====== Kainantu ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== The Kainantu family is comprised of perhaps fifteen languages spoken in the Kainantu, Obura-Wonenara and Okapa subdistricts of Papua New Guinea's Eastern Highlands province, with one language, Waffa, spoken just across the border in Morobe province to the east. ===== Subclassification ===== The internal classification of Kainantu is as follows:\\ \\ Kainantu Kenati East Kainantu Waffa Afaqina-Tairora Afaqina (Binumarien) Tairora North Tairora Omwunra Vinaata West Kainantu North Kainantu Agarabi Kambaira Gadsup Oyana Ontena Akuna-Tompena Central and South Kainantu Central Kainantu Awiyaana Usarufa South Kainantu Awa Oweina\\ \\ The placement of Oyana above is based upon McKaughan (1964: 99-101, 1973: xvi, 403, 695-698, 699) and Frantz (1976: 75,) as no Oyana data is available to us at this time.\\ \\ Wurm (1961: 20-23, 1971: 551-557, McKaughan 1973: 698 after Wurm p.c.) calculates lexicostatistical relationships between eight Kainantu languages as follows; question marks indicate figures which are not given: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | | Binum. | Tairora | Agarabe | Oyana | Gadsup | Usarufa | Auyana | Awa | |Binum. | --- | 69 | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |Tairora| 69 | --- | 36 | 34 | 35 | ? | 33 | ? | |Agarabe| ? | 36 | --- | 66 | ? | ? | 49 | ? | |Oyana | ? | 34 | 66 | --- | 69 | ? | 53 | ? | |Gadsup | ? | 35 | ? | 69 | --- | ? | 46 | ? | |Usarufa| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | --- | 76 | ? | |Auyana | ? | 33 | 49 | 53 | 46 | 76 | --- | 46 | |Awa | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 46 | --- | (Binum. = Binumarien, Gadsup i.e. Akuna)\\ \\ McKaughan (1964: 99-101, 1973: 695-698) calculates lexicostatistical resemblances between twelve Kainantu villages as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | | | Tairora | | | Gadsup | | | Auyana | | | Awa | | | | | | Baira | Batain. | Abiqera | Oyana | Akuna | Tompena | Kawaina | Kosena | Asempa | Tauna | Ilakia | Mobuta | |Tairora|Baira | --- | 87.9 | 87.7 | 55.1 | 55.5 | 54.1 | 54.5 | 55.1 | 55.5 | 55.7 | 53.6 | 54.6 | | |Batain.| 87.9 | --- | 97.8 | 60.2 | 60.0 | 57.6 | 57.1 | 60.2 | 60.8 | 61.8 | 59.6 | 61.2 | | |Abiqera| 87.7 | 97.8 | --- | 60.8 | 61.2 | 60.2 | 60.2 | 60.8 | 62.2 | 62.5 | 60.8 | 61.4 | |Gadsup |Oyana | 55.1 | 60.2 | 60.8 | --- | 85.7 | 84.7 | 70.4 | 72.2 | 71.4 | 66.7 | 63.5 | 63.5 | | |Akuna | 55.5 | 60.0 | 61.2 | 85.7 | --- | 97.9 | 65.6 | 66.3 | 67.7 | 66.0 | 63.9 | 63.3 | | |Tomp. | 54.1 | 57.6 | 60.2 | 84.7 | 97.9 | --- | 64.6 | 65.3 | 69.4 | 64.6 | 63.5 | 61.8 | |Auyana |Kawaina| 54.5 | 57.1 | 60.2 | 70.4 | 65.6 | 64.6 | --- | 93.9 | 91.9 | 76.3 | 73.2 | 72.4 | | |Kosena | 55.1 | 60.2 | 60.8 | 72.2 | 66.3 | 65.3 | 93.9 | --- | 97.9 | 76.0 | 73.9 | 71.9 | | |Asempa | 55.5 | 60.8 | 62.2 | 71.4 | 67.7 | 69.4 | 91.9 | 97.9 | --- | 78.3 | 75.2 | 74.2 | |Awa |Tauna | 55.7 | 61.8 | 62.5 | 66.7 | 66.0 | 64.6 | 76.3 | 76.0 | 78.3 | --- | 82.6 | 86.3 | | |Ilakia | 53.6 | 59.6 | 60.8 | 63.5 | 63.9 | 63.5 | 73.2 | 73.9 | 75.2 | 92.6 | --- | 88.4 | | |Mobuta | 54.6 | 61.2 | 61.4 | 63.5 | 63.3 | 61.8 | 72.4 | 71.9 | 74.2 | 86.3 | 88.4 | --- | (Batain. = Batainabura, Tomp. = Tompena) ===== Sources ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== History of classification ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Eastern Highlands … The special relationship with Goroka (Scott 1978: CITE,) Foley (1986: CITE), Haiman (CITE) The position of Kenati … (Lloyd 1973: 93, Wurm 1975: 491, Gajdusek 1980: 142.) ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Proto-Kainantu had 7 or 8 consonants, 6 simple vowels and … diphthongs as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | *n | | | *p | *t | *s | | *w | [*ɾ] | *j | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | | *u | | *e: | *ɐ | *o: | | | *ɑ: | | …\\ \\ Final consonants are reduced in West Kainantu and droppped in East Kainantu. More frequently, thematic or postthematic final segments /*CV/ are retained as such in East Kainantu, but reduced in West Kainantu in the same manner as a final consonant. Consequently, all East Kainantu roots have final vowels. Final vowels occur in West Kainantu, but comprise a minority of roots.\\ \\ …\\ \\ …\\ \\ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Kainantu|East Kainantu|West Kainantu|Kenati |Kenati | ||*… | | |Dodd (PW)|Gajdusek| ||***…** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||*… | | | | | … ===== Pronouns ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Verbal morphology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Loans from Huon Gulf ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Huon Gulf |Kainantu|||| |dog |*kijam [Mk]| |||| |woman's bro.| | |||| |taro | | |||| |sugarcane | | |||| … specifically from Markham River …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Markham|Adzera|Kainantu|||| |axe| | | ||||