====== Humene-Uare ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
Humene-Uare, also known as Kwalean, is comprised of two closely-related languages spoken to the southeast of Port Moresby in the central portion of Papua New Guinea's Central Province. A third language, Mulaha, has gone extinct in recent times (Dutton 1975: 626;) it's not clear whether Mulaha was a member of Humene-Uare or coordinate thereto.

===== Subclassification =====
…

===== Sources =====
English (1900-1901) Iaibu (Mulaha) (unobtained)

Ray (1907: 391-412) 154 comparative terms for Mulaha after W. G. Lawes (n.d.) and Manukolu (Humene) after J. Chalmers (n.d.)

Ray (1929) Mulaha, Manukolu, Garia, Kwale

Dutton (1970: 926-950) 292 comparative terms for Uare and Humene (Manugoro,) including Mulaha (Iaibu) forms drawn from English (1901-1902)

Kikkawa (1999) sketch phonology of Uare

Kikkawa (2004) survey of Uare dialects (unobtained)

===== History of classification =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Ray (1907) placed Humene and Mulaha with Koiari

Dutton (1970)

Dutton (1975) Kwalean family in South-Eastern Trans New Guinea Phylum

Greenberg (1971: 835-836) Mulaha subgroup of East New Guinea.

===== Historical phonology =====
Proto-Humene-Uare had 14 consonants and 7 vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |      |      |
|      |  *t  |      |  *k  |  *ʔ  |
|  *b  |  *d  |      |  *g  |      |
|  *ɸ  |      |      |      |  *h  |
|  *w  |  *ɾ  |  *j  |  *ɣ  |      |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |      |  *u   |
|  *e̝  |      |  *o̝  |
|  *ɛ   |      |  *ɔ   |
|       |  *a  |       |

Any consonant may occur initially or medially, excepting perhaps glottal stop. Voiceless velar stop /*k/ is rare. Initial voiced velar /*g/ is marginal due to the lenition of Owen Stanley Range initial /*g/ to Humene-Uare /*ɣ/. Initial apicals /*d *ɾ/ are uncommon.

Neither word-final consonants nor consonant clusters occur, although there may be traces of erstwhile final consonants which condition the form of the attributive (below.)

Sequential vowels are uncommon. Observed sequences include /*ai *aɛ *ɔo̝ *ɔu/.

Stress in disyllables and trisyllables is generally penultimate. Counterexamples such as /*maˈda/ "sun" indicate segments that have been lost; cf. Doromu-Maria /*meˈdaʔa/, Meneao Range /*madeka/.\\
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Consonants correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|   Hum-Uar    |  Humene  |  Uare   |
|      *m      |    m     |    m    |
|      *n      |    n     |    n    |
|      *t      |    t     |    t    |
|      *t/e̝_  |    h     |    s    |
|      *k      |    k     |    ʔ    |
|      *ʔ      |    ʔ     |    ʔ    |
|      *b      |    b     |    b    |
|      *d      |    d     |    d    |
|      *g      |    ʔ     |    g    |
|      *ɸ      |    ɸ     |    ɸ    |
|      *h      |    h     |    h    |
|      *w      |    β     |    β    |
|      *ɾ      |    ɾ     |    ɾ    |
|      *j      |    ʒ     |    ʒ    |
|      *ɣ      |    β     |    ɣ    |

Vowels correspond as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  Hum-Uar  |  Humene  |  Uare   |
|    *i     |    i     |    i    |
|    *u     |    u     |    u    |
|    *e̝    |    e     |    i    |
|    *o̝    |    o     |    u    |
|    *ɛ     |    e     |    e    |
|    *ɔ     |    o     |    o    |
|    *a     |    a     |    a    |

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with all Humene and Uare forms drawn from Dutton (1970: 926-950) unless otherwise indicated. Humene forms drawn from Ray (1908: 391-412) after Chalmers are indicated [jc].\\
\\

\\

Bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            | Humene-Uare| Humene       | Uare    |
|            |** *m**     |** m**        |** m**   |
| vomit      | *mibuhɛd-  | mibuhed-     | mibuhet-|
| rope/string| *mɛni      | meni         | meni    |
| not        | *mɛnɛ      | mene         | mene    |
| father     | *ma        | ˈma-ka       | ˈma-ma  |
| take       | *ma-       | ma-          | ma-     |
| fish       | *maita     | maita        |         |
| thigh      | *maninɛ    | maˈnine      | maˈnine |
| sun/day    | *maˈda     | maˈda        | maˈda   |
| yam        | *mahɔ      | maˈho        | ˈmaho   |
| tounge     | *majanɛ    | maˈnane [sic]| maˈʒane |
| egg        | *maɣa      | ˈmaβa        | ˈmaɣa   |
| mountain   | *maɣa      | ˈmaβa        | ˈmaɣa   |
| top of tree| *mɔʔa      | moʔa-        | moˈʔa-  |
| mosquito   | *mudiɾɛ    | muˈdiɾe      | muˈdiɾe |
| taro       | *mudɛ      | ˈmude        | ˈmude   |
| kunai grass| *e̝mi      | emi          | imi     |
| navel      | *e̝mo̝ɾe̝  | eˈmoɾe       | iˈmuɾi  |
| 1 pl.      | *ɛmɛ       | ˈeme         | eˈme-ɣe |
| that       | *ɔmɔ       | omo          | omo     |
| walk/go    | *ɔnam-     | onam-        | onam-   |
| eye        | *ubuma     | uˈbuma       | uˈbuma  |
| louse      | *nɔmɔnɛ    | noˈmone      | noˈmone |
| heart      | *jamama    | ʒaˈmama      | ʒaˈmama |
| snake      | *jaɾama    | ʒaˈɾama      |         |

Apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                | Humene-Uare   | Humene       | Uare      |
|                |** *n**        |** n**        |** n**     |
| name           | *ni           | ni           | ni        |
| sand           | *nikuɾi       | niˈkuɾi      | niˈʔuɾi   |
| netbag         | *nihaɾɛ       | niˈhaɾe      | niˈhaɾa   |
| weep/cry       | *ni[j]an-     | niʒan-       | nian-     |
| bird           | *ne̝ni        | neni [jc]    | ˈnini     |
| house/village  | *nɛ           | ne           | ˈne       |
| what?          | *nage̝ni      | naʔeni       | naˈgini   |
| older brother  | *nɛgɔ(-hɛ)    | neˈʔo-he     | ˈneko     |
| where?         | *nau          | nau          | nou       |
| cold           | *nagu         | naʔu-        | naˈhu-    |
| louse          | *nɔmɔnɛ       | noˈmone      | noˈmone   |
| woman          | *nɔgɔnɛ       | noˈʔone      | noɣone    |
| mother         | *n[ɔ/o̝]      | ˈno-ka       |           |
| breast         | *nuunɛ        | nuˈune       | nuˈne     |
| get up/stand up| *iɣun-        | iβun-        | iɣun-     |
| who?           | *e̝nu         | enu          | ˈiniu     |
| bone           | *e̝tinɛ       | eˈhine       | iˈsine    |
| eat            | *an-          | an-          | an-       |
| 3 sg.          | *ani          | ˈani         | ˈani      |
| come           | *ɔna-         | ona-         | ona-      |
| walk/go        | *ɔnam-        | onam-        | onam-     |
| fly (n.)       | *ɔɸɛnɛ        | oˈɸene       | oˈɸene    |
| chest          | *ɔʔɔnɛ        | oˈʔone       | ˈone      |
| throat/swallow | *o̝nu         | oˈno ~ onuβ- | ˈunu ~ un-|
| rope/string    | *mɛni         | meni         | meni      |
| not            | *mɛnɛ         | mene         | mene      |
| thigh          | *maninɛ       | maˈnine      | maˈnine   |
| tongue         | *majanɛ       | maˈnane [sic]| maˈʒane   |
| throw          | *ɸ[ɛwu]n      | ɸin-         | ɸeun-     |
| push           | *do̝ʔin-      | doʔin-       | duʔin-    |
| break wood     | *kakan-       | kakan-       | ʔaʔan-    |
| call out       | *huwan-       | huβan-       | huan-     |
| bite           | *winɔh-~wihɔn-| βinoh-       | βihon-    |
| areca nut      | *we̝ni        | βeni         | βini      |
| hungry         | *we̝ne̝       | βene         | ˈβini     |
| arrow          | *wainɛ        | ˈβaine       | ˈβaine    |
| kill           | *w[ai]nɔd-    | βainod-      | βenod-    |
| chin/jaw       | *ɣaɛnɛ        | ˈβaene       | ˈɣaene    |
| back           | *ɣaɾɔnɛ       | βaˈɾone      | ɣaˈɾone   |
| tooth          | *ɣɔnɔnɛ       | βoˈnone      | ɣoˈnone   |
| see            | *ɣɔdɔn        | βodon-       | horon-    |
| dog            | *ɣo̝ni        | βoni         | ˈɣuni     |

Apical voiceless stop /*t/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           | Humene-Uare     | Humene | Uare  |
|           |** *t**          |** t**  |** t** |
| one       | *te̝bɔ          | ˈtebo  | ˈtiba |
| bird      | *t[e̝]b[o̝]ɾ[e̝]| teˈboɾe|       |
| put down  | *tɛ-            | te-    | te-   |
| run       | *tuɾ[ɛ/a]h-     | tuɾah- | tuɾeh-|
| cough     | *igut-          | iʔut-  | igut- |
| wet       | *[a]bo̝ta[he]   | boˈtahe| abuˈta|
| fight (v.)| *ute̝d-         | ted-   | utit- |
| blunt/dull| *utu            | utu    | utu   |
| fish      | *maita          | maita  |       |
| moon      | *batɔ           | ˈbato  | ˈbato |

When preceded by high mid vowel /*e̝/, /*t/ is fricated to [*s], yielding a new phoneme /s/ in Uare and deoccluding to merge with /*h/ in Humene:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | Humene-Uare | Humene| Uare  |
|      |** *-t-/e̝_**|** h** |** s** |
| belly| *e̝ti       | eˈhi  | iˈsi  |
| bone | *e̝tinɛ     | eˈhine| iˈsine|
| wing | *e̝taɣa     | ˈhaβa | iˈsaɣa|
| smoke| *ɣe̝ti      | βehi  | ˈɣisi |

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ is uncommon. It is reflected as glottal stop /ʔ/ in Uare:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             | Humene-Uare| Humene   | Uare   |
|             |** *k**     |** k**    |** ʔ**  |
| break wood  | *kakan-    | kakan-   | ʔaʔan- |
| elbow       | *kakuʔa    | kaˈkuʔa  | ˈʔaʔuʔa|
| bark of tree| *kɔga      | koka sic]| oga    |
| sand        | *nikuɾi    | niˈkuɾi  | niˈʔuɾi|

Glottal stop /*ʔ/ is generally retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            | Humene-Uare  | Humene | Uare       |
|            |** *ʔ**       |** ʔ**  |** ʔ [ʔ ø]**|
| chest      | *ɔʔɔnɛ       | oˈʔone | ˈone       |
| below      | *[ʔ]o̝ʔu[wi]ɔ| oʔuβio | ʔuʔuo      |
| top of tree| *mɔʔa        | moʔa-  | moʔa-      |
| push       | *do̝ʔin-     | doʔin- | duʔin-     |
| elbow      | *kakuʔa      | kaˈkuʔa| ˈʔaʔuʔa    |
| make hole  | *hɔʔ-        | oʔ-    | hoʔ-       |
| cut rope   | *waɾe̝ʔ-     | βaɾeʔ- | βaɾiʔ-     |

There are no unambiguous examples of initial glottal stop /*ʔ/, though this could just mean that it was not heard.\\
\\

Biliabial voiced stop /*b/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | Humene-Uare| Humene   | Uare    |
|               |** *b**     |** b**    |** b**   |
| sew up        | *bibi      | bibiʒ-   | bibi-   |
| crooked       | *bɛɔ       | ˈbeo     | ˈbeo    |
| moon          | *batɔ      | ˈbato    | ˈbato   |
| thick         | *baɾu      | ˈbaɾu    | ˈbaɾu   |
| lie down/sleep| *baj-      | baʒ-     | baʒ-    |
| yellow        | *bɔɾa      | ˈboɾa-   | boˈɾa-  |
| star          | *bɔjɔɣa    | boˈʒoβa  | boˈʒoɣa |
| path          | *e̝bi      | ˈebi     | ˈibi    |
| draw water    | *ab-       | aβ- [sic]| ab-     |
| pig           | *aba       | ˈaba     | ˈaba    |
| daughter      | *abɔɛ      | aˈboe    | aˈboe   |
| wet           | *[a]bo̝ta  | boˈta-   | abuˈta  |
| son           | *o̝bu      | oˈbu     | uˈbu    |
| eye           | *ubuma     | uˈbuma   | uˈbuma  |
| vomit         | *mibuhɛd-  | mibuhed- | mibuhet-|
| one           | *te̝bɔ     | ˈtebo    | ˈtiba   |
| fence         | *ɣabe̝ɾe̝  | waˈbeɾe  | ɣaˈbiɾi |

Apical voiced stop /*d/ is retained as such in both languages. It is much more common medially than initially:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           | Humene-Uare| Humene   | Uare    |
|           |** *d**     |** d**    |** d**   |
| straight  | *do̝do̝    | ˈdodo-   | duˈdu-  |
| push      | *do̝ʔin-   | doʔin-   | duʔin-  |
| sore      | *e̝de̝ɾe̝  | eˈdeɾe   | iˈdiɾi  |
| this      | *adi       | ida ~ ada| adi     |
| heavy     | *adu       | aˈdu-    | aˈdu-   |
| sky       | *aduɾɛ     | aˈduɾe   | aˈduɾe  |
| chop wood | *ɔd-       | od-      | od-     |
| foot/leg  | *ɔda       | ˈoda     | ˈida    |
| cooked    | *ɔd[a/ɔ]   | oˈda     | oˈdo-   |
| cassowary | *o̝de̝     | ˈode     | ˈudi    |
| fight (v.)| *ute̝d-    | ted-     | utit-   |
| three     | *uɣidu     | iˈβidu   | uˈɣidu  |
| vomit     | *mibuhɛd-  | mibuhed- | mibuhet-|
| mosquito  | *mudiɾɛ    | muˈdiɾe  | muˈdiɾe |
| sun/day   | *maˈda     | maˈda    | maˈda   |
| taro      | *mudɛ      | ˈmude    | ˈmude   |
| stone     | *hadi      | ˈhadi    | ˈhadi   |
| kill      | *w[ai]no̝d-| βainod-  | βenod-  |

Voiced velar /*g/ is reflected as /ʔ/ in Humene, or initially as zero. It was sometimes heard as [k] in Uare, where /*k/ has become glottal stop:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              | Humene-Uare| Humene    | Uare           |
|              |** *g-**    |** ø**     |** g [g k]**    |
| hot          | *gɛge̝     | eʔe       | ˈgegi          |
| bury         | *go̝ɾi-    | oɾiʒ-     | kuɾ-           |
|              |** *-g-**   |** ʔ**     |** g [g k ɣ h]**|
| 2 sg. obj.   | *-ga       | -ʔa       |                |
| attributive  | *-ga       | -ʔai      | -ga            |
| hair/feather | *igu       | ˈiʔu      | ˈiku           |
| cough        | *igut-     | iʔut-     | igut-          |
| sick/illness | *o̝gi      | oʔi-      | uˈɣi-          |
| older brother| *nɛgɔ(-hɛ) | neˈʔo-he  | ˈneko          |
| what?        | *nage̝(-ni)| naˈʔe(-ni)| naˈgini        |
| cold         | *nagu      | naʔu-     | naˈhu-         |
| woman        | *nɔgɔnɛ    | noˈʔone   | noˈɣone        |
| sugarcane    | *hagi      | ˈhaʔi     | ˈhagi          |
| smell (tr.)  | *hɔhɔg-    | hohoʔ-    | hohog-         |
| break (tr.)  | *wahɛg-    | βaheʔ-    | βaheg-         |
| scratch      | *ɣugi[t/s]-| βuʔit-    | ɣukis-         |

It may be seen that initial /*g/ is only clearly attested in two words, in keeping with the lenition of Owen Stanley Range initial /*g/ to Humene-Uare /*ɣ/. One of these, /*go̝ɾi/ "bury," is a loan from the Central Papuan subfamily of Oceanic (cf. Motu /guri/.)\\
\\

Bilabial fricative /*ɸ/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | Humene-Uare| Humene| Uare    |
|               |** *ɸ**     |** ɸ** |** ɸ**   |
| throw         | *ɸ[ewu]n-  | ɸin-  | ɸeun-   |
| long          | *ɸa        | ˈɸa   | ˈɸa     |
| laugh         | *ɛɣɔɸ-     | eβeɸ- | eɣoɸ-   |
| grass skirt   | *aɸa[n/ɾ]ɛ | aˈɸane| aˈɸaɾe  |
| fly (n.)      | *ɔɸɛnɛ     | oˈɸene| oˈɸene  |
| fly (v.)      | *ɾaɸe̝-    | laɸeʒ-| laɸi-an-|
| wide/palm/sole| *ɾaɸa      | ɾaˈɸa-| ɾaˈɸa-  |

Unoccluded fricative /*h/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | Humene-Uare| Humene   | Uare    |
|               |** *h**     |** h**    |** h**   |
| shoulder      | *hɛɾa      | heˈɾa    | ˈheɾa   |
| stone         | *hadi      | ˈhadi    | ˈhadi   |
| sugarcane     | *hagi      | ˈhaʔi    | ˈhagi   |
| banana        | *hajɔ      | ˈhaʒo    | ˈhaʒo   |
| make hole     | *hɔʔ-      | oʔ- [sic]| hoʔ-    |
| smell (tr.)   | *hɔhɔg-    | hohoʔ-   | hohog-  |
| call out      | *huwan-    | huβan-   | huan-   |
| suffix on sibs| *-hɛ       | -he      | -he     |
| skin          | *ahe̝ɾe̝   | aˈheɾe   | aˈhiɾi  |
| two           | *ahɛu      | aˈheu    | aˈheu   |
| man/husband   | *ɔhɔjɛ     | oˈhoʒe   | oˈhoʒe  |
| deaf          | *o̝hu      | ohu      | uhu     |
| vomit         | *mibuhɛd-  | mibuhed- | mibuhet-|
| yam           | *mahɔ      | maˈho    | ˈmaho   |
| netbag        | *nihaɾɛ    | niˈhaɾe  | niˈhaɾa |
| run           | *tuɾ[ɛ/a]h-| tuɾah-   | tuɾeh-  |
| break (tr.)   | *wahɛg-    | βaheʔ-   | βaheg-  |
| joke (v.)     | *ɣe̝ɾih-   | βeɾih-   | ɣiɾih-  |
| cook          | *ɣɔɾɔh-    | βoɾoh-   | ɣoɾoh-  |

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ is occluded to [β] in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            | Humene-Uare   | Humene | Uare   |
|            |** *w**        |** β**  |** β**  |
| bite       | *winɔh-~wihɔn-| βinoh- | βihon- |
| wash self  | *wiɾ-         | βiɾ-   | βiɾ-   |
| areca nut  | *we̝ni        | βini   | βeni   |
| hungry     | *we̝ne̝-      | βini-  | βene-  |
| arrow      | *wainɛ        | ˈβaine | ˈβaine |
| kill       | *w[aji]no̝d-  | βainod-| βenod- |
| break (tr.)| *wahɛg-       | βaheʔ- | βaheg- |
| cut rope   | *waɾe̝ʔ-      | βaɾeʔ- | βaɾiʔ- |
| man        | *wajɛ         | ˈβaʒe  | ˈβaʒe  |
| look for   | *waɣ-         | βaβ-   | βaɣ-   |
| water      | *wɔu          | ˈβou   | ˈβou   |
| hand/arm   | *ɛwɔɾɛ        | eˈβoɾe | eˈβoɾe |
| tail       | *awa          | aˈβa   | aˈβa-ɣa|
| singsing   | *jawɔ         | ˈʒaβo  | ˈʒaβo  |

Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | Humene-Uare| Humene     | Uare       |
|               |** *ɾ**     |** ɾ [r l]**|** ɾ [r l]**|
| fly (v.)      | *ɾafe̝-    | laɸeʒ-     | lafi-an-   |
| wide/palm/sole| *ɾaɸa-     | ɾaˈɸa-     | ɾaˈɸa-     |
| blood         | *ɾɔo̝      | ɾoˈo       | ˈɾoˈu      |
| leaf          | *ɾɔV       | loa        | ɾou        |
| fire/firewood | *iɾɛ       | ˈiɾe       | iɾe        |
| navel         | *e̝mo̝ɾe̝  | eˈmoɾe     | iˈmuɾi     |
| new           | *ɛɾi-      | ˈeɾi-      | iʒi- [sic] |
| sore          | *e̝de̝ɾe̝  | eˈdeɾe     | iˈdiɾi     |
| hand/arm      | *ɛwɔɾɛ     | eˈβoɾe     | eˈβoɾe     |
| sky           | *aduɾɛ     | aˈduɾe     | aˈduɾe     |
| skin          | *ahe̝ɾe̝   | aˈheɾe     | aˈhiɾi     |
| white         | *o̝ɾo̝     | oˈɾo-      | uˈɾu-      |
| mosquito      | *mudiɾɛ    | muˈdiɾe    | muˈdiɾe    |
| thick         | *baɾu      | ˈbaɾu      | ˈbaɾu      |
| yellow        | *bɔɾa      | ˈboɾa-     | boˈɾa-     |
| sand          | *nikuɾi    | niˈkuɾi    | niˈʔuɾi    |
| netbag        | *nihaɾɛ    | niˈhaɾe    | niˈhaɾa    |
| run           | *tuɾ[ɛ/a]h-| tuɾah-     | tuɾeh-     |
| bury          | *go̝ɾi-    | oɾiʒ-      | kuɾ-       |
| shoulder      | *hɛɾa      | heˈɾa      | ˈheɾa      |
| wash          | *wiɾ-      | βiɾ-       | βiɾ-       |
| cut rope      | *waɾe̝ʔ-   | βaɾeʔ      | βaɾiʔ-     |
| snake         | *jaɾama    | ʒaˈɾama    |            |
| nose          | *jajɔɾɛ    | ʒaˈʒoɾe    | ʒaˈʒoɾe    |
| joke (v.)     | *ɣe̝ɾih-   | βeɾih-     | ɣiɾih-     |
| fence         | *ɣabe̝ɾe̝  | waˈbeɾe    | ɣaˈbiɾi    |
| back          | *ɣaɾɔnɛ    | βaˈɾone    | ɣaˈɾone    |

Palatal non-stop /*j/ is occluded to [ʒ] in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | Humene-Uare| Humene   | Uare     |
|               |** *j**     |** ʒ**    |** ʒ**    |
| thin          | *je̝ɣi     | ˈʒeβi-ʔai| ˈʒiɣi-a  |
| 3 pl.         | *jɛ        | ʒe       | ˈʒe(-ɣe) |
| 2 pl.         | *ja        | ʒa       | ˈʒa(-ɣe) |
| heart         | *jamama    | ʒaˈmama  | ʒaˈmama  |
| singsing      | *jawɔ      | ˈʒaβo    | ˈʒaβo    |
| snake         | *jaɾama    | ʒaˈɾama  |          |
| nose          | *jajɔɾɛ    | ʒaˈʒoɾe  | ʒaˈʒoɾe  |
| 2/3 pl. obj.  | *-ja       | -ʒa      |          |
| older sister  | *ɛjɛ(-hɛ)  | eˈʒe-he  | eˈʒe(-he)|
| branch        | *ɛja       | eˈʒa-    | eˈʒa-    |
| man/husband   | *ɔhɔjɛ     | oˈhoʒe   | oˈhoʒe   |
| lie down/sleep| *baj-      | baʒ-     | baʒ-     |
| star          | *bɔjɔɣa    | boˈʒoβa  | boˈʒoɣa  |
| banana        | *hajɔ      | ˈhaʒo    | ˈhaʒo    |
| man           | *wajɛ      | ˈβaʒe    | ˈβaʒe    |
| cloud/fog     | *ɣɔjɛ      | ˈβoʒe    | ˈɣoʒe    |

Velar non-stop /*ɣ/ has merged with the reflex of /*w/ [β] (above) in Humene:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                | Humene-Uare| Humene         | Uare   |
|                |** *ɣ**     |** β**          |** ɣ**  |
| smoke          | *ɣe̝ti     | ˈβehi          | ˈɣisi  |
| joke (v.)      | *ɣe̝ɾih-   | βeɾih-         | ɣiɾih- |
| 2 sg.          | *ɣa        | βa             | ˈɣa    |
| chin/jaw       | *ɣaɛnɛ     | ˈβaene         | ˈɣaene |
| fence          | *ɣabe̝ɾe̝  | aˈbeɾe         | ɣaˈbiɾi|
| back           | *ɣaɾɔnɛ    | βaˈɾone        | ɣaˈɾone|
| tooth          | *ɣɔnɔnɛ    | βoˈnone        | ɣoˈnone|
| see            | *ɣɔdɔn-    | βodon-         | ɣoɾon- |
| cook           | *ɣɔɾɔh-    | βoɾoh-         | ɣoɾoh- |
| cloud/fog      | *ɣɔjɛ      | ˈβoʒe          | ˈɣoʒe  |
| dog            | *ɣo̝ni     | βoni; ɣone [jc]| ˈɣuni  |
| scratch        | *ɣugi[t/s]-| βuʔit-         | ɣukis- |
| attributive    | *-ɣa       | -βa(i)         | -ɣa    |
| look for       | *waɣ-      | βaβ-           | βaɣ-   |
| get up/stand up| *iɣun-     | iβun-          | iɣun-  |
| wing           | *e̝taɣa    | ˈhaβa          | iˈsaɣa |
| laugh          | *ɛɣɔɸ-     | eβeɸ-          | eɣoɸ-  |
| three          | *uɣidu     | iˈβidu         | uˈɣidu |
| egg            | *maɣa      | ˈmaβa          | ˈmaɣa  |
| mountain       | *maɣa      | ˈmaβa          | ˈmaɣa  |
| star           | *bɔjɔɣa    | boˈʒoβa        | boˈʒoɣa|
| look for       | *waɣ-      | βaβ-           | βaɣ-   |
| thin           | *je̝ɣi     | ˈʒeβi          | ˈʒiɣi  |

Chalmer's [ɣone] "dog" (Ray 1907: 396) suggests this merger to be quite recent in origin.\\
\\

High front vowel /*i/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                | Humene-Uare   | Humene   | Uare      |
|                |** *i**        |** i**    |** i**     |
| fat/grease     | *i            | i        | i         |
| fire/firewood  | *iɾɛ          | ˈiɾe     | iɾe       |
| hair/feather   | *igu          | ˈiʔu     | ˈiku      |
| cough          | *igut-        | iʔut-    | igut-     |
| get up/stand up| *iɣun-        | iβun-    | iɣun-     |
| kunai grass    | *e̝mi         | emi      | imi       |
| path           | *e̝bi         | ˈebi     | ˈibi      |
| belly          | *e̝ti         | eˈhi     | iˈsi      |
| bone           | *e̝tinɛ       | eˈhine   | iˈsine    |
| new            | *ɛɾi-         | ˈeɾi-    | iʒi- [sic]|
| 3 sg.          | *ani          | ˈani     | ˈani      |
| this           | *adi          | ida ~ ada| adi       |
| sick/illness   | *o̝gi         | oʔi-     | uˈɣi-     |
| three          | *uɣidu        | iˈβidu   | uˈɣidu    |
| vomit          | *mibuhɛd-     | mibuhed- | mibuhet-  |
| rope/string    | *mɛni         | meni     | meni      |
| fish           | *maita        | maita    |           |
| thigh          | *maninɛ       | maˈnine  | maˈnine   |
| mosquito       | *mudiɾɛ       | muˈdiɾe  | muˈdiɾe   |
| sew up         | *bibi         | bibiʒ-   | bibi-     |
| name           | *ni           | ni       | ni        |
| sand           | *nikuɾi       | niˈkuɾi  | niˈʔuɾi   |
| netbag         | *nihaɾɛ       | niˈhaɾe  | niˈhaɾa   |
| weep/cry       | *ni[j]an-     | niʒan-   | nian-     |
| bird           | *ne̝ni        | neni [jc]| ˈnini     |
| what?          | *nage̝ni      | naʔeni   | naˈgini   |
| push           | *do̝ʔin-      | doʔin-   | duʔin-    |
| bury           | *go̝ɾi-       | oɾiʒ-    | kuɾ-      |
| below          | *[ʔ]o̝ʔu[wi]ɔ | oʔuβio   | ʔuʔuo     |
| stone          | *hadi         | ˈhadi    | ˈhadi     |
| sugarcane      | *hagi         | ˈhaʔi    | ˈhagi     |
| bite           | *winɔh-~wihɔn-| βinoh-   | βihon-    |
| wash           | *wiɾ-         | βiɾ-     | βiɾ-      |
| areca nut      | *we̝ni        | βeni     | βini      |
| thin           | *je̝ɣi        | ˈʒeβi-ʔai| ˈʒiɣi-a   |
| arrow          | *wainɛ        | ˈβaine   | ˈβaine    |
| smoke          | *ɣe̝ti        | βehi     | ˈɣisi     |
| joke (v.)      | *ɣe̝ɾih-      | βeɾih-   | ɣiɾih-    |
| dog            | *ɣo̝ni        | βoni     | ˈɣuni     |
| scratch        | *ɣugi[t/s]-   | βuʔit-   | ɣukis-    |

High back vowel /*u/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                | Humene-Uare  | Humene      | Uare      |
|                |** *u**       |** u**       |** u**     |
| hair/feather   | *igu         | ˈiʔu        | ˈiku      |
| cough          | *igut-       | iʔut-       | igut-     |
| get up/stand up| *iɣun-       | iβun-       | iɣun-     |
| who?           | *e̝nu        | enu         | ˈiniu     |
| heavy          | *adu         | aˈdu-       | aˈdu-     |
| sky            | *aduɾɛ       | aˈduɾe      | aˈduɾe    |
| two            | *ahɛu        | aˈheu       | aˈheu     |
| son            | *o̝bu        | oˈbu        | uˈbu      |
| throat/swallow | *o̝nu        | oˈno ~ onuβ-| ˈunu ~ un-|
| deaf           | *o̝hu        | ohu         | uhu       |
| eye            | *ubuma       | uˈbuma      | uˈbuma    |
| fight (v.)     | *ute̝d-      | ted-        | utit-     |
| blunt/dull     | *utu         | utu         | utu       |
| three          | *uɣidu       | iˈβidu      | uˈɣidu    |
| vomit          | *mibuhɛd-    | mibuhed-    | mibuhet-  |
| mosquito       | *mudiɾɛ      | muˈdiɾe     | muˈdiɾe   |
| taro           | *mudɛ        | ˈmude       | ˈmude     |
| thick          | *baɾu        | ˈbaɾu       | ˈbaɾu     |
| sand           | *nikuɾi      | niˈkuɾi     | niˈʔuɾi   |
| where?         | *nau         | nau         | nou       |
| cold           | *nagu        | naʔu-       | naˈhu-    |
| breast         | *nuunɛ       | nuˈune      | nuˈne     |
| run            | *tuɾ[ɛ/a]h-  | tuɾah-      | tuɾeh-    |
| elbow          | *kakuʔa      | kaˈkuʔa     | ˈʔaʔuʔa   |
| below          | *[ʔ]o̝ʔu[wi]ɔ| oʔuβio      | ʔuʔuo     |
| call out       | *huwan-      | huβan-      | huan-     |
| water          | *wɔu         | ˈβou        | ˈβou      |
| scratch        | *ɣugi[t/s]-  | βuʔit-      | ɣukis-    |

High mid front vowel /*e̝/ is reflected as /e/ in Humene and as /i/ in Uare:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            | Humene-Uare| Humene    | Uare    |
|            |** *e̝**    |** e**     |** i**   |
| kunai grass| *e̝mi      | emi       | imi     |
| navel      | *e̝mo̝ɾe̝  | eˈmoɾe    | iˈmuɾi  |
| path       | *e̝bi      | ˈebi      | ˈibi    |
| who?       | *e̝nu      | enu       | ˈiniu   |
| belly      | *e̝ti      | eˈhi      | iˈsi    |
| bone       | *e̝tinɛ    | eˈhine    | iˈsine  |
| wing       | *e̝taɣa    | ˈhaβa     | iˈsaɣa  |
| sore       | *e̝de̝ɾe̝  | eˈdeɾe    | iˈdiɾi  |
| skin       | *ahe̝ɾe̝   | aˈheɾe    | aˈhiɾi  |
| cassowary  | *o̝de̝     | ˈode      | ˈudi    |
| fight (v.) | *ute̝d-    | ted-      | utit-   |
| bird       | *ne̝ni     | neni [jc] | ˈnini   |
| what?      | *nage̝(-ni)| naˈʔe(-ni)| naˈgini |
| one        | *te̝bɔ     | ˈtebo     | ˈtiba   |
| hot        | *gɛge̝     | eʔe       | ˈgegi   |
| areca nut  | *we̝ni     | βeni      | βini    |
| hungry     | *we̝ne̝    | βene      | ˈβini   |
| cut rope   | *waɾe̝ʔ-   | βaɾeʔ-    | βaɾiʔ-  |
| fly (v.)   | *ɾaɸe̝-    | laɸeʒ-    | laɸi-an-|
| smoke      | *ɣe̝ti     | βehi      | ˈɣisi   |
| joke (v.)  | *ɣe̝ɾih-   | βeɾih-    | ɣiɾih-  |
| fence      | *ɣabe̝ɾe̝  | waˈbeɾe   | ɣaˈbiɾi |

High mid back vowel /*o̝/ is reflected as /o/ in Humene and as /u/ in Uare:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | Humene-Uare  | Humene      | Uare      |
|               |** *o̝**      |** o**       |** u**     |
| navel         | *e̝mo̝ɾe̝    | eˈmoɾe      | iˈmuɾi    |
| wet           | *[a]bo̝ta[he]| boˈtahe     | abuˈta    |
| son           | *o̝bu        | oˈbu        | uˈbu      |
| throat/swallow| *o̝nu        | oˈno ~ onuβ-| ˈunu ~ un-|
| cassowary     | *o̝de̝       | ˈode        | ˈudi      |
| sick/illness  | *o̝gi        | oʔi-        | uˈɣi-     |
| deaf          | *o̝hu        | ohu         | uhu       |
| white         | *o̝ɾo̝       | oˈɾo-       | uˈɾu-     |
| straight      | *do̝do̝      | ˈdodo-      | duˈdu-    |
| push          | *do̝ʔin-     | doʔin-      | duʔin-    |
| bury          | *go̝ɾi-      | oɾiʒ-       | kuɾ-      |
| below         | *[ʔ]o̝ʔu[wi]ɔ| oʔuβio      | ʔuʔuo     |
| blood         | *ɾɔo̝        | ɾoˈo        | ˈɾoˈu     |
| thin          | *je̝ɣi       | ˈʒeβi-ʔai   | ˈʒiɣi-a   |
| dog           | *ɣo̝ni       | βoni        | ˈɣuni     |

Mid front vowel /*ɛ/ is reflected as /e/ in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | Humene-Uare| Humene       | Uare      |
|               |** *ɛ**     |** e**        |** e**     |
| fire/firewood | *iɾɛ       | ˈiɾe         | iɾe       |
| bone          | *e̝tinɛ    | eˈhine       | iˈsine    |
| 1 pl.         | *ɛmɛ       | ˈeme         | eˈme-ɣe   |
| new           | *ɛɾi-      | ˈeɾi-        | iʒi- [sic]|
| laugh         | *ɛɣɔɸ-     | eβeɸ-        | eɣoɸ-     |
| older sister  | *ɛjɛ(-hɛ)  | eˈʒe-he      | eˈʒe(-he) |
| branch        | *ɛja       | eˈʒa-        | eˈʒa-     |
| hand/arm      | *ɛwɔɾɛ     | eˈβoɾe       | eˈβoɾe    |
| daughter      | *abɔɛ      | aˈboe        | aˈboe     |
| grass skirt   | *aɸa[n/ɾ]ɛ | aˈɸane       | aˈɸaɾe    |
| sky           | *aduɾɛ     | aˈduɾe       | aˈduɾe    |
| two           | *ahɛu      | aˈheu        | aˈheu     |
| fly (n.)      | *ɔɸɛnɛ     | oˈɸene       | oˈɸene    |
| chest         | *ɔʔɔnɛ     | oˈʔone       | ˈone      |
| man/husband   | *ɔhɔjɛ     | oˈhoʒe       | oˈhoʒe    |
| vomit         | *mibuhɛd-  | mibuhed-     | mibuhet-  |
| rope/string   | *mɛni      | meni         | meni      |
| not           | *mɛnɛ      | mene         | mene      |
| thigh         | *maninɛ    | maˈnine      | maˈnine   |
| tounge        | *majanɛ    | maˈnane [sic]| maˈʒane   |
| mosquito      | *mudiɾɛ    | muˈdiɾe      | muˈdiɾe   |
| taro          | *mudɛ      | ˈmude        | ˈmude     |
| crooked       | *bɛɔ       | ˈbeo         | ˈbeo      |
| netbag        | *nihaɾɛ    | niˈhaɾe      | niˈhaɾa   |
| house/village | *nɛ        | ne           | ˈne       |
| older brother | *nɛgɔ(-hɛ) | neˈʔo-he     | ˈneko     |
| louse         | *nɔmɔnɛ    | noˈmone      | noˈmone   |
| woman         | *nɔgɔnɛ    | noˈʔone      | noɣone    |
| breast        | *nuunɛ     | nuˈune       | nuˈne     |
| put down      | *tɛ-       | te-          | te-       |
| hot           | *gɛge̝     | eʔe          | ˈgegi     |
| suffix on sibs| *-hɛ       | -he          | -he       |
| shoulder      | *hɛɾa      | heˈɾa        | ˈheɾa     |
| cloud/fog     | *ɣɔjɛ      | ˈβoʒe        | ˈɣoʒe     |
| arrow         | *wainɛ     | ˈβaine       | ˈβaine    |
| break (tr.)   | *wahɛg-    | βaheʔ-       | βaheg-    |
|               |            |              |           |
| man           | *wajɛ      | ˈβaʒe        | ˈβaʒe     |
| 3 pl.         | *jɛ        | ʒe           | ˈʒe(-ɣe)  |
| nose          | *jajɔɾɛ    | ʒaˈʒoɾe      | ʒaˈʒoɾe   |
| chin/jaw      | *ɣaɛnɛ     | ˈβaene       | ˈɣaene    |
| back          | *ɣaɾɔnɛ    | βaˈɾone      | ɣaˈɾone   |
| tooth         | *ɣɔnɔnɛ    | βoˈnone      | ɣoˈnone   |

Mid back vowel /*ɔ/ is reflected as /o/ in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              | Humene-Uare   | Humene   | Uare   |
|              |** *ɔ**        |** o**    |** o**  |
| laugh        | *ɛɣɔɸ-        | eβeɸ-    | eɣoɸ-  |
| hand/arm     | *ɛwɔɾɛ        | eˈβoɾe   | eˈβoɾe |
| daughter     | *abɔɛ         | aˈboe    | aˈboe  |
| that         | *ɔmɔ          | omo      | omo    |
| fly (n.)     | *ɔɸɛnɛ        | oˈɸene   | oˈɸene |
| come         | *ɔna-         | ona-     | ona-   |
| walk/go      | *ɔnam-        | onam-    | onam-  |
| chop wood    | *ɔd-          | od-      | od-    |
| foot/leg     | *ɔda          | ˈoda     | ˈida   |
| cooked       | *ɔd[a/ɔ]      | oˈda     | oˈdo-  |
| chest        | *ɔʔɔnɛ        | oˈʔone   | ˈone   |
| man/husband  | *ɔhɔjɛ        | oˈhoʒe   | oˈhoʒe |
| top of tree  | *mɔʔa         | moʔa-    | moˈʔa- |
| crooked      | *bɛɔ          | ˈbeo     | ˈbeo   |
| moon         | *batɔ         | ˈbato    | ˈbato  |
| yellow       | *bɔɾa         | ˈboɾa-   | boˈɾa- |
| star         | *bɔjɔɣa       | boˈʒoβa  | boˈʒoɣa|
| older brother| *nɛgɔ(-hɛ)    | neˈʔo-he | ˈneko  |
| louse        | *nɔmɔnɛ       | noˈmone  | noˈmone|
| woman        | *nɔgɔnɛ       | noˈʔone  | noɣone |
| one          | *te̝bɔ        | ˈtebo    | ˈtiba  |
| bark of tree | *kɔga         | koka sic]| oga    |
| banana       | *hajɔ         | ˈhaʒo    | ˈhaʒo  |
| make hole    | *hɔʔ-         | oʔ-      | hoʔ-   |
| smell (tr.)  | *hɔhɔg-       | hohoʔ-   | hohog- |
| bite         | *winɔh-~wihɔn-| βinoh-   | βihon- |
| kill         | *w[ai]nɔd-    | βainod-  | βenod- |
| water        | *wɔu          | ˈβou     | ˈβou   |
| blood        | *ɾɔo̝         | ɾoˈo     | ˈɾoˈu  |
| leaf         | *ɾɔV          | loa      | ɾou    |
| nose         | *jajɔɾɛ       | ʒaˈʒoɾe  | ʒaˈʒoɾe|
| singsing     | *jawɔ         | ˈʒaβo    | ˈʒaβo  |
| back         | *ɣaɾɔnɛ       | βaˈɾone  | ɣaˈɾone|
| tooth        | *ɣɔnɔnɛ       | βoˈnone  | ɣoˈnone|
| see          | *ɣɔdɔn        | βodon-   | horon- |
| cook         | *ɣɔɾɔh-       | βoɾoh-   | ɣoɾoh- |
| cloud/fog    | *ɣɔjɛ         | ˈβoʒe    | ˈɣoʒe  |

Low central vowel /*a/ is retained as such in both languages:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | Humene-Uare  | Humene       | Uare    |
|               |** *a**       |** a**        |** a**   |
| wing          | *e̝taɣa      | ˈhaβa        | iˈsaɣa  |
| branch        | *ɛja         | eˈʒa-        | eˈʒa-   |
| draw water    | *ab-         | aβ- [sic]    | ab-     |
| pig           | *aba         | ˈaba         | ˈaba    |
| daughter      | *abɔɛ        | aˈboe        | aˈboe   |
| wet           | *[a]bo̝ta[he]| boˈtahe      | abuˈta  |
| grass skirt   | *aɸa[n/ɾ]ɛ   | aˈɸane       | aˈɸaɾe  |
| eat           | *an-         | an-          | an-     |
| 3 sg.         | *ani         | ˈani         | ˈani    |
| this          | *adi         | ida ~ ada    | adi     |
| heavy         | *adu         | aˈdu-        | aˈdu-   |
| sky           | *aduɾɛ       | aˈduɾe       | aˈduɾe  |
| skin          | *ahe̝ɾe̝     | aˈheɾe       | aˈhiɾi  |
| two           | *ahɛu        | aˈheu        | aˈheu   |
| tail          | *awa         | aˈβa         | aˈβa-ɣa |
| come          | *ɔna-        | ona-         | ona-    |
| walk/go       | *ɔnam-       | onam-        | onam-   |
| foot/leg      | *ɔda         | ˈoda         | ˈida    |
| eye           | *ubuma       | uˈbuma       | uˈbuma  |
| father        | *ma          | ˈma-ka       | ˈma-ma  |
| take          | *ma-         | ma-          | ma-     |
| fish          | *maita       | maita        |         |
| thigh         | *maninɛ      | maˈnine      | maˈnine |
| sun/day       | *maˈda       | maˈda        | maˈda   |
| yam           | *mahɔ        | maˈho        | ˈmaho   |
| tounge        | *majanɛ      | maˈnane [sic]| maˈʒane |
| egg           | *maɣa        | ˈmaβa        | ˈmaɣa   |
| mountain      | *maɣa        | ˈmaβa        | ˈmaɣa   |
| top of tree   | *mɔʔa        | moʔa-        | moˈʔa-  |
| moon          | *batɔ        | ˈbato        | ˈbato   |
| thick         | *baɾu        | ˈbaɾu        | ˈbaɾu   |
| lie down/sleep| *baj-        | baʒ-         | baʒ-    |
| yellow        | *bɔɾa        | ˈboɾa-       | boˈɾa-  |
| star          | *bɔjɔɣa      | boˈʒoβa      | boˈʒoɣa |
| long          | *ɸa          | ˈɸa          | ˈɸa     |
| netbag        | *nihaɾɛ      | niˈhaɾe      | niˈhaɾa |
| weep/cry      | *ni[j]an-    | niʒan-       | nian-   |
| where?        | *nau         | nau          | nou     |
| what?         | *nage̝(-ni)  | naˈʔe(-ni)   | naˈgini |
| cold          | *nagu        | naʔu-        | naˈhu-  |
| break wood    | *kakan-      | kakan-       | ʔaʔan-  |
| elbow         | *kakuʔa      | kaˈkuʔa      | ˈʔaʔuʔa |
| bark of tree  | *kɔga        | koka sic]    | oga     |
| 2 sg. obj.    | *-ga         | -ʔa          |         |
| attributive   | *-ga         | -ʔa(i)       | -ga     |
| shoulder      | *hɛɾa        | heˈɾa        | ˈheɾa   |
| stone         | *hadi        | ˈhadi        | ˈhadi   |
| sugarcane     | *hagi        | ˈhaʔi        | ˈhagi   |
| banana        | *hajɔ        | ˈhaʒo        | ˈhaʒo   |
| call out      | *huwan-      | huβan-       | huan-   |
| arrow         | *wainɛ       | ˈβaine       | ˈβaine  |
| break (tr.)   | *wahɛg-      | βaheʔ-       | βaheg-  |
| cut rope      | *waɾe̝ʔ-     | βaɾeʔ-       | βaɾiʔ-  |
| man           | *wajɛ        | ˈβaʒe        | ˈβaʒe   |
| look for      | *waɣ-        | βaβ-         | βaɣ-    |
| fly (v.)      | *ɾaɸe̝-      | laɸeʒ-       | laɸi-an-|
| wide/palm/sole| *ɾaɸa        | ɾaˈɸa-       | ɾaˈɸa-  |
| heart         | *jamama      | ʒaˈmama      | ʒaˈmama |
| snake         | *jaɾama      | ʒaˈɾama      |         |
| nose          | *jajɔɾɛ      | ʒaˈʒoɾe      | ʒaˈʒoɾe |
| singsing      | *jawɔ        | ˈʒaβo        | ˈʒaβo   |
| 2 sg.         | *ɣa          | βa           | ˈɣa     |
| attributive   | *-ɣa         | -βa(i)       | -ɣa     |
| chin/jaw      | *ɣaɛnɛ       | ˈβaene       | ˈɣaene  |
| fence         | *ɣabe̝ɾe̝    | waˈbeɾe      | ɣaˈbiɾi |
| back          | *ɣaɾɔnɛ      | βaˈɾone      | ɣaˈɾone |
| 2 pl.         | *ja          | ʒa           | ˈʒa(-ɣe)|

**[under construction]**\\
\\

The attributive suffix, found on adjectives and upon some conceptually dependent substantives, has three forms beginning with /*ɣ *g *ʔ/ respectively:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
| | Humene-Uare| Humene    | Uare    |
| |** *-ɣa**   |** -βa(i)**|** -ɣa** |
| |** *-ga**   |** -ʔa(i)**|** -ga** |
| |** *-ʔa**   |** -ʔa(i)**|** -ʔai**|

As /*ɣ/ is known to reflect Owen Stanley Range initial /*(ŋ)g/, it's probable that the original form of the atributives was /*-(ŋ)ga/, and that its differing realizations depend upon final elements in the root which it follows; however, it's not immediately obvious what these elements might be.

The solution tentatively adopted here is based upon analogy to West Kainantu and Kratke Range “noun classes” (q.v. Bee 1965, 1973: 741-744, Lloyd 1969) which historically reflect dropped final segments and condition the realization of following consonants in a compound. This would require at least some final consonants or segments /*N(V) *C(V)/ to have been lost prior to proto-Humene-Uare, surfacing only in compounds of this kind:

|< - 100px 100px >|
| final| attributive|
| *ø   | *-ɣa       |
| *N   | *-ga       |
| *C   | *-ʔa       |

===== Loans from Central Papuan =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

…with attestations drawn from Dutton (1970: 926-950):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         | Motu     | Sinaugoro| Keapara  | Humene-Uare|
| thigh   |          | manini-  |          | *maninɛ    |
| yam     |          | maɣo     |          | *mahɔ      |
| tongue  | mala-    | mea-     | mae-     | *majanɛ    |
| taro    |          | mude     |          | *mudɛ      |
| yellow  | labora   | bora-bora| pola-pola| *bɔɾa      |
| one     |          | tebona   | kopuna   | *te̝bɔ     |
| white   | kuro-kuro| kuro-kuro| kulo-kulo| *o̝ɾo̝     |
| bury    | guri-    | guri-    | kuli-    | *go̝ɾi-    |
| chin/jaw|          | ɣare-    | are-     | *ɣaɛnɛ     |
| eat     | ani-     | ɣani-    | ani-     | *an-       |

In several examples above (e.g. “tongue”, “chin”) Uare-Humene has added a suffix /*-nɛ/ to the nominal root. We assume this to originate as the Central Papuan third person possessor /*-na/, although the reason for the change in vowel quality isnˈt known.

In light of the infrequency of velar voiceless stop /*k/ (above,) the example of "white" suggests that the regular reflex of pre-Humene-Uare /*k/ may be glottal stop /*ʔ/.

===== Pronouns =====
Proto-Humene-Uare free pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with attestations drawn from Dutton (1970: 922-923, 927):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | Humene-Uare| Humene | Uare   |
| 1 sg.| *ɛ         | ˈeme   | ˈe-ɣe  |
| 2 sg.| *ɣa        | ˈβa    | ˈɣa    |
| 3 sg.| *ani       | ˈani   | ˈani   |
| 1 pl.| *ɛmɛ       | eˈm-one| eˈme-ɣe|
| 2 pl.| *ja        | ʒa     | ʒa(-ɣe)|
| 3 pl.| *jɛ        | ʒe     | ʒe(-ɣe)|

Humene's first person singular reflects the plural, which is then distinguished from the singular by the addition of a suffix [-one]. Second person plural [ʒa] is given also as an alternate form of the singular in Humene, recalling Doromu-Maria to the east in which Owen Stanley Range /*ja/ has entirely replaced singular /*ga/ (Humene-Uare /*ɣa/).

===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction - not much is known]**\\
\\