             |poɾoβɑ:    |          |
|woman's bro.   |*po:ɾutɐ      |ko:ɾutɐ      |ʔoɾutɐ     |          |
|older sister   |*nɑ:Nno:      |nɑ:no(:)-βɐ  |           |          |
|mother         |*no:(-wɐ)     |no:-βɐ       |no-(βɐ)    |ɐ-no:-ɸɐ- |
|yam sp.        |*no:mɐ[n/ɾ]i  |ᵰo:ᵯɐɾi      |noβɐɾi     |          |
|water          |*no:ni        |ᵰo:ɾi        |noɾɐ       |          |
|big            |*no:nɐ        |ᵰo:ᵰɐ        |noɾɐ       |          |
|duck sp.       |*no:Ntumu     |             |nontuβu    |          |
|fish           |*no:ʔjɐnɐ     |             |           |no:ʔtɐnɐ  |
|indicative     |*-Nno:        |-no:         |           |          |
|trumpet        |*Nno:mɐ       |no:mɐ        |nomɐ       |          |
|tree sp.       |*Nno:ɾi       |no:ɾi        |noɾi       |          |
|nettle         |*tɐɾo:p₂ɐ     |tɐɾo:pɐ      |tɐɾoʔɐ     |          |
|grandmother    |*t₃ɑ:t₃o:(-wɐ)|tɑ:to(:)-βɐ  |tɑ:to-(βɐ) |tɑ:t:o:-ɸɐ|
|torch          |*t₂o:mɐ       |to:mbɐ       |oβɐ        |ʔo:mɐ     |
|hair net       |*to:m[e:]pɐ   |toᵯe:kɐ      |toβɐʔɐ     |          |
|join/extend    |*to:Nmɐpɐ-    |to:mɐkɐ-     |tomɐʔe     |          |
|cloud          |*to:Nnɐmu     |             |tonɐβu     |o:nɐmu    |
|trading partner|*to:Nti       |to:ndi       |tonti      |          |
|striped pig    |*to:Ntɐⁱ      |to:ndɐⁱ      |tontɐⁱ     |          |
|heat/hot       |*to:to:pɐ     |toto:kɐ      |totoʔe     |          |
|fence post     |*t₂o:sɑ:      |to:sɑ:       |ohɑ:       |          |
|knee           |*to:ɾi        |to:ɾi-βu     |toɾi       |ɐ-ʔo:ɾi   |
|edge/boundary  |*to:jɑ:       |to:jɐ        |tokɑ:      |          |
|leech          |*tumo:pɐ      |ᵯo:kɐ        |tuβoʔɐ     |          |
|greens sp.     |*so:Nni       |so:ni        |           |          |
|owl sp.        |*so:wiɾi      |so:βiɾi      |hoβiɾoɾoɾɐ |          |
|whirlwind      |*we:to:ɾɐ     |βe:to:ɾɐ     |βetoɾɐ     |          |
|patella        |*wɐᵘɾo:ɾɐ     |βɐᵘɾo:       |βɐᵘɾoɾɐ    |          |
|singular       |*-wɐNno:      |             |-βɐno      |-ɸɐn:o:   |
|older brother  |*wɑ:wo:(-wɐ)  |βɑ:βo-βɐ     |           |          |
|tree sp.       |*jɑ:no:nɐ     |jɑ:ᵰo:ᵰɐ     |kɑ:ɾoɾɐ    |          |
|mother's sib   |*jɑ:jo:       |jɑ:jo        |kɑ:ko      |          |
|woman's bro.   |*jo:pi(-wɐ)   |             |koʔi-(βɐ)  |          |
|good           |*jo:pe:       |joketɐ-      |koʔe       |          |
|payment/price  |*jo:pɑ:       |jo:kɐ-       |koʔɑ:      |          |
|brideprice     |*jo:tɐ        |jo:tɐ        |kotɐ       |          |
|swell          |*jo:tɐ-       |jo:tɐ-       |           |          |
|tree sp./salt  |*[j]o:ɾo:pu   |joɾoku       |oɾoʔu      |          |

Long low central vowel /*ɑ:/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |East Kainantu    |Waffa        |Vaantura      |Afaqina   |
|               |***ɑ:**          |**ɑ:**       |**ɑ:**        |**ɑ:**    |
|calf           |*imɑ:pu          |ᵰ-iᵯɑ:ku     |ɐ-iβɑ:ʔu      |          |
|bird           |*inɑ:mɐ          |ŋʲɑ:ᵯɐ ≈ ŋʲɑ:|              |          |
|old man        |*inɑ:ʔmɐⁱ        |ŋʲɑ:mbɐⁱ     |nɑ:mpɐⁱ       |          |
|women's house  |*inɑ:muni        |ŋʲɐuᵰi       |              |          |
|sky            |*inɑ:ɾu[m/w]u    |ŋʲɐu         |nɑ:ɾuβɐ       |inaru [ac]|
|thunder        |*inɑ:ɾunɐ        |ŋʲɑ:ɾuᵰɐ     |nɑ:ɾuɾɐ       |          |
|ginger sp.     |*isɑ:ji          |isɐi         |hɑ:kɐ         |          |
|eel            |*iwɑ:ɾi          |iβɑ:ɾi       |              |          |
|wife's parents |*iɾɑ:            |-iɾɑ:-       |-iɾɑ:-        |-iɾɑ:-    |
|all            |*e:jɑ:           |e:jɑ:        |ekɑ:          |          |
|underneath     |*ɐme:mɑ:nɐ       |ᵯe:mɑ:       |βeβɑ:ɾɐ       |ɐme:mɑ:nɐ |
|woman          |*ɐnɑ:je:         |ᵰɑ:je:       |nɑ:ke:        |ɐnɑ:se:   |
|overcast       |*ɑ:NmɐNjɐᵘ       |ɑ:mɐŋgʲɐᵘ    |ɑ:mɐntɐᵘ-     |          |
|white clay     |*ɑ:p₂ɐtɐⁱ        |ɑ:pɐtɐⁱ      |ɑ:ʔɐtɐⁱ       |          |
|rain           |*ɑ:pu            |             |ɑ:ʔu          |ɑ:k:u     |
|armpit         |*ɑ:ʔpe:          |jɑ:pe:       |ɑ:kɐ          |          |
|path/road      |*ɑ:ni            |             |ɑ:ɾɐ          |ɑ:nɐ      |
|tusk           |*ɑ:nɐⁱ           |ɑ:ᵰɐⁱ        |ɑ:ɾɐⁱ         |          |
|breath         |*ɑ:Nnɐ           |             |ɑ:nɐ          |          |
|saliva         |*puwɐ-ɑ:ʔnu      |kuɑ:nu:      |ɐ-uβɑ:ntu [k.]|          |
|surpass        |*ɑ:tɐɾɐ-         |j-ɑ:tɐɾɐ-    |ɑ:tɐɾe        |          |
|ear            |*ɑ:to:           |             |ɑ:to          |ɑ:ʔo:     |
|fear           |*ɑ:tu            |ɑ:tu:-       |ɑ:tu          |          |
|dry            |*ɑ:ʔsɐnɐ         |ɑ:sɐᵰɐ       |ɐhɐɾɐ ≈ ɑ:hɐɾɐ|ɑ:ʔtɐnɐ   |
|“hmm…”         |*ɑ:ɾi            |ɑ:ɾi         |ɑ:ɾi          |          |
|call/call out  |*ɑ:ɾɐ-           |             |ɑ:ɾe          |a:ɾa [ac] |
|point          |*ɑ:ɾu            |ɑ:ɾu         |              |          |
|call/shout     |*ɑ:jɐnɐ          |ɑ:jɐᵰɐ       |ɑ:kɐɾɐ        |          |
|animal/game    |*ɑ:Njɐᵘ          |             |ɑ:ntɐᵘ        |ɑ:ntɐᵘ    |
|fuzz of plant  |*[h]ɑ:ʔjɐ        |hɑ:jɐ        |ɑ:hɐ [k.]     |          |
|heavy          |*umɑ:ɾɐ          |ᵯʷɑ:ɾɐ       |mɑ:ɾɐ         |ʔumɑ:ɾɐ   |
|echidna sp.    |*umɑ:ɾu[m/w]u    |ᵯʷɑ:ɾu       |mɑ:ɾuβu       |          |
|girl           |*mɐnɑ:tɐ         |ᵯɐᵰɑ:tɐ      |βɐɾɑ:tɐ       |mɐnɑ:ʔɐ   |
|message/news   |*mɐjɑ:jɐ         |ᵯɐjɑ:jɐ      |βɐkɑ:kɐ       |          |
|this/here      |*m₂ɑ:            |             |mɑ:           |mɑ:       |
|vulva/vagina   |*mɑ:[m/w]u       |ᵯɐu          |βɑ:βu         |          |
|tongue         |*m₂ɑ:piɾi        |ᵯɑ:kiɾi      |mɑ:ʔiɾi       |ɐ-mɑ:k:iɾi|
|place          |*m₂ɑ:pɐ          |             |mɑ:ʔɐ         |          |
|son            |*m₂ɑ:p₂u         |ᵯɑ:pu        |mɑ:ʔu         |mɑ:k:u    |
|law/instruction|*m₂ɑ:nɐ          |ᵯɑ:ᵰɐ        |mɑ:ɾɐ         |          |
|chin           |*m₂ɑ:tini        |             |mɑ:tiɾi       |mɑ:ʔini   |
|mat/house      |*m₂ɑ:tɐ          |ᵯɑ:tɐ        |mɑ:tɐ         |mɑ:ʔɐ     |
|ambush/trap    |*mɑ:ɾɐ           |ᵯɑ:ɾɐ        |βɑ:ɾɐ         |          |
|one            |*mo:ʔjɑ:         |ᵯuɑ:         |βohɑ:         |mo:ʔtɑ:   |
|bone           |*muʔjɑ:ni        |ᵯujɐi        |βuhɑ:ɾi       |muʔtɑ:ni  |
|mushroom sp.   |*[N]muʔjɑ:ni     |ᵯujɑ:ᵰi      |muhɑ:ɾi       |          |
|father's sister|*Nmɑ:mu(-wɐ)     |mɑ:mu-βɐ     |mɑ:βu-(βɐ)    |mɑ:mu-ɸɐ  |
|sister-in-law  |*Nmɑ:ti(-wɐ)     |mɑ:ti-βɐ     |mɑ:ti-(βɐ)    |mɑ:ʔi-ɸɐ  |
|coconut        |*Nmɑ:su          |mu:sɐ (?)    |mɑ:hu         |          |
|banana sp.     |*NmuᵄNnɑ:        |monɑ:        |muᵄnɑ:        |          |
|again          |*pɐⁱpɑ:          |kɐⁱkɑ:       |ʔɐⁱʔɑ:        |          |
|embers/ashes   |*p₃ɐɾɐʔmɑ:       |kɐɾɐmbɑ:jɐ   |kɐɾɐmpɑ:      |          |
|raw/new        |*pɐɾɑ:j₂ɐ        |kɐɾɑ:sɐ      |ʔɐɾɑ:kɐ       |          |
|kidney         |*pɐjɑ:…          |kɐjɑ:tɐ      |ʔɐkɑ:βɐ       |          |
|pandanus sp.   |*p₂ɐjɑ:nɐ        |pɐjɑ:ᵰɐ      |ʔɐkɑ:ɾɐ       |          |
|comb           |*pɑ:si           |             |ʔɑ:hi         |          |
|wild           |*pɑ:jɐᵘ          |kɑ:jɐᵘ       |ʔɑ:kɐᵘ        |          |
|nose ornament  |*p₂o:ɾɑ:         |po:ɾɑ:       |              |          |
|banana sp.     |*puᵄɾisɑ:p₂ɐ     |kuᵄɾisɑ:pɐ   |ʔuᵄɾihɑ:ʔɐ    |          |
|initiate       |*p₂umɑ:ɾɑ:       |puɑ:ɾɑ:      |ʔuβɑ:ɾɑ:      |          |
|true           |*put₂ɑ:          |kutɑ:        |ʔuʔɑ:         |          |
|butterfly      |*p₄…             |keŋgenɑ:     |pempenɑ:ɾu    |          |
|dirty          |*p₄ɐⁱNɑ:Nmɐ      |kɐⁱnɑ:mɐ     |pɐⁱnɑ:mɐ      |          |
|bark skirt     |*p₅ɐʔjɑ:nɐ       |pɐjɑ:ᵰɐ      |pɐhɑ:ɾɐ       |          |
|wall sp.       |*p₅o:ɾo:mɑ:      |             |poɾoβɑ:       |          |
|enemy          |*nɐmutɑ:(-wɐ)    |ᵰɐᵯutʷɑ:     |nɐβutɑ:-(βɐ)  |          |
|older sister   |*nɐjɑ:(-wɐ)      |ᵰɐjɑ:-βɐ     |nɐkɑ:-(βɐ)    |nɐsɑ:-ɸɐ  |
|house          |*nɑ:mu           |ᵰɐu          |nɑ:βu         |          |
|headband sp.   |*nɑ:mu           |ᵰɑ:ᵯu        |nɑ:βu         |          |
|breast         |*nɑ:Nmɐ          |ᵰɑ:ᵯɐ        |nɑ:mɐ         |nɑ:m:ɐ    |
|grandfather    |*nɑ:pu(-wɐ)      |ᵰɑ:ku-βɐ     |nɑ:ʔu-(βɐ)    |nɑ:k:u-ɸɐ |
|son's wife     |*nɑ:p₂utu        |ᵰɑ:putu      |nɑ:ʔutu       |nɑ:k:uʔu  |
|vine/rope      |*nɑ:puʔnɐ        |             |nɑ:ʔuntɐ      |nɑ:k:untɐ |
|older sister   |*nɑ:Nno:(-wɐ)    |nɑ:no(:)-βɐ  |              |          |
|baby           |*nɑ:ti           |             |nɑ:ti         |nɑ:ʔi     |
|wife           |*nɑ:tɐ           |ᵰɑ:tɐ        |nɑ:tɐ         |nɑ:ʔɐ     |
|tuber          |*nɑ:tupɐ         |ᵰɑ:tukɐ      |nɑ:tuʔɐ       |          |
|blood/red      |*nɑ:ɾe:          |             |nɑ:ɾe         |          |
|casuarina sp.  |*nɑ:ɾe:[Np]ɑ:    |ɐɾe:mbɑ:     |nɑ:ɾempɑ:     |          |
|long ago/old   |*nɑ:ɾu           |ᵰɑ:ɾu        |nɑ:ɾu         |nɑ:ɾu     |
|behind/later   |*nɑ:Njiᵄ[n/ɾ]i   |ᵰɑ:ŋgʲɐi     |nɑ:ntiɐɾɐ     |          |
|waist/middle   |*tɐmɑ:[n/ɾ]ɐ     |tɐᵯɑ:        |tɐβɑ:ɾɐ       |          |
|joint/node     |*tɑ:             |ɐ-tɑ:        |ɐ-tɑ:         |          |
|mountain/ridge |*tɑ:p₂i          |tɑ:pi        |tɑ:ʔi         |          |
|flying fox     |*tɑ:Npɑ:nɐ       |kɑ:ŋgɑ:ɾɐ    |kɑ:ŋkɑ:ɾɐ     |kɑ:k:ɑ:nɐ |
|bush garden    |*tɑ:nɑ:          |tɑ:ᵰɐ        |tɑ:ɾɑ:        |          |
|grandmother    |*t₃ɑ:t₃o:(-wɐ)   |tɑ:to(:)-βɐ  |tɑ:to-(βɐ)    |tɑ:t:o:-ɸɐ|
|ginger sp.     |*tɑ:tu           |tɑ:tu        |tɑ:tu         |          |
|pandanus mat   |*tɑ:ɾi           |tɑ:ɾi        |tɑ:ɾi         |          |
|two            |*tɑ:ɾɐ           |tɑ:ɾɐ-       |tɑ:ɾɐ         |ʔɑ:ɾɐ     |
|spittle        |*tɑ:ɾɐ           |tɑ:ɾɐ        |tɑ:ɾɐ         |          |
|betel pepper   |*tɑ:ɾut₂ɑ:       |tɐɾutɑ:      |tɑ:ɾuʔɑ:      |          |
|casuarina sp.  |*tɑ:jɐ           |tɑ:jɐ        |tɑ:kɐ         |          |
|fence post     |*t₂o:sɑ:         |to:sɑ:       |ohɑ:          |          |
|edge/boundary  |*to:jɑ:          |to:jɐ        |tokɑ:         |          |
|poker stick    |*tunɑ:Nj[ɑ:]     |tuᵰɑ:ŋgʲɑ:   |tuɾɑ:ntɐ      |          |
|rattan sp.     |*tuNnɑ:nɐ        |tunɑ:ᵰɐ      |tunɑ:ɾɐ       |          |
|sorcery        |*sijɑ:pɐ         |sɑ:kɐ        |hikɑ:ʔɐ       |          |
|shelter sp.    |*sɐɾɑ:nɐ         |sɐɾɑ:ᵰɐ      |hɐɾɑ:ɾɐ       |          |
|parcel         |*sɑ:ʔmɐ          |sɑ:mbɐ       |hɑ:mpɐ        |          |
|older brother  |*wɐjɑ:(-wɐ)      |βɐjɑ:-βɐ     |βɐkɑ:(-βɐ)    |ɐ-ɸɐsɑ:-ɸɐ|
|ghost          |*wɑ:Nnɐ          |             |βɑ:nɐ         |fana [ac] |
|husband        |*wɑ:ti           |βɑ:ti        |βɑ:ti         |ɸɑ:ʔi     |
|nape           |*wɑ:we:          |βɑ:βe:       |βɑ:βe         |          |
|older brother  |*wɑ:wo:(-wɐ)     |βɑ:βo-βɐ     |              |          |
|fence/palisade |*wɑ:Njɑ:munɐ     |βɐŋgʲɑ:muᵰɐ  |βɑ:ntɑ:βuɾɐ   |          |
|king parrot    |*wuᵄjɑ:ɾɐ        |βuᵄjɑ:       |βuᵄkɑ:ɾɐ      |          |
|tree kangaroo  |*jɐwɑ:si         |jɐβɑ:sɐ      |kɐβɑ:hi       |          |
|on             |*-jɑ:            |-jɑ:         |-kɑ:          |-sɑ:      |
|sugarcane      |*jɑ:pi           |jɑ:ki        |kɑ:ʔɐ         |sɑ:k:ɐ    |
|branch         |*jɑ:nɐ           |             |kɑ:ɾɐ         |          |
|tree sp.       |*jɑ:no:nɐ        |jɑ:ᵰo:ᵰɐ     |kɑ:ɾoɾɐ       |          |
|elbow          |*jɑ:Ntɑ:         |jɐndɑ:       |kɑ:ntɑ:       |sɑ:t:ɑ:   |
|centipede      |*j[ɑ:][s]ɑ:[n/ɾ]ɐ|jɐhɑ:ɾɐ      |kɑ:hɑ:ɾɐ      |          |
|crest          |*jɑ:wɐ           |jɑ:βɐ        |kɑ:βɐ         |          |
|count          |*jɑ:ɾ[ɐ]-        |jɑ:ɾ-        |kɑ:ɾɐ         |          |
|because        |*-jɑ:ɾɐ          |             |-kɑ:ɾɐ        |-sɑ:ɾɐ    |
|rolling string |*jɑ:jɐ[m/w]u     |jɑ:jɐu       |kɑ:kɐβu       |          |
|mother's sib   |*jɑ:jo:          |jɑ:jo        |kɑ:ko         |          |
|payment/price  |*jo:pɑ:          |jo:kɐ-       |koʔɑ:         |          |

… /*ɑ:/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu|Waffa   |Vaantura|Afaqina     |
|           |***ɑ:**      |**ɐ**   |**ɑ:**  |**ɑ:**      |
|disappear  |*tupɑ:jɐ     |tukɐ(i)-|tuʔɑ:kɐ |            |
|           |***ɑ:**      |**ɑ:**  |**ɐ**   |**ɑ:**      |
|husk/peel  |*upɐmɑ:si    |kʷɐᵯɑ:si|ʔɐβɐhi  |            |
|laugh/smile|*nɑ:nɐⁱ      |        |nɐɾɐⁱ-hi|nɑ:nɐⁱ-ʔtɐɾɐ|

Diphthong /*iᵄ/ is fronted to [ie:] in Waffa and to [ia] in Afaqina:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |East Kainantu |Waffa          |Vaantura |Afaqina    |
|            |***iᵄ**       |**ie:**        |**iᵄ**   |**iᵄ [ia]**|
|far         |*iniᵄnɐ       |ŋʲe:ᵰɐ ≈ ŋʲe:ɾɐ|niᵄɾɐ    |           |
|sweet       |*iʔjiᵄj[ɑ:]   |kie:jɐ-        |hiᵄkɑ:   |           |
|down (near) |*Nmiᵄ         |miɑ:           |miᵄ-     |           |
|co-wife     |*piᵄ[n/ɾ]i    |kie:-          |ʔiᵄɾi    |           |
|head        |*piᵄtɐ        |kie:tɐ         |ʔiᵄtɐ    |ɐ-kiᵄʔɐ    |
|earthworm   |*pɐʔjiᵄ…      |               |ʔɐhiᵄʔu  |kɐʔtiᵄɾu   |
|behind/later|*nɑ:Njiᵄ[n/ɾ]i|ᵰɑ:ŋgʲɐi       |nɑ:ntiɐɾɐ|           |
|not         |*jiᵄ          |               |kiᵄ      |siᵄ        |

Diphthong /*uᵄ/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |East Kainantu|Waffa            |Vaantura   |Afaqina       |
|              |***uᵄ**      |**uᵄ [uᵄ uo: o]**|**uᵄ**     |**uᵄ**        |
|s.'s husband  |*ituᵄ(-wɐ)   |(ᵰ)-ituo:-βɐ     |ɐ-ituᵄ(-βɐ)|iʔuᵄ(-ɸɐ) [hk]|
|theft/adultery|*umuᵄɾɐ      |ᵯuᵄɾɐ            |muᵄɾɐ      |              |
|narrow space  |*Nmuᵄpe:     |muᵄke:           |muᵄʔe      |              |
|banana sp.    |*NmuᵄNnɑ:    |monɑ:            |muᵄnɑ:     |              |
|notched post  |*puᵄʔmɐⁱ     |kuᵄmbɐⁱ          |ʔuᵄmpɐⁱ    |              |
|white magic   |*puᵄsɐ       |kuᵄsɐ            |ʔuᵄhɐ      |              |
|banana sp.    |*puᵄɾisɑ:p₂ɐ |kuᵄɾisɑ:pɐ       |ʔuᵄɾihɑ:ʔɐ |              |
|pig           |*p₂uᵄɾɐ      |puᵄɾɐ            |ʔuᵄɾɐ      |kuᵄɾɐ         |
|sore (n.)     |*n[ɐ]Nmuᵄnɐ  |                 |numuᵄɾɐ    |              |
|P. raggiana   |*tɐpuᵄnɐ     |tɐkuᵄᵰɐ          |tɐβuᵄɾɐ    |              |
|king parrot   |*wuᵄjɑ:ɾɐ    |βuᵄjɑ:           |βuᵄkɑ:ɾɐ   |              |
|sun           |*j₂uᵄni      |suᵄi             |kuᵄɾi      |suᵄni         |

Diphthong /*ɐⁱ/ is retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |East Kainantu  |Waffa   |Vaantura|Afaqina     |
|              |***ɐⁱ**        |**ɐⁱ**  |**ɐⁱ**  |**ɐⁱ**      |
|old man       |*inɑ:ʔmɐⁱ      |ŋʲɑ:mbɐⁱ|nɑ:mpɐⁱ |            |
|afternoon     |*[h]e:nɐⁱni    |haᵰɐⁱ-  |eɾɐⁱɾikɐ|            |
|ladder        |*[h]ɐⁱjɐ       |hɑ:kʲɐ  |ɐⁱkɐ    |            |
|song sp.      |*ɐⁱjo:nɐ       |ɐⁱjo:ᵰɐ |ɐⁱkoɾɐ  |            |
|edge/end      |*ɐɾɐⁱ          |ɐɾɐⁱ    |        |            |
|white clay    |*ɑ:p₂ɐtɐⁱ      |ɑ:pɐtɐⁱ |ɑ:ʔɐtɐⁱ |            |
|tusk          |*ɑ:nɐⁱ         |ɑ:ᵰɐⁱ   |ɑ:ɾɐⁱ   |            |
|steep/ravine  |*o:Npɐⁱ        |o:ŋgɐⁱ  |oŋkɐⁱ   |            |
|wind          |*uwɐⁱ          |        |uβɐⁱ    |uɸɐⁱ        |
|hole          |*[N]mɐⁱpɐ      |        |mɐⁱʔɐ   |            |
|again         |*pɐⁱpɑ:        |kɐⁱkɑ:  |ʔɐⁱʔɑ:  |            |
|dirty         |*p₄ɐⁱNnɑ:Nmɐ   |kɐⁱnɑ:mɐ|pɐⁱnɑ:mɐ|            |
|notched post  |*puᵄʔmɐⁱ       |kuᵄmbɐⁱ |ʔuᵄmpɐⁱ |            |
|tuber of s.p. |*nɐⁱʔnɐ        |ᵰɐⁱnɐ   |nɐⁱntɐ  |            |
|laugh/smile   |*nɑ:nɐⁱ        |        |nɐɾɐⁱ-hi|nɑ:nɐⁱ-ʔtɐɾɐ|
|finish        |*t₃ɐⁱpɐ-       |tɐⁱkɐ-  |tɐⁱʔe   |tɐⁱk:ɐ-     |
|dream         |*tɐⁱnɐ         |        |tɐⁱɾɐ   |            |
|platform/shelf|*tɐⁱʔnɐ        |tɐⁱnɐ   |tɐⁱntɐ  |ɐⁱntɐ       |
|stillbirth    |*tɐⁱɾi         |tɐⁱɾi-  |tɐⁱɾi   |            |
|striped pig   |*to:Ntɐⁱ       |to:ndɐⁱ |tontɐⁱ  |            |
|tree sp.      |*sɐɾɐⁱ         |sɐɾɐⁱ   |hɐɾɐⁱ   |            |
|near          |*wɐⁱ           |βɐⁱ-ni  |βɐⁱ     |            |
|tooth         |*wɐⁱ           |ɐ-βɐⁱ   |ɐ-βɐⁱ   |ɐ-ɸɐⁱ       |
|lie down/sleep|*wɐⁱ-          |βɐⁱ-    |βɐⁱ     |            |
|man           |*wɐⁱ-iNti      |βɐⁱndi  |βɐⁱnti  |ɸɐⁱʔi       |
|dog           |*w₂ɐⁱni        |ɸɐⁱ     |βɐⁱɾi   |ɸɐⁱni       |
|men's house   |*wɐⁱnɐ         |βɐⁱŋʲɐ  |βɐⁱɾɐ   |            |
|lie down/sleep|*wɐⁱtɐ-        |        |βɐⁱte   |ɸɐⁱʔɐ-      |
|pandanus sp.  |*jɐⁱmu         |jɐⁱᵯu   |kɐⁱβu   |            |
|smoking rack  |*jɐⁱ[s]e:[n/ɾ]ɐ|jɐⁱhe:ɾɐ|kɐⁱhe:ɾɐ|            |
|birth feast   |*jɐⁱsɐ         |jɐⁱsɐ   |kɐⁱhɐ   |            |

Diphthong /*ɐᵘ/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |East Kainantu|Waffa         |Vaantura             |Afaqina   |
|                |***ɐᵘ**      |**ɐᵘ [ɐᵘ ɑ:]**|**ɐᵘ**               |**ɐᵘ**    |
|overcast        |*ɑ:NmɐNjɐᵘ   |ɑ:mɐŋgʲɐᵘ     |ɑ:mɐntɐᵘ-            |          |
|animal/game     |*ɑ:Njɐᵘ      |              |ɑ:ntɐᵘ               |ɑ:ntɐᵘ    |
|over/along      |*-mɐᵘ        |              |-βɐᵘ                 |-mɐᵘ      |
|grass/grassland |*mujɐᵘ       |ᵯujɐᵘ         |ukɐᵘ                 |          |
|navel/umbilicus |*[N]mɐᵘN-    |βɐᵘ-kɐnɐ      |mɐᵘn-tɐβɐ\\ ≈ βɐᵘn-tɐ|          |
|leaves sp.      |*Nmɐᵘnɐ      |mɐᵘɾɐ         |mɐᵘɾɐ                |          |
|sweat           |*pɐᵘsɐ       |kɐᵘsɐ         |                     |          |
|wild            |*pɑ:jɐᵘ      |kɑ:jɐᵘ        |ʔɑ:kɐᵘ               |          |
|mother's br.    |*nɐᵘ(-wɐ)    |ᵰɐᵘ-βɐ        |nɐᵘ(-βɐ)             |          |
|sister's child  |*nɐᵘNti      |ᵰɐᵘndi        |nɐᵘnti               |nɐᵘʔi [hk]|
|forget          |*tɐᵘnu       |tɐᵘᵰ-         |tɐᵘɾu-               |          |
|spine           |*t₃ɐᵘwɐpɐ    |              |tɐᵘβɐʔɐ              |tɐᵘɸɐk:ɐ  |
|fly (n.)        |*s[i/u]ʔmɐᵘ  |simbɐᵘ        |humpɐᵘ [k.]          |          |
|frog sp.        |*wisɐᵘʔnɐ    |βisɐᵘnɐ       |βisɐᵘntɐ             |          |
|not             |*-wɐᵘ        |              |                     |-ɸɐᵘ      |
|patella         |*wɐᵘɾo:ɾɐ    |βɐᵘɾo:        |βɐᵘɾoɾɐ              |          |
|strong wind     |*wɐᵘɾuɾu     |βɐᵘɾuɾu       |βɐᵘɾuɾu              |          |
|star            |*wɐjɐᵘ       |              |mɐkɐᵘ                |ɸɐsɐᵘ     |
|cowrie shell sp.|*jɐᵘ         |jɐᵘ           |kɐᵘ                  |          |
|limbless tree   |*jɐᵘpɐ       |jɐᵘkɐ-        |kɐᵘʔɐ                |          |
|hand            |*jɐᵘpu       |jɑ:ku         |kɐᵘʔu                |ɐ-sɐᵘk:u  |
|digging stick   |*jɐᵘnu       |jɐᵘ           |kɐᵘɾu                |          |
|shell nosepiece |*jɐᵘʔnɐnɐ    |jɐᵘnɐᵰɐ       |kɐᵘntɐɾɐ             |          |
|hair/feather    |*jɐᵘsi       |jɑ:si: ≈ jɐᵘsi|kɐᵘhi ≈ kɑ:hi        |sɐᵘsi     |


===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
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East Kainantu nominative pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with Waffa attestations drawn from Stringer and Hotz (1973: 555, 1979 ibid.,) North Tairora of Vaantura from Vincent (1973: 531-532, 563, CITE, cf. Capell 1948-1949:111-114) and Afaqina (Binumarien) from Oatridge and Oatridge (1965: 13, Bee 1966: 3-4, 8) … areal grammatical trend …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura |Afaqina|
|1 sg.|*nɐ          |nɐ   |---      |---    |
|2 sg.|*ɐ(-ne:)     |ɐ    |ɐ-ɾe     |ɐ-ne:  |
|3 sg.|*[i]βɐ       |iβɐ  |[βi-(βɐ)]|[mi-ɸɐ]|
|1 pl.|*tɐ          |tɐ   |---      |---    |
|2 pl.|*iNnɐ        |ŋʲɐ  |---      |---    |
|3 pl.|*[i]jɐ       |ijɐ  |         |       |

Emphatic pronouns are reconstructed as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |East Kainantu|Waffa |Vaantura      |Afaqina |
|1 sg. emph.|*ne:(-ne:)   |ne:   |[te(-ɾe)]     |[ʔi-ne:]|
|2 sg. emph.|*e:          |e(:)  |---           |---     |
|3 sg. emph.|*…           |      |---           |---     |
|1 pl. emph.|*te:         |te    |te(-ɾe)(-nɐβu)|[mɑ:-sɐ]|
|2 pl. emph.|*iNne:       |ŋʲe(:)|ne(-nɐβu)     |in:e:   |
|3 pl. emph.|*…           |      |              |        |

Free object pronouns are reconstructed as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura  |Afaqina|
|1 sg. obj.|*…           |     |ti-ɾi/ti-ø|ʔi-ni  |
|2 sg. obj.|*ɐ-ni        |     |ɐ-ɾi/ɐ-i  |ɐ-ni   |
|3 sg. obj.|*…           |i-ᵰɐ |          |       |
|1 pl. obj.|*…           |     |          |       |
|2 pl. obj.|*…           |     |          |       |
|3 pl. obj.|*…           |ijɐ  |          |       |

… inalienable possessors and verbal objects …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura|    |Afaqina|     |
|                |             |     |_C      |_V  |_C     |_V   |
|1 sg. poss./obj.|*…           |ni-  |[ti-]   |[h-]|[ʔi-]- |[ʔt]-|
|2 sg. poss./obj.|*ɐ-          |i-   |ɐ-      |ø-  |ɐ-     |ø-   |
|3 sg. poss./obj.|*ɐ-          |ɐ-   |ɐ-      |ø-  |ɐ-     |ø-   |
|1 pl. poss./obj.|*ti-         |ti-  |ti-     |h-  |ʔi--   |ʔt-  |
|2 pl. poss./obj.|*iNni-       |ŋi:- |ni-     |n-  |ni-    |n-   |
|3 pl. poss./obj.|*…           |     |ni-     |n-  |ni-    |n-   |

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Verbal subject desinences are reconstructed as follows, with Waffa drawn from Stringer and Hotz (1969: 11-15,) Vaantura from Vincent (1973: CITE,) Omwunra (Obura) from Kerr (1973: CITE) and Afaqina (Binumarien) from Oatridge and Oatridge (1965: CITE.) …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |East Kainantu|Waffa|Vaantura     |Omwunra    |Afaqina|
|1 sg. sbj.|*-u          |-u-  |[-unɐ-/-uɾɐ-]|-u-        |       |
|2 sg. sbj.|*-ɐnɐ        |-ᵰɐ- |-ɐnɐ-/-ɐɾɐ-  |-ɐnɐ-/-ɐᵰɐ-|       |
|3 sg. sbj.|*-i          |-i-  |-i-          |-i-        |       |
|1 pl. sbj.|*-unɐ        |-uᵰɐ-|-unɐ-/-uɾɐ-  |-unɐ-/-uᵰɐ-|       |
|2 pl. sbj.|*-ɐ          |-ɐ-  |-ɐ-          |-ɐ-        |       |
|3 pl. sbj.|*-ɐ          |-ɐ-  |-ɐ-          |-ɐ-        |       |

(n.b. Kerr (1973) gives Omwunra /ᵰ/ as /ɾ/)\\
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