====== Central Kainantu ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
**[under construction]**\\
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The Central Kainantu family is comprised of two languages, Awiyaana and Usarufa, spoken …

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of Central Kainantu is as follows:\\
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Central Kainantu

Usarufa

Awiyaana\\
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There is no substantial difference between Marks' Kosena dialect of Awiyaana and McKaughan's Auyana of Asempa.

===== Sources =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Bee and Glasgow (1962: 112-127) phonology of Usarufa of Mairapaqa village, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 190-203)

Bee (1964) phonology of Usarufa, reprinted in Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 4 (1965: 39-68) and McKaughan ed. (1973: 204-224)

Bee (1965) grammar of Usarufa of Orona village

Bee (1965: 1-37) 60 Usarufa reflexes of proto-Kainantu, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 739-768)

Bee (1973: 225-323) grammar of Usarufa, a revised version of Bee (1965)

Bee, compiler (1973: 390-400) texts

Kerr (1973: 769-799) Usarufa reflexes of proto-Kainantu kin terms

Chenoveth (1992) Usarufa sketch phonology\\
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Capell (1948-1949: 350-354) pronouns and 115 comparative terms for Forei (Awiyaana)

McKaughan (1964: 98-121) includes 546 comparative terms for Auyana of Asempa village, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 694-738)

Bee (1965: 1-37) 58 Auyana reflexes of proto-Kainantu, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 739-768)

McKaughan and Marks (1973: 181-189) Kosena phonology and morphology

McKaughan, compiler (1973: 324-389) Auyana texts

Kerr (1973: 769-799) Auyana reflexes of proto-Kainantu kin terms, including Kosena and Asempa

Marks (1974) Kosena grammar

Marks (1975) Kosena dictionary

Marks (1992) sketch phonology of Awiyaana and Kosena

Marks (n.d.) Kosena body parts

Marks (n.d.) Kosena final verb morphology

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Proto Central Kainantu had … consonants and 6 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |      |    |
|  *p  |      |  *s  |  *k  |    |
|  *w  |  *ɾ  |  *j  |      |    |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |       |  *u   |
|  *e:  |  *ɐ   |  *o:  |
|       |  *ɑ:  |       |

…\\
\\

In addition to the simple vowels above, two diphthongs occur:

|< - 60px 60px >|
|  *ɐⁱ  |  *ɐᵘ  |

…

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *N  |      |      |
|      |      |  *ʔ  |
|      |  *j  |      |

…\\
\\

Initial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  C. Kai.  |  Usarufa  |  Awiywaana  |
|    *m-    |           |             |
|    *n-    |           |             |
|    *p-    |           |             |
|    *s-    |           |             |
|    *k-    |           |             |
|    *w-    |           |             |
|    *ɾ-    |           |             |
|    *j-    |           |             |

Simple medial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  C. Kai.  |  Usarufa  |  Awiyaana  |
|   *-m-    |           |            |
|   *-n-    |           |            |
|   *-p-    |           |            |
|   *-s-    |           |            |
|   *-k-    |           |            |
|   *-w-    |           |            |
|   *-ɾ-    |           |            |
|   *-j-    |           |            |

Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  C. Kai.  |  Usarufa  |  Awiyaana  |
|   *-Nm-   |           |            |
|   *-Nn-   |           |            |
|   *-Np-   |           |            |
|   *-Ns-   |           |            |
|   *-Nk-   |           |            |
|   *-Nw-   |           |            |
|   *-Nj-   |           |            |

Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*C/ correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  C. Kai.  |  Usarufa  |  Awiyaana  |
|   *-ʔm-   |           |            |
|   *-ʔn-   |           |            |
|   *-ʔp-   |           |            |
|   *-ʔs-   |           |            |
|   *-ʔk-   |           |            |
|   *-ʔw-   |           |            |
|   *-ʔj-   |           |            |

Final consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  C. Kai.  |  Usarufa  |  Awiyaana  |
|    *-ø    |           |            |
|    *-N    |           |            |
|    *-ʔ    |           |            |
|    *-j    |           |            |

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  C. Kai.  |  Usarufa  |  Awiyaana  |
|    *i     |           |            |
|    *u     |           |            |
|    *ɐ     |           |            |
|    *e:    |           |            |
|    *o:    |           |            |
|    *ɑ:    |           |            |
|    *ɐⁱ    |           |            |
|    *ɐᵘ    |           |            |

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with …:.\\
\\

\\

… /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***m**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***n**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*n         |       |      |      |

… /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***p**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***t**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***k**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***w**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ɾ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***ɾ**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***j**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |


… simple medial consonants …:\\
\\

… /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-m-**   |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-n-**   |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-p-**   |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-s-**   |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-k-**   |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-w-**   |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ɾ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ɾ-**   |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
|   |***-j-**   |****   |****  |****  |
|dog|*ijɐN      |       |      |      |


… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ …:\\
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… /*Nm/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-Nm-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*Nn/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-Nn-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*Np/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-Np-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*Ns/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-Ns-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*Nk/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-Nk-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*Nw/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-Nw-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*Nj/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-Nj-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |


… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*ʔ/ …:\\
\\

… /*ʔm/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ʔm-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ʔn/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ʔn-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||           |       |      |      |

… /*ʔp/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ʔp-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ʔs/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ʔs-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ʔk/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ʔk-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ʔw/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ʔw-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ʔj/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ʔj-**  |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |


… final consonants …:\\
\\

… zero … :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ø**    |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*N/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-N**    |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ʔ/ … :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-ʔ**    |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***-j**    |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***…**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |


… vowels …:\\
\\

… /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***i**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*u/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***u**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ɐ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***ɐ**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*e:/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***e:**    |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*o:/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***…**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

… /*ɑ:/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***ɑ:**    |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
||***…**     |****   |****  |****  |
||*…         |       |      |      |

===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |C. Kainantu|Usarufa|Kosena|Asempa|
|1 sg.|*…         |       |      |      |
|2 sg.|*…         |       |      |      |
|3 sg.|*…         |       |      |      |
|1 pl.|*…         |       |      |      |
|2 pl.|*…         |       |      |      |
|3 pl.|*…         |       |      |      |

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…\\
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