====== South Kainantu ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
**[under construction]**\\
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The South Kainantu family is comprised of two languages, Awa and Oweina spoken …

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of South Kainantu is as follows:\\
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South Kainantu

Awa

Oweina

===== Sources =====
Loving (1962: 28-43) Awa nominal suffixes, reprinted in McKaughan ed, (1973. 19-30)

Loving and McKaughan (1964: 1-30) Awa dependent verb morphology, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 56-64)

Loving and McKaughan (1964: 31-44) Awa independent verb morphology, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 36-55)

McKaughan (1964: 98-121) 546 comparative terms from Awa of Ilakia village, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 694-738)

Loving (1965) Awa possessive prefixes

Loving (1966: 23-32) Awa phonology

Loving (1973: 6-9) lexicostatistical comparison of Awa dialects

McKaughan and Loving (1973: 31-35) Awa possessive prefixes

Loving (1973: 10-18) Awa phonology, a revised version of Loving (1966)

Loving (1973: 65-87) Awa grammar

McKaughan, compiler (1973: 88-175) Awa texts

Kerr (1973: 769-799) Awa reflexes of proto-Kainantu kin terms

Loving and Loving (1975) dictionary of Awa of Mobuta village (Southern dialect)

Loving (1992) Awa sketch phonology

Xiao (1990) comparison of Awa with Binumarien and Hua

Loving (n.d.) survey vocabulary of Oweina provided in digitalized form by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ukarumpa

Gajudsek (1980) brief ethnological description and a few words for Oweina-Waisara

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Proto-South Kainantu had perhaps 7 consonants and 6 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |    |
|  *p  |  *t  |  *s  |    |
|  *w  |      |  *j  |    |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |       |  *u   |
|  *e:  |  *ɐ   |  *o:  |
|       |  *ɑ:  |       |

…\\
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In addition to the simple vowels above, three diphthongs occur:

|< - 60px 60px >|
|  *o:ⁱ  |       |
|  *ɐⁱ   |  *ɐᵘ  |

Two archiphonemes /*N/ and /*ʔ/ are found finally, resulting from the conflation of nasals and stops respectively in final position:

|< - 60px >|
|  *N  |
|  *ʔ  |

Word-initial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  S. Kai.  |  Oweina  |   Awa    |
|    *m-    |          |          |
|    *n-    |    nd    |    n     |
|    *p-    |          |          |
|    *s-    |          |          |
|    *k-    |          |          |
|    *w-    |          |          |
|    *j-    |    j     |  s [ts]  |

Simple word-medial consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  S. Kai.  |  Oweina  |  Awa  |
|   *-m-    |          |       |
|   *-n-    |          |       |
|   *-p-    |          |       |
|   *-s-    |          |       |
|   *-k-    |          |       |
|   *-w-    |          |       |
|   *-j-    |    j     |   j   |

Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  S. Kai.  |  Oweina  |  Awa  |
|   *-Nm-   |    mb    |   m   |
|   *-Nn-   |          |       |
|   *-Np-   |    mp    |   p   |
|   *-Nt-   |    nt    |   t   |
|   *-Ns-   |          |       |
|   *-Nw-   |          |       |
|   *-Nj-   |          |       |

Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*ʔ/ correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  S. Kai.  |  Oweina  |  Awa  |
|   *-ʔm-   |          |       |
|   *-ʔn-   |          |       |
|   *-ʔp-   |          |       |
|   *-ʔt-   |          |       |
|   *-ʔs-   |          |       |
|   *-ʔw-   |          |       |
|   *-ʔj-   |          |       |

Final consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  S. Kai.  |  Oweina  |  Awa  |
|    *-N    |    ø     |  (N)  |
|    *-ʔ    |    ʔ     |   ʔ   |

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  S. Kai.  |  Oweina  |  Awa  |
|    *i     |    i     |   i   |
|    *u     |    u     |   u   |
|    *ɐ     |    ɐ     |   ɐ   |
|    *e:    |    e     |   e   |
|    *o:    |    o     |   o   |
|    *ɑ:    |    ɑ     |   ɑ   |
|    *ɐⁱ    |    ɐⁱ    |   æ   |
|    *ɐᵘ    |    ɐᵒ    |   o   |
|   *o:ⁱ    |    oⁱ    |  oᵉ   |

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Oweina attestations drawn from Dodd via Whitehouse, Awa of Mobuta from Loving and Loving (1975 ibid.) and Awa of Ilakia from McKaughan (1973:721-738.)\\
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… /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***m**        |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

Initial apical nasal /*n/ is preoccluded to [nd] in Oweina:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |South Kainantu|Oweina |Mobuta   |Ilakia|
|      |***n-**       |**nd-**|**n-**   |**n-**|
|mother|*no:(-wɐ)     |ndo    |ɐ̀-nò-wɐ̀|no-wɐ |
|water |*no:N         |ndo    |nò(N)    |no    |
|louse |*nuN          |ndu    |nù(N)    |nu    |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
|     |***n-**       |**n-**|**n-**|**n-**|
|     |              |      |      |      |
|1 sg.|*ne:          |ne    |né    |ne    |

… /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***p**        |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… apical stop /*t/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |South Kainantu|Oweina   |Mobuta   |Ilakia|
|          |***t-**       |**t**    |**t**    |**t** |
|three     |*tɑ:Nmo:      |tɑmbo    |tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo |tɑmoro|
|flying fox|*tɑ:NpɑN      |tɑmpɐ    |tɑ̀pɑ̀(N)|tɑpɑ  |
|          |***-t-**      |**ɾ <r>**|**ɾ**    |**r** |
|liver     |*(ɐ-)tuN      |ɐ-ɾ u    |ɐ̀-ɾù(N) |ɐ-ɾu  |
|fire      |*itɐ          |iɾɐ      |ìɾɐ̀     |iɾɐ   |
|woman     |*ɑ:te:        |ɑɾe      |ɑ̀ɾè     |ɑɾe   |

… /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***k**        |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |South Kainantu|Oweina         |Mobuta|Ilakia|
|     |***w-**       |**w [w β <v>]**|**w** |**w** |
|name |*wiʔ          |ɐ-wiʔ          |ɐ̀-wíʔ|ɐ-wiʔ |
|tooth|*wɐⁱ          |ɐ-βɐⁱsɐ        |ɐ́-wǽ |ɐ-wæ  |

… /*ɾ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***ɾ**        |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta    |Ilakia|
|            |***j-**       |**j** |**s [ts]**|**t** |
|tree        |*jɐⁱ          |ijɐⁱ  |          |tɐ    |
|            |***-j-**      |**j** |**j**     |**j** |
|hair/feather|*jɐᵘ          |ɐⁱ-jɐᵒ|ɐ́-jó     |ɐ-jo  |
|hand/arm    |*jɑ:N         |ɐ-jɑ  |ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N) |ɐ-jɑ  |


… simple medial consonants …:\\
\\

… /*m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-m-**      |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-n-**      |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*p/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-p-**      |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*s/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-s-**      |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*k/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-k-**      |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*w/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-w-**      |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*ɾ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-ɾ-**      |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-j-**      |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |


… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ …:\\
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… /*Nm/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta  |Ilakia|
|     |***-Nm-**     |**mb**|**m**   |**m** |
|three|*tɑ:Nmo:      |tɑmbo |tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo|tɑmoro|

… /*Nn/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-Nn-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*Np/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta   |Ilakia|
|          |***-Np-**     |**mp**|**p**    |**p** |
|flying fox|*tɑ:NpɑN      |tɑmpɐ |tɑ̀pɑ̀(N)|tɑpɑ  |

… /*Ns/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-Ns-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*Nk/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-Nk-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*Nw/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-Nw-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*Nj/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-Nj-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |


… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*ʔ/ …:\\
\\

… /*ʔm/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-ʔm-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*ʔn/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-ʔn-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||              |      |      |      |

… /*ʔp/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-ʔp-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*ʔs/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-ʔs-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*ʔk/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-ʔk-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*ʔw/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-ʔw-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

… /*ʔj/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-ʔj-**     |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |


… final consonants …:\\
\\

Final /*N/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta   |Ilakia|
|          |***-N**       |**ø** |**(N)**  |**ø** |
|path      |*ɑ:N          |ɑ     |ɑ̀(N)    |ɑ     |
|*no:N     |ndo           |nò(N) |no       |      |
|louse     |*nuN          |ndu   |nù(N)    |nu    |
|flying fox|*tɑ:NpɑN      |tɑmpɐ |tɑ̀pɑ̀(N)|tɑpɑ  |
|liver     |*tuN          |ɐ-ɾu  |ɐ̀-ɾù(N) |ɐ-ɾu  |
|hand/arm  |*jɑ:N         |ɐ-jɑ  |ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N)|ɐ-jɑ  |

Final /*ʔ/ … :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
|    |***-ʔ**       |**ʔ** |**ʔ** |**ʔ** |
|rain|*ɑ:ʔ          |ɑʔ    |      |ɑʔ    |
|name|*wiʔ          |ɐ-wiʔ |ɐ̀-wíʔ|ɐ-wiʔ |

Final /*j/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***-j**       |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
||South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
||***…**        |****  |****  |****  |
||*…            |      |      |      |


… vowels …:\\
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High front vowel /*i/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
|        |***i**        |**i** |**i** |**i** |
|foot/leg|*i            |ɐ-i   |      |ɐ-i   |
|fire    |*itɐ          |iɾɐ   |ìɾɐ̀  |iɾɐ   |
|name    |*wiʔ          |ɐ-wiʔ |ɐ̀-wíʔ|ɐ-wiʔ |

High back vowel /*u/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta  |Ilakia|
|     |***u**        |**u** |**u**   |**u** |
|egg  |*u            |ɐ-u   |        |ɐ-u   |
|louse|*nuN          |ndu   |nù(N)   |nu    |
|liver|*tuN          |ɐ-ɾu  |ɐ̀-ɾù(N)|ɐ-ɾu  |

Mid central vowel /*ɐ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |South Kainantu|Oweina   |Mobuta|Ilakia|
|    |***ɐ**        |**ɐ <ʌ>**|**ɐ** |**ɐ** |
|fire|*itɐ          |iɾɐ      |ìɾɐ̀  |iɾɐ   |

Long mid front vowel /*e:/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
|     |***e:**       |**e** |**e** |**e** |
|woman|*ɑ:te:        |ɑɾe   |ɑ̀ɾè  |ɑɾe   |
|1 sg.|*ne:          |ne    |né    |ne    |

Long mid back vowel /*o:/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta   |Ilakia|
|      |***o:**       |**o** |**o**    |**o** |
|mother|*no:(-wɐ)     |ndo   |ɐ̀-nò-wɐ̀|no-wɐ |
|*no:N |ndo           |nò(N) |no       |      |
|three |*tɑ:Nmo:      |tɑmbo |tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo |tɑmoro|

Long low central vowel /*ɑ:/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |South Kainantu|Oweina   |Mobuta   |Ilakia|
|          |***ɑ:**       |**ɑ <a>**|**ɑ**    |**ɑ** |
|path      |*ɑ:N          |ɑ        |ɑ̀(N)    |ɑ     |
|rain      |*ɑ:ʔ          |ɑʔ       |         |ɑʔ    |
|woman     |*ɑ:te:        |ɑɾe      |ɑ̀ɾè     |ɑɾe   |
|three     |*tɑ:Nmo:      |tɑmbo    |tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo |tɑmoro|
|flying fox|*tɑ:NpɑN      |tɑmpɐ    |tɑ̀pɑ̀(N)|tɑpɑ  |
|hand/arm  |*jɑ:N         |ɐ-jɑ     |ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N)|ɐ-jɑ  |

Diphthong /*ɐⁱ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |South Kainantu|Oweina  |Mobuta|Ilakia|
|     |***ɐⁱ**       |**ɐⁱ**  |**æ** |**æ** |
|tooth|*wɐⁱ          |ɐ-βɐⁱ-sɐ|ɐ́-wǽ |ɐ-wæ  |
|tree |*jɐⁱ          |ijɐⁱ    |      |tɐ    |

Diphthong /*ɐᵘ/ is merged with mid back vowel /o/ in Awa:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |South Kainantu|Oweina|Mobuta|Ilakia|
|            |***ɐᵘ**       |**ɐᵒ**|**o** |**o** |
|hair/feather|*jɐᵘ          |ɐⁱ-jɐᵒ|ɐ́-jó |ɐ-jo  |

Diphthong /*o:ⁱ/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |South Kainantu|Oweina |Mobuta|Ilakia|
|             |***o:ⁱ**      |**oⁱ** |**oᵉ**|**oᵉ**|
|wing/fin/tail|*[j]o:ⁱ       |ɐⁱ-joⁱʔ|òè    |owe   |

===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |South Kainantu|Oweina        |Mobuta|Ilakia|
|1 sg.|*ne:          |ne            |ne    |ne    |
|2 sg.|*…            |enɑʔ(ompo/se) |ɐre   |ɐre   |
|3 sg.|*…            |miβɐⁱse       |      |      |
|1 pl.|*…            |ijokɐetenɑ:hɾo|      |      |
|2 pl.|*…            |itenɐⁱsɐ      |      |      |
|3 pl.|*…            |misɐ          |      |      |
|1 dl.|*…            |tenɐɾɑ        |      |      |
|2 dl.|*…            |tɐⁱsɐ ɾenɑ    |      |      |
|3 dl.|*…            |muʔnɑⁱntɐ     |      |      |

===== Verbal morphology =====
The verbal morphology of Awa is extensively described by Loving and McKaughan (1964, 1973: 36-55, 56-64,) but there is currently no known source of information about Oweina verbal morphology.\\
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