====== Omwunra ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
Omwunra (Obura,) or Omwunra-Toqura (Obura-To'okena,) one of three primary divisions of Tairora, is spoken by 2,000 people (1994) living in the Obura subdistrict of Papua New Guinea's Eastern Highland Province (Vincent and Vincent 1994: 1, q.v. Vincent 2010: iv.)

===== Sources =====
Kerr (1973: 598-624) Obura verbal subjects

Vincent and Vincent (1994) sketch phonology of Obura-To'okena\\
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Additionally, there is unattributed (1976) 163-term survey vocabulary posted in digitalized form by Simon Greenhill, desginated as South Tairora.

===== Phonology =====
Vincent and Vincent (1994) give 17 consonants and 6 vowels for Obura-To'okena as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m   |  n   |   ɲ   |     |     |
|  ᵯ   |  ᵰ   |       |     |     |
|  p   |  t   |  kʲ   |  k  |  ʔ  |
|  mp  |  nt  |  ŋkʲ  |     |     |
|      |  s   |       |     |  h  |
|  β   |  r   |       |     |     |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i  |      |  u  |
|  e  |  ɐ   |  o  |
|     |  ɑ:  |     |

(Vincent and Vincent's <ɑ> shown as /ɐ/​ after Vincent 2010: v-vi and outcomparison)\\
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Nasalized bilabial fricative /ᵯ/ and alveolar flap /ᵰ/ are developments of plain nasals /*m *n/, hence their placement in the chart above.

Apical non-stop /r/ is specified as a trill.

Bilabial non-stop /β/ is historically and structurally equivalent to glide /w/. There is no palatal glide /j/ because East Kainantu /*j/, which had perhaps the value [c] in proto-Tairora, has been occluded to palatalized velar /kʲ/.\\
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Prenasalized stops /mp nt ŋkʲ/ are historically clusters; otherwise no consonant clusters occur. Final consonants do not occur.\\
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In addition to the simple vowels, there are two diphthongs as follows:

|< - 60px 60px >|
|  ɐⁱ  |  ɐᵘ  |

Tone is contrastive, but is not indicated in the orthography.

===== Pronouns =====
Vincent and Vincent (1994) give free pronouns for Obura-To'okena as follows:

|< - 100px 100px >|
|1 sg.|nte  |
|2 sg.|e    |
|3 sg.|ᵯi(ɐ)|
|1 pl.|?    |
|2 pl.|?    |
|3 pl.|ŋkʲe |

Additionally, the first singular possessive form /ni/ is given, reflecting East Kainantu /*ni/.

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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