====== Mubami ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Sources ===== Franklin (1973: 270-273) miscellaneous notes on Tao-Suamato Franklin ed. (1973: 577-578,) Franklin (1975: 264-268) 100 comparative terms for Tao-Suamato Reesink (1976) 100 comparative terms for Tao-Suamato Reesink (n.d.) survey vocabulary of Tao-Suamato provided in comparative spreadsheet format by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ukarumpa MacKenzie (2002) 176 comparative terms and 19 comparative phrases for Mubami of Ugu/Kala, Parieme and Sogae villages ===== Phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Mubami has 13 consonants and at least 5 vowels as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | m | n | | | | | p | t | | [k] | ʔ | | b | d | | g | | | ɸ | s | | | | | w | l | | | | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | i | | u | | e | | o | | | a | | Medial Inland Gulf apical nasal /*n/ has been merged with non-stop /l/; however /n/ occurs medially as well as initially because medial velar non-stop /*ɣ̃/ has become /n/, as it has across Inland Gulf, initial /*ɣ̃/ having merged in Mubami wtih /g/. Like Ipiko, Mubami reflects Inland Gulf velar voiceless stop /*k/ as glottal stop /ʔ/ medially and as zero intially; thus glottal stop occurs only medially. Velar voiceless stop /k/ is found only in loans, hence brackets above. Inland Gulf initial palatal non-stop /*j/ has been merged with apical voiced stop /d/ in Mubami, in parallel with the merger of initial velar /*ɣ̃/ with /g/.\\ \\ Neither final consonants nor consonant clusters occur.\\ \\ …\\ \\ Attestations which follow are drawn from Franklin (1973: CITE, 578) Reesink (1976: 31-34) and MacKenzie (2002):\\ \\ Bilabial nasal /m/ is retained as such in all dialects: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato |Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic |Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| | |**m-** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |two |masi | | |'mahi- |mɑhi- |mɑhi- | |seed |momoʔo |momoʔo | | |mo'moʔó |mo'moʔó | |neck |mogo | | |mógó |moɣó |moó | |mouth |mogoto | |moɣoto ≈ moto|mo'goto |moóto |'moto | |heart |muʔi | |muʔi |muʔí |mu'ʔí |mu'ʔí | | |**-m-** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** |**m** | |singular (m.)|-ame |-ame |-ʔɛmɛ |-éme |-éme |-éme | |girl |ameno | |amɛlo | |o'melo |ɑ'melo | |person |ama |ama | |ɑ'mɑ́ |ɑmɑ́ |ɑmɑ́ | |stone |amase |amahe |amahɛ |'ɑmɑhé |'ɑmɑhé |'ɑmɑhé | |ear |ometo |omɛto |omɛto |o'meto |o'meto |o'meto | |knee |omuʔu |omuʔu |omuʔu |o'muʔu |o'muʔu |o'muʔu | |seed |momoʔo |momoʔo | | |mo'moʔó |mo'moʔó | |back |bime | |bimɛ |bimé |bimé |bimé | |all |bautoʔumi|batoʔoumi |batomi |bɑʔuto'mi|bɑuto'mi |bɑutoʔumí| |seed |bomode | |bomodɛ |'bomode | | | |sun |no[w]umu | | |'noumu |'noumu |'noumu | |claw |tiʔemi | |tiʔɛmi |ti'tiʔemi| | | |nape |tumuʔu | |tumuʔu | | | | |forehead |dimata | |dimata |dimɑtɑ́ |'dimɑtɑ́ |'dimɑtɑ́ | |sago |dama | | |dɑ'mɑ |dɑ'mɑ́ |dɑ'mɑ́ | |house |dalimo | |dalimɔ |dɑi'mo |dɑimó |dɑimó | |cold |domoge |domóge |domoɣe | |'domoé |domoé | |thumb |waʔumo | |waʔmɔ |wɑ'ʔumo |wɑʔu'mó |wɑʔu'mó | Apical nasal /n/ is retained as such in all dialects. Initial /n/ reflects Inland Gulf /*n/, while medial /n/ reflects /*ɣ̃/, hence is much less common: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie| | |**n-** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |1 pl. |ni |ni |ni |ni |ni |ni | |skin |niʔoɸi | | |niʔofi ≈ -ʔinóɸio|ni'ʔofi ≈ -niofio|-niʔo'fió| |1 sg. |no |no |no |no |no |no | |sun |no[w]umu| | |'noumu |'noumu |'noumu | | |**-n-** |**** |**n** |**n** |**n** |**n** | |mother (voc.)|inai | | |inɑʔí |inɑí |'inɑí | |yam |enio | |eɲo |'enijó |enió |enió | |forearm |pipini | |pipini | | | | |yesterday |denau | | |denɑo |denaó |denaó | |frog |dewagono| |dewagɔnɔ | |gewɑgonó |'gewagonó| |cassowary |sinia | |sinia |siniɑ́ |siniɑ |siniɑ́ | Bilabial voiceless stop /p/ is retained as such in all dialects: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| | |**p-** |**p** |**p** |**p** |**p** |**p** | |forearm|pipini | |pipini | | | | |dry |patea | |patea |'pɑteɑ́ |'pɑteɑ́ |pɑteɑ́ | |hot |papato |papato |papato |pɑ'pɑto |pɑ'pɑto |pɑ'pɑto | |old |paʔalo | |paʔalo |pɑ'ʔɑlo |pɑʔɑlo |pɑʔɑlo | |taro |pulali | | |pu'ɾali |pu'lalí |pu'lalí | | |**-p-** |**p** |**p** |**p** |**p** |**p** | |skin |aipele |aipele |aipele | | |ɑi'peɾe | |forearm|pipini | |pipini | | | | |hot |papato |papato |papato |pɑ'pɑto |pɑ'pɑto |pɑ'pɑto | Apical voiceless stop /t/ is retained as such in all dialects: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato |Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic |Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie | | |**t-** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** | |claw |tiʔemi | |tiʔɛmi |ti'tiʔemi | | | |lie down/sleep|telo |be-telo |oi-telo ≈mo-tela|'mo-teɑ |etɑé-telo |'mo-teɑ | |fire |taeli |taⁱli |taeli |'tɑlí |tɑelí |tɑlí | |wing |tataɸu | | |tɑ'tɑɸu |tɑ'tɑɸu |tɑ'tɑɸu | |nape |tumuʔu | |tumuʔu | | | | | |**-t-** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** |**t** | |sleep |iboto | | |ibo'to |ibotó |ibotó | |3 pl. |eti |eti | |'eti ≈ éti|etí |'eti | |3 sg. m. |ete | |ɛtɛ |'etie |e'te | | |yellow |eta |eta-vogo |eta-vogo |e'tɑ-wogo |e'tɑ-wogo |e'tɑ-wogo | |3 sg. f. |etu | | |'etu | | | |cloud |aleta | |alɛta |ɑ'letɑ́ |ɑletɑ́ |ɑletɑ́ | |ear |ometo |omɛto |omɛto |o'meto |o'meto |o'meto | |smoke |oɸuto |oɸuto |ofuto ≈ ofutɔ |o'ɸuto |o'futo |o'futo | |belly |uti |uti |uti |u'ti | | | |mouth |mogoto | |moɣoto ≈ moto |mo'goto |moóto |'moto | |hot |papato |papato |papato |pɑ'pɑto |pɑ'pɑto |pɑ'pɑto | |dry |patea | |patea |'pɑteɑ́ |'pɑteɑ́ |pɑteɑ́ | |red |biti |biti-voko |biti-wogo |bi'ti-wogo|bi'ti-wogo|'biti-wogo| |chest |bita |bita |bita | | | | |all |bautoʔumi |batoʔoumi |batomi |bɑʔuto'mi |bɑuto'mi |bɑutoʔumí | |earth/ground |boti |bóti |boti |bo'ti |bo'tí |botí | |charcoal/black|boteso | |botɛho |bote'h̝o |bote'ho | | |net bag |buto | | |bu'tó |butó |butó | |wind |ɸubato | |fuba:tɔ |ɸubɑtó |fubɑ:tó |fubɑ:tó | |wing |tataɸu | | |tɑ'tɑɸu |tɑ'tɑɸu |tɑ'tɑɸu | |morning |diataga | | |diɑ'tɑ |diɑtɑ'ɑ́ |diɑtɑɑ̝́ | |forehead |dimata | |dimata |dimɑtɑ́ |'dimɑtɑ́ |'dimɑtɑ́ | |ashes |gutale | |gutale |gu'tɑle |gu'tɑle |gu'tɑle | |who? |wotei(-lo)|vetai ́i-ro|wotɛi-ɾo |wɑ'tei |wotei(-lo)|wotei(-lo)| Glottal stop /ʔ/ occurs only medially: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic |Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie| | |**-ʔ-** |**ʔ [ʔ ø]**|**ʔ** |**ʔ** |**ʔ** |**ʔ** | |no |eʔe | | |eʔe |ʔeʔe |ʔeʔe | |what?|aʔV(-lo) |aʔoi-ro |ɑʔai-lo | |ɑʔé(-lo) |ɑ'ʔe-lo | |knee |omuʔu |omuʔu |omuʔu |o'muʔu |o'muʔu |o'muʔu | |elbow|uʔali | |uʔali |u'ʔɑli |u'ʔɑli |u'ʔɑli | |seed |momoʔo |momoʔo | | |mo'moʔó |mo'moʔó | |heart|muʔi | |muʔi |muʔí |mu'ʔí |mu'ʔí | |old |paʔalo | |paʔalo |pɑ'ʔɑlo |pɑʔɑlo |pɑʔɑlo | |snake|biʔe | | |bi'ʔe |biʔé |biʔé | |all |bautoʔumi|batoʔoumi |batomi |bɑʔuto'mi |bɑuto'mi |bɑutoʔumí| |skin |niʔoɸi | | |niʔofi ≈ -ʔinóɸio|ni'ʔofi ≈ -niofio|-niʔo'fió| |claw |tiʔemi | |tiʔɛmi |ti'tiʔemi | | | |nape |tumuʔu | |tumuʔu | | | | |heavy|dioʔu | |djɔʔu |diʔou |dioʔɑ |dioʔú | |night|diʔa |'diɔ |diʔa |di'ʔɑ |diʔɑ́ |diʔɑ́ | |hand |saʔi | | |sɑʔí |sɑʔí |sɑʔí | |thumb|waʔumo | |waʔmɔ |wɑ'ʔumo |wɑʔu'mó |wɑʔu'mó | Bilabial voiced stop /b/ is retained as such in all dialects: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic |Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie | | |**b-** |**b** |**b** |**b** |**b** |**b** | |back |bime | |bimɛ |bimé |bimé |bimé | |wet |bibile |bibire | |'bibile |'bibilé |'bibilé | |red |biti |biti-voko |biti-wogo |bi'ti-wogo|bi'ti-wogo |'biti-wogo | |chest |bita |bita |bita | | | | |snake |biʔe | | |bi'ʔe |biʔé |biʔé | |big |bede |bede | |'bedé |'bedé |'bede- | |many |bedele |bede |bedele |be'dele | |bedé | |tooth |bese |behe |bɛhɛ |behe |be'hé |be'hé | |shoulder |belo | |bɛlo |'belo |'belo |'belo | |all |bautoʔumi|batoʔoumi |batomi |bɑʔuto'mi |bɑuto'mi |bɑutoʔumí | |leaf |basai |bahai |bahai |bɑhɑiʔí |bɑhɑji ≈bɑhɑi|'bɑhají ≈bɑhɑi| |seed |bomode | |bomodɛ |'bomode | | | |star |bobe |bobe |bobe |'bobe |'bobe |'bobe | |thigh |boɸo |boho | |'boho |'boho |'boho | |earth/ground |boti |bóti |boti |bo'ti |bo'tí |botí | |charcoal/black|boteso | |botɛho |bote'h̝o |bote'ho | | |spear |bogolo | | |bo'golo |'bo:ló |bo:ló | |moon |bubei |bubei |bubei |'bubei |'bubei |'bubei | |net bag |buto | | |bu'tó |butó |butó | | |**-b-** |**b** |**b** |**b** |**b** |**b [b β]** | |sleep |iboto | | |ibo'to |ibotó |ibotó | |fish |ebi |ebi-ame |ɛbi(-ʔɛmɛ) |e'bi(-éme)|ebí(-éme) |ebí(-éme) | |old man |abe-we | |abɛwɛ |ɑbeβé |ɑbeve ≈ ɑbeβe|ɑbeβé | |old woman |abe-wu | |abɛwu |ɑbewú |ɑbewú |ɑbewúʰ≈ɑbeβúʰ | |white |abu | |abu-ogo |ɑbu-og'i |ɑ'bu-wogo |ɑβu-wogo/i | |wet |bibile |bibire | |'bibile |'bibilé |'bibilé | |star |bobe |bobe |bobe |'bobe |'bobe |'bobe | |moon |bubei |bubei |bubei |'bubei |'bubei |'bubei | |wind |ɸubato | |fuba:tɔ |ɸubɑtó |fubɑ:tó |fubɑ:tó | Apical voiced stop /d/ is retained as such in all dialects. No distinction is drawn between those /d/ which reflect Inland Gulf /*d/ and those which reflect initial palatal non-stop /*j/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie|MacKenzie| | |**d-** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** | |morning |diataga | | |diɑ'tɑ |diɑtɑ'ɑ́ |diɑtɑɑ̝́ | |heavy |dioʔu | |djɔʔu |diʔou |dioʔɑ |dioʔú | |forehead |dimata | |dimata |dimɑtɑ́ |'dimɑtɑ́ |'dimɑtɑ́ | |night |diʔa |'diɔ |diʔa |di'ʔɑ |diʔɑ́ |diʔɑ́ | |name |diga |dɔgɔ |diɣɔ |dijɑ́ |diɑ́ |diɑ́ | |tomorrow |diɸu | | |di'h̝u |dihú |dihú | |tree |de |te [sic] |dɛ |de |de |deʰ | |yesterday |denau | | |denɑo |denaó |denaó | |nose |desi |dehi |dɛhi |dɛhí |de'hi |de'hi | |sago |dama | | |dɑ'mɑ |dɑ'mɑ́ |dɑ'mɑ́ | |house |dalimo | |dalimɔ |dɑi'mo |dɑimó |dɑimó | |good (m.) |dale | |dale | |dɑlé |dɑlé | |rain |daleɸo | |dalɛhɔ | | | | |good (n.) |dalo |dalo |dalo |'jɑló ≈ dɑló|dɑló |dɑló | |2 pl. |do |do |do |do |do |do | |cold |domoge |domóge |domoɣe | |'domoé |domoé | |yesterday |doso | |dɔhɔ | |dohó | | |afternoon |dodoso | | |dodo'ho |dodohó |dodohó | |breast |dolo |dolo |dolo |doló |do'ló |do'ló | | |**-d-** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d** | |path |idi |idi |idi |i'di |i'di |i'dí | |leg |idili | |idiɾi | | | | |older brother|ede | |ɛtɛ-ʔidɛ |noi-e'dé |no-edé |'no-edé | |tongue |oda |oda |ɔda |odɑ |o'dɑ́ |o'dɑ́ | |big |bede |bede | |'bedé |'bedé |'bede- | |many |bedele |bede |bedele |be'dele | |bedé | |seed |bomode | |bomodɛ |'bomode | | | |afternoon |dodoso | | |dodo'ho |dodohó |dodohó | |fat/grease |gadi | |gadi |'gɑdi |'gɑdi |'gɑdi | In several examples in which /d/ is followed by /g/ in a subsequent syllable, MacKenzie's forms show the irregular alternation [d g]: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie | | |**d-** |**d** |**d** |**d** |**d [d g]** |**d [d g]** | |frog|dewagono| |dewagɔnɔ | |gewɑgonó |'gewagonó | |one |dago |dago- |dage- |dɑ'go- ≈ -dɑgó|'gɑ:go- ≈ -ga:gó|gɑ:go- ≈ -dɑ:gó| Velar voiced stop /g/ is generally retained as such in all dialects. Medially, it is sometimes lenited to [ɣ], which may be heard as zero. No distinction is drawn betwen those /g/ which reflect Inland Gulf /*g/ and those which reflect initial velar non-stop /*ɣ̃/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato |Tao-Suamato |Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic |Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie | | |**g-** |**g** |**g** |**g** |**g** |**g** | |head |gia |geɔ |gia |giɑ́ |giɑ́ |giɑ́ | |new |giala | |giala |gi'ɑlɑ́ |giɑlɑ́ |giɑlɑ́ | |knife |gili | |giɾi |'gili |gi'ɾí |gi'li | |horn |gewale | | |'gewɑle |ge'vɑle |ge'vɑle | |bandicoot |geleɸo | | |gele'ɸo |gele'fo |gefó ≈ 'gelefó | |fat/grease |gadi | |gadi |'gɑdi |'gɑdi |'gɑdi | |dog |gaso |gaho |gaho |'gɑho |'gɑho |'gɑho | |2 sg. |go |go |gɔ |go |go |go | |long |goliwoliwo|goliolive |golioliwo |'golioliwo |'golio'livo |'golio'liβo | |rain |goloi |gozoi ≈ golói|goloi |'goloʔi |'goloí |'goloí | |ashes |gutale | |gutale |gu'tɑle |gu'tɑle |gu'tɑle | | |**-g-** |**g** |**g [g ɣ]** |**g [g ø]** |**g [g ɣ ø]** |**g [g ø]** | |give |-ag[o] | | |-au |-ɑu |-ɑu | |upper arm |ogea | |ogija |ogeɑ́ |oge'ɑ́ |ogeɑ́ | |hear |-ugV- |-wo |-uwɛ ≈ -wo |-we |-we |-wo | |neck |mogo | | |mógó |moɣó |moó | |mouth |mogoto | |moɣoto ≈ moto|mo'goto |moóto |'moto | |spear |bogolo | | |bo'golo |'bo:ló |bo:ló | |morning |diataga | | |diɑ'tɑ |diɑtɑ'ɑ́ |diɑtɑɑ̝́ | |name |diga |dɔgɔ |diɣɔ |dijɑ́ |diɑ́ |diɑ́ | |frog |dewagono | |dewagɔnɔ | |gewɑgonó |'gewagonó | |one |dago |dago- |dage- |dɑ'go- ≈ -dɑgó|'gɑ:go- ≈ -ga:gó|gɑ:go- ≈ -dɑ:gó| |cold |domoge |domóge |domoɣe | |'domoé |domoé | |water |sa[ʔa]gi |ʒagi |saʔaɣi |'sɑʔí |sɑ:í |sɑ:í | |color (n.2)|-wogi | | |-og'i | |-wogi | |color (n.) |-wogo |-vogo |-wogo ≈ -vogo|-wogo |-wogo |-wogo | |blood |lasage |ɾahage |dahaɣɛ |lɑhɑé |lɑhɑé |lɑhɑé | |pig |laga | |joɣɒ |lɑgɑ ≈ lɑ |lɑɑ ≈ lɑɣɑ |lɑɑ́ʰ | Bilabial fricative /ɸ/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato |Tao-Suamato |Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie | | |**ɸ-** |**ɸ** |**ɸ [p?]** |**ɸ** |**ɸ [f]** |**ɸ [f]** | |wind |ɸubato | |fuba:tɔ |ɸubɑtó |fubɑ:tó |fubɑ:tó | |egg |ɸutu |ɸutu |putu (?) |ɸu'tu |futú |futú | | |**-ɸ-** |**ɸ [f ɸ h]**|**ɸ [f h]** |**ɸ [ɸ f h]** |**ɸ [f ɸ h]** |**ɸ [f ɸ h]** | |mountain |iɸia |ifia | | |ifiɑ́ |ifiɑ́ | |woman/wife|iɸa |ifa |ifa |ifɑ́ ≈ iɸɑ́ |iɸɑ́ |ifɑ́ | |bone |eɸale |efole |efale |eɸa'lé |eɸalé |eɸalé | |smoke |oɸuto |oɸuto |ofuto ≈ ofutɔ|o'ɸuto |o'futo |o'futo | |eye |uɸilo |ufiro |ufilo |ufilo |u'filo |u'filo | |thigh |boɸo |boho | |'boho |'boho |'boho | |skin |niʔoɸi | | |niʔofi ≈ -ʔinóɸio|ni'ʔofi ≈ -niofio|-niʔo'fió | |wing |tataɸu | | |tɑ'tɑɸu |tɑ'tɑɸu |tɑ'tɑɸu | |tomorrow |diɸu | | |di'h̝u |dihú |dihú | |rain |daleɸo | |dalɛhɔ | | | | |bandicoot |geleɸo | | |gele'ɸo |gele'fo |gefó ≈ 'gelefó| Laminal /s/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie |MacKenzie | | |**s-** |**** |**s** |**s** |**s** |**s** | |cassowary |sinia | |sinia |siniɑ́ |siniɑ |siniɑ́ | |hand |saʔi | | |sɑʔí |sɑʔí |sɑʔí | |water |sa[ʔa]gi|ʒagi |saʔaɣi |'sɑʔí |sɑ:í |sɑ:í | | |**-s-** |**h** |**h** |**h** |**h** |**h** | |bird |ewesa |eveha |eweha |eβehɑ́ |eβehɑ́ |eβehɑ́ | |stone |amase |amahe |amahɛ |'ɑmɑhé |'ɑmɑhé |'ɑmɑhé | |tooth |bese |behe |bɛhɛ |behe |be'hé |be'hé | |leaf |basai |bahai |bahai |bɑhɑiʔí |bɑhɑji ≈bɑhɑi|'bɑhají ≈bɑhɑi| |charcoal/black|boteso | |botɛho |bote'h̝o |bote'ho | | |nose |desi |dehi |dɛhi |dɛhí |de'hi |de'hi | |yesterday |doso | |dɔhɔ | |dohó | | |afternoon |dodoso | | |dodo'ho |dodohó |dodohó | |dog |gaso |gaho |gaho |'gɑho |'gɑho |'gɑho | |tail |wase | |wahɛ |'wɑhé |'wɑhé |'wɑhé | |blood |lasage |ɾahage |dahaɣɛ |lɑhɑé |lɑhɑé |lɑhɑé | Bilabial non-stop /w/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato |Tao-Suamato |Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic |Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie | | |**w-** |**w [v]** |**w** |**w** |**w** |**w** | |tail |wase | |wahɛ |'wɑhé |'wɑhé |'wɑhé | |thumb |waʔumo | |waʔmɔ |wɑ'ʔumo |wɑʔu'mó |wɑʔu'mó | |who? |wotei(-lo)|vetai ́i-ro |wotɛi-ɾo |wɑ'tei |wotei(-lo) |wotei(-lo) | | |**-w-** |**w [w v]** |**w [w v]** |**w [w β]**|**w [w β v]**|**w [w β v]**| |father |-we | |(ɛ-)wɛ |-βé |(e-)vé ≈ -βe |-βé | |color (n.2) |-wogi | | |-og'i | |-wogi | |color (n.) |-wogo |-vogo |-wogo ≈ -vogo|-wogo |-wogo |-wogo | |mother |-wu | |(i-)wu |-wú |(i-)wú |-wúʰ ≈ -βúʰ | |liver |iwo | |ivɔ ≈ ivo | |i'βo ≈ i'vo |'iβo ≈ 'ivo | |bird |ewesa |eveha |eweha |eβehɑ́ |eβehɑ́ |eβehɑ́ | |hair/feather|ewewe |eveve ≈ ewewe|ewewe |ɛ'βɛβɛ |e'βeβe |e'βeβe | |old man |abe-we | |abɛwɛ |ɑbeβé |ɑbeve ≈ ɑbeβe|ɑbeβé | |old woman |abe-wu | |abɛwu |ɑbewú |ɑbewú |ɑbewúʰ≈ɑbeβúʰ| |frog |dewagono | |dewagɔnɔ | |gewɑgonó |'gewagonó | |horn |gewale | | |'gewɑle |ge'vɑle |ge'vɑle | |long |goliwoliwo|goliolive |golioliwo |'golioliwo |'golio'livo |'golio'liβo | Apical non-stop /l/ … It is typically realized as a lateral, and only occasionally heard as a rhotic. No distinction is drawn between those /l/ which reflect Inland Gulf /*ɾ/ and those which reflect medial /*n/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato |Tao-Suamato |Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic |Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie |MacKenzie | | |**l-** |**l [ɾ]** |**l [d]** |**l** |**l** |**l** | |blood |lasage |ɾahage |dahaɣɛ |lɑhɑé |lɑhɑé |lɑhɑé | |pig |laga | |joɣɒ |lɑgɑ ≈ lɑ |lɑɑ ≈ lɑɣɑ |lɑɑ́ʰ | |yes |lo | | |ló |loó |loo | | |**-l-** |**l [l ɾ ø]**|**l [l ɾ]** |**l [l ø]** |**l [l ø]**|**l [l ɾ ø]** | |leg |idili | |idiɾi | | | | |bone |eɸale |efole |efale |eɸa'lé |eɸalé |eɸalé | |skin |aipele |aipele |aipele | | |ɑi'peɾe | |meat |ailu |airu |ailu |ɑ'ʔilù |ɑ́ilu |ɑ́ilu | |girl |ameno | |amɛlo | |o'melo |ɑ'melo | |what? |aʔV-lo |aʔoi-ro |ɑʔai-lo | |ɑʔé-lo |ɑ'ʔe-lo | |cloud |aleta | |alɛta |ɑ'letɑ́ |ɑletɑ́ |ɑletɑ́ | |father (voc.) |alai | | |ɑlɑ'ʔí |ɑlɑí |ɑlɑí | |louse |uali |oali |wali |'wali |'wali |'wali | |eye |uɸilo |ufiro |ufilo |ufilo |u'filo |u'filo | |elbow |uʔali | |uʔali |u'ʔɑli |u'ʔɑli |u'ʔɑli | |older sister |ulu | | |no-ulu |'no-ulu |'no-uɾu | |old |paʔalo | |paʔalo |pɑ'ʔɑlo |pɑʔɑlo |pɑʔɑlo | |taro |pulali | | |pu'ɾali |pu'lalí |pu'lalí | |wet |bibile |bibire | |'bibile |'bibilé |'bibilé | |many |bedele |bede |bedele |be'dele | |bedé | |shoulder |belo | |bɛlo |'belo |'belo |'belo | |spear |bogolo | | |bo'golo |'bo:ló |bo:ló | |lie down/sleep|telo- |be-telo |oi-telo ≈mo-tela|'mo-teɑ |etɑé-telo |'mo-teɑ | |fire |taeli |taⁱli |taeli |'tɑlí |tɑelí |tɑlí | |house |dalimo | |dalimɔ |dɑi'mo |dɑimó |dɑimó | |good (m.) |dale | |dale | |dɑlé |dɑlé | |rain |daleɸo | |dalɛhɔ | | | | |good (n.) |dalo |dalo |dalo |'jɑló ≈ dɑló|dɑló |dɑló | |breast |dolo |dolo |dolo |doló |do'ló |do'ló | |new |giala | |giala |gi'ɑlɑ́ |giɑlɑ́ |giɑlɑ́ | |knife |gili | |giɾi |'gili |gi'ɾí |gi'li | |horn |gewale | | |'gewɑle |ge'vɑle |ge'vɑle | |bandicoot |geleɸo | | |gele'ɸo |gele'fo |gefó ≈ 'gelefó| |long |goliwoliwo|goliolive |golioliwo |'golioliwo |'golio'livo|'golio'liβo | |rain |goloi |gozoi ≈ golói|goloi |'goloʔi |'goloí |'goloí | |ashes |gutale | |gutale |gu'tɑle |gu'tɑle |gu'tɑle | |who? |wotei-lo |vetai ́i-ro |wotɛi-ɾo |wɑ'tei |wotei-lo |wotei-lo | Velar voiceless stop /k/ occurs only in loans, Inland Gulf /*k/ having been deoccluded to glottal stop /ʔ/: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| | |**k-** |**** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** | |steel axe |kabi | |kabi |kɑ'bi |kɑbí |kɑbíʰ | |bush wallaby|kalia | |kalia |kɑliɑ́ |kɑliɑ́ |kɑliɑ́ | |banana |kobila | | |'kobilɑ́ |kobilɑ |kobilɑ | |flying fox |kubiai | |kubiai |kubiɑ'ʔi |kubiɑí |kubiɑí | | |**-k-** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** |**k** | |light (m.) |akake | | | | |ɑkɑke | |light (n.) |akako | |akako |ɑ'kɑko |ɑ'kɑko |ɑ'kɑko | |mountain |akabu |hakapu |kakabu | | | | |two |ukia |ukia |ukia |'ukijɑ́ |'ukiɑ́ |ʔukiɑ́ | …\\ \\ High front vowel /i/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | ||phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| ||**i** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||… | | | | | | High back vowel /u/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | ||phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| ||**u** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||… | | | | | | Mid front vowel /e/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | ||phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| ||**e** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||… | | | | | | Mid back vowel /o/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | ||phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| ||**o** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||… | | | | | | Low central vowel /a/ …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| | |**a** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | |not|a- | |a- |ɑ- |ɑ- |ɑ- | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | ||phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| ||**…** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||… | | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | ||phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| ||**…** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||… | | | | | | …: |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| ||Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | ||phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie|MacKenzie|MacKenzie| ||**…** |**** |**** |**** |**** |**** | ||… | | | | | | ===== Gender ablaut ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Pronouns ===== Mubami free pronouns are as follows, with attestations drawn from Franklin (1973: CITE,) Reesink (1976: 31, n.d.) and MacKenzie (2002): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami |Tao-Suamato|Tao-Suamato|Ugu/Kala |Parieme |Sogae | | |phonemic|Franklin |Reesink |MacKenzie |MacKenzie|MacKenzie| |1 sg. |no |no |no |no |no |no | |2 sg. |go |go |gɔ |go |go |go | |3 sg. m.|ete |? |ɛtɛ |'etie |e'te |? | |3 sg. f.|etu |? |? |'etu |? |? | |1 pl. |ni |ni |ni |ni |ni |ni | |2 pl. |do |do |do |do |do |do | |3 pl. |eti |eti |? |'eti ≈ éti|etí |'eti | ===== Verbal morphology ===== Nothing is known about Mubami verbal morphology. ===== Counting system ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …. ===== Loans from neighboring languages ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Loans from Dibiyaso … with Dibiyaso attestations drawn from Rueck, MacKenzie and Alemán (2005: 8-20 following MacKenzie and Carr): |< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >| | |Mubami|Dibiyaso |Bosavi| |path |idi |iti |*idi | |tooth |bese |bese-repa|*bese | |bush wallaby|kalia |kalija |? |