====== Kaluli ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
Kaluli, also known as Bosavi, is spoken by approximately 2,500 people (2004) living in villages around 750-800 meters above sea level on the northern and western slopes of Mount Bosavi, between the Libano and Rentoul rivers to the north and west and the Bifo river to the east, in Papua New Guinea's Southern Highlands Province just east of the border with Western Province. Speakers call themselves Kaluli /kʰaɺu-ɺi/, meaning “real people,” and consider themselves part of a larger group Bosabi Kalu /bosabi kʰaɺu/ which includes speakers of at least the Kasua, Sonia and Onobasulu languages (Shaw 1973: 195, Voorhoeve 1975: 394, Schieffelin and Feld 1998: xi, Grosh and Grosh 2000: 4, 2004a: 7, 2004b: 59, Bodani 2006: 1, q.v. Schieffelin and Feld 1998: ix, 22.)

===== Dialects =====
The Kaluli divide their language into four dialects, Kaluli, Ologo in the east and Walulu and Kugenesi (Wisesi) in the west, as follows; however Grosh and Grosh were unable to find any linguistic correlaries to this division (Schieffelin and Feld 1998: xi, Grosh and Grosh 2000: 1, 4-5):\\
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Kaluli

Ologo – Wasu, Didesa

Kaluli – Wabamisen, Wogodagan, Suguniga, Bona, Muluma

Walulu – Orabia, Tabili, Wanageso, Gambano, Sibalama, Wasoweido, Baniso

Kugenesi – no current village, living in Wanageso and other villages\\
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Baniso village is properly Sonia-speaking, but the Sonia language is being replaced by Walulu, which has in turn adopted some terms from Sonia.

===== Sources =====
Rule (1964) phonology and grammar of Kaluli (unobtained)

Anonymous and Rule (2009) sketch phonology of Kaluli

McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970) include Kaluli comparisons under the name Bosavi

Franklin (ed. 1973: 558) 95 comparative terms for Kaluli

Shaw (1986: 66) 99 comparative terms for Kaluli

Schieffelin and Feld (1998) dictionary of Bosavi

Rumsey San Roque and Schieffelin (2012) Kaluli ergative

Grosh and Grosh (1991) sociolinguistic survey of Kaluli (unobtained)

Grosh and Grosh (1993) sociolinguistic survey of Kaluli (unobtained)

Grosh and Grosh (2000) sociolinguistic survey of Kaluli

Grosh and Grosh (2004) grammar of Kaluli of Suguniga and Didesa villages

Grosh and Grosh (2004) phonology of Kaluli

===== Phonology =====
Schieffelin and Feld (1998: xiv-xvi, cf. Grosh and Grosh 2004b: 60, ibid., Anonymous and Rule 2009) give 13 consonants and 7 vowels for Kaluli as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m  |   n   |     |       |     |
|     |   tʰ  |     |   kʰ  |     |
|  b  |   d   |     |   g   |     |
|  f  |   s   |     |       |  h  |
|  w  |   ɺ   |  j  |       |     |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  i  |     |  u  |
|  e  |     |  o  |
|  ɛ  |     |  ɔ  |
|     |  a  |     |

Vowels are further distinguished by the presence or absence of nasalization:

|< - 60px 60px >|
|  i  |  ĩ   |
|  u  |  ũ   |
|  e  |  ẽ   |
|  o  |  õ   |
|  ɛ  |  ɛ̃  |
|  ɔ  |  ɔ̃  |
|  a  |  ã   |

Grosh and Grosh write what are given here as voiced stops /b d g/ as plain voiceless <p t k>. Anonymous and Rule (2009) assert that voiced /b d g/ are realized as voiceless [p t k] initially, but Grosh and Grosh (pp. 60-62,) give a number of examples in which initial plain voiceless stops are realized as voiced, and (p. 64) state that medials are usually but not always voiced, while slight voicing may be heard initially. Schieffen and Feld (pp. xiv-xv) argue the opposite, stating that /b d/ are always realized as devoiced [p t] despite Rule's characterization, although they qualify that medial velar /g/ is lenited to a fricative [ɣ] adjacent to vowels /o ɔ a/. We represent this series as voiced as <b d g> in accordance with Rule's and Schieffelin and Feld's orthography as this is what they are both systemically and historically.

Voiceless aspirated stops /tʰ kʰ/ do not occur finally, and occur medially only in compounds and loans.

Fricative /f/ is specified as labiodental.

Apical non-stop /ɺ/ is specified as a flapped lateral. When followed by rounded back vowels /u o ɔ/ it is realized as retroflexed [ɭ]. It does not occur initially.\\
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Voiceless aspirated stops /tʰ kʰ/ may be realized as fricatives [s x], with some speakers merging /tʰ/ with [s] consistently and all those who realize /kʰ/​ as [x] doing so consistently (Schieffelin and Feld 1998: xv, xvi, Grosh and Grosh 2004b: 64) As Papuan Plateau voiceless aspirated bilabial /*pʰ/ has already been fricated to /f/, these trends may be viewed as continuing this process, the end result of which is to eliminate contrastive voicing altogether as follows, bearing in mind that initial voiced stops are realized as voiceless unaspirated stops initially, thus voiced medial stops would be considered allophones of these:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m  |  n  |     |     |     |
|  p  |  t  |     |  k  |     |
|  f  |  s  |     |  x  |  h  |
|  w  |  ɺ  |  j  |     |     |

This is very similar to the systems of the Mount Sisa languages to the northeast and of Kasua to the southwest, except that the former have merged initial voiceless apical stop /*t/ with /d/ rather than with /s/, while both merge velar stops /*k *g/ rather than fricating /*k/ to /x/. The resulting distinction between velar and unoccluded fricatives /x h/ is typologically unusual from a New Guinean perspective. The frication of /*t/ to /s/ is shared with Onabasulu to the north as well as with the closely-related Kasua language to the southeast.\\
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According to Schieffelin and Feld (p. xiv,) some speakers realize low mid front vowel /ɛ/ as low front [æ], to which it regularly corresponds in Kasua.\\
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Only a restricted subset of consonants occurs finally:

|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  m  |  n  |     |
|  b  |     |  g  |
|  f  |  s  |     |
|     |  ɺ  |     |

Final nasals and non-stop /m n ɺ/ are realized as devoiced [m̥ n̥ ɺ̥].

Final voiced stops /b g/ are realized as devoiced and unreleased [p̚ k̚].

Final phonetic glides [w j] are interpreted as sequential high vowels /u i/ in a phonetic diphthong (below.)\\
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Consonant clusters do not occur synchronically, although the previous existence of clusters across morpheme boundaries is evident in the inflections third-person possessed kin terms and consonant-final verb roots (below.)\\
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Vowel sequences are of two types. Where the second vowel in the sequence is of equal or greater height than the first, the sequence is heard as a diphthong and constitutes a single syllable [eⁱ oⁱ ɛⁱ ɔⁱ aⁱ ɛᵘ ɔᵘ aᵘ aᵒ]. Where the second vowel is lower than the first, each vowel is its own syllable, excepting only that sequences /kʰuV guV/ are realized as [kʰʷV gʷV]. Sequences of two identical vowels do not generally occur. Observed vowel sequences include:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|     |   i   |   u   |   e   |   o   |   ɛ   |   ɔ   |   a   |
|  i  |  ---  |       |       |  io   |       |  iɔ   |  ia   |
|  u  |       |  ---  |       |       |       |  uɔ   |  ua   |
|  e  |  ei   |       |  ---  |       |  eɛ   |       |  ea   |
|  o  |  oi   |       |       |  ---  |  oɛ   |       |       |
|  ɛ  |  ɛi   |  ɛu   |       |       |  ---  |       |       |
|  ɔ  |  ɔi   |  ɔu   |       |       |       |  ---  |       |
|  a  |  ai   |  au   |       |  ao   |       |       |  ---  |

Schieffelin and Feld (1998: xvi, Grosh and Grosh 2004b: 63) are somewhat equivocal in their characterization of the distribution of nasalized vowels, stating that nasalization is found on only a small number of words where it is irreducible, but that there are no known minimal pairs. Where a nasalized vowel is followed by a voiced stop /b d g/, the stop is realized as prenasalized [mb nd ŋg].\\
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Rule proposes a system of three pitch tone levels for Kaluli syllables in which high tone and low tone are contrastive. Schieffelin and Feld (1998: xvi-xviii) reanalyze this as stress. Most often, monosyllables are unstressed, disyllables are stressed on the first syllable, and trisyllables are stressed on the first syllable except for first person future forms which take penultimate stress, as do words with four syllables. Stress is changed, generally to the penult, by the addition of affixes. Schieffelin and Feld indicate stress only where it is contrastive; Grosh and Grosh don't indicate it at all.



===== Pronouns =====
Grosh and Grosh (2004a: 35-42) give pronouns in eleven case forms for Kaluli. We divide these into several groups according to their shared bases as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | stem I| stem II| stem III|
| 1 sg.| ne    | ni     | n-      |
| 2 sg.| ge    | gi     | g-      |
| 3 sg.| e     | e      | e-/ø-   |
| 1 pl.| ni    | niɺi   | n-      |
| 2 pl.| gi    | giɺi   | g-      |
| 3 pl.| i     | iɺi    | e-/ø-   |
| 1 dl.| nɛn   | nai(n) | nai(n)  |
| 2 dl.| gɛg   | gai(n) | gai(n)  |
| 3 dl.| ɛɺɛ   | ɛɺɛ-mɛ | idɛni(n)|

The singular forms of stems I and III are identical to the possessive proclitics and prefixes found on class II and class I kin terms respectively (below.)\\
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Upon these bases are appended suffixes deriving case forms as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                | stem| singular   | plural       | dual       |
| subject/object | I   | -ø         | -ɔ           | -ɔ/-ø      |
| dative         | I   | -mɔ        | -mɔ          | -mɔ ~ -bɔ  |
| limiter        | I   | -kʰɔ       | -kʰɔ         | -kʰɔ       |
| possessive     | II  | -ø/-ne     | -ø           | -ø/-mɛ     |
| focused        | II  | -ɔ         | -ɔ           | -ɔ         |
| poss. complim. | II  | -nɔ        | -nɔ          | -nɔ        |
| relative       | II  | -ɺɔ        | -dɔ          | -dɔ        |
| contrastive    | II  | -sa        | ---          | -asi ~ -ase|
| poss. exclusive| III | -ɔnɔn      | -(i)nin      | -ø         |
| reflexive      | III | -ɔnɔn-ɛmɛɺɛ| -(i)nin-ɛmɛɺɛ| -ø-ɛmɛɺɛ   |
| exclusive      | III | -inɛɺi     | -egeɺe(-si)  | -siɺi      |

The bases of the unmarked case used for both subject and object are designated as stem I. These are also the bases of the dative, used to indicate recipients of items and actions, and the limiter case, used to contrast a specific reference to some other entity:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | stem I| subject/object| dative      | limiter |
|      |       |** -ø/-ɔ**     |** -mɔ ~ bɔ**|** -kʰɔ**|
| 1 sg.| ne    | ne-ø          | ne-mɔ       | ne-kʰɔ  |
| 2 sg.| ge    | ge-ø          | ge-mɔ       | ge-kʰɔ  |
| 3 sg.| e     | e-ø           | e-mɔ        | e-kʰɔ   |
| 1 pl.| ni    | nij-ɔ         | ni-mɔ       | ni-kʰɔ  |
| 2 pl.| gi    | gij-ɔ         | gi-mɔ       | gi-kʰɔ  |
| 3 pl.| i     | ij-ɔ          | i-mɔ        | i-kʰɔ   |
| 1 dl.| nɛn   | nɛn-ɔ         | nɛn-bɔ      | nɛn-kʰɔ |
| 2 dl.| gɛg   | gɛg-ɔ         | gɛg-bɔ      | gɛg-kʰɔ |
| 3 dl.| ɛɺɛ   | ɛɺɛ-ø         | ɛɺɛ-mɔ      | ɛɺɛ-kʰɔ |

Pronouns in the unmarked possessive case precede the nominal they modify, and excepting the third person singular are identical to the stem II bases. The focused subject/object case highlights a focused referent in a clause, most typically but not limited to ergative referents. The possessive complement case is used to refer to something which is possessed (“mine” etc.) Relative pronouns are used in nominalized clauses. It is not really clear that the contrastive pronouns, which are used to emphasize that the agent is not who would be expected from a preceding clause, are based upon stem II forms, but there is nothing either to contradict it so they are presented here:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | stem II| possessive| focused | poss. comp.| relative     | contrastive        |
|      |        |** -ø/-ne**|** -ɔ**  |** -nɔ**    |** -ɺɔ ~ -dɔ**|** -sa/-asi ~ -ase**|
| 1 sg.| ni     | ni-ø      | nij-ɔ   | ni-nɔ      | ni-ɺɔ        | ni-sa              |
| 2 sg.| gi     | gi-ø      | gij-ɔ   | gi-nɔ      | gi-ɺɔ        | gi-sa              |
| 3 sg.| e      | e-ne      | ej-ɔ    | e-nɔ       | e-ɺɔ         | e-sa               |
| 1 pl.| niɺi   | niɺi-ø    | niɺij-ɔ | niɺi-nɔ    | niɺi-dɔ      | ---                |
| 2 pl.| giɺi   | giɺi-ø    | giɺij-ɔ | giɺi-nɔ    | giɺi-dɔ      | ---                |
| 3 pl.| iɺi    | iɺi-ø     | iɺij-ɔ  | iɺi-nɔ     | iɺi-dɔ       | ---                |
| 1 dl.| nai(n) | nai-ø     | nain-ɔ  | nai-nɔ     | nain-dɔ      | nani-asi           |
| 2 dl.| gai(n) | gai-ø     | gain-ɔ  | gai-nɔ     | gain-dɔ      | gaj-ase            |
| 3 dl.| ɛɺɛ-mɛ | ɛɺɛ-mɛ-ø  | ɛɺɛ-mɛ-ø| ɛɺɛ-mɛ-no  | ɛɺɛ-mɛ-ɺɔ    | ---                |

The possessive exclusive highlights the possessor in contrast to others. The singulars and plurals of the reflexive case, used when the agent of an action is also its object, are based upon those of the possessive exclusive. Dual possessive exclusives are not attested; the second and third person dual reflexives appear to be suffixed stem II forms (above):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | stem III| poss. excl.         | reflexive   |
|      |         |** -ɔnɔn/-(i)nin/-ø**|** -"-ɛmɛɺɛ**|
| 1 sg.| n-      | n-ɔnɔn              | n-ɔnɔn-ɛmɛɺɛ|
| 2 sg.| g-      | g-ɔnɔn              | g-ɔnɔn-ɛmɛɺɛ|
| 3 sg.| e-      | e-nin               | ɛ-nɛn-ɛmɛɺɛ |
| 1 pl.| n-      | n-inin              | n-inin-ɛmɛɺɛ|
| 2 pl.| g-      | g-inin              | g-inin-ɛmɛɺɛ|
| 3 pl.| ø-      | ø-inin              | ø-inin-ɛmɛɺɛ|
| 1 dl.| nai(n)  | ---                 | nain-ɛmɛɺɛ  |
| 2 dl.| gai(n)  | ---                 | gain-ɛmɛɺɛ  |
| 3 dl.| idɛni(n)| ---                 | idɛnin-ɛmɛɺɛ|

Exclusive pronouns are used to highlight a participant to the exclusion of others. The suffixes used to indicate this case in the singular, plural and dual respectively are completely different:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | stem III| exclusive sg.| exclusive pl.  | exclusive dl.|
|      |         |** -inɛɺi**   |** -egeɺe(-si)**|** -siɺi**    |
| 1 sg.| n-      | n-inɛɺi      | ---            | ---          |
| 2 sg.| g-      | g-inɛɺi      | ---            | ---          |
| 3 sg.| ø-      | ø-inɛɺi      | ---            | ---          |
| 1 pl.| n-      | ---          | n-egeɺe(-si)   | ---          |
| 2 pl.| g-      | ---          | g-egeɺe(-si)   | ---          |
| 3 pl.| ø-      | ---          | ø-egeɺe(-si)   | ---          |
| 1 dl.| nain    | ---          | ---            | nain-siɺi    |
| 2 dl.| gain    | ---          | ---            | gain-siɺi    |
| 3 dl.| idɛni   | ---          | ---            | idɛni(-siɺi) |


===== Kin terms =====
In addition to the free pronouns given above, Grosh and Grosh (2004a: 15) provide a list of 20 kin terms, most of which which take one of three prefixed or procliticized inalienable possessors differentiated by person but not by number. These are identical to stem III and stem I respectively of the free pronouns (above,) except for the third person prefix which is unique to the possessive construction (though may be found on the stem III form of the third person dual /idɛni(n)/)::

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|       | prefix  | proclitic|
| first | n- ~ nV-| ne       |
| second| g- ~ gV-| ge       |
| third | in- ~ i-| e        |

Suppletive forms aside, inalienably possessed kin terms may be divided according to their patterns of prefixation into classes with subclasses as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    | first| second| third|
| Ia | n-   | g-    | in-  |
| Ib | n-   | g-    | e n- |
| Ic | n-   | g-    | ø    |
| Id | n-   | g-    | ene  |
| IIa| ø    | ge    | e    |
| IIb| ne   | ge    | e    |

Class I roots take prefixed possessors. Probably the oldest layer of these is represented by meanings for which the first and second persons are indicated by prefixes /n- g-/ and the third person by /in-/. When prefixed first and second singular possessors are followed by consonant initial roots, a copy vowel of the first vowel of the root, or a high vowel if the root begins with a glide, is interpolated between them. Final /n/ in the third person disappears in some contexts and alters the following consonant in others, a phenomenon also found in the inflections of verb roots with final /n/ (below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                | class | first       | second      | third       |
|                |** Ia**|** g- ~ gV-**|** n- ~ gV-**|** in- ~ i-**|
| father's sister| an    | n-an        | g-an        | i-an        |
| grandmother    | u     | n-u         | g-u         | in-u        |
| inlaw via f.   | bas   | na-bas      | ga-bas      | i-das       |
| daughter       | ɺɛ    | nɛ-ɺɛ       | gɛ-ɺɛ       | i-dɛ        |
| housemates     | jasi  | ni-asi      | gi-asi      | i-asi       |

In one example, the prefixes are regular but the root of the third person form is suppletive; cf. /sɔwa/ “son”:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    | class | first | second| third  |
|    |** Ia**|** g-**|** n-**|** in-**|
| son| ɔɺ/sɔ | n-ɔɺ  | g-ɔɺ  | in-sɔ  |

(Grosh and Grosh give /inso/; cf. Schieffelin and Feld 1998: 131)\\
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One example has an unprefixed suppletive form in the first person and a (probably) prefixed suppletive form in the third:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       | class   | first  | second| third |
|       |** Ia**  |** ---**|** g-**|** i-**|
| father| do/oɺ/ja| do     | g-oɺ  | i-ja  |

In the second subclass, the third person possessive proclitic is found before a prefix which is superficially identical to that of the first person, but more likely reflects third person /in-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             | class | first | second| third   |
|             |** Ib**|** n-**|** g-**|** e n-**|
| purchaser   | ɛsu   | n-ɛsu | g-ɛsu | e n-ɛsu |
| father's br.| awa   | n-awa | g-awa | e n-awa |

In the third subclass, the third person possessor is signified (or not) by zero:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|        | class | first | second| third|
|        |** Ic**|** n-**|** g-**|** ø**|
| brother| ao    | n-ao  | g-ao  | ao   |
| sister | ado   | n-ado | g-ado | ado  |

One example has an unprefixed suppletive form in the third person:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       | class | first | second| third|
|       |** Ic**|** n-**|** g-**|** ø**|
| mother| ɔ/ano | n-ɔ   | g-ɔ   | ano  |

In one example, the independent third person singular possessive form is given:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             | class | first  | second | third  |
|             |** Id**|** nV-**|** gV-**|** ene**|
| cross-cousin| sɔg   | nɔ-sɔg | gɔ-sɔg | ene sɔg|

Class II roots take proclitic possessors in the second and third persons, but usually zero in the first, a fact which might be interpreted to suggest that they originated as address forms:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 | class  | first | second   | third   |
|                 |** IIa**|** ø** |** ge**   |** e**   |
| grandfather     | mɛmu   | mɛmu  |          | e mɛmu  |
| mother's br.    | babo   | babo  | ge babo  | e babo  |
| w.'s sister's h.| sõba   | sõba  | ge sõba  | e sõba  |
| child           | sowa   | sowa  | ge sowa  | e sowa  |
| inlaw via m.    | kʰɛɺɛn | kʰɛɺɛn| ge kʰɛɺɛn| e kʰɛɺɛn|

In a smaller number of examples, the first person is likewise signified by a proclitic:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 | class  | first   | second  | third  |
|                 |** IIb**|** ne**  |** ge**  |** e**  |
| parent-in-law   | ɛsɔ    | ne ɛsɔ  | ge ɛsɔ  | e ɛsɔ  |
| m.'s sister's h.| kʰowa  | ne-kʰowa| ge-kʰowa| e kʰowa|


===== Counting system =====
Kaluli has a body-part counting system of the type characteristic of the New Guinea region in which the term for the number is identical to that for the body part which is touched during tallying. Counting begins from the left pinkie at one, proceeding to the thumb and then up the left side of the body until reaching the tip of the nose, then proceeding downward on the right side of the body as follows (Schieffelin and Feld 1998: 173-174, Grosh and Grosh 2004a: 45-57):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | left side|          | right side|             |
| pinkie        | 1        | ageɺ     | 35        | fudɔ        |
| ring finger   | 2        | andeb    | 34        | no andeb    |
| middle finger | 3        | asɔɺ     | 33        | no asɔɺ     |
| index finger  | 4        | fɛɺɛdameɺ| 32        | no fɛɺɛdameɺ|
| thumb         | 5        | bi       | 31        | no bi       |
| palm          | 6        | dɔgɔfe   | 30        | no dɔgɔfe   |
| inner wrist   | 7        | dom      | 29        | no dom      |
| forearm       | 8        | o        | 28        | no o        |
| inner elbow   | 9        | agatɔ    | 27        | no agatɔ    |
| bicep         | 10       | dɔ       | 26        | no dɔ       |
| shoulder joint| 11       | kʰeɺen   | 25        | no kʰeɺen   |
| collarbone    | 12       | kʰugu    | 24        | no kʰugu    |
| side of neck  | 13       | dagas    | 23        | no dagas    |
| ear           | 14       | kʰɛɺɛn   | 22        | no kʰɛɺɛn   |
| cheek         | 15       | babo     | 21        | no babo     |
| eye           | 16       | si       | 20        | no si       |
| side of nose  | 17       | mi-o     | 19        | no mi-o     |
| tip of nose   | 18       | mi-ɺifiɺe| ---       | ---         |


===== Nominal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

… (Grosh and Grosh 2004a: 50-52):

|< - 100px 100px >|
|         |               |
| dative  | -mɔ ~ -bɔ     |
| just    | -kʰa          |
| only    | -kʰɔ          |
| complete| -ɺe ~ -de     |
| relative| -ɺɔ           |
| ergative| -jɛ ~ -wɛ ~ -ɛ|
| locative| -ja ~ -wa ~ -a|
| topic   | -jɔ           |
| nominal | -jo           |


===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

Portions of the presentation which follows are based upon Grosh and Grosh's (2004a: 16-30) description of Kaluli verbal morphology, but with significant modifications.

Suffix-initial consonants and vowels which are dropped when following consonant-final and vowel-final roots respectively are indicated with parentheses below. In a number of Grosh and Grosh's representations this consonant was not indicated; we have added them here after their examples and those of Schieffelin and Feld (1998.) This is the first important difference between our analyses as it allows us to reduce most stem variations to the regular application of phonological rules (below.)

We depart from Grosh and Grosh's (2004a: 16, 16-26) terminology in designating their STEM2 and STEM3 as stem III and stem II respectively, thus altering Schieffelin and Feld's (1998: xi-xii, ibid.) order of presentation. This was done because stems I and II share phonological similarities vis-a-vis stems III and IV, with stem I being maintained as such because it, followed by the imperative suffix, is Schieffelin and Feld's citation form, as well as that used when followed by another root in a compound.\\
\\

Person is distinguished in only two tenses. These are likely the remnant of a once-broader pattern:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|             | future | present|
| first       | -(m)ɛnɔ| -(ɺ)ɔɺ |
| second/third| -(m)ɛib| -(ɺ)ab |

(Grosh and Grosh give /-(m)eib/ second and third person future while examples in Schieffelin and Feld give /-(m)ɛib/; we follow the latter.)\\
\\

Final (i.e. independent) verbs take tense/aspect/mood suffixes as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|                | stem| tense      |
| pr. imper. 1   | I   | -(m)a      |
| pr. imper. 2   | I   | -(m)ɛ      |
| pr. imper. 3   | I   | -(m)ɔ      |
| 1 future       | II  | -(m)ɛnɔ    |
| 2/3 future     | II  | -(m)ɛib    |
| hortative      | II  | -(m)ɛni-kʰi|
| 1 present      | III | -(ɺ)ɔɺ     |
| 2/3 present    | III | -(ɺ)ab     |
| habitual 1     | III | -(ɺ)an     |
| habitual 2     | III | -(ɺ)ɛsen   |
| past prog. 1   | III | -(ɺ)aɺe    |
| past prog. 2   | III | -(ɺ)abe    |
| fut. imperative| III | -(ɺ)ɛbi    |
| prohibitive    | III | -(ɺ)ɛsɔbo  |
| past           | IV  | -ɔ/-ɛ      |

Medial (i.e. dependent) verbs take tense/aspect/mood suffixes as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px >|
|               | stem| tense        |
| purposive DS  | I   | -(m)ɛ-kʰi    |
| purposive SS  | II  | -(m)ɛni      |
| neg. purposive| II  | -(m)abɛnɛ-kʰi|
| sequential    | III | -(ɺ)ɛsɛgɛ    |
| simultaneous  | III | -(ɺ)abi-kʰi  |
| same frame    | III | -(ɺ)a(ɺi)-kʰi|
| conditional   | III | -(ɺ)aɺega    |

It may be seen that all of these suffixes underlyingly begin with bilabial nasal /m/ or apical non-stop /ɺ/, excepting only the past which is a single vowel. Their phonological shape along with those of the roots to which they are appended (below) determine the realizations of the stem and suffix alike.

The reason for the difference between stem I forms and those which take stem II is not immediately clear, as both are followed by suffixes beginning with underlying /m/. The answer would seem to be stress, since imperatives are monosyllabic but stem II forms are not; indeed Schieffelin and Feld (1998: xviii) state explicitly that the addition of first person future /-(m)ɛnɔ/ shifts stress to the penult, which the addition of (e.g.) imperative /-ma/ does not. This would explain all of Grash and Grosh's forms excepting the different subject purposive /-(m)ɛki/, which their examples consistently show to take stem I forms (/maj-ækʰi/ “eat”, /di-mækʰi/ “take”, /asuw-ɛ-fo-mækʰi/ “help”.) This in turn might be solved by observing that the segment /kʰi/ must itself represent a suffix, as is mandated on phonological grounds and supported by its frequency as a final element in the forms above; since the other suffixes with initial /m/ upon which /-kʰi/ appears were multisyllabic already so would be assigned to stem II.\\
\\

Grosh and Grosh give three aspect auxilliaries as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                  | stem| aspect   | tense  |
| prospective      | II  | -(m)ɛnig-| present|
| pr. continuative | III | -ɛɺ-     | present|
| fut. continuative| III | -meɺ-    | future |

According to Grosh and Grosh, the vowel of the future continuative harmonizes with that of the following future suffix, which is first person /-ɛnɔ/ or second and third person /-eib/, thus either /-mɛɺ-ɛnɔ/ or /-meɺ-eib/; however as noted above Schieffelin and Feld give the latter suffix as /-ɛib/, which we credit in part because the vowel sequence /ei/ is otherwise only very marginally attested (e.g. tʰuɺunei/ “ground dove”) while Grosh and Grosh's own phonology (2004b: 67) gives this suffix as /-ɛib/. Moreover, it's clear that both /-meɺ-/ and Grosh and Grosh's present continuative /-ɛɺ-/ are respectively the stem Ii and stem III forms of /meɺe-/ “stand; wait, exist, stay” in compounds with the preceding stems (below;) it is not the case that this occurs only with future tense suffixes as is implicitly suggested in Grosh and Grosh. Schieffelin and Feld give the variation /-mɛɺ-ɛnɔ/ in only one example, casting doubt upon the general validity of this phenomenon.

More doubtful still is the claim that the suffixation of /meɺ-/ induces the stem III form of the preceding root, as this would contradict the phonological bases governing stem selection as well as compounding rules which generally require stem I in the first member (below;) in fact the results would be nearly incoherent as stem III forms are specifically the results of syllable reduction (or not) or clustering with following underlying suffix-initial /ɺ/. For instance the verb /do-fo-/, one of two examples given (p. 26,) would become in stem III merely /do-ø-/ while strengthening following /ɺ/ to [tʰ s] (see auxilliary /-fo-/ below) as seen in Schieffelin and Feld (1998: 41.)\\
\\

In addition to these, there are six suffixes which follow inflected final verb forms, all but one of which mark the evidentiary status of an action. The uncertainty suffix must be viewed as an enclitic, as it is found also on nominals:

|< - 100px 100px >|
| observed       | -(ɔ)ɺɔb        |
| past reported 1| -ɺaɺe          |
| past reported 2| -ɺabe          |
| pres. reported | -ɺɔbo          |
| uncertain      | -(j)eɺe ~ -weɺe|
| intensive      | -kʰɛ           |

… prefixes … (Grosh and Grosh 2004a: 52, 58-60)

|< - 100px 100px >|
| repeated   | ɛ- |
| incomplete | ɔ- |
| negative   | mɔ-|
| anticipated| se-|

Kaluli verbs can be divided into classes according to the pattern of variation between their stem forms, which is determined by the phonotactic shape and the final segment(s) of the underlying root. The most fundamental divisions are those between multisyllabic roots and monosyllabic roots, which are uncommon but highly salient in meaning, and between roots with final vowels and those with one of a restricted set of final consonants.

For a number of contrasts in the realizations of multisyllabic verb roots, these final segments are not alone sufficient to explain the variation. In these instances we have posited contrastive stress <ˈ>, possibly at the pre-Kaluli stage; we do not assert that this stress is synchronically present. It is not clear if this is the same phenomenon as Rule's tone, reanalyzed by Schieffelin and Feld (1998: xvi-xviii) as stress, which is shown here as <V́> as in Schieffelin and Feld's dictionary. Accordinly, we refer to our as stress and to Schieffelin and Feld's <V́> as tone.\\
\\

Verb roots are of the following shapes:

|< - 100px >|
| ˈ(C)V-      |
| ˈ(C)VC-     |
| ˈ(C)VCV-    |
| (C)VˈCV-    |
| (C)VˈCVC-   |
| (C)VˈCVCV-  |
| (C)VCVˈCV-  |
| (C)VCVˈCVC- |
| (C)VCVˈCVCV-|

It has been noted above that apical voiceless aspirated stop /tʰ/ may be realized as fricative [s], with some speakers of the central (Kaluli) dialect merging these consistently (Schieffelin and Feld 1998: xv, xvi, Grosh and Grosh 2004b: 64.) As Schieffelin and Feld's dictionary is based promarily upon the central dialect, most of these entries are ordered as <s> with variations indicated in the entry. Only a small minority of forms are given with invariable [tʰ] (q.v. pp. 138-140.) To simplify the presentation which follows, sounds which vary between [s tʰ] are given here simply as <tʰ>.

Patterns of suffixation are summarized as follows, with present imperative /-ma/, future imperative /-(ɺ)ɛbi/, first person future /-(m)ɛnɔ/ and past /-ɔ/ suffixes (above) illustrating the dispositions of stems I through IV as found in Schieffelin and Feld (1998) (though with stems II and III swapped as noted above):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
| final   | I      | II         | III        | IV           |
|         |** -ma**|** -(m)ɛnɔ**|** -(ɺ)ɛbi**|** -ɔ**       |
| nV-/_i e| nV-ma  | nV-mɛnɔ    | j-ɛbi      | j-ɔ          |
| nV-/o_  | nV-ma  | nV-mɛnɔ    | uw-ɛbi     | uw-ɔ         |
| bV-     | bV-ma  | bV-mɛnɔ    | b-ɛbi      | b-ɔ          |
| dV-     | ɺV-ma  | ɺV-mɛnɔ    | d-ɛbi      | d-ɔ          |
| ˈdV-    | dV-ma  | dV-mɛnɔ    | d-ɛbi      | d-ɔ          |
| gV-     | gV-ma  | gV-mɛnɔ    | g-ɛbi      | g-ɔ          |
| ˈgV-    | gV-ma  | gV-mɛnɔ    | gV-ɺɛbi    | g-ɔ          |
| fV-     | fV-ma  | fV-mɛnɔ    | f-ɛbi      | f-ɔ          |
| ˈfV-    | fV-ma  | fV-mɛnɔ    | fV-ɺɛbi    | f-ɔ          |
| sV-     | sV-ma  | sV-mɛnɔ    | s-ɛbi      | s-ɔ          |
| ˈsV-    | sV-ma  | sV-mɛnɔ    | sV-ɺɛbi    | sV-ø         |
| ˈsV₂-   | sV-ma  | sV-mɛnɔ    | sV-ɺɛbi    | s-ɔ          |
| ɺV-     | ɺV-ma  | ɺV-mɛnɔ    | ɺ-ɛbi      | ɺ-ɔ          |
| ˈɺV-    | ɺV-ma  | ɺV-mɛnɔ    | ɺV-ɺɛbi    | ɺV-ø         |
| -fo₁-   | fo-ma  | f-ɛnɔ      | ø-tʰɛbi    | f-ɛ          |
| -fo₂-   | -fo-ma | -f-ɛnɔ     | -ø-tʰɛbi   | -f-ɔ         |
| -ɺɛ-    | -ɺɛ-ma | -ɺɛ-mɛnɔ   | -ɺ-ɛbi     | -ɺ-ɛ         |
| n-      | ø-ma   | ø-mɛnɔ     | j-ɛbi      | j-ɔ          |
| d-      | ø-ma   | ø-mɛnɔ     | d-ɛbi      | d-ɔ          |
| ɺ-      | ø-ma   | ø-mɛnɔ     | ɺ-ɛbi      | ɺ-ɔ          |
| ˈCi-    | Ci-ma  | Cij-ɛnɔ    | Cij-ɛbi    | Ci-ø         |
| ˈmi-    | mi-na  | mij-ɛnɔ    | mij-ɛbi    | mi-ø         |
| ˈme-    | me-na  | mij-ɛnɔ    | ?          | mij-ɔ        |
| ˈCɛ-    | Cɛ-ma  | Cɛ-mɛnɔ    | Cɛ-ɺɛbi    | C-ɛ          |
| ˈCa₁-   | Ca-ma  | Cɛ-mɛnɔ    | Cɛ-ɺɛbi    | Cij-ɔ ~ Cej-ɔ|
| ˈCa₂-   | Ca-ma  | Cɛ-mɛnɔ    | Cɛ-ɺɛbi    | Cej-ɔ        |
| ˈCɔ-    | Cɔ-ma  | Cɔ-mɛnɔ    | Cɔ-ɺɛbi    | Cɔ-ø         |
| ˈCo-    | Co-ma  | Co-mɛnɔ    | Cow-ɛbi    | Cow-ɔ        |
| ˈCu-    | Cu-ma  | Cu-mɛnɔ    | Cu-ɺɛbi    | Cu­-ø        |
| ˈCɛu-   | Cɛu-ma | Cɛu-mɛnɔ   | Cɛuw-ɛbi   | Cɛuw-ɔ       |
| ˈCau-   | Cau-ma | Cau-mɛnɔ   | ?          | ?            |
| ˈCVm-   | CVmV-na| CV-nɛnɔ    | CV-nɛbi    | ?            |
| ˈCVb-   | CVb-a  | CVb-ɛnɔ    | CV-dɛbi    | CVb-ɛ        |
| ˈCVf-   | CVf-a  | CVf-ɛnɔ    | CV-tʰɛbi   | CVf-ɛ        |
| ˈCun-   | Cunu-ma| Cu-mɛnɔ    | Cun-dɛbi   | Cu(w)-ɔ      |
| ˈCan-   | Cana-ma| Cɛ-mɛnɔ    | Cɛn-dɛbi   | Cɔn-ɔ        |
| ˈCVd-   | CVɺV-ma| CVɺV-mɛnɔ  | CVd-ɛbi    | CVd-ɔ        |
| ˈCVs-   | ?      | CV-fɛnɔ    | CV-tʰɛbi   | ?            |
| ˈCVg-   | CVgV-  | CV-bɛnɔ    | CV-dɛbi    | CVg-ɔ        |
| ˈCVɺ-   | CVɺV-ma| CV-mɛnɔ    | CVɺ-ɛbi    | CVɺ-ɔ        |
| ˈCaɺ-   | Ca-ma  | Cɛ-mɛnɔ    | Cɛɺ-ɛbi    | Cɔɺ-ɔ        |

No verbs have been found with stem final /mV-/, while stem-final /m-/ has been found only in the highly abberant monosyllable /ˈham-/ “go” (below.) Presumably these have become /nV-/, as occurs intermittently with now-final /m/ in nominals, or has disappeared, perhaps due to the strong aversion to consecutive occurences of /m/ as seen in several imperative forms (below) in conjunction with the ubiquity of stem I and stem II suffixes (above) which begin with underlying /-m/.\\
\\

These patterns of stem variation are exemplified in the charts which follow. Where verb paradigms are defective, for example giving a form with an auxilliary in some tenses but not others, or otherwise suppletive, the gaps in the resulting split paradigm are indicated with dashes. Since monosyllabic verb roots are less common and undergo more surprising changes, their paradigms are presented after those of mutlisyllables. As Schieffelin and Feld's (1998) glosses, especially for compounds, are often too involved to recapitulate here, it is recommended that one consult the dictionary to gain a better sense of their meanings.\\
\\

We begin with multisyllabic roots with final vowels, because these are the most straightfoward of Kaluli's verbal paradigms.\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |         | I        | II         | III      | IV     |
|            |** bV-** |** bV-ma**|** bV-mɛnɔ**|** b-ɛbi**|** b-ɔ**|
| sweep      | ˈtʰabe- | tʰabe-ma | tʰabe-mɛnɔ | tʰɛb-ɛbi | tʰɔb-ɔ |
| lick       | ˈdabe-  | dabe-ma  | dabe-mɛnɔ  | dɛb-ɛbi  | dɔb-ɔ  |
| dance      | ˈjaba-  | jaba-ma  | jaba-mɛnɔ  | jɛb-ɛbi  | jɔb-ɔ́ |
| fight      | ˈbabu-  | babu-ma  | babu-mɛnɔ  | bub-ɛbi  | bub-ɔ́ |
| jump on log| hɛˈbabo-| hɛbabo-ma| hɛbabo-mɛnɔ| hɛbob-ɛbi| hɛbob-ɔ|
| lack light | dɔˈbubu-| dɔbubu-ma| dɔbubu-mɛnɔ| dɔbub-ɛbi| dɔbub-ɔ|

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |         | I        | II   | III  | IV      |
|     |** ˈbV-**|** bV-ma**|** ?**|** ?**|** bV-ø**|
| hear| daˈbu-  | dabu-ma  | ---  | ---  | dabu-ø  |

… /nV/ … :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |          | I         | II          | III         | IV        |
|                |** ni-**  |** ni-ma** |** ni-mɛnɔ** |** (i)j-ɛbi**|** (i)j-ɔ**|
| beg            | ˈhɛni-   | hɛni-ma   | hɛni-mɛnɔ   | hɛij-ɛbi    | hɛij-ɔ    |
| pass/overtake  | tʰiˈnini-| tʰinini-ma| tʰinini-mɛnɔ| tʰinij-ɛbi  | tʰinij-ɔ  |
| pass through   | tʰiˈgini-| tʰigini-ma| tʰigini-mɛnɔ| tʰigij-ɛbi  | tʰigij-ɔ  |
| sew bark cloth | duˈbini- | dubini-ma | dubini-mɛnɔ | dubij-ɛbi   | dubij-ɔ   |
| swing to-fro   | doˈgɛni- | dogɛni-ma | dogɛni-mɛnɔ | dogɛij-ɛbi  | dogɛij-ɔ  |
| add to         | ɔhoˈgɛni-| ɔhogɛni-ma| ɔhogɛni-mɛnɔ| ɔhogɛj-ɛbi  | ɔhogɛij-ɔ |
|                |** ne-**  |** ne-ma** |** ne-mɛnɔ** |** (i)j-ɛbi**|** (i)j-ɔ**|
| play           | ˈhene-   | hene-ma   | hene-mɛnɔ   | hej-ɛbi     | hej-ɔ     |
| soften         | ˈtʰane-  | tʰane-ma  | tʰane-mɛnɔ  | tʰaij-ɛbi   | tʰaij-ɔ   |
| sharpen point  | ˈdɔne-   | dɔne-ma   | dɔne-mɛnɔ   | dɔj-ɛbi     | dɔij-ɔ    |
| make thin      | aˈbene-  | abene-ma  | ---         | ---         | abej-ɔ    |
| gather         | kʰeˈgene-| kʰegene-ma| kʰegene-mɛnɔ| kʰegej-ɛbi  | kʰegej-ɔ  |
| set on edge    | heˈɺene- | heɺene-ma | heɺene-mɛnɔ | heɺej-ɛbi   | heɺej-ɔ   |
| cut pig in half| noˈbɛne- | nobɛne-ma | nobɛne-mɛnɔ | nobɛij-ɛbi  | nobɛij-ɔ  |
| ask questions  | oˈwane-  | owane-ma  | owane-mɛnɔ  | owaij-ɛbi   | owaj-ɔ    |
| become frail   | kʰaˈgane-| kʰagane-ma| kʰagane-mɛnɔ| kʰagaj-ɛbi  | kʰagaj-ɔ  |
| pluck feathers | fɔˈfɔne- | fɔfɔne-ma | fɔfɔne-mɛnɔ | fɔfɔij-ɛbi  | fɔfɔij-ɔ  |
| attend funeral | kʰuˈwɔne-| kʰuwɔne-ma| kʰuwɔne-mɛnɔ| kʰuwɔj-ɛbi  | kʰuwɔj-ɔ  |

… :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |        | I        | II         | III       | IV      |
|       |** ni-**|** ni-ma**|** ni-mɛnɔ**|** nj-ɛbi**|** nj-ɔ**|
| refuse| ɛˈɺɛni-| ɛɺɛni-ma | ɛɺɛni-mɛnɔ | ɛɺɛnj-ɛbi | ɛɺɛnj-ɔ |

Two examples which likewise have stem-final [nj] rather than [j] in stem III and stem IV forms, /gɔɺɔne-/ and /hamane-/, are presented as adjectives (below) and are thus exemplified only by stem III and stem IV forms with second/third person present and past suffixes respectively; their stem I forms are known from their occurence in compounds (below.)\\
\\

Disyllables of the form /Cona-/ become /Cu(w)-/ in stem III and stem IV forms:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |          | I          | II           | III        | IV       |
|            |** Cona-**|** Cona-ma**|** Cona-mɛnɔ**|** Cuw-ɛbi**|** Cuw-ɔ**|
| scrape bark| ˈdona-   | dona-ma    | dona-mɛnɔ    | duw-ɛbi    | duw-ɔ    |
| smoke meat | ˈsona-   | sona-ma    | sona-mɛnɔ    | suw-ɛbi    | suw-ɔ́   |

… /dV-/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |            | I           | II            | III         | IV        |
|                 |** dV-**    |** ɺV-ma**   |** ɺV-mɛnɔ**   |** d-ɛbi**   |** d-ɔ**   |
| start fire      | ˈgidi-     | giɺi-ma     | giɺi-mɛnɔ     | gid-ɛbi     | gid-ɔ     |
| mark bound.     | ˈede-      | éɺe-ma      | eɺe-mɛnɔ      | éd-ɛbi      | éd-ɔ      |
| finish          | ˈede-      | eɺé-ma      | eɺé-mɛnɔ      | ed-ɛbi      | ed-ɔ́     |
| look for        | ˈkʰede-    | kʰeɺe-ma    | kʰeɺe-mɛnɔ    | kʰed-ɛbi    | kʰed-ɔ    |
| hang down       | ˈhede-     | heɺe-ma     | heɺe-mɛnɔ     | hed-ɛbi     | hed-ɔ     |
| open            | ˈkʰoda-    | kʰoɺa-ma    | kʰoɺa-mɛnɔ    | kʰod-ɛbi    | kʰod-ɔ    |
| wonder          | ˈmodo-     | moɺo-ma     | moɺo-mɛnɔ     | mod-ɛbi     | mod-ɔ́    |
| split animal    | ˈjodo-     | joɺo-ma     | joɺo-mɛnɔ     | jod-ɛbi     | jod-ɔ     |
| taunt/deceive   | di-ˈkʰidi- | dikʰiɺi-ma  | dikʰiɺi-mɛnɔ  | dikʰid-ɛbi  | dikʰid-ɔ  |
| follow          | siˈgidi-   | sigiɺi-ma   | sigiɺi-mɛnɔ   | sigid-ɛbi   | sigid-ɔ   |
| scratch itch    | kʰiˈgidi-  | kʰigiɺi-ma  | kʰigiɺi-mɛnɔ  | kʰigid-ɛbi  | kʰigid-ɔ  |
| push away       | giˈgidi-   | gigiɺi-ma   | gigiɺi-mɛnɔ   | gigid-ɛbi   | gigid-ɔ   |
| jump/attack     | gɛˈgidi-   | gɛgiɺí-ma   | gɛgiɺi-mɛnɔ   | gɛgid-ɛbi   | gɛgid-ɔ   |
| break           | gaˈsede-   | gaseɺe-ma   | gaseɺe-mɛnɔ   | gased-ɛbi   | gased-ɔ   |
| be brave        | diˈgoda-   | digoɺa-ma   | digoɺa-mɛnɔ   | digod-ɛbi   | digod-ɔ   |
| lay side by side| foˈfodo-   | fofoɺo-ma   | fofoɺo-mɛnɔ   | fofod-ɛbi   | fofod-ɔ   |
| mourn           | jɛ-ˈfodo-  | jɛ-foɺo-ma  | jɛ-foɺo-mɛnɔ  | jɛ-fod-ɛbi  | jɛ-fod-ɔ  |
| lie side by side| fuˈfudu-   | fufuɺu-ma   | fufuɺu-mɛnɔ   | fufud-ɛbi   | fufud-ɔ   |
| pant            | gaˈgudu-   | gaguɺu-ma   | gaguɺu-mɛnɔ   | gagud-ɛbi   | gagud-ɔ   |
| lead            | waˈbudu-   | wabuɺu-ma   | wabuɺu-mɛnɔ   | wabud-ɛbi   | wabud-ɔ   |
| many yell       | gana-ˈfodo-| gana-foɺo-ma| gana-foɺo-mɛnɔ| gana-fod-ɛbi| gana-fod-ɔ|

…

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|          |           | I          | II           | III              | IV             |
|          |** dV-**   |** ɺV-ma**  |** ɺV-mɛnɔ**  |** d-ɛbi ~ ɺ-**   |** d-ɔ ~ -ɺ-**  |
| give name| wi-ˈkʰidi-| wi-kʰiɺi-ma| wi-kʰiɺi-mɛnɔ| wi-kʰid-ɛbi ~ -ɺ-| wi-kʰid-ɔ ~ -ɺ-|

Two examples unexpectedly have /ɺ/ rather than /d/ in the past tense and future imperative respectively:

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|           |         | I        | II         | III      | IV     |
|           |** dV-** |** ɺV-ma**|** ɺV-mɛnɔ**|** d-ɛbi**|** ɺ-ɔ**|
| fit/match | iˈɺidi- | iɺiɺi-ma | iɺiɺi-mɛnɔ | iɺid-ɛbi | iɺiɺ-ɔ |
|           |** dV-** |** ɺV-ma**|** ɺV-mɛnɔ**|** ɺ-ɛbi**|** d-ɔ**|
| hold tight| maˈbudu-| mabuɺu-ma| mabuɺu-mɛnɔ| mabuɺ-ɛbi| mabud-ɔ|

… multisyllabic roots where unstressed stem-final /di- de-/ follow low mid and low vowels /ɛ a ɔ/ in the preceding syllable, or where /du-/ follows /ɔ/ … the lack of examples in which low mid front /ɛ/ or low central /a/ in followed by /u/ the final syllable is likely due to the fact that these would have already been alterered to low mid back rounded /ɔ/ … in stem III and stem IV forms, where [d] is ratained rather than leniting to [ɺ], the high vowel is metathesized to form a diphthong /ɛi ɔi ai ɔu/ in the preceding syllable prior to its loss. Because vowel sequences /ɛe ɔe ae/ do not occur, metathesized /e/ is raised to /i/

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|               |            | I           | II            | III               | IV              |
|               |** ˈɛdi-**  |** ɛɺi-ma**  |** ɛɺi-mɛnɔ**  |** ɛid-ɛbi**       |** ɛid-ɔ**       |
| fill up       | ˈwɛdi-     | wɛɺi-ma     | ---           | [wɛid-ɛbi]        | wɛid-ɔ          |
| stay in house | nɛˈnɛdi-   | nɛnɛɺi-ma   | nɛnɛɺi-mɛnɔ   | nɛnɛid-ɛbi        | nɛnɛid-ɔ        |
| peek/spy      | hɛˈɺɛdi-   | hɛɺɛɺi-ma   | hɛɺɛɺi-mɛnɔ   | hɛɺɛid-ɛbi        | hɛɺɛid-ɔ        |
|               |** ˈadi-**  |** aɺi-ma**  |** aɺi-mɛnɔ**  |** aid-ɛbi**       |** aid-ɔ**       |
| dig ground    | ˈdadi-     | daɺí-ma     | daɺi-mɛnɔ     | daid-ɛbi          | daid-ɔ          |
|               |** ˈɔdi-**  |** ɔɺi-ma**  |** ɔɺi-mɛnɔ**  |** ɔid-ɛbi**       |** ɔid-ɔ**       |
| place beams   | ˈsɔdi      | sɔɺi-ma     | sɔɺi-mɛnɔ     | sɔid-ɛbi          | sɔid-ɔ          |
| kill and leave| jasa-ˈwɔdi-| jasa-wɔɺi-ma| jasa-wɔɺi-mɛnɔ| jasa-wɔid-ɛbi     | jasa-wɔid-ɔ     |
|               |** ˈade-**  |** aɺe-ma**  |** aɺe-mɛnɔ**  |** aid-ɛbi**       |** aid-ɔ**       |
| split in two  | baˈsade-   | basaɺe-ma   | basaɺe-mɛnɔ   | basaid-ɛbi        | basaid-ɔ        |
| run to bush   | daˈɺade-   | daɺaɺe-ma   | daɺaɺe-mɛnɔ   | daɺaid-ɛbi        | daɺaid-ɔ        |
| dry           | kʰaˈɺade-  | kʰaɺaɺe-ma  | kʰaɺaɺe-mɛnɔ  | kʰaɺaid-ɛbi       | kʰaɺaid-ɔ       |
| harden        | haˈɺade-   | haɺaɺe-ma   | haɺaɺe-mɛnɔ   | haɺaid-ɛbi        | haɺaid-ɔ        |
|               |** ˈɔde-**  |** ɔɺe-ma**  |** ɔɺe-mɛnɔ**  |** ɔid-ɛbi**       |** ɔid-ɔ**       |
| make cradle   | ˈɔde-      | ɔɺe-ma      | ɔɺe-mɛnɔ      | ɔid-ɛbi           | ɔid-ɔ           |
| call out      | ˈhɔde-     | hɔɺe-ma     | hɔɺe-mɛnɔ     | hɔid-ɛbi          | hɔid-ɔ          |
| poison stream | ˈjɔde-     | jɔɺe-ma     | jɔɺe-mɛnɔ     | jɔid-ɛbi          | jɔid-ɔ          |
| put in open   | diˈwɔde-   | diwɔɺe-ma   | diwɔɺe-mɛnɔ   | diwɔid-ɛbi        | diwɔid-ɔ        |
| play in mud   | dɔˈbɔde-   | dɔbɔɺe-ma   | dɔbɔɺe-mɛnɔ   | dɔbɔid-ɛbi        | dɔbɔid-ɔ        |
| prevent       | wakʰɔˈgɔde-| wakʰɔgɔɺe-ma| wakʰɔgɔɺe-m.  | wakʰɔgɔid-ɛbi     | wakʰɔgɔid-ɔ     |
|               |** ˈɔde-**  |** ɔɺe-ma**  |** ɔɺe-mɛnɔ**  |** ɔid-ɛbi ~ ɔud-**|** ɔid-ɔ ~ ɔud-**|
| scoop fish    | ˈdɔde-     | dɔɺe-ma     | dɔɺe-mɛnɔ     | dɔid-ɛbi ~ dɔud-  | dɔid-ɔ ~ ɔud-   |
| lie/hide      | dɔˈɺɔde-   | dɔɺɔɺe-ma   | dɔɺɔɺe-mɛnɔ   | dɔɺɔid-ɛbi        | dɔɺɔid-ɔ ~ ɔud- |
|               |** ˈɔdu-**  |** ɔɺu-ma**  |** ɔɺu-mɛnɔ**  |** ɔud-ɛbi**       |** ɔud-ɔ**       |
| hunt          | ˈhɔdu-     | hɔɺu-ma     | hɔɺu-mɛnɔ     | hɔud-ɛbi          | hɔud-ɔ          |
| whittle       | kʰɔˈgɔdu-  | kʰɔgɔɺú-ma  | kʰɔgɔɺu-mɛnɔ  | kʰɔgɔud-ɛbi       | kʰɔgɔud-ɔ       |

…

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|          |          | I         | II          | III              | IV             |
|          |** ˈɛdi-**|** ɛɺi-ma**|** ɛɺi-mɛnɔ**|** ɛid-ɛbi ~ ɛɺ-**|** ɛid-ɔ ~ ɛɺ-**|
| etch/mark| sɛˈsɛdi- | sɛsɛɺi-ma | sɛsɛɺi-mɛnɔ | sɛsɛid-ɛbi ~ -ɛɺ-| sɛsɛid-ɔ ~ -ɛɺ-|

…

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|             |           | I          | II           | III        | IV       |
|             |** ˈCadi-**|** Caɺi-ma**|** Caɺi-mɛnɔ**|** Cid-ɛbi**|** Cid-ɔ**|
| stand out   | ˈbadi-    | baɺi-ma    | baɺi-mɛnɔ    | bid-ɛbi    | bid-ɔ    |
| meet on path| ˈgadi-    | gaɺi-ma    | gaɺi-mɛnɔ    | gid-ɛbi    | gid-ɔ́   |
| arrange meet| dinadi-   | ---        | dinaɺi-mɛnɔ  | dinid-ɛbi  | dinid-ɔ  |

…

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|            |           | I          | II           | III        | IV       |
|            |** ˈCVdi-**|** Caɺa-ma**|** Caɺa-mɛnɔ**|** Cid-ɛbi**|** Cid-ɔ**|
| scrape off | ˈgadi-    | gaɺá-ma    | gaɺa-mɛnɔ    | gid-ɛbi    | gid-ɔ́   |
| show       | ˈwadi-    | waɺa-ma    | waɺa-mɛnɔ    | wid-ɛbi    | wid-ɔ    |
|            |** ˈCadu-**|** Caɺa-ma**|** Caɺa-mɛnɔ**|** Cud-ɛbi**|** Cud-ɔ**|
| pay b.price| ˈfadu-    | faɺa-ma    | faɺa-mɛnɔ    | fud-ɛbi    | fud-ɔ    |

… stress … /ˈdV-/ …:

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|                |           | I          | II           | III        | IV       |
|                |** ˈdV-**  |** dV-ma**  |** dV-mɛnɔ**  |** d-ɛbi**  |** d-ɔ**  |
| suck juice     | siˈdi-    | sidi-ma    | sidi-mɛnɔ    | sid-ɛbi    | sid-ɔ    |
| remove thorns  | ɔˈde-     | ɔde-ma     | ɔde-mɛnɔ     | ɔd-ɛbi     | ɔd-ɔ     |
| split streamers| tʰeˈde-   | tʰede-ma   | tʰede-mɛnɔ   | tʰed-ɛbi   | tʰed-ɔ   |
| continue       | saˈde-    | sade-ma    | sade-mɛnɔ    | sad-ɛbi    | sad-ɔ    |
| catch fish     | haˈde-    | hade-ma    | hade-mɛnɔ    | had-ɛbi    | had-ɔ    |
| line up        | aˈda-     | ada-ma     | ada-mɛnɔ     | ɛd-ɛbi     | ɔd-ɔ     |
| layer          | maˈda-    | mada-ma    | mada-mɛnɔ    | mɛd-ɛbi    | mɔd-ɔ    |
| clear path     | fa(n)ˈda- | fada-ma    | fada-mɛnɔ    | fɛd-ɛbi    | fɔd-ɔ    |
| pluck feather  | doˈdo-    | dodo-ma    | dodo-mɛnɔ    | dod-ɛbi    | dod-ɔ    |
| cut into chunks| hoˈdo-    | hodo-ma    | hodo-mɛnɔ    | hod-ɛbi    | hod-ɔ    |
| stand/prop     | duˈdu-    | dudu-ma    | dudu-mɛnɔ    | dud-ɛbi    | dud-ɔ    |
| drip/leak      | duˈdu-    | dudu-ma    | dudu-mɛnɔ    | dud-ɛbi    | dud-ɔ    |
| take off/down  | suˈdu-    | sudu-ma    | sudu-mɛnɔ    | sud-ɛbi    | sud-ɔ    |
| join/follow    | kʰuˈdu-   | kʰudu-ma   | kʰudu-mɛnɔ   | kʰud-ɛbi   | kʰud-ɔ   |
| weight cover   | digɛˈdi-  | digɛdi-ma  | digɛdi-mɛnɔ  | digɛd-ɛbi  | digɛd-ɔ  |
| decorate       | momaˈde-  | momade-ma  | momade-mɛnɔ  | momad-ɛbi  | momad-ɔ  |
| cut into pieces| tʰɛbɛˈde- | tʰɛbɛde-ma | tʰɛbɛde-mɛnɔ | tʰɛbɛd-ɛbi | tʰɛbɛd-ɔ |
| wash           | tʰɔgɔˈde- | tʰɔgɔde-ma | tʰɔgɔde-mɛnɔ | tʰɔgɔd-ɛbi | tʰɔgɔd-ɔ |
| several carry  | dijaˈde-  | dijade-ma  | dijade-mɛnɔ  | dihad-ɛbi  | dijad-ɔ  |
| scratch        | dɔbeˈde-  | dɔbede-ma  | dɔbede-mɛnɔ  | dɔbed-ɛbi  | dɔbed-ɔ  |
| flame up       | sasaˈde-  | sasade-ma  | sasade-mɛnɔ  | sasad-ɛbi  | sasad-ɔ  |
| cut into pieces| gegeˈde-  | gegede-ma  | gegede-mɛnɔ  | geged-ɛbi  | geged-ɔ  |
| homo. play     | gageˈde-  | gágede-ma  | gagede-mɛnɔ  | gaged-ɛbi  | gaged-ɔ  |
| put in hair    | gageˈde-  | gagedé-ma  | gagede-mɛnɔ  | gaged-ɛbi  | gaged-ɔ́ |
| chew bones     | gɔbɔˈde-  | gɔbɔde-ma  | gɔbɔde-mɛnɔ  | gɔbɔd-ɛbi  | gɔbɔd-ɔ  |
| clear/settle   | gɔgɔˈde-  | gɔgɔde-ma  | gɔgɔde-mɛnɔ  | gɔgɔd-ɛbi  | gɔgɔd-ɔ  |
| enter hole     | usuˈdɛ-   | usudɛ-ma   | usudɛ-mɛnɔ   | usud-ɛbi   | usud-ɔ   |
| begin          | mɔmɔˈda-  | mɔmɔda-ma  | mɔmɔda-mɛnɔ  | mɔmɔd-ɛbi  | mɔmɔd-ɔ  |
| shoot birds    | agoˈdo-   | agodo-ma   | agodo-mɛnɔ   | agod-ɛbi   | agod-ɔ   |
| tie on pole    | boboˈdo-  | bobodo-ma  | bobodo-mɛnɔ  | bobod-ɛbi  | bobod-ɔ  |
| cut meat       | tʰaboˈdo- | tʰabodo-ma | tʰabodo-mɛnɔ | tʰabod-ɛbi | tʰabod-ɔ |
| dump/fall      | kʰoɺoˈdo- | kʰoɺodo-ma | kʰoɺodo-mɛnɔ | kʰoɺod-ɛbi | kʰoɺodo-ɔ|
| close off      | uɺuˈdu-   | uɺudu-ma   | uɺudu-mɛnɔ   | uɺud-ɛbi   | uɺud-ɔ   |
| pierce side    | jaduˈdu-  | jadudu-ma  | jadudu-mɛnɔ  | jadud-ɛbi  | jadud-ɔ  |
| tickle         | agobaˈde- | agobade-ma | agobade-mɛnɔ | agobad-ɛbi | agobad-ɔ |
| insult         | digagaˈde-| digagade-ma| digagade-mɛnɔ| digagad-ɛbi| digagad-ɔ|

One example is ambiguous between stressed root-final /ˈdV-/ and unstressed /dV-/ (above,) as the only difference between many of these forms, excepting those with unstrssed /dV-/ that undergo vowel metathesis, is the retention of /d/ vs. lenition to non-stop /ɺ/ in stem I and stem II forms:

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|      |        | I        | II                          | III      | IV     |
|      |** dV-**|** ɺV-ma**|** ɺV-mɛnɔ ~ -dV-**          |** d-ɛbi**|** d-ɔ**|
| sting| sesede-| seseɺe-ma| seseɺe-mɛnɔ ~\\  sesede-mɛnɔ| sesed-ɛbi| sesed-ɔ|

…

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|              |               | I             | II              | III           | IV           |
|              |** ˈdV-**      |** dV-ma ~ ɺ-**|** dV-mɛnɔ ~ ɺ-**|** d-ɛbi ~ ɺ-**|** d-ɔ ~ -ɺ-**|
| crumble (tr.)| doɺoˈdo- ~ -ɺ-| doɺodo-ma     | doɺodo-mɛnɔ     | doɺod-ɛbi     | doɺod-ɔ      |

…:

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|      |         | I        | II         | III        | IV      |
|      |** ˈdV-**|** dV-ma**|** dV-mɛnɔ**|** dV-ɺɛbi**|** dV-ø**|
| throw| sanˈdi- | sandi-ma | sandi-mɛnɔ | sandi-ɺɛbi | sandi-ø |

…

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|              |             | I        | II         | III      | IV     |
|              |** gV-**     |** gV-ma**|** gV-mɛnɔ**|** g-ɛbi**|** g-ɔ**|
| squeeze sago | ˈdigi-      | digi-ma  | digi-mɛnɔ  | dig-ɛbi  | dig-ɔ  |
| do it        | ˈege-       | ege-ma   | ege-mɛnɔ   | eg-ɛbi   | eg-ɔ   |
| laugh        | ˈɔge-       | ɔge-ma   | ɔge-mɛnɔ   | ɔg-ɛbi   | ɔg-ɔ   |
| argue        | ˈkʰege-     | kʰege-ma | kʰege-mɛnɔ | kʰeg-ɛbi | kʰeg-ɔ |
| spin         | ˈhege-      | hege-ma  | hege-mɛnɔ  | heg-ɛbi  | heg-ɔ  |
| take off hook| ˈtʰaga-     | tʰaga-ma | tʰaga-mɛnɔ | ---      | tʰɔg-ɔ |
| distribute   | ˈsaga-      | ságà-ma  | saga-mɛnɔ  | sɛg-ɛbi  | sɔg-ɔ  |
| attach       | ˈfagu-      | fagu-ma  | fagu-mɛnɔ  | fug-ɛbi  | fug-ɔ  |
| close eyes   | ˈsugu-      | sugu-ma  | sugu-mɛnɔ  | sug-ɛbi  | sug-ɔ  |
| pound        | ˈkʰugu-     | kʰugu-ma | kʰugu-mɛnɔ | kʰug-ɛbi | kʰug-ɔ |
| be willing   | iˈɺigi-     | iɺigi-ma | iɺigi-mɛnɔ | iɺig-ɛbi | iɺig-ɔ́|
| wreck/spoil  | moˈgagi-    | ---      | mogagi-mɛnɔ| ---      | mogag-ɔ|
| soften leaves| sɔˈsigi-    | sɔsigi-ma| sɔsigi-mɛnɔ| sɔsig-ɛbi| sɔsig-ɔ|
| soften leaves| sɔˈhege-    | sɔhege-ma| sɔhege-mɛnɔ| sɔheg-ɛbi| sɔheg-ɔ|
| tie dog's leg| dɔˈɺog[ɔ/o]-| dɔɺogo-ma| dɔɺogɔ-mɛnɔ| dɔɺog-ɛbi| dɔɺog-ɔ|
| do like that | ˈaungu-     | ---      | aungu-mɛnɔ | ɛng-ɛbi  | ɔng-ɔ  |

… stress …:

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|              |         | I        | II         | III        | IV     |
|              |** ˈgV-**|** gV-ma**|** gV-mɛnɔ**|** gV-ɺɛbi**|** g-ɔ**|
| untie        | faˈge-  | fage-ma  | fage-mɛnɔ  | fage-ɺɛbi  | fɔg-ɔ  |
| stand in line| tʰɛˈgɛ- | tʰɛgɛ-ma | tʰɛgɛ-mɛnɔ | tʰɛgɛ-ɺɛbi | tʰɛgɛ-ø|
| lift/raise   | tʰɛˈgɛ- | tʰɛgɛ-ma | tʰɛgɛ-mɛnɔ | tʰɛgɛ-ɺɛbi | tʰɛgɛ-ø|
| wake/get up  | dɛˈgɛ-  | dɛgɛ-ma  | dɛgɛ-mɛnɔ  | dɛgɛ-ɺɛbi  | dɛgɛ-ø |
| move away    | tʰɔˈgɔ- | tʰɔgɔ-ma | tʰɔgɔ-mɛnɔ | tʰɔgɔ-ɺɛbi | tʰɔg-ɔ |

One example shows an irregular reduction in the stem III form, possibly because, unlike the preceding examples, the base is trusyllabic. This is distinct from the reflex of unstressed stem final /gV-/ which would be /duɺug-ɛbi/ (above):

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|          |         | I        | II         | III       | IV      |
|          |** ˈgV-**|** gV-ma**|** gV-mɛnɔ**|** ø-dɛbi**|** g-ɔ** |
| lift over| duɺuˈgu-| duɺugu-ma| duɺugu-mɛnɔ| duɺu-dɛbi | duɺugu-ø|

… …

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|              |        | I        | II         | III      | IV     |
|              |** fV-**|** fV-ma**|** fV-mɛnɔ**|** f-ɛbi**|** f-ɔ**|
| scatter about| ˈfifi- | fifi-ma  | fifi-mɛnɔ  | fif-ɛbi  | fif-ɔ  |
| lay out mat  | ˈfefe- | fefe-ma  | fefe-mɛnɔ  | fef-ɛbi  | fef-ɔ  |
| look after   | ˈfafo- | fafo-ma  | fafo-mɛnɔ  | fof-ɛbi  | fɔf-ɔ  |
| both hands   | ˈfafu- | fafu-ma  | fafu-mɛnɔ  | ---      | fuf-ɔ  |

… …

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|          |         | I        | II         | III        | IV     |
|          |** ˈfV-**|** fV-ma**|** fV-mɛnɔ**|** fV-ɺɛbi**|** f-ɔ**|
| plug tube| daˈfe-  | dafe-ma  | dafe-mɛnɔ  | dafe-ɺɛbi  | dɔf-ɔ  |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |           | I         | II          | III       | IV      |
|              |** sV-**   |** sV-ma** |** sV-mɛnɔ** |** s-ɛbi** |** s-ɔ** |
| make circle  | ˈsisi-    | sisi-ma   | sisi-mɛnɔ   | sis-ɛbi   | sis-ɔ   |
| chase        | ˈɔse-     | ɔsé-ma    | ɔse-mɛnɔ    | ɔs-ɛbi    | ɔs-ɔ    |
| swim         | ˈdase-    | dase-ma   | dase-mɛnɔ   | das-ɛbi   | das-ɔ   |
| lead to kill | ˈsasa-    | sasa-ma   | sasa-mɛnɔ   | sɛs-ɛbi   | sɔs-ɔ   |
| peel         | ˈgaso-    | gaso-ma   | gaso-bɛnɔ   | gos-ɛbi   | gos-ɔ   |
| cough        | ˈusu-     | usu-ma    | usu-mɛnɔ    | us-ɛbi    | us-ɔ    |
| crumble up   | ˈhɔsu-    | hɔsu-ma   | hɔsu-mɛnɔ   | hɔs-ɛbi   | hɔs-ɔ   |
| take from bag| siˈgisi-  | ---       | ---         | ---       | sigis-ɔ |
| step over    | ɔˈgɔse-   | ɔgɔse-ma  | ɔgɔse-mɛnɔ  | ɔgɔs-ɛbi  | ɔgɔs-ɔ  |
| step over    | moˈgase-  | mogase-ma | mogase-mɛnɔ | mogas-ɛbi | mogas-ɔ |
| splinter     | naˈgase-  | nagase-ma | nagase-mɛnɔ | nagas-ɛbi | nagas-ɔ |
| take out/away| doˈgase-  | dogase-ma | dogase-mɛnɔ | dogas-ɛbi | dogas-ɔ |
| take from bag| seˈgese-  | segese-ma | segese-mɛnɔ | seges-ɛbi | seges-ɔ |
| take off hook| tʰaˈgase- | tʰagase-ma| tʰagase-mɛnɔ| tʰagas-ɛbi| tʰagas-ɔ|
| lean over    | waˈsɛse-  | wasɛse-ma | wasɛse-mɛnɔ | wasɛs-ɛbi | wasɛs-ɔ |
| many move    | tʰɔˈgɔ-su-| tʰɔgɔsu-ma| tʰɔgɔsu-mɛnɔ| tʰɔgɔs-ɛbi| tʰɔgɔs-ɔ|

One example unexpectedly takes suffix /-ɛ/ in the past:

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|          |        | I        | II         | III      | IV     |
|          |** sV-**|** sV-ma**|** sV-mɛnɔ**|** s-ɛbi**|** s-ɛ**|
| suck pits| ˈmasa- | masa-ma  | masa-mɛnɔ  | mɛs-ɛbi  | mɛs-ɛ  |

… stress … All known examples of this pattern have final high vowel /i u/ or low mid front /ɛ/ …:

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|           |         | I        | II         | III        | IV      |
|           |** ˈsi-**|** si-ma**|** si-mɛnɔ**|** si-ɺɛbi**|** si-ø**|
| sit       | aˈsi-   | ---      | ---        | ---        | asi-ø   |
| get up    | daˈsi-  | dasi-ma  | dasi-mɛnɔ  | dasi-ɺɛbi  | dasi-ø  |
|           |** ˈsu-**|** su-ma**|** su-mɛnɔ**|** su-ɺɛbi**|** su-ø**|
| take      | aˈsu-   | asú-ma   | asu-mɛ́nɔ  | asu-ɺɛ́bi  | asú-ø   |
| weave bag | aˈsu-   | ásu-ma   | ---        | ---        | asú-ø   |
| jump down | daˈsu-  | dasu-ma  | ---        | ---        | dasu-ø  |
| draw water| waˈsu-  | wasu-ma  | ---        | ---        | wasu-ø  |
|           |** ˈsɛ-**|** sɛ-ma**|** sɛ-mɛnɔ**|** sɛ-ɺɛbi**|** sɛ-ø**|
| put in bag| diˈsɛ-  | disɛ-ma  | disɛ-mɛnɔ  | disɛ-ɺɛbi  | disɛ-ø  |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |          | I        | II         | III        | IV     |
|       |** ˈsV₂-**|** sV-ma**|** sV-mɛnɔ**|** sV-ɺɛbi**|** s-ɔ**|
| tie up| aˈso-    | aso-ma   | aso-mɛnɔ   | aso-ɺɛbi   | os-ɔ   |

The most common pattern is that of multisyllabic roots with final segment /ɺV-/ and penultimate stress. In the future imperative underlying /ɺV-ɺɛbi/ is collapsed to /ɺ-ɛbi/ while in the past tense the final vowel is dropped and replaced by /-ɔ/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |              | I             | II            | III           | IV          |
|              |** ɺV-**      |** ɺV-ma**     |** ɺV-mɛnɔ**   |** ɺ-ɛbi**     |** ɺ-ɔ**     |
| carry        | ˈgɛɺi-       | gɛɺi-ma       | gɛɺi-mɛnɔ     | gɛɺ-ɛbi       | gɛɺ-ɔ       |
| cry/weep     | ˈjɛɺi-       | jɛɺi-ma       | jɛɺi-mɛnɔ     | jɛɺ-ɛbi       | jɛɺ-ɔ́      |
| turn over    | ˈbaɺe-       | baɺe-ma       | baɺe-mɛnɔ     | baɺ-ɛbi       | baɺ-ɔ       |
| do like this | ˈɛɺɛ-        | ɛɺɛ-ma        | ɛɺɛ-mɛnɔ      | ɛɺ-ɛbi        | ɛɺ-ɔ        |
| thump/fight  | ˈboɺɛ-       | boɺɛ-ma       | boɺɛ-mɛnɔ     | boɺ-ɛbi       | boɺ-ɔ       |
| be quiet     | ˈheɺɛ-       | heɺɛ-ma       | heɺɛ-mɛnɔ     | heɺ-ɛbi       | heɺ-ɔ       |
| split aside  | ˈtʰaɺa-      | tʰaɺa-ma      | tʰaɺa-mɛnɔ    | tʰɛɺ-ɛbi      | tʰɔɺ-ɔ      |
| build fence  | ˈtʰoɺo-      | tʰoɺo-ma      | tʰoɺo-mɛnɔ    | tʰoɺ-ɛbi      | tʰoɺ-ɔ́     |
| sharpen      | ˈdoɺo-       | doɺo-ma       | doɺo-mɛnɔ     | doɺ-ɛbi       | doɺ-ɔ       |
| breathe      | ˈhoɺo-       | hóɺo-ma       | hoɺo-mɛnɔ     | hoɺ-ɛbi       | hóɺ-ɔ       |
| whistle      | ˈhoɺo-       | hoɺo-ma       | hoɺo-mɛnɔ     | hoɺ-ɛbi       | hoɺ-ɔ       |
| chase away   | ˈɔɺu-        | ɔɺu-ma        | ɔɺu-mɛnɔ      | ɔɺ-ɛbi        | ɔɺ-ɔ        |
| sing         | ˈmɔɺu-       | mɔɺu-ma       | mɔɺu-mɛnɔ     | mɔɺ-ɛbi       | mɔɺ-ɔ       |
| cover self   | ˈgɔɺu-       | gɔɺu-ma       | gɔɺu-mɛnɔ     | gɔɺ-ɛbi       | gɔɺ-ɔ       |
| make level   | iˈmiɺi-      | imiɺi-ma      | imiɺi-mɛnɔ    | imiɺ-ɛbi      | imiɺ-ɔ      |
| plant garden | iˈɺiɺi-      | iɺiɺí-ma      | iɺiɺi-mɛnɔ    | iɺiɺ-ɛbi      | iɺiɺ-ɔ́     |
| slide/smooth | maˈɺiɺi-     | maɺiɺí-ma     | maɺiɺi-mɛnɔ   | maɺiɺ-ɛbi     | maɺiɺ-ɔ́    |
| level ground | hiˈsiɺi-     | hisiɺi-ma     | hisiɺi-mɛnɔ   | hisiɺ-ɛbi     | hisiɺ-ɔ     |
| wait for     | jaˈsiɺi-     | jasiɺi-ma     | jasiɺi-mɛnɔ   | jasiɺ-ɛbi     | jasiɺ-ɔ     |
| spread stones| tʰeˈgeɺ[i/ɛ]-| tʰegeɺɛ-ma    | tʰegeɺi-mɛnɔ  | tʰegeɺ-ɛbi    | tʰegeɺ-ɔ    |
| expound      | eˈbeɺe-      | ebeɺe-ma      | ebeɺe-mɛnɔ    | ebeɺ-ɛbi      | ebeɺ-ɔ      |
| joke         | eˈɺeɺe-      | eɺeɺe-ma      | eɺeɺe-mɛnɔ    | eleɺ-ɛbi      | eɺeɺ-ɔ      |
| stay awhile  | aˈmeɺe-      | ---           | ---           | amaɺ-ɛbi      | amaɺ-ɔ      |
| count        | aˈgeɺe-      | ageɺe-ma      | ageɺe-mɛnɔ    | ageɺ-ɛbi      | ageɺ-ɔ      |
| take on taboo| aˈɺeɺe-      | aɺeɺe-ma      | aɺeɺɛ-mɛnɔ    | aɺeɺ-ɛbi      | aɺeɺ-ɔ      |
| work hard    | moˈmaɺe-     | momaɺe-ma     | momaɺe-mɛnɔ   | momaɺ-ɛbi     | momaɺ-ɔ     |
| covet/desire | meˈseɺe-     | meseɺe-ma     | meseɺe-mɛnɔ   | meseɺ-ɛbi     | meseɺ-ɔ     |
| go around    | beˈgeɺe-     | begeɺe-ma     | begeɺe-mɛnɔ   | begeɺ-ɛbi     | begeɺ-ɔ     |
| peek/spy     | bɔˈbɔɺe-     | bɔbɔɺe-ma     | bɔbɔɺe-mɛnɔ   | bɔbɔɺ-ɛbi     | bɔbɔɺ-ɔ     |
| get well/heal| faˈɺeɺe-     | faɺeɺe-ma     | faɺeɺɛ-mɛnɔ   | faɺeɺ-ɛbi     | faɺeɺ-ɔ     |
| put in trough| fɔˈfɔɺe-     | fɔfɔɺe-ma     | fɔfɔɺe-mɛnɔ   | fɔfɔɺ-ɛbi     | fɔfɔɺ-ɔ     |
| speak out    | foˈgɛɺe-     | fogɛɺe-ma     | fogɛɺe-mɛnɔ   | fogɛɺ-ɛbi     | fogɛɺ-ɔ     |
| discuss      | neˈneɺe-     | neneɺe-ma     | neneɺe-mɛnɔ   | neneɺ-ɛbi     | neneɺ-ɔ     |
| straighten   | di-ˈgaɺe-    | di-gaɺe-ma    | di-gaɺe-mɛnɔ  | di-gaɺ-ɛbi    | di-gaɺ-ɔ́   |
| overfill     | deˈdeɺe-     | dedeɺe-ma     | dedeɺe-mɛnɔ   | dedeɺ-ɛbi     | dedeɺ-ɔ     |
| wrap around  | daˈmaɺe-     | damaɺe-ma     | damaɺe-mɛnɔ   | damaɺ-ɛbi     | damaɺ-ɔ́    |
| get dressed  | sɛˈgɛɺe-     | sɛgɛɺe-ma     | sɛgɛɺe-mɛnɔ   | sɛgɛɺ-ɛbi     | sɛgɛɺ-ɔ     |
| be happy     | saˈgaɺe-     | sagaɺe-ma     | sagaɺe-mɛnɔ   | sagaɺ-ɛbi     | sagaɺ-ɔ     |
| make handle  | kʰiˈgɛɺe-    | kʰigɛɺe-ma    | kʰigɛɺe-mɛnɔ  | kʰigɛɺ-ɛbi    | kʰigɛɺ-ɔ    |
| loosen       | heˈgeɺe-     | hegeɺe-ma     | hegeɺe-mɛnɔ   | hegeɺ-ɛbi     | hegeɺ-ɔ     |
| put on chest | wɛiˈd[ɛ/ɔ]ɺe-| wɛidɔɺe-ma    | wɛidɛɺe-mɛnɔ  | wɛidɛɺ-ɛbi    | wɛidɛɺ-ɔ    |
| mix together | wɔˈgeɺe-     | wɔgeɺe-ma     | wɔgeɺe-mɛnɔ   | wɔgeɺ-ɛbi     | wɔgeɺ-ɔ     |
| splashing    | fun-ˈgaɺɛ-   | fun-gaɺɛ-ma   | fun-gaɺɛ-mɛnɔ | fun-gaɺ-ɛbi   | fun-gaɺ-ɔ   |
| shorten      | aˈmboɺo-     | amboɺo-ma     | amboɺo-mɛnɔ   | amboɺ-ɛbi     | amboɺ-ɔ     |
| cool         | aˈgoɺo-      | agoɺo-ma      | agoɺo-mɛnɔ    | agoɺ-ɛbi      | agoɺ-ɔ́     |
| sharpen      | oˈboɺo-      | oboɺo-ma      | oboɺo-mɛnɔ    | oboɺ-ɛbi      | oboɺ-ɔ      |
| fish w/hands | oˈgoɺo-      | ogoɺo-ma      | ogoɺo-mɛnɔ    | ogoɺ-ɛbi      | ogoɺ-ɔ      |
| be busy      | maˈgoɺo-     | magoɺo-ma     | magoɺo-mɛnɔ   | magoɺ-ɛbi     | magoɺ-ɔ     |
| tell story   | maˈɺoɺo-     | maɺoɺo-ma     | maɺoɺo-mɛnɔ   | maɺoɺ-ɛbi     | maɺoɺ-ɔ́    |
| pet/stroke   | diˈgoɺo-     | digoɺo-ma     | digoɺo-mɛnɔ   | digoɺ-ɛbi     | digoɺ-ɔ     |
| roll up & tie| kʰamˈboɺo-   | kʰamboɺo-ma   | kʰamboɺo-mɛnɔ | kʰamboɺ-ɛbi   | kʰamboɺ-ɔ   |
| be angry     | kʰaˈnoɺo-    | kʰanoɺo-ma    | kʰanoɺo-mɛnɔ  | kʰanoɺ-ɛbi    | kʰanoɺ-ɔ    |
| tie pig's leg| gaˈɺoɺo-     | gaɺoɺo-ma     | gaɺoɺo-mɛnɔ   | gaɺoɺ-ɛbi     | gaɺoɺ-ɔ     |
| scratch sore | goˈgoɺo-     | gogoɺo-ma     | gogoɺo-mɛnɔ   | gogoɺ-ɛbi     | gogoɺ-ɔ     |
| pacify       | hɛˈnoɺo-     | hɛnoɺo-ma     | hɛnoɺo-mɛnɔ   | hɛnoɺ-ɛbi     | hɛnoɺ-ɔ     |
| sing out     | jaˈgoɺo-     | jagoɺo-ma     | jagoɺo-mɛnɔ   | jagoɺ-ɛbi     | jagoɺ-ɔ     |
| disrupt      | jɔˈgoɺo-     | jɔgoɺo-ma     | jɔgoɺo-mɛnɔ   | jɔgoɺ-ɛbi     | jɔgoɺ-ɔ     |
| butcher many | juˈfoɺo-     | jufoɺo-ma     | jufoɺo-mɛnɔ   | jufoɺ-ɛbi     | jufoɺ-ɔ     |
| think/want   | aˈsuɺu-      | asuɺu-ma      | asuɺu-mɛnɔ    | asuɺ-ɛbi      | asuɺ-ɔ      |
| make smoulder| mu-ˈsuɺu-    | musuɺu-ma     | musuɺu-mɛnɔ   | musuɺ-ɛbi     | musuɺ-ɔ     |
| be greedy    | kʰaˈnuɺu-    | kʰanuɺu-ma    | kʰanuɺu-mɛnɔ  | kʰanuɺ-ɛbi    | kʰanuɺ-ɔ    |
| dump/spill   | kʰɔˈgɔɺu-    | kʰɔgɔɺu-ma    | kʰɔgɔɺu-mɛnɔ  | kʰɔgɔɺ-ɛbi    | kʰɔgɔɺ-ɔ    |
| whoop/howl   | gɔˈmuɺu-     | gɔmuɺu-ma     | gɔmuɺu-mɛnɔ   | gɔmuɺ-ɛbi     | gɔmuɺ-ɔ     |
| find reason  | mɔwaˈɺiɺi-   | mɔwaɺiɺi-ma   | mɔwaɺiɺi-mɛnɔ | mɔwaɺiɺ-ɛbi   | mɔwaɺiɺ-ɔ   |
| sit by fire  | deseˈgaɺe-   | desegaɺe-ma   | desegaɺe-mɛnɔ | desegaɺ-ɛbi   | desegaɺ-ɔ   |
| push out     | ɔdɔˈboɺo-    | ɔdɔboɺo-ma    | ɔdɔboɺo-mɛnɔ  | ɔdɔboɺ-ɛbi    | ɔdɔboɺ-ɔ    |
| be dizzy     | mumaˈɺoɺo-   | mumaɺoɺo-ma   | mumaɺoɺo-m.   | mumaɺoɺ-ɛbi   | mumaɺoɺ-ɔ   |
| approach     | beseˈgoɺo-   | besegoɺo-ma   | besegoɺo-m.   | besegoɺ-ɛbi   | besegoɺ-ɔ   |
| roll across  | fɔfɔˈgoɺo-   | fɔfɔgoɺo-ma   | fɔfɔgoɺo-mɛnɔ | fɔfɔgoɺ-ɛbi   | fɔfɔgoɺ-ɔ   |
| bunch up     | digaˈboɺo-   | digaboɺo-ma   | digaboɺo-mɛnɔ | digaboɺ-ɛbi   | digaboɺ-ɔ   |
| chase away   | ɔɺu-kʰɔˈgɔɺe-| ɔɺu-kʰɔgɔɺe-ma| ɔɺu-kʰɔgɔɺe-m.| ɔɺu-kʰɔgɔɺ-ɛbi| ɔɺu-kʰɔgɔɺ-ɔ|
| half-cook    | sɔhabaˈsoɺo- | sɔhabasoɺo-ma | sɔhabasoɺo-m. | sɔhabasoɺ-ɛbi | sɔhabasoɺ-ɔ |

For one of these roots, an alternative past form is given with /u/ retained /-ɔ/ dropped in the past; however the loss of final /u/ in the stem III form shows penultimate stress to be original:

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|            |          | I         | II          | III       | IV             |
|            |** ɺu-**  |** ɺu-ma** |** ɺu-mɛnɔ** |** ɺ-ɛbi** |** ɺ-ɔ ~ ɺu-ø** |
| answer call| iɺiˈguɺu-| iɺiguɺu-ma| iɺiguɺu-mɛnɔ| iɺiguɺ-ɛbi| iɺiguɺ-ɔ ~ ɺu–ø|

… final stress … As with stressed root-final /ˈsV-/ (above,) all known examples of this pattern have final high vowel /i u/ or low mid front /ɛ/, suggesting that only these vowels can displace that of the past /-ɔ/. Roots with stressed final segment /ɺɛ-/ are distinguished from those with auxilliary /-dɛ-/ [-ɺɛ-] (below) in the stem III form, which remains as /ɺɛ-ɺɛbi/ rather than collapsing to [ɺ-ɛbi]:

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|               |            | I           | II          | III           | IV         |
|               |** ˈɺi-**   |** ɺi-ma**   |** ɺi-mɛnɔ** |** ɺi-ɺɛbi**   |** ɺi-ø**   |
| lie down      | aˈɺi-      | aɺi-ma      | aɺi-mɛnɔ    | aɺi-ɺɛbi      | aɺí-ø      |
| blow out torch| daˈɺi-     | dáɺi-ma     | daɺi-mɛnɔ   | daɺi-ɺɛbi     | ---        |
| split trunk   | gaˈɺi-     | gaɺi-ma     | gaɺi-mɛnɔ   | gaɺi-ɺɛbi     | gaɺi-ø     |
| dig up        | waˈɺi-     | waɺi-ma     | waɺi-mɛnɔ   | waɺi-ɺɛbi     | waɺi-ø     |
| hide (tr.)    | banaˈɺi-   | banaɺi-ma   | banaɺi-mɛnɔ | banaɺi-ɺɛbi   | banaɺi-ø   |
| laugh at      | di-gaˈɺi-  | di-gaɺi-ma  | di-gaɺi-mɛnɔ| di-gaɺi-ɺɛbi  | di-gaɺi-ø  |
|               |** ˈɺu-**   |** ɺu-ma**   |** ɺu-mɛnɔ** |** ɺu-ɺɛbi**   |** ɺu-ø**   |
| scrape out    | aˈɺu-      | aɺu-ma      | aɺu-mɛnɔ    | aɺu-ɺɛbi      | aɺú-ø      |
| tie together  | aˈɺu-      | aɺu-ma      | aɺu-mɛnɔ    | aɺu-ɺɛbi      | aɺú-ø      |
| wash/bathe    | muˈɺu-     | muɺu-ma     | muɺu-mɛnɔ   | muɺu-ɺɛbi     | muɺú-ø     |
| string beads  | saˈɺu-     | saɺu-ma     | saɺu-mɛnɔ   | saɺu-ɺɛbi     | saɺu-ø     |
| break off     | buˈɺu-     | búɺu-ma     | buɺu-mɛnɔ   | buɺu-ɺɛbi     | buɺu-ø     |
| bite          | mɛ-buˈɺu-  | mɛ-buɺu-ma  | mɛ-buɺu-mɛnɔ| mɛ-buɺu-ɺɛbi  | mɛ-buɺu-ø  |
| lengthen      | susuˈɺu-   | susuɺu-ma   | susuɺu-mɛnɔ | susuɺu-ɺɛbi   | susuɺu-ø   |
| pinch         | gese-buˈɺu-| gese-buɺu-ma| g.-buɺu-mɛnɔ| gese-buɺu-ɺɛbi| gese-buɺu-ø|
|               |** ˈɺɛ-**   |** ɺɛ-ma**   |** ɺɛ-mɛnɔ** |** ɺɛ-ɺɛbi**   |** ɺɛ-ø**   |
| put into      | sɛˈɺɛ-     | sɛɺɛ́-ma    | sɛɺɛ-mɛnɔ   | sɛɺɛ-ɺɛbi     | sɛɺɛ-ø     |
| step          | wɛˈɺɛ-     | wɛɺɛ-ma     | wɛɺɛ-mɛnɔ   | wɛɺɛ-ɺɛbi     | wɛɺɛ́-ø    |

For one of these roots, an alternative past form is given with /-ɔ/; however the rentention of final /i/ in the stem III form shows final stress to be original:

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|              |         | I        | II         | III        | IV            |
|              |** ˈɺi-**|** ɺi-ma**|** ɺi-mɛnɔ**|** ɺi-ɺɛbi**|** ɺi-ø ~ ɺ-ɔ**|
| several carry| gɛgiˈɺi-| gɛgiɺi-ma| gɛgiɺi-mɛnɔ| gɛgiɺi-ɺɛbi| gɛgiɺi-ø ~ ɺ-ɔ|

If the vowel of a stem-final stressed syllable /ˈɺV-/ is low central /a/, it is dropped in the past while past /-ɔ/ is retained. These are still distinguishable from unstressed stem-final /ɺa-/ (above) because in the future imperative underlying /ɺa-ɺɛbi/ is not collapsed to [ɺ-ɛbi]:

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|            |         | I        | II         | III        | IV     |
|            |** ˈɺa-**|** ɺa-ma**|** ɺa-mɛnɔ**|** ɺa-ɺɛbi**|** ɺ-ɔ**|
| make wall  | gaˈɺa-  | gaɺa-ma  | gaɺa-mɛnɔ  | gaɺa-ɺɛbi  | gɔɺ-ɔ  |
| squeeze out| haˈɺa-  | haɺa-ma  | haɺa-mɛnɔ  | haɺa-ɺɛbi  | hɔɺ-ɔ  |


… multisyllabic roots with final consonants … We assume stress, which is not contrastive in these paradigms, to fall upon the final syllable of the root, because final consonants in nominals invariably result from the loss of destressed final vowels and because Grosh and Grosh (2005b: 69) state that words with final consonants tend to take final stress.\\
\\

…. final apical nasal /n/ …:

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|               |                  | I          | II           | III          | IV         |
|               |** ˈin-**         |** i-ma**   |** i-mɛnɔ**   |** ij-ɛbi**   |** ij-ɔ**   |
| find source   | miˈdin-          | midi-ma    | midi-mɛnɔ    | midij-ɛbi    | midij-ɔ    |
| withhold      | kʰiˈdin-         | kʰidi-ma   | kʰidi-mɛnɔ   | kʰidij-ɛbi   | kʰidij-ɔ   |
| yell          | giˈɺin-          | giɺima     | giɺimɛnɔ     | giɺij-ɛbi    | giɺij-ɔ    |
| many come     | jɛˈsin-          | jɛsi-ma    | jɛsi-mɛnɔ    | jɛsij-ɛbi    | jɛsij-ɔ    |
| crush/step on | baˈsin-          | basi-ma    | basii-mɛnɔ   | basij-ɛbi    | basij-ɔ    |
| many come     | waˈtʰin-         | watʰi-ma   | watʰi-mɛnɔ   | watʰij-ɛbi   | watʰij-ɔ   |
| nag/whine     | suˈsin-          | susi-ma    | susi-mɛnɔ    | susij-ɛbi    | susij-ɔ    |
| find source   | disaˈgin-        | disagi-ma  | disagi-mɛnɔ  | disagij-ɛbi  | disagij-ɔ  |
|               |** ˈen-**         |** e-ma**   |** e-mɛnɔ**   |** ej-ɛbi**   |** ej-ɔ**   |
| shake hands   | eˈben-           | ebe-ma     | ebe-mɛnɔ     | ebej-ɛbi     | ebej-ɔ     |
| antagonize    | enˈtʰen-         | entʰe-ma   | entʰe-mɛnɔ   | entʰej-ɛbi   | entʰej-ɔ   |
| look around   | beˈben-          | bebe-ma    | bebe-mɛnɔ    | bebej-ɛbi    | bebej-ɔ    |
| beat sago pith| beˈsen-          | bese-ma    | bese-mɛnɔ    | bese-ɛbi     | besej-ɔ    |
| bribe         | senˈden-         | sende-ma   | sende-mɛnɔ   | sendej-ɛbi   | sendej-ɔ   |
| pick off      | kʰeˈben-         | kʰebe-ma   | kʰebe-mɛnɔ   | kʰebej-ɛbi   | kʰebej-ɔ   |
| use up        | kʰeˈden-         | kʰede-ma   | ---          | kʰedej-ɛbi   | ---        |
| cut through   | geˈden-          | gede-ma    | gede-mɛnɔ    | gedej-ɛbi    | gedej-ɔ    |
| shorten       | genˈden-         | gende-ma   | gende-mɛnɔ   | gendej-ɛbi   | gendej-ɔ   |
| make sorry    | geˈsen-          | gese-ma    | gese-mɛnɔ    | gesej-ɛbi    | gesej-ɔ    |
| measure       | dɛˈfen-          | dɛfe-ma    | dɛfe-mɛnɔ    | dɛfej-ɛbi    | dɛfej-ɔ    |
| fill space    | aɺanˈden-        | aɺande-ma  | aɺande-mɛnɔ  | aɺandej-ɛbi  | aɺandej-ɔ  |
| cut pig meat  | gɔgɔˈben-        | gɔgɔbe-ma  | gɔgɔbe-mɛnɔ  | gɔgɔbej-ɛbi  | gɔgɔbej-ɔ  |
|               |** ˈɛn-**         |** ɛ-ma**   |** ɛ-mɛnɔ**   |** ɛj-ɛbi**   |** ɛj-ɔ**   |
| vomit         | iˈsɛn-           | isɛ-ma     | isɛ-mɛnɔ     | isɛj-ɛbi     | isɛj-ɔ     |
| wake (ditr.)  | di-kʰiˈdɛn- ~ -g-| di-kʰidɛ-ma| di-kʰidɛ-mɛnɔ| di-kʰidɛj-ɛbi| di-kʰidɛj-ɔ|
|               |** ˈan-**         |** a-ma**   |** a-mɛnɔ**   |** aj-ɛbi**   |** aj-ɔ**   |
| stand & stay  | kʰaˈgan-         | kʰaga-ma   | kʰaga-mɛnɔ   | kʰagaj-ɛbi   | kʰagaj-ɔ   |
| gnaw on       | kʰoˈgan-         | kʰoga-ma   | kʰoga-mɛnɔ   | kʰogaj-ɛbi   | kʰogaj-ɔ   |
| grapple       | gaˈsan-          | gasa-ma    | gasa-mɛnɔ    | gasaj-ɛbi    | gasaj-ɔ    |
| make good     | di-naˈfan-       | di-nafa-ma | di-nafa-mɛnɔ | di-nafaj-ɛbi | di-nafaj-ɔ |
| shake up      | duguˈdan-        | duguda-ma  | duguda-mɛnɔ  | dugudaj-ɛbi  | dugudaj-ɔ  |
| lie quietly   | sigaˈgan-        | sigaga-ma  | sigaga-mɛnɔ  | sigagaj-ɛbi  | sigagaj-ɔ  |

…:

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|           |          | I        | II         | III         | IV       |
|           |** ˈen-** |** e-ma** |** e-mɛnɔ** |** en-jɛbi** |** ej-ɔ** |
| bend stick| guɺuˈgen-| guɺuge-ma| guɺuge-mɛnɔ| guɺugenj-ɛbi| guɺugej-ɔ|

…:

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|          |            | I          | II           | III          | IV         |
|          |** ˈon-**   |** o-ma**   |** o-mɛnɔ**   |** ow-ɛbi**   |** ow-ɔ**   |
| cross    | tʰɛˈnon-   | tʰɛno-ma   | tʰɛno-mɛnɔ   | tʰɛnow-ɛbi   | tʰɛnow-ɔ   |
| come down| tʰi-bɔˈɺon-| tʰi-bɔɺo-ma| tʰi-bɔɺo-mɛnɔ| tʰi-bɔɺow-ɛbi| tʰi-bɔɺow-ɔ|
| move away| heɺeˈfon-  | heɺefo-ma  | heɺefo-mɛnɔ  | heɺefow-ɛbi  | heɺefow-ɔ  |
|          |** ˈun-**   |** u-ma**   |** u-mɛnɔ**   |** uw-ɛbi**   |** uw-ɔ**   |
| approach | kʰuduˈɺun- | kʰuduɺu-ma | kʰuduɺu-mɛnɔ | kʰuduɺuw-ɛbi | kʰuduɺuw-ɔ |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |             | I           | II            | III           | IV          |
|            |** ˈin-**    |** i-ma**    |** ij-ɛnɔ**    |** ij-ɛbi**    |** ij-ɔ**    |
| cut through| fɛtʰiniˈnin-| fɛtʰinini-ma| fɛtʰininij-ɛnɔ| fɛtʰininij-ɛbi| fɛtʰininij-ɔ|

Roots with final apical voiced stop /d-/, like those with final nasal /-n/ above, lose final /d/ in stem I and stem II forms, but it surfaces in stem III and stem IV:

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|              |                 | I               | II              | III              | IV              |
|              |** d-**          |** ø-ma**        |** ø-mɛnɔ**      |** d-ɛbi**        |** d-ɔ**         |
| fear         | tʰaˈgid-        | tʰagi-ma        | tʰagi-mɛnɔ      | tʰagid-ɛbi       | tʰagid-ɔ        |
| hang many    | de-heˈsed-      | de-hese-ma      | de-hese-mɛnɔ    | de-hesed-ɛbi     | de-hesed-ɔ      |
| many block   | gaɺa-doˈsod-    | gaɺa-doso-ma    | gaɺa-doso-mɛnɔ  | gaɺa-dosod-ɛbi   | gaɺa-dosod-ɔ    |
| stand in rows| dasi-ɺi-tʰɔˈsod-| dasi-ɺi-tʰɔso-ma| dasi-ɺi-tʰɔso-m.| dasi-ɺi-tʰɔsod-ɛ.| dasi-ɺi-tʰɔsod-ɔ|

Roots with final apical non-stop /ɺ/ follow the same pattern as those with final voiced stop /d-/ above, with final /ɺ/being lost in stem I and stem II forms but surfacing in stem III and stem IV:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                  |          | I        | II         | III        | IV       |
|                  |** ɺ-**   |** ø-ma** |** ø-mɛnɔ** |** ɺ-ɛbi**  |** ɺ-ɔ**  |
| lean against     | aˈniɺ-   | aní-ma   | ani-mɛnɔ   | aniɺ-ɛbi   | aniɺ-ɔ   |
| wear out         | biˈdiɺ-  | bidi-ma  | bidi-mɛnɔ  | bidiɺ-ɛbi  | bidiɺ-ɔ  |
| push             | kʰaˈniɺ- | kʰani-ma | kʰani-mɛnɔ | kʰaniɺ-ɛbi | kʰaniɺ-ɔ |
| loosen           | faˈseɺ-  | fase-ma  | fase-mɛnɔ  | faseɺ-ɛbi  | faseɺ-ɔ  |
| spread fingers   | daˈgeɺ-  | dage-ma  | ---        | dageɺ-ɛbi  | dage-ɔ   |
| eviscerate       | tʰanˈdaɺ-| tʰanda-ma| tʰanda-mɛnɔ| tʰandaɺ-ɛbi| tʰandaɺ-ɔ|
| drown            | kʰanˈdaɺ-| kʰanda-ma| kʰanda-mɛnɔ| kʰandaɺ-ɛbi| kʰandaɺ-ɔ|
| kill fish        | jaˈsaɺ-  | jasa-ma  | jasa-mɛnɔ  | jasaɺ-ɛbi  | jasaɺ-ɔ  |
| turn around (tr.)| noˈdoɺ-  | nodo-ma  | nodo-mɛnɔ  | nodoɺ-ɛbi  | nodoɺ-ɔ  |
| hand out         | tʰanˈdoɺ-| tʰando-ma| tʰando-mɛnɔ| tʰandoɺ-ɛbi| tʰandoɺ-ɔ|
| snap off         | tʰanˈdoɺ-| tʰandó-ma| tʰando-mɛnɔ| tʰandoɺ-ɛbi| tʰandoɺ-ɔ|
| hold up          | tʰaˈɺoɺ- | tʰaɺo-ma | tʰaɺo-mɛnɔ | tʰaɺoɺ-ɛbi | tʰaɺoɺ-ɔ |
| push under       | tʰɔˈnoɺ- | tʰɔno-ma | tʰɔno-mɛnɔ | tʰɔnoɺ-ɛbi | tʰɔnoɺ-ɔ |
| push down        | tʰɔˈɺoɺ- | tʰɔɺo-ma | tʰɔɺo-mɛnɔ | tʰɔɺoɺ-ɛbi | tʰɔɺoɺ-ɔ |
| push across      | sɔˈsoɺ-  | sɔso-ma  | sɔso-mɛnɔ  | sɔsoɺ-ɛbi  | sɔsoɺ-ɔ  |
| cover            | amˈbuɺ-  | ambu-ma  | ambu-mɛnɔ  | ambuɺ-ɛbi  | ambuɺ-ɔ  |

Two apparently irregular examples are ambiguous between final /ɺ-/ and unstressed final /ɺe-/ (above); the first of these is also found in a compound /nana-tʰanˈden-/ (below) with the stem I form /nana-/:

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|           |             | I        | II           | III        | IV       |
|           |** ɺ-**      |** ɺe-ma**|** ø-mɛnɔ**   |** ɺ-ɛbi**  |** ɺ-ɔ**  |
| make hole | naˈnaɺ(e)-  | nanaɺe-ma| nana-mɛnɔ    | nanaɺ-ɛbi  | nanaɺ-ɔ  |
|           |** ɺ-**      |** ø-ma** |** ɺe-mɛnɔ**  |** ɺ-ɛbi**  |** ɺ-ɔ**  |
| be hostile| digeˈneɺ(e)-| digene-ma| digeneɺe-mɛnɔ| digeneɺ-ɛbi| digeneɺ-ɔ|


Monosyllabic roots with final consonants …\\
\\

… monosyllabic roots with final bilabial nasal /m/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |       | I        | II        | III       | IV   |
|   |** m-**|** ma-na**|** ø-nɛnɔ**|** ø-nɛbi**|** ?**|
| go| ˈham- | hama-na  | hɛ-nɛnɔ   | hɛ-nɛbi   | ---  |

Monosyllabic roots with final bilabial voiced stop /b/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |       | I      | II       | III       | IV     |
|     |** b-**|** b-a**|** b-ɛnɔ**|** ø-dɛbi**|** b-ɛ**|
| hear| ˈdab- | ---    | dɛb-ɛnɔ  | dɛ-dɛbi   | ---    |
| see | ˈbɔb- | bɔb-a  | bɛb-ɛnɔ  | bɛ-dɛbi   | bɛb-ɛ  |

The root /bɔb-/ is also found in compounds with the auxilliary /-fo-/ (below) followed by the irregular verbs /ˈmese-/ “sit” and /ˈmeɺe-/ “stand” (below,) in which it is realized as /bɔ-fɔ-/.\\
\\

Monosyllabic roots with final velar voiced stop /g/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |       | I        | II        | III       | IV     |
|            |** g-**|** gV-ma**|** ø-bɛnɔ**|** ø-dɛbi**|** g-ɔ**|
| remove stop| ˈtʰog-| tʰogo-ma | tʰo-bɛnɔ  | tʰo-dɛbi  | tʰog-ɔ́|
| strip off  | ˈhog- | ---      | ho-bɛnɔ   | ho-dɛbi   | hog-ɔ  |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |       | I        | II        | III       | IV     |
|            |** g-**|** gV-ma**|** ø-bɛnɔ**|** ø-dɛbi**|** d-ɔ**|
| attack many| ˈhug- | hugu-ma  | hu-bɛnɔ   | hu-dɛbi   | hud-ɔ́ |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |        | I        | II        | III       | IV      |
|            |** g-** |** gV-ma**|** ø-bɛnɔ**|** ø-dɛbi**|** gV-ø**|
| pull up/out| dug(u)-| dugú-ma  | du-bɛnɔ   | du-dɛbi   | dugú-ø  |
| drill hole | bug(u)-| bugu-ma  | bu-bɛnɔ   | bu-dɛbi   | bugu-ø  |

Monosyllabic roots with final labiodental fricative /f/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |       | I      | II       | III        | IV     |
|          |** f-**|** f-a**|** f-ɛnɔ**|** ø-tʰɛbi**|** f-ɛ**|
| make oven| ˈuf-  | úf-a   | uf-ɛnɔ   | u-tʰɛbi    | úf-ɛ   |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |       | I      | II       | III        | IV     |
|              |** f-**|** f-a**|** f-ɛnɔ**|** ø-tʰɛbi**|** f-ɛ**|
| fill sago bag| ˈ…    | wɔf-a  | wɔif-ɛnɔ | wɔi-tʰɛbi  | wɔif-ɛ |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |         | I       | II        | III        | IV      |
|               |** f-**  |** f-a** |** f-ɛnɔ** |** ø-tʰɛbi**|** f-ɛ** |
| bake in leaves| doˈwɔf- | dowɔf-a | dowɔf-ɛnɔ | dowɔ-tʰɛbi | dowɔf-ɛ |
|               |** f-**  |** f-a** |** f-ɛnɔ** |** ø-dɛbi** |** f-ɛ** |
| close door    | aˈsif-  | asif-a  | asif-ɛnɔ  | asi-dɛbi   | asif-ɛ  |
|               |** f-**  |** f-a** |** f-ɛnɔ** |** ø-tʰɛbi**|** f-ɔ** |
| stop/leave    | kʰaˈdef-| kʰadef-a| kʰadef-ɛnɔ| kʰade-tʰɛbi| kʰadef-ɔ|

Here Schieffelin and Feld's apical voiced stop /d/ rather than voiceless /tʰ/ in the third person future imperative (stem III) suffix is unexpected and unexplained:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |       | I      | II       | III       | IV     |
|          |** f-**|** f-a**|** f-ɛnɔ**|** ø-dɛbi**|** f-ɛ**|
| cook/burn| ˈsɔf- | sɔf-a  | sɔf-ɛnɔ  | sɔ-dɛbi   | sɔf-ɛ  |

… monosyllabic roots with final apical nasal /n/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |          | I        | II        | III       | IV     |
|          |** n-/a_**|** nV-ma**|** ø-mɛnɔ**|** n-dɛbi**|** n-ɔ**|
| slice up | ˈban-    | bana-ma  | bɛ-mɛnɔ   | bɛn-dɛbi  | bɔn-ɔ  |
| hit      | ˈsan-    | sana-ma  | sɛ-mɛ́nɔ  | sɛn-dɛbi  | sɔn-ɔ  |
|          |** n-/u_**|** nV-ma**|** ø-mɛnɔ**|** n-dɛbi**|** w-ɔ**|
| tie knot | ˈsun-    | sunu-ma  | su-mɛnɔ   | sun-dɛbi  | suw-ɔ́ |
| chop down| ˈkʰun-   | kʰunu-ma | kʰu-mɛnɔ  | kʰun-dɛbi | kʰuw-ɔ |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |             | I         | II        | III        | IV      |
|          |** **        |** anu-ma**|** u-mɛnɔ**|** un-dɛbi**|** uw-ɔ**|
| cut grass| ˈhanu-/ˈhun-| hanu-ma   | hu-mɛnɔ   | hun-dɛbi   | huw-ɔ   |

… monosyllabic root with final fricative /s/. …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |        | I        | II        | III        | IV     |
|           |** s-** |** su-ma**|** ø-fɛnɔ**|** ø-tʰɛbi**|** u-ø**|
| weave bag | as(u)- | ásu-ma   | ɛ-fɛnɔ    | ɛ-tʰɛbi    | asú-ø  |
| draw water| was(u)-| wasu-ma  | wa-fɛnɔ   | wɛ-tʰɛbi   | wasu-ø |

Monosyllabic roots with final apical non-stop /ɺ/ following vowels /i e o u/ differ from roots of the form /ˈCVɺV-/ (above) only in the stem II form, in which /ɺ/ is dropped:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |       | I        | II        | III      | IV     |
|                 |** ɺ-**|** ɺV-ma**|** ø-mɛnɔ**|** ɺ-ɛbi**|** ɺ-ɔ**|
| lengthen/stretch| ˈtʰiɺ-| tʰiɺi-ma | tʰi-mɛnɔ  | tʰiɺ-ɛbi | tʰiɺ-ɔ |
| tie w/vine      | ˈmeɺ- | meɺe-ma  | me-mɛnɔ   | meɺ-ɛbi  | meɺ-ɔ  |
| lay out/down    | ˈfeɺ- | feɺe-ma  | fe-mɛnɔ   | feɺ-ɛbi  | feɺ-ɔ  |
| put in/plant    | ˈgeɺ- | geɺe-ma  | ge-mɛnɔ   | geɺ-ɛbi  | geɺ-ɔ  |
| call animal     | ˈweɺ- | weɺe-ma  | we-mɛnɔ   | weɺ-ɛbi  | weɺ-ɔ  |
| blow on fire    | ˈfoɺ- | foɺo-ma  | fo-mɛnɔ   | foɺ-ɛbi  | foɺ-ɔ  |
| make puddle     | ˈgoɺ- | goɺo-ma  | go-mɛnɔ   | goɺ-ɛbi  | goɺ-ɔ  |
| touch           | ˈgoɺ- | goɺó-ma  | go-mɛnɔ   | goɺ-ɛbi  | goɺ-ɔ́ |
| whoop           | ˈuɺ-  | uɺu-ma   | u-mɛnɔ    | uɺ-ɛbi   | uɺ-ɔ́  |
| pour out        | ˈtʰuɺ-| tʰuɺu-ma | tʰu-mɛnɔ  | tʰuɺ-ɛbi | tʰuɺ-ɔ |
| cut up pig      | ˈguɺ- | guɺu-ma  | gu-mɛnɔ   | guɺ-ɛbi  | ---    |

Monosyllabic roots in which final apical non-stop /ɺ/ follows low central vowel /a/ drop /ɺ/ in both stem I and stem II forms:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |          | I       | II        | III      | IV     |
|                |** ɺ-/a_**|** ø-ma**|** ø-mɛnɔ**|** ɺ-ɛbi**|** ɺ-ɔ**|
| add to         | ˈbaɺ-    | ba-ma   | bɛ-mɛnɔ   | bɛɺ-ɛbi  | bɔɺ-ɔ  |
| attach/stick on| ˈbaɺ-    | ba-ma   | bɛ-mɛnɔ   | bɛɺ-ɛbi  | bɔ́ɺ-ɔ́|
| shut/close     | ˈkʰaɺ-   | kʰa-ma  | kʰɛ-mɛnɔ  | kʰɛɺ-ɛbi | kʰɔɺ-ɔ |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |       | I       | II        | III      | IV     |
|      |** ɺ-**|** ø-ma**|** ø-mɛnɔ**|** ɺ-ɛbi**|** ɺ-ɔ**|
| shoot| ˈoɺ-  | o-ma    | o-mɛnɔ    | oɺ-ɛbi   | oɺ-ɔ́  |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |       | I        | II        | III      | IV      |
|              |** ɺ-**|** ɺi-ma**|** ø-mɛnɔ**|** ɺ-ɛbi**|** ɺi-ø**|
| take from bag| ˈtʰiɺ-| tʰiɺí-ma | tʰi-mɛnɔ  | tʰiɺ-ɛbi | tʰiɺí-ø |
| demand pay   | ˈsiɺ- | síɺi-ma  | si-mɛnɔ   | siɺ-ɛbi  | siɺí-ø  |

Monosyllabic roots with final vowels generally retain this vowel in all conjugations, excepting only those with final low central /a/ (below.) Generally this entails the loss of past tense /-ɔ/, although there are a few exceptions as will be shown.. Thus, we can conclude that all monosyllabic roots are stressed.\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |        | I        | II           | III        | IV      |
|            |** Ci-**|** Ci-ma**|** Ci(j)-ɛnɔ**|** Cij-ɛbi**|** Ci-ø**|
| sing chorus| ˈtʰi-  | tʰi-ma   | tʰi-ɛnɔ      | tʰij-ɛbi   | tʰí-ø   |
| take out   | ˈtʰi-  | tʰi-ma   | tʰi-ɛnɔ      | tʰij-ɛbi   | tʰí-ø   |
| take       | ˈdi-   | di-ma    | dij-ɛnɔ      | dij-ɛbi    | di-ø    |

The paradigm for “give” is identical to these except that imperative /-ma/ has regularly become /-na/ due to the influence of root-initial /m-/ (below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |        | I        | II         | III        | IV      |
|     |** mi-**|** mi-na**|** mij-ɛnɔ**|** mij-ɛbi**|** mi-ø**|
| give| ˈmi-   | mi-na    | mi(j)-ɛnɔ  | mij-ɛbi    | mi-ø    |

One apparent exception perhaps suggests the underlying form /hiˈji-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |             | I        | II         | III        | IV      |
|           |** Ci(ˈji)-**|** Ci-ma**|** Ci-mɛnɔ**|** Ci-ɺɛbi**|** Ci-ø**|
| chop/split| hi(ˈji)-    | hi-ma    | hi-mɛnɔ    | hi-ɺɛbi    | hi-ø    |

… As with “give” above, initial /m/ provokes a change in the infinitive suffix from /-ma/ to /-na/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |        | I        | II        | III  | IV       |
|     |** me-**|** me-na**|** mi-ɛnɔ**|** ?**|** mij-ɔ**|
| come| ˈme-   | me-na    | mi-ɛnɔ    | ---  | mij-ɔ́   |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |        | I        | II         | III        | IV      |
|         |** Cɛ-**|** Cɛ-ma**|** Cɛ-mɛnɔ**|** Cɛ-ɺɛbi**|** Cɛ-ø**|
| bequeath| ˈtʰɛ-  | tʰɛ-ma   | tʰɛ-mɛnɔ   | tʰɛ-ɺɛbi   | tʰɛ-ø   |

Monosyllabic roots with final vowel /a/ interpolate a subphonemic palatal glide [j] between the root and past /-ɔ/, where /Ca/ or /Cɔ/ might otherwise be expected. This is analogous to the realizations of ergative, locative and topic enclitics on nominals which likewise take an epemthetic [j] when following root-final /a/ (above,) except that here the vowel of the verb root becomes either high front /i/ or high mid front /e/.\\
\\

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |         | I        | II         | III        | IV       |
|          |** Ca₁-**|** Ca-ma**|** Cɛ-mɛnɔ**|** Cɛ-ɺɛbi**|** Cij-ɔ**|
| say/speak| ˈsa₁-   | sa-ma    | sɛ-mɛnɔ    | sɛ-ɺɛbi    | sij-ɔ    |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |         | I        | II         | III        | IV       |
|             |** Ca₂-**|** Ca-ma**|** Ca-mɛnɔ**|** Ca-ɺɛbi**|** Cej-ɔ**|
| rub out/wash| ˈha₂-   | ha-ma    | ha-mɛnɔ    | ha-ɺɛbi    | hej-ɔ́   |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |           | I          | II           | III          | IV        |
|            |** (C)ɔ -**|** (C)ɔ-ma**|** (C)ɔ-mɛnɔ**|** (C)ɔ-ɺɛbi**|** (C)ɔ-ø**|
| bite off   | ˈɔ-       | ɔ-ma       | ɔ-mɛnɔ       | ɔ-ɺɛbi       | ɔ-ø       |
| light torch| ˈdɔ-      | dɔ-ma      | dɔ-mɛnɔ      | dɔ-ɺɛbi      | dɔ-ø      |
| warm self  | ˈgɔ-      | gɔ-ma      | gɔ-mɛnɔ      | gɔ-ɺɛbi      | gɔ-ø      |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |        | I        | II         | III        | IV       |
|           |** Co-**|** Co-ma**|** Co-mɛnɔ**|** Cow-ɛbi**|** Cow-ɔ**|
| ?         | ˈfo-   | fo-ma    | fo-mɛnɔ    | fow-ɛbi    | fow-ɔ    |
| speak/talk| ˈtʰo-  | tʰó-ma   | ---        | ---        | ---      |
| be/stay/do| ˈdo-   | do-ma    | do-mɛnɔ    | dow-ɛbi    | dow-ɔ    |
| die       | ˈso-   | so-ma    | so-mɛnɔ    | sow-ɛbi    | sow-ɔ    |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |        | I        | II         | III        | IV      |
|           |** Cu-**|** Cu-ma**|** Cu-mɛnɔ**|** Cu-ɺɛbi**|** Cu-ø**|
| pick fruit| ˈtʰu-  | tʰu-ma   | tʰu-mɛnɔ   | tʰu-ɺɛbi   | tʰu-ø   |

On the strength of Grosh and Grosh's (2004b: 66-67) assertion that vowel sequences in which the first vowel is higher than the second are realized as phonetic diphthongs, two examples involving sequences /ɛu au/ are treated as monosyllabic verbs with a final vowel [ɛᵘ aᵘ].\\
\\

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |         | I         | II          | III         | IV        |
|     |** Cɛu-**|** Cɛu-ma**|** Cɛu-mɛnɔ**|** Cɛuw-ɛbi**|** Cɛuw-ɔ**|
| hold| ˈtʰɛu-  | tʰɛu-ma   | tʰɛu-mɛnɔ   | tʰɛuw-ɛbi   | tʰɛuw-ɔ   |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |          | I         | II          | III  | IV   |
|             |** ˈCau-**|** Cau-ma**|** Cau-mɛnɔ**|** ?**|** ?**|
| do like that| au-      | au-ma     | au-mɛnɔ     | ---  | ---  |


Grosh and Grosh (2004b: 71, cf. 2004a: 10) observe that “Some verb stems tend to display vowel harmony in which the first vowel int he verbal suffix influences the preceding vowel(s) in the verb root. This vowel harmony process occurs only in a restricted set of verbs stems, and appears to be restricted to the domain of verbs with single syllable stems.” Here we outline the rules which govern this process.\\
\\

The most straightfoward pattern of ablaut is found in monosyllabic roots of the form /*CaC-/ in which low central vowel /a/ is fronted to low mid front /ɛ/ or low mid back /ɔ/ in harmony with the first vowel of the suffix as follows:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |       | I      | II      | III     | IV     |
|                |** a** |** a**  |** ɛ**   |** ɛ**   |** ɔ**  |
| go             | ˈham- | hama-na| hɛ-nɛnɔ | hɛ-nɛbi | ---    |
| eat/drink      | ˈman- | ma-ja  | m-ɛnɔ   | ---     | mɔn-ɔ  |
| slice up       | ˈban- | bana-ma| bɛ-mɛnɔ | bɛn-dɛbi| bɔn-ɔ  |
| hit            | ˈsan- | sana-ma| sɛ-mɛ́nɔ| sɛn-dɛbi| sɔn-ɔ  |
| attach/stick on| ˈbaɺ- | ba-ma  | bɛ-mɛnɔ | bɛɺ-ɛbi | bɔ́ɺ-ɔ́|
| add to         | ˈbaɺ- | ba-ma  | bɛ-mɛnɔ | bɛɺ-ɛbi | bɔɺ-ɔ  |
| shut/close     | ˈkʰaɺ-| kʰa-ma | kʰɛ-mɛnɔ| kʰɛ-ɺɛbi| kʰɔɺ-ɔ |

The root /ˈsa-/ “say/speak” follows this pattern except in the past, where /a/ is raised to /i/ due to the interpolation of subphonemic palatal glide [j] (above):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |      | I    | II     | III    | IV   |
|          |** a**|** a**|** ɛ**  |** ɛ**  |** i**|
| say/speak| ˈsa- | sa-ma| sɛ-mɛnɔ| sɛ-ɺɛbi| sij-ɔ|

It should be noted from the outset that the stem forms designated in these sections do not in this respect necessarily apply to all suffixes in that stem class (although all forms should be predictable from Schieffelin and Feld's examples as both future imperative /-(ɺ)ɛbi/ and past /-ɔ/ appear in ablauting environments.) Unlike the realization of final segments which is governed by the initial consonant of the suffix, which is the organizing principle behind stem form assignations, ablaut is governed by the first vowel of the suffix in combination with the vowel of the monosyllabic stem, or the penultimate vowel of disyllabic stems (below.) For example, the root vowel in stem III forms for /ham-/ “go” varies as follows (q.v. Grosh and Grosh 2004a: 10, 2004b: 71):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |      | III            | III        | III      |
|   |      | fut. imperative| 2/3 present| 1 present|
|   |      | -(ɺ)ɛbi        | -(ɺ)ab     | -(ɺ)ɔɺ   |
|   |** a**|** ɛ**          |** a**      |** ɔ**    |
| go| ˈham-| hɛn-ɛbi        | han-ab     | hɔn-ɔɺ   |

(n.b. Schieffelin and Feld give the second and third person present form of “go” as /hɛn-ab/; we follow Grosh and Grosh as their attestation makes more phonologial sense.)\\
\\

… :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |      | I    | II     | III    | IV   |
|    |** ɔ**|** ɔ**|** ɛ**  |** ɛ**  |** ɛ**|
| see| ˈbɔb-| bɔb-a| bɛb-ɛnɔ| bɛ-dɛbi| bɛb-ɛ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |        | I    | II        | III    | IV   |
|             |** au** |** ?**|** au**    |** ɛ**  |** ɔ**|
| do like that| ˈaungu-| ---  | aungu-mɛnɔ| ɛng-ɛbi| ɔng-ɔ|

This phenomenon also affects disyllabic verb roots of the form /ˈ(C)aCe ˈ(C)aCa/ when the second vowel is regularly lost in stem III and stem IV forms to yield a monosyllabic stem /(C)aC/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |           | I       | II        | III     | IV    |
|              |** a**     |** a**   |** a**     |** ɛ**   |** ɔ** |
| sweep        | ˈtʰabe-   | tʰabe-ma| tʰabe-mɛnɔ| tʰɛb-ɛbi| tʰɔb-ɔ|
| lick         | ˈdabe-    | dabe-ma | dabe-mɛnɔ | dɛb-ɛbi | dɔb-ɔ |
| line up      | aˈda-     | ada-ma  | ada-mɛnɔ  | ɛd-ɛbi  | ɔd-ɔ  |
| layer        | maˈda-    | mada-ma | mada-mɛnɔ | mɛd-ɛbi | mɔd-ɔ |
| clear path   | ˈfa(n)ˈda-| fada-ma | fada-mɛnɔ | fɛd-ɛbi | fɔd-ɔ |
| take off hook| ˈtʰaga-   | tʰaga-ma| tʰaga-mɛnɔ| ---     | tʰɔg-ɔ|
| split aside  | ˈtʰaɺa-   | tʰaɺa-ma| tʰaɺa-mɛnɔ| tʰɛɺ-ɛbi| tʰɔɺ-ɔ|
| lead to kill | ˈsasa-    | sasa-ma | sasa-mɛnɔ | sɛs-ɛbi | sɔs-ɔ |
| distribute   | ˈsaga-    | ságà-ma | saga-mɛnɔ | sɛg-ɛbi | sɔg-ɔ́|
| dance        | ˈjaba-    | jaba-ma | jaba-mɛnɔ | jɛb-ɛbi | jɔb-ɔ́|

One example which unexpectedly takes /-ɛ/ in the past varies accordingly:

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|          |       | I      | II       | III    | IV   |
|          |** a** |** a**  |** a**    |** ɛ**  |** ɛ**|
| suck pits| ˈmasa-| masa-ma| masa-mɛnɔ| mɛs-ɛbi| mɛs-ɛ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |       | I      | II       | III      | IV   |
|            |** a** |** a**  |** a**    |** a**    |** ɔ**|
| plug tube  | daˈfe-| dafe-ma| dafe-mɛnɔ| dafe-ɺɛbi| dɔf-ɔ|
| untie      | faˈge-| fage-ma| fage-mɛnɔ| fage-ɺɛbi| fɔg-ɔ|
|            |** a** |** a**  |** a**    |** a**    |** ɔ**|
| make wall  | gaˈɺa-| gaɺa-ma| gaɺa-mɛnɔ| gaɺa-ɺɛbi| gɔɺ-ɔ|
| squeeze out| haˈɺa-| haɺa-ma| haɺa-mɛnɔ| haɺa-ɺɛbi| hɔɺ-ɔ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |      | I     | II      | III     | IV   |
|       |** a**|** a** |** a**   |** a**   |** o**|
| tie up| aˈso-| aso-ma| aso-mɛnɔ| aso-ɺɛbi| os-ɔ |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |       | I      | II       | III    | IV   |
|           |** a** |** a**  |** a**    |** a**  |** a**|
| continue  | saˈde-| sade-ma| sade-mɛnɔ| sad-ɛbi| sad-ɔ|
| catch fish| haˈde-| hade-ma| hade-mɛnɔ| had-ɛbi| had-ɔ|
| swim      | ˈdase-| dase-ma| dase-mɛnɔ| das-ɛbi| das-ɔ|

Disyllabic roots of the form /ˈ(C)iCa- ˈ(C)uCa- ˈ(C)aCi- ˈ(C)aCu-/ undergo vowel alternations in the stem:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |          | I         | II          | III       | IV      |
|             |** ˈida-**|** aɺa-ma**|** aɺa-mɛnɔ**|** id-ɛbi**|** id-ɔ**|
| scrape off  | ˈgida-   | gaɺá-ma   | gaɺa-mɛnɔ   | gid-ɛbi   | gid-ɔ́  |
| show        | ˈwida-   | waɺa-ma   | waɺa-mɛnɔ   | wid-ɛbi   | wid-ɔ   |
|             |** ˈuda-**|** aɺa-ma**|** aɺa-mɛnɔ**|** ud-ɛbi**|** ud-ɔ**|
| pay b.price | ˈfuda-   | faɺa-ma   | faɺa-mɛnɔ   | fud-ɛbi   | fud-ɔ́  |
|             |** ˈadi-**|** aɺi-ma**|** aɺi-mɛnɔ**|** id-ɛbi**|** id-ɔ**|
| stand out   | ˈbadi-   | baɺi-ma   | baɺi-mɛnɔ   | bid-ɛbi   | bid-ɔ   |
| meet on path| ˈgadi-   | gaɺi-ma   | gaɺi-mɛnɔ   | gid-ɛbi   | gid-ɔ́  |
|             |** ˈafu-**|** afu-ma**|** afu-mɛnɔ**|** ?**     |** ub-ɔ**|
| both hands  | ˈfafu-   | fafu-ma   | fafu-mɛnɔ   | ---       | fuf-ɔ   |
|             |** ˈabu-**|** abu-ma**|** abu-mɛnɔ**|** ub-ɛbi**|** ub-ɔ**|
| fight       | ˈbabu-   | babu-ma   | babu-mɛnɔ   | bub-ɛbi   | bub-ɔ́  |
|             |** ˈagu-**|** agu-ma**|** agu-mɛnɔ**|** ug-ɛbi**|** ug-ɔ**|
| attach      | ˈfagu-   | fagu-ma   | fagu-mɛnɔ   | fug-ɛbi   | fug-ɔ   |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |               | I         | II        | III        | IV      |
|          |** ˈanu-/ˈun-**|** anu-ma**|** u-mɛnɔ**|** un-dɛbi**|** uw-ɔ**|
| cut grass| ˈhanu-/ˈhun-  | hanu-ma   | hu-mɛnɔ   | hun-dɛbi   | huw-ɔ   |

Roots of the form /(C)aˈCi- (C)aˈCu-/ do not undergo vowel alternation and maintain their final vowel in both stem III and stem IV forms, showing the distinction to have originated as a difference in stress. There are no examples /(C)iˈCa- (C)uˈCa-/ because /a/ cannot take final stress (above):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |          | I         | II          | III         | IV       |
|             |** aˈCi-**|** aCi-ma**|** aCi-mɛnɔ**|** aCi-ɺɛbi**|** aCi-ø**|
| lie down    | aˈɺi-    | aɺi-ma    | aɺi-mɛnɔ    | aɺi-ɺɛbi    | aɺí-ø    |
| get up      | daˈsi-   | dasi-ma   | dasi-mɛnɔ   | dasi-ɺɛbi   | dasi-ø   |
| throw       | saˈndi-  | sandi-ma  | sandi-mɛnɔ  | sandi-ɺɛbi  | sandi-ø  |
| split trunk | gaˈɺi-   | gaɺi-ma   | gaɺi-mɛnɔ   | gaɺi-ɺɛbi   | gaɺi-ø   |
| dig up      | waˈɺi-   | waɺi-ma   | waɺi-mɛnɔ   | waɺi-ɺɛbi   | waɺi-ø   |
|             |** aˈCu-**|** aCu-ma**|** aCu-mɛnɔ**|** aCu-ɺɛbi**|** aCu-ø**|
| take        | aˈsu-    | asú-ma    | asu-mɛ́nɔ   | asu-ɺɛ́bi   | asú-ø    |
| scrape out  | aˈɺu-    | aɺu-ma    | aɺu-mɛnɔ    | aɺu-ɺɛbi    | aɺú-ø    |
| tie together| aˈɺu-    | aɺu-ma    | aɺu-mɛnɔ    | aɺu-ɺɛbi    | aɺú-ø    |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |           | I         | II        | III       | IV       |
|     |** aC(u)-**|** aCu-ma**|** u-bɛnɔ**|** u-dɛbi**|** aCu-ø**|
| peel| dagu-     | dagu-ma   | du-bɛnɔ   | du-dɛbi   | dagu-ø   |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |         | I         | II          | III       | IV      |
|            |** aCo-**|** aCo-ma**|** aCo-mɛnɔ**|** oC-ɛbi**|** oC-ɔ**|
| peel       | ˈgaso-  | gaso-ma   | gaso-mɛnɔ   | gos-ɛbi   | gos-ɔ   |
| jump on log| hɛˈbabo-| hɛbabo-ma | hɛbabo-mɛnɔ | hɛbob-ɛbi | hɛbob-ɔ |
|            |** aCo-**|** aCo-ma**|** aCo-mɛnɔ**|** oC-ɛbi**|** ɔC-ɔ**|
| look after | ˈfafo-  | fafo-ma   | fafo-mɛnɔ   | fof-ɛbi   | fɔf-ɔ   |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |         | I         | II        | III       | IV      |
|          |** aCo-**|** aCo-ma**|** o-bɛnɔ**|** o-dɛbi**|** oC-ɔ**|
| strip off| ˈhago-  | hago-ma   | ho-bɛnɔ   | ho-dɛbi   | hog-ɔ   |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |          | I         | II          | III         | IV      |
|       |** aˈCo-**|** aCo-ma**|** aCo-mɛnɔ**|** aCo-ɺɛbi**|** oC-ɔ**|
| tie up| aˈso-    | aso-ma    | aso-mɛnɔ    | aso-ɺɛbi    | os-ɔ    |

A small number of otherwise monosyllabic roots have an unexplained stressed rounded high back vowel /u/ appended to the stem I and stem IV forms while stem II and III forms remain monosyllabic and undergo fronting ablaut (above); cf. /as/ “netbag;” these are distinct from disyllables /ˈ(C)aCu-(C)aˈCu-/ (above):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |           | I         | II        | III       | IV       |
|           |** aC(u)-**|** aCu-ma**|** ɛ-Cɛnɔ**|** ɛ-Cɛbi**|** aCu-ø**|
| weave bag | as(u)-    | ásu-ma    | ɛ-fɛnɔ    | ɛ-tʰɛbi   | asú-ø    |
| hear      | dab(u)-   | dabu-ma   | dɛ-bɛnɔ   | dɛ-dɛbi   | dabu-ø   |
| draw water| was(u)-   | wasu-ma   | wa-fɛnɔ   | wɛ-tʰɛbi  | wasu-ø   |
|           |** uC(u)-**|** uCu-ma**|** u-mɛnɔ**|** uC-ɛbi**|** uCu-ø**|
| drill hole| bug(u)-   | bugu-ma   | bu-bɛnɔ   | bu-dɛbi   | bugu-ø   |
| cut up pig| guɺ(u)-   | guɺu-ma   | gu-mɛnɔ   | guɺ-ɛbi   | guɺu-ø   |


It has been mentioned earlier that, following a monosyllabic root with initial or final bilabial nasal /m/, imperative /-ma/ is expressed as /-na/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |      | I      | II       | III    | IV    |
| give| ˈmi- | mi-na  | mi(j)-ɛnɔ| mij-ɛbi| mi-ø  |
| come| ˈme- | me-na  | mi-ɛnɔ   | ---    | mij-ɔ́|
| go  | ˈham-| hama-na| hɛ-nɛnɔ  | hɛ-nɛbi| ---   |

Several disyllables with initial /m/ follow a different pattern, with /-ma/ being expressed as merely /-a/, most likely following a stage in which it was /-na/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |      | I     | II     | III| IV   |
| sit       | mese-| mese-a| mes-ɛnɔ| ---| ---  |
| stand     | meɺe-| meɺe-a| meɺ-ɛnɔ| ---| ---  |
| ˈeat/drink| man- | ma-ja | m-ɛnɔ  | ---| mɔn-ɔ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |       | I      | II       | III    | IV   |
| layer| maˈda-| mada-ma| mada-mɛnɔ| mɛd-ɛbi| mɔd-ɔ|


In addition to the paradigms presented above, there are a small number of unambiguously suppletive paradigms associated with very basic meanings. Following is an exhaustive list of those given in Schieffelin and Feld (1998):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |      | I      | II     | III    | IV    |
| come     | ˈme- | me-na  | mi-ɛnɔ | ---    | mij-ɔ́|
| come     | jV-  | ---    | ---    | j-ɛbi  | ---   |
| sit      | mese-| mese-a | mes-ɛnɔ| ---    | ---   |
| sit      |      | ---    | ---    | ø-tʰɛbi| sen   |
| stand    | meɺe-| meɺe-a | meɺ-ɛnɔ| ---    | ---   |
| stand    |      | ---    | ---    | ɔɺibi  | eɺen  |
| eat/drink| ˈman-| ma-ja  | m-ɛnɔ  | ---    | mɔn-ɔ |
| eat/drink| nV-  | ---    | ---    | n-ɛbi  | ---   |
| go       | ˈham-| hama-na| hɛ-nɛnɔ| hɛ-nɛbi| ---   |
| go       | aˈne-| ---    | ---    | ---    | ane-ø |


Most of what would be considered adjectives in English are formally verbs in Kaluli. Their paradigms are most often underspecified in Schieffelin and Feld; nevertheless they can in many instances be definitively assigned to one of the classes presented above. What distinguishes them in practice is not adjectival meanings per se, but the lack of an attested imperative (i.e. stem I) form, which is the usual citation form of verbs in Schieffelin and Feld's dictionary. Stem II forms are typically exemplified with second/third person present /-(ɺ)ab/ rather than future imperative /-(ɺ)ɛbi/ and with second/third person future /-mɛib/ rather than first person future /-mɛnɔ/. Stem I forms are never exemplified so are not shown here:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |                 | II           | III        | IV         |
|                |                 | 2/3 future   | 2/3 present| past       |
|                |** n-**          |** ø-mɛib**   |** j-ab**   |** j-ɔ**    |
| be annoyed     | gaˈdin-         | gadi-mɛib    | gadij-ab   | gadij-ɔ    |
| be unwillng    | mɔ-ˈben-        |              | mɔ-be-ab   | mɔ-bej-ɔ   |
| ruined         | baˈsan-         | basa-mɛib    | basaj-ab   | basaj-ɔ    |
| fruit forming  | daˈɺan-         |              |            | daɺanj-ɔ   |
| be angry       | kʰuɺuˈfɛn-      | kʰuɺufɛ-mɛib | kʰuɺufɛj-ab| kʰuɺufɛj-ɔ |
| fair weather   | moɺoˈfan-       | moɺofa-mɛib  | moɺofaj-ab | moɺofaj-ɔ  |
|                |** CVn-**        |** ø-mɛib**   |** n-dab**  |** j-ɛ**    |
| rise from rain | ˈdin-           | di-mɛib      | din-dab    | dij-ɛ      |
|                |** ɺ-**          |** ø-mɛib**   |** ɺ-ab**   |** ɺ-ɔ**    |
| rise b. dam    | boˈnoɺ-         | bono-mɛib    | bonoɺ-ab   | bonoɺ-ɔ    |
|                |** fV-**         |** **         |** f-ab**   |** f-ɔ**    |
| be hot         | ˈofɔ-           |              | of-ab      | of-ɔ́      |
|                |** nV-/i e a ɔ_**|** nV-mɛib**  |** j-ab**   |** j-ɔ**    |
| ripe/red       | ˈgene-          | gene-mɛib    | gej-ab     | gej-ɔ      |
| exhausted      | bɔne-           | bɔne-mɛib    | bɔj-ab     | bɔj-ɔ      |
| dirty/black    | ˈhene-          |              |            | hej-ɔ      |
| exhausted      | hamane-         |              | hamanj-ab  | hamanj-ɔ   |
| chase away     | gɔɺɔne-         |              |            | gɔɺɔnj-ɔ   |
|                |** nV-/u_**      |** **         |** w-ab**   |** w-ɔ**    |
| thunder        | ˈgunu-          |              | guw-ab     | guw-ɔ      |
|                |** dV-**         |** **         |** ɺV-ɺab** |** d-ɔ**    |
| stand out      | ˈbadi-          |              | baɺi-ɺab   | bid-ɔ      |
|                |** dV-**         |** **         |** id-ab**  |** id-ɔ**   |
| filled up      | ˈwɛdi-          |              | wɛid-ab    | wɛid-ɔ     |
| spread out     | sɔˈsɔde-        |              | sɔsɔid-ab  |            |
|                |** ˈdV-**        |** dV-mɛib**  |** d-ab**   |** d-ɔ**    |
| dig/root       | moˈdo-          |              | modoɺab    | mod-ɔ́     |
| wet            | baˈda-          | bada-mɛib    | bɛd-ab (?) | bɔd-ɔ      |
| shake violently| dɛbɛˈda-        | dɛbɛda-mɛib  | dɛbɛd-ab   | dɛbɛd-ɔ    |
|                |** sV-**         |** sV-mɛib**  |** s-ab**   |** s-ɔ**    |
| leaning        | waˈsɛse-        | wasɛse-mɛib  | wasɛs-ab   | wasɛs-ɔ    |
|                |** gV-**         |** gV-mɛib**  |** g-ab**   |** g-ɔ**    |
| startled       | iˈɺigi-         |              | iɺig-ab    | iɺig-ɔ     |
| swell/inflame  | giˈɺigV-        |              | giɺig-ab   | giɺig-ɔ    |
|                |                 |              |            |            |
| lightning      | waˈbege-        | wabege-mɛib  | wabeg-ab   | wabeg-ɔ    |
|                |** ɺV-**         |** ɺV-mɛib**  |** ɺ-ab**   |** ɺ-ɔ**    |
| bitter         | ˈhaɺe-          | haɺe-mɛib    | haɺ-ab     | haɺ-ɔ      |
| get dark       | ˈsoɺo-          | soɺo-mɛib    | soɺ-ab     |            |
| grow           | ˈduɺu-          | duɺu-mɛib    | duɺ-ab     | duɺ-ɔ      |
| burp           | baˈkʰaɺi-       |              |            | bakʰaɺ-ɔ   |
| stay awhile    | aˈmaɺe-         | amaɺe-mɛib   |            | amaɺe-ɔ    |
| forget         | baˈbaɺe-        |              | babaɺ-ab   | babaɺ-ɔ    |
| sore/in pain   | naˈgaɺe-        | nagaɺe-mɛib  | nagaɺ-ab   | nagaɺ-ɔ    |
| rusty          | waˈmeɺe-        | wameɺe-mɛib  | wameɺ-ab   | wameɺ-ɔ    |
| angry          | iˈmoɺo-         | [imoɺo-mɛib] | imoɺ-ab    | imoɺ-ɔ́    |
| sad            | noˈfɔɺo-        | [nofɔɺo-mɛib]| nofɔɺ-ab   | nofɔɺ-ɔ    |
| numbness       | baˈmuɺu-        | bamuɺu-mɛib  | bamuɺ-ab   | bamuɺ-ɔ    |
| lazy           | bɔˈsuɺu-        | bɔsuɺu-mɛib  | bɔsuɺ-ab   | bɔsuɺ-ɔ    |
| crooked        | kʰoaˈgeɺe-      |              | kʰoageɺ-ab | kʰoageɺ-ɔ́ |
| hypocritical   | gagaˈgeɺe-      |              | gagageɺ-ab | gagageɺ-ɔ  |
|                |** ɺV-**         |** ɺV-mɛib**  |** **       |** ɺ-ɛ**    |
| ruined         | ˈwaɺe-          | waɺe-mɛib    | waɺ-ab     | waɺ-ɛ      |
|                |** ˈɺi-**        |** ɺi-mɛib**  |** **       |** ɺi-ø**   |
| extinct        | daniˈɺi-        | daniɺi-mɛib  |            | daniɺi-ø   |
|                |** ˈɺa-**        |** ɺa-mɛib**  |** **       |** ɺ-ɔ**    |
| pierce         | waˈɺa-          | waɺa-mɛib    |            | wɔɺ-ɔ      |
|                |** -fo₁-**       |** f-ɛib**    |** **       |** f-ɛ**    |
| make hole      | nekʰene-fo₁-    | nekʰene-f-ɛib|            | nekʰene-f-ɛ|

(A small number of examples of first person present /-(ɺ)ɔɺ/ and past progressive /-(ɺ)ale/ are not included here because they are in all instances redundant to those with /-(ɺ)ab/ second/third person present. Where a stem II form with second/third person future /-mɛib/ is shown in brackets, this is because first person future /-mɛnɔ/ was given instead.)\\
\\

One example is indeterminate between stressed root-final /ˈdV-/ and unstressed /dV-/ because retention of apical voiced stop /d/ in stem II vs. lenition to non-stop /ɺ./ is disagnostic for this distinction; alternation between them appears to be irrregular:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |           | II                        | III     | IV     |
|      |** (ˈ)dV-**|** dV-mɛib ~ ɺV-**         |** d-ab**|** d-ɔ**|
| sting| sesede-   | sesede-mɛib\\  seseɺe-mɛib| sesed-ab| sesed-ɔ|

Where no step II form is attested, it's not possible to determine whether a final vowel was present following apicals /n d s ɺ/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |                | III        | IV        |
|              |                | 2/3 present| past      |
|              |** n[V]-**      |** j-ab**   |** j-ɔ**   |
| be blunt     | midin[V]-      | midij-ab   | midij-ɔ   |
| rotten       | bɛsin[V]-      |            | bɛsij-ɔ   |
| swollen      | dɛin[V]-       | dɛij-ab    | dɛij-ɔ    |
| be tired     | meden[V]-      | medej-ab   | medej-ɔ   |
| stink        | hesen[V]-      | hese-ab    | hesej-ɔ   |
| hungry       | tʰɛɺɛn[V]-     | tʰɛɺɛij-ab | tʰɛɺɛij-ɔ́|
| heavy        | hidɛn[V]-      | hidɛj-ab   | hidɛj-ɔ   |
| scaly        | bagan[V]-      |            | bagaj-ɔ   |
| bubbles      | kʰɔgoban[V]-   | kʰɔgobaj-ab| kʰɔgobaj-ɔ|
|              |** d[V]-**      |** d-ab**   |** d-ɔ**   |
| cold         | hid[V]-        | hid-ab     | hid-ɔ     |
| taste        | nud[V]-        | nud-ab     | nud-ɔ     |
| cling to     | okʰɛd[V]- ~ -g-| okʰɛd-ab   | okʰɛd-ɔ   |
| itch         | daɺad[V]-      | daɺad-ab   | daɺad-ɔ   |
|              |** s[V]-**      |** s-ab**   |** s-ɔ**   |
| breeze       | fɔfɔs[V]-      | fɔfɔs-ab   | fɔfɔs-ɔ   |
|              |** ɺ[V]-**      |** ɺ-ab**   |** ɺ-ɔ**   |
| refuse       | indiɺ[V]-      | indiɺ-ab   | ɺ-ɔ       |
| want food    | memeɺ[V]-      | memeɺ-ab   | memeɺ-ɔ   |
| rot/rotten   | abuɺ[V]-       | abuɺ-ab    | abuɺ-ɔ    |
| dream        | ofoɺ[V]-       | [ofoɺ-ab]  | ofoɺ-ɔ    |
| obstinate    | bagoɺ[V]-      | bagoɺ-ab   | bagoɺ-ɔ   |
| move in sleep| emegeɺ[V]-     | emegeɺ-ab  | emegeɺ-ɔ  |
| look wrong   | fɔfɔndoɺ[V]-   | fɔfɔndoɺ-ab| fɔfɔndoɺ-ɔ|

Wher no stem II form is attested, it is also not possible to distinguish unstressed stem-final /dV-/ from stressed /ˈdV-/, as both regularly retain [d] in stem II and stem III:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |           | III        | IV     |
|         |           | 2/3 present| past   |
|         |** (ˈ)dV-**|** d-ab**   |** d-ɔ**|
| withered| wabidi-   |            | wabid-ɔ|
| dig/root| modo-     |            | mod-ɔ́ |


… auxilliaries and compounds ….\\
\\

… auxilliary /-fo-/ … Schieffelin and Feld (1998: xii) “often indicates complete, thorough or full action.” The inflectional pattern of /-fo-/ is unique and instantly recognizable, differing from that of disyllabic verb roots with final /fV/ (above) in both stem II and stem III forms.

…past tense is signified by /-ɛ/, as it is on monosyllabic verb roots with final bilabials /b f/, rather than /-ɔ/, suggesting that /-fo-/ has been reduced to /-f-/ [f ø] as it has been in stems II and III:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            | I           | II          | III           | IV        |
|** -fo₁-**  |** -fo-ma**  |** -f-ɛnɔ**  |** -ø-tʰɛbi**  |** -f-ɛ**  |
| stem I-fo₁-| stem I-fo-ma| stem I-f-ɛnɔ| stem I-ø-tʰɛbi| stem I-f-ɛ|
|** -fo₂-**  |** -fo-ma**  |** -f-ɛnɔ**  |** -ø-tʰɛbi**  |** -f-ɔ**  |
| stem I-fo₂-| stem I-fo-ma| stem I-f-ɛnɔ| stem I-ø-tʰɛbi| stem I-f-ɔ|

… :

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |** stem I**|** +-fo₁-**|               |** stem I-fo₁-**|
| close door   | asi-      | +-fo₁-    | close door    | asi-fo₁-       |
| join/follow  | kʰudu-    | +-fo₁-    | continue      | kʰudu-fo₁-     |
| bury in ashes| hanu-     | +-fo₁-    | bury in ashes | hanu-fo₁-      |
| ?            | nekʰene-  | +-fo₁-    | make hole     | nekʰene-fo₁-   |
| take out/away| dogase-   | +-fo₁-    | take out/aside| dogase-fo₁-    |
| take off     | hɔgɔfe-   | +-fo₁-    | undress       | hɔgɔfe-fo₁-    |
| bury in ashes| hanu-baɺi-| +-fo₁-    | bury in ashes | hanu-baɺi-fo₁- |

One of these examples shows an apparently irregular reduction in the form of the root in the past:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |          | I            | II           | III            | IV       |
|              |          |** anu-fo-ma**|** anu-f-ɛnɔ**|** anu-ø-tʰɛbi**|** u-f-ɛ**|
| bury in ashes| hanu-fo₁-| hanu-fo-ma   | hanu-f-ɛnɔ   | hanu-ø-tʰɛbi   | hu-f-ɛ   |

… /-ɛ-fo₁-/ … literal meaning “put down and leave there” or the more figurative “completely”. Following low central and low mid back /a ɔ/, low mid front vowel /ɛ/ is raised to high front /i/ [-i-fo-], with /i/ retained in the past where /ɛ/ is dropped … vowel sequences /aɛ ɔɛ/ do not occur …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 | I              | II             | III              | IV                 |
|** -ɛ-fo₁-/i e_**|** (j)-ɛ-fo-ma**|** (j)-ɛ-f-ɛnɔ**|** (j)-ɛ-ø-tʰɛbi**|** -ø-f-ɛ**         |
|** -ɛ-fo₁-/o u_**|** w-ɛ-fo-ma**  |** w-ɛ-f-ɛnɔ**  |** w-ɛ-ø-tʰɛbi**  |** -ø-f-ɛ**         |
|** -i-fo₁/a ɔ_-**|** -i-fo-ma**   |** -i-f-ɛnɔ**   |** -i-ø-tʰɛbi**   |** -i-f-ɛ ~ -i-f-e**|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |** stem I/i e_**|** +-ɛ-fo₁-**|                  |** stem I-ɛ-fo₁-**|
| take out      | tʰi-           | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | t. o. & put down | tʰi-ɛ-fo₁-       |
| take          | di-            | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | put down         | di-ɛ-fo₁-        |
| take from bag | tʰiɺi-         | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | take from bag    | tʰiɺi-ɛ-fo₁-     |
| dig ground    | daɺi-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | make dam         | daɺi(j)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| split trunk   | gaɺi-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | split trunk      | gaɺi(j)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| beat sago pith| bese-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | help beat pith   | bese(j)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| dry           | kʰaɺaɺe-       | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | dry              | kʰaɺaɺe(j)-ɛ-fo₁-|
|               |** stem I/o u_**|** +-ɛ-fo₁-**|                  |** stem I-ɛ-fo₁-**|
| ?             | ao-            | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | shoot            | ao(w)-ɛ-fo₁-     |
| turn around   | nodo-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | turn over        | nodo(w)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| knowledge     | asu-           | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | help             | asu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-    |
| tie together  | aɺu-           | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | grab and tie     | aɺu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-    |
| take away     | ɔdu-           | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | take apart       | ɔdu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-    |
| break off     | buɺu-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | cut bamboo       | buɺu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| peel          | dagu-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | peel & leave     | dagu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| pull up/out   | dugu-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | pull up/out      | dugu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| take off/down | sudu-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | take off/down    | sudu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| ?             | suɺu-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | lay other side   | suɺu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| cover self    | gɔɺu-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | cover (tr.)      | gɔɺu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| cut grass     | hanu-          | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | cut grass        | hanu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-   |
| ?             | ɔsagu-         | +-ɛ-fo₁-    | add food         | ɔsagu(w)-ɛ-fo₁-  |
|               |** stem I/a o_**|** +-i-fo₁-**|                  |** stem I-i-fo₁-**|
| bite off      | ɔ-             | +-i-fo₁-    | bite and leave   | ɔ-i-fo₁-         |
| say/speak     | sa-            | +-i-fo₁-    | negotiate        | sa-i-fo₁-        |
| slice up      | bana-          | +-i-fo₁-    | slice up & leave | bana-i-fo₁-      |
| clear path    | fa(n)da-       | +-i-fo₁-    | clarify          | fa(n)da-i-fo₁-   |
| take off hook | tʰaga-         | +-i-fo₁-    | unhook & put down| tʰaga-i-fo₁-     |
| open          | kʰoɺa-         | +-i-fo₁-    | open and leave   | kʰoɺa-i-fo₁-     |
| make/build    | di-mada-       | +-i-fo₁-    | prepare move     | di-mada-i-fo₁-   |

Ccmpounds with the second member /aɺi-fo-/ also follow this pattern, even though independent occurences of /aɺi-fo-/ take past tense final /-ɔ/ (below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |** stem I**|** +-aɺi-fo₁-**|                 |** stem I-aɺi-fo₁-**|
| take          | di-       | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | stand/put down  | di-aɺi-fo₁-        |
| take care     | tʰiɺi-    | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | arranged marry  | tʰiɺi-aɺi-fo₁-     |
| take from bag | tʰiɺi-    | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | take from bag   | tʰiɺi-aɺi-fo₁-     |
| carry         | gɛɺi-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | help carry      | gɛɺij-aɺi-fo₁-     |
| fear          | tʰagi-    | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | threaten        | tʰagi-aɺi-fo₁-     |
| get up        | dasi-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | help stand      | dasi-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| dig ground    | daɺi-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | block stream    | daɺij-aɺi-fo₁-     |
| push          | kʰani-    | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | push and leave  | kʰani-aɺi-fo₁-     |
| finish        | eɺe-      | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | complete        | eɺej-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| beat sago pith| bese-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | ask to beat     | bese-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| turn over     | baɺe-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | turn o. & leave | baɺe-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| spread fingers| dage-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | leave behind    | dage-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| sharpen       | doɺo-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | many sharpen    | doɺo-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| wash/bathe    | muɺu-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | wash/bathe (tr.)| muɺu-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| close eyes    | sugu-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | close eyes (tr.)| sugu-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| drop          | suɺu-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | fall over       | suɺu-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| join/follow   | kʰudu-    | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | track/follow    | kʰudu-aɺi-fo₁-     |
| cover self    | gɔɺu-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | cover & leave   | gɔɺu-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| ?             | guɺu-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | leave space     | guɺu-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| stand on end  | di-baɺi-  | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | pile together   | di-baɺij-aɺi-fo₁-  |
| weight cover  | digɛdi-   | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | weight w/many   | digɛdi-aɺi-fo₁-    |
| get well/heal | faɺeɺe-   | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | cure/heal       | faɺeɺej-aɺi-fo₁-   |
| hang over     | de-heɺe-  | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | hang up         | de-heɺe-aɺi-fo₁-   |
| dump/fall     | kʰoɺodo-  | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | dump and leave  | kʰoɺodo-aɺi-fo₁-   |

In one example, final high mid front vowel /e/ of the root is unexpectedly given as high front [ij] when followed by /aɺi-fo₁-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|    |** stem I**|** +-aɺi-fo₁-**|              |** stem I-aɺi-fo₁-**|
| dry| kʰaɺaɺe-  | +-fo₂-        | dry over fire| kʰaɺaɺij-aɺi-fo₁-  |

If the final vowel of the stem I form is low mid front /ɛ/ or low central /a/, the vowel is dropped when followed by /-aɺi-fo₁-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |** stem I**|** +-aɺi-fo₁-**|                  |** stem I-aɺi-fo₁-**|
| lift/raise  | tʰɛgɛ-    | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | lift/raise       | tʰɛg-aɺi-fo₁-      |
| put in bag  | disɛ-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | put i. b. & leave| dis-aɺi-fo₁-       |
| say/speak   | sa-       | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | plan             | s-aɺi-fo₁-         |
| shut/close  | kʰa-      | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | dress (tr.)      | kʰ-aɺi-fo₁-        |
| cook in oven| ufa-      | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | complete         | uf-aɺi-fo₁-        |
| scrape bark | dona-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | scrape bark      | don-aɺi-fo₁-       |
| hit         | sana-     | +-aɺi-fo₁-    | kill and leave   | san-aɺi-fo₁-       |

In the more common pattern, the past tense is indicated by the suffix /-ɔ/, suggesting that the inflections of auxilliary /-fo-/ are in the process of being regularized:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |** stem I**  |** +-fo₂-**|                 |** stem I-fo₂-**|
| bequeath       | tʰɛ-        | +-fo₂-    | leave behind    | tʰɛ-fo₂-       |
| add to         | ba-         | +-fo₂-    | add more        | ba-fo₂-        |
| attach/stick on| ba-         | +-fo₂-    | press together  | ba-fo₂-        |
| say/speak      | sa-         | +-fo₂-    | say now/tell    | sa-fo₂-        |
| shut/close     | kʰa-        | +-fo₂-    | put on clothes  | kʰa-fo₂-       |
| be/stay/do     | do-         | +-fo₂-    | stay awhile     | do-fo₂-        |
| ?              | do-         | +-fo₂-    | be finished     | do-fo₂-        |
| sit            | asi-        | +-fo₂-    | sit awhile      | asi-fo₂-       |
| lie down       | aɺi-        | +-fo₂-    | lie d. and sleep| aɺi-fo₂-       |
| find source    | midi-       | +-fo₂-    | stop at source  | midi-fo₂-      |
| crush/step on  | basi-       | +-fo₂-    | crush/step on   | basi-fo₂-      |
| ?              | tʰaɺi-      | +-fo₂-    | eat with sago   | tʰaɺi-fo₂-     |
| give           | di-mi-      | +-fo₂-    | give little     | di-mi-fo₂-     |
| squeeze sago   | digi-       | +-fo₂-    | squeeze sago    | digi-fo₂-      |
| blow out torch | daɺi-       | +-fo₂-    | put out fire    | daɺi-fo₂-      |
| throw          | sandi-      | +-fo₂-    | throw           | sandi-fo₂-     |
| carry          | gɛɺi-       | +-fo₂-    | carry           | gɛɺi-fo₂-      |
| meet on path   | gaɺi-       | +-fo₂-    | leave path      | gaɺi-fo₂-      |
| split trunk    | gaɺi-       | +-fo₂-    | escape          | gaɺi-fo₂-      |
| fill up        | wɛɺi-       | +-fo₂-    | fill completely | wɛɺi-fo₂-      |
| tie w/vine     | meɺe-       | +-fo₂-    | tie small things| meɺe-fo₂-      |
| turn over      | baɺe-       | +-fo₂-    | turn over       | baɺe-fo₂-      |
| loosen         | fase-       | +-fo₂-    | let go          | fase-fo-₂      |
| untie          | fage-       | +-fo₂-    | drop            | fage-fo₂-      |
| use up         | kʰede-      | +-fo₂-    | use up          | kʰede-fo₂-     |
| stop/keave     | kʰade-      | +-fo₂-    | stop/leave      | kʰade-fo₂-     |
| put in/plant   | geɺe-       | +-fo₂-    | plant           | geɺe-fo₂-      |
| dawn           | hɔɺe-       | +-fo₂-    | dawn            | hɔɺe-fo₂-      |
| do like this   | ɛɺɛ-        | +-fo₂-    | do like that    | ɛɺɛ-fo₂-       |
| speak/talk     | tʰo-ɺɛ-     | +-fo₂-    | talk awhile     | tʰo-ɺɛ-fo₂-    |
| put in bag     | disɛ-       | +-fo₂-    | put in bag      | disɛ-fo₂-      |
| slice up       | bana-       | +-fo₂-    | slice open      | bana-fo₂-      |
| split aside    | tʰaɺa-      | +-fo₂-    | spread open     | tʰaɺa-fo₂-     |
| hook over      | di-kʰa-     | +-fo₂-    | attach thatch   | di-kʰa-fo₂-    |
| divination     | di-ba-      | +-fo₂-    | divination      | di-ba-fo₂-     |
| drown          | kʰanda-     | +-fo₂-    | drown           | kʰanda-fo₂-    |
| stand & stay   | kʰaga-      | +-fo₂-    | stop/stay       | kʰaga-fo₂-     |
| ?              | uwɔ-        | +-fo₂-    | carry shoulder  | uwɔ-fo₂-       |
| snap off       | tʰando-     | +-fo₂-    | spread open     | tʰando-fo₂-    |
| sharpen        | doɺo-       | +-fo₂-    | sharpen         | doɺo-fo₂-      |
| break off      | buɺu-       | +-fo₂-    | break off       | buɺu-fo₂-      |
| drop           | suɺu-       | +-fo₂-    | drop            | suɺu-fo₂-      |
| break off      | guɺu-       | +-fo₂-    | break off       | guɺu-fo₂-      |
| jump           | hɔɺu-       | +-fo₂-    | jump down       | hɔɺu-fo₂-      |
| attack many    | hugu-       | +-fo₂-    | many attack     | hugu-fo₂-      |
| make level     | imiɺi-      | +-fo₂-    | make level      | imiɺi-fo₂-     |
| match          | iɺidi- ~ -ɺ-| +-fo₂-    | distribute      | iɺidi-fo₂-     |
| stand on end   | di-baɺi-    | +-fo₂-    | put down o. e.  | di-baɺi-fo₂-   |
| pull together  | digi-ɺi-    | +-fo₂-    | push together   | digi-ɺi-fo₂-   |
| several carry  | dijade-     | +-fo₂-    | each take       | dijade-fo₂-    |
| put hand in    | dagi-ɺɛ-    | +-fo₂-    | put hand in     | dagi-ɺɛ-fo₂-   |
| get dressed    | sɛgɛɺe-     | +-fo₂-    | get dressed     | sɛgɛɺe-fo₂-    |
| dry            | kʰaɺaɺe-    | +-fo₂-    | dry a little    | kʰaɺaɺe-fo₂-   |
| grab           | gɔdɔɺe-     | +-fo₂-    | grab            | gɔdɔɺe-fo₂-    |
| make good      | dinafa-     | +-fo₂-    | fix well        | dinafa-fo₂-    |
| hold onto      | tʰɛ-ɺi-ɺo-  | +-fo₂-    | hold onto       | tʰɛ-ɺi-ɺo-fo₂- |
| come quickly   | di-kʰudu-   | +-fo₂-    | quickly gather  | di-kʰudu-fo₂-  |
| pierce side    | jadudu-     | +-fo₂-    | pierce side     | jadudu-fo₂-    |
| ?              | difigiɺi-   | +-fo₂-    | twist arrow     | difigiɺi-fo₂-  |
| match & hit    | iɺiɺi-sana- | +-fo₂-    | distribute      | iɺiɺi-sana-fo₂-|

One example is indeterminate between /-fo₁-/ and /-fo₂-/ conjugations because no stem IV (past) form is attested:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |              | I         | II        | III         | IV   |
|          |** -fo[₁/₂]-**|** -fo-ma**|** -f-ɛnɔ**|** -ø-tʰɛbi**|** ?**|
| jump down| dasu-fo[₁/₂]-| dasu-fo-ma| dasu-f-ɛnɔ| dasu-ø-tʰɛbi| ---  |

…/-ɛ-fo₂-/ … Besides the difference in the vowel of the past which distinguishes /-fo₂-/ from /-fo₁-/, this pattern is analogous to that of /-ɛ-fo₁-/ (above,) in which preceding low and low mid back vowels /a ɔ/ induce the raising of underlying /ɛ/ to high front [i]. We can then urther generalize the rule to include both preceding low mid vowels /æ ɔ/ as well as low central /a/; thus this construction would be underlyingly /-ɛ-fo₂-/ with the phonetic realization [-i-fo-]:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           |** stem I**|** +--i-fo₂-**|            |** stem I--i-fo₂-**|
| ?         | fiɺɛ-     | +-i-fo₂-     | spread legs| fiɺɛ-i-fo₂-       |
| split open| kʰoɺɛ-    | +-i-fo₂-     | split open | kʰoɺɛ-i-fo₂-      |

…/-gɛ-ɛ-fo₂-/ … [-gɛ-i-fo-] …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |** stem I**|** +-gɛ-i-fo₂-**|                |** stem I-gɛ-i-fo₂-**|
| lean against| ani-      | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | push a little  | ani-gɛ-i-fo₂-       |
| share       | iɺi-      | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | send           | iɺi-gɛ-i-fo₂-       |
| exchange    | kʰiɺi-    | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | funnel sago    | kʰiɺi-gɛ-i-fo₂-     |
| push        | kʰani-    | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | push over      | kʰani-gɛ-i-fo₂-     |
| be unwillng | mɔ-be-    | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | leave uneaten  | mɔ-be-gɛ-i-fo₂-     |
| float       | hɛɺe-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | float          | hɛɺe-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| ?           | hɛɺɛ-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | pant           | hɛɺɛ-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| together    | uwa-      | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | do together    | uwa-gɛ-i-fo₂-       |
| bump/ruin   | basa-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | bump into      | basa-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| whistle     | hoɺo-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | blow smoke     | hoɺo-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| ?           | bɔɺu-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | throw away     | bɔɺu-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| break off   | buɺu-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | throw away     | buɺu-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| drop        | suɺu-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | dropped/lost   | suɺu-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| chop down   | kʰunu-    | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | chop and leave | kʰunu-gɛ-i-fo₂-     |
| ?           | ganu-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | chew & swallow | ganu-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| break off   | guɺu-     | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | break and leave| guɺu-gɛ-i-fo₂-      |
| forget      | babaɺe-   | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | forget         | babaɺe-gɛ-i-fo₂-    |
| speak out   | fogɛɺe-   | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | encourage      | fogɛɺe-gɛ-i-fo₂-    |
| spread out  | sɔsɔɺe-   | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | spread out     | sɔsɔɺe-gɛ-i-fo₂-    |
| chase away  | gɔɺɔne-   | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | chase away     | gɔɺɔne-gɛ-i-fo₂-    |
| splashing   | fun-ˈgaɺɛ-| +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | splashing      | f.-g.-gɛ-i-fo₂-     |
| ?           | tʰi-buɺu- | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | throw away     | tʰi-buɺu-gɛ-i-fo₂-  |
| roll across | fɔfɔgoɺo- | +-gɛ-i-fo₂-    | roll down      | f.-gɛ-i-fo₂-        |

The auxilliary /-ˈfeɺe-/ seems to function as a pluralizing counterpart of /-fo-/ (above,) and is likewise not associated with any independent root. Its stem forms are those of a regular disyllabic root:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              | I             | II             | III           | IV          |
|** -ˈfeɺe-**  |** -feɺe-ma**  |** -feɺe-mɛnɔ** |** -feɺ-ɛbi**  |** -feɺ-ɔ**  |
| stem I-ˈfeɺe-| stem I-feɺe-ma| st. I-feɺe-mɛnɔ| stem I-feɺ-ɛbi| stem I-feɺ-ɔ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |** stem I**|** +-ˈfeɺe-**|                |** stem I-ˈfeɺe-**|
| cut through| gede-     | +-ˈfeɺe-    | cut into pieces| gede-ˈfeɺe-      |
| jump       | hɔɺu-     | +-ˈfeɺe-    | many jump      | hɔɺu-ˈfeɺe-      |
| smoke meat | son-do-   | +-ˈfeɺe-    | hang & smoke   | son-do-ˈfeɺe-    |
| put hand in| dagi-ɺɛ-  | +-ˈfeɺe-    | put h. in many | dagi-ɺɛ-ˈfeɺe-   |
| crooked    | kʰoageɺe- | +-ˈfeɺe-    | many crooked   | kʰoageɺe-ˈfeɺe-  |

In one of these examples, the final vowel of stem I and stem II forms appears to have been influenced by that of the auxlliary /-ɺɛ-/ (below):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |            | I           | II            | III         | IV        |
|                |** -ˈfeɺe-**|** -feɺɛ-ma**|** -feɺɛ-mɛnɔ**|** -feɺ-ɛbi**|** -feɺ-ɔ**|
| cut into pieces| gede-ˈfeɺe-| gede-feɺɛ-ma| gede-feɺɛ-mɛnɔ| gede-feɺ-ɛbi| gede-feɺ-ɔ|

… /-gɛ-ɛ-ˈfeɺe-/ realized as [-gɛ-i-feɺe-] due to the regular raising of /ɛ/ when preceded by low mid and low vowels /ɛ ɔ a/, is analogous to the complex auxilliary /-gɛ-ɛ- fo₂ -/ [-gɛ-i-fo-] (above):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|     |** stem I**|** +-gɛ-i-ˈfeɺe-**|          |** st.-I-gɛ-i-ˈfeɺe-**|
| push| kʰani-    | +-gɛ-i-ˈfeɺe-    | push many| kʰani-gɛ-i-ˈfeɺe-    |

One example given as merely /-gɛ-ˈfeɺe-/ is likely in error for [gɛ-i-ˈfeɺe-], since there are no other examples of either /-gɛ-ˈfeɺe-/ or /-gɛ-fo₂-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      |** stem I**|** +-gɛ-ˈfeɺe-**|           |** st. I-gɛ-ˈfeɺe-**|
| throw| sandi-    | +-gɛ -ˈfeɺe-   | many throw| sandi-gɛ-ˈfeɺe-    |

… /-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |** stem I**|** +aɺi-ˈfeɺe-**|                |** st. I-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-**|
| close door    | asi-      | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | close many     | asij-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-     |
| carry         | gɛɺi-     | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | many carry     | gɛɺij-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-    |
| shorten       | gende-    | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | shorten & leave| gende-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-    |
| sharpen       | doɺo-     | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | many sharpen   | doɺo-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-     |
| weight cover  | digɛdi-   | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | many w. cover  | digɛdi-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   |
| stand on end  | di-baɺi-  | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | pile up many   | di-baɺij-aɺi-ˈfeɺe- |
| be in pain    | nagaɺe-   | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | everyone pain  | n.-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-       |
| hang over     | de-heɺe-  | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | hang many      | d.-h.-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-    |
| stand up (tr.)| dasi-baɺi-| +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | stand up many  | d.-b.-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-    |
| crooked       | kʰoageɺe- | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | many crooked   | k.-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-       |

As with /aɺi-fo₁-/ (above,) if the final vowel of the stem I form is low mid front /ɛ/ or low central /a/, the vowel is dropped when followed by /-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |** stem I**|** +aɺi-ˈfeɺe-**|            |** stem I-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-**|
| put in bag | disɛ-     | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | put many   | dis-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-       |
| say/speak  | sa-       | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | many plan  | s-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-         |
| scrape bark| dona-     | +-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-   | scrape many| don-aɺi-ˈfeɺe-       |

The pattern of forms suffixed with auxilliary /-ɺɛ-/ differs from that of stressed root-final /ˈɺV-/ (above) in collapsing future imperative underlying /ɺɛ-ɺɛbi/ to [ɺ-ɛbi], and from unstressed root-final /ɺV-/ (above) in the past tense, in which final /ɛ/ is retained while past /-ɔ/ is dropped; thus it might be viewed as midway between stressed and unstressed:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|           | I           | II            | III         | IV         |
|** -ɺɛ-**  |** -ɺɛ-ma**  |** -ɺɛ-mɛnɔ**  |** -ɺ-ɛbi**  |** -ɺɛ-ø**  |
| stem I-ɺɛ-| stem I-ɺɛ-ma| stem I-ɺɛ-mɛnɔ| stem I-ɺ-ɛbi| stem I-ɺɛ-ø|

The most typical function of /ɺɛ-/ is to pluralize the object rather than the subject of a verb. Other examples have no obvious pluralizing function, suggesting perhaps a continuative or iterative sense:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                |** stem I** |** +-ɺɛ-**|                   |** stem I-ɺɛ -**|
| take           | di-        | +-ɺɛ-    | take off          | di-ɺɛ-         |
| ?              | di-        | +-ɺɛ-    | put in pile       | di-ɺɛ-         |
| say/speak      | sa-        | +-ɺɛ-    | sow anger         | sa-ɺɛ-         |
| rub out/wash   | ha-        | +-ɺɛ-    | rub out many      | ha-ɺɛ-         |
| speak/talk     | tʰo-       | +-ɺɛ-    | speak/talk        | tʰo-ɺɛ-        |
| ?              | isi-       | +-ɺɛ-    | clear bush        | isi-ɺɛ-        |
| kiss           | mimi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | kiss              | mimi-ɺɛ-       |
| wear out       | bidi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | wear out          | bidi-ɺɛ-       |
| crush/step on  | basi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | crush many        | basi-ɺɛ-       |
| scatter about  | fifi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | sprinkle          | fifi-ɺɛ-       |
| cut meat       | tʰidi-     | +-ɺɛ-    | cut into strips   | tʰidi-ɺɛ-      |
| blow out torch | daɺi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | blow out torch    | daɺi-ɺɛ-       |
| push           | kʰani-     | +-ɺɛ-    | push many         | kʰani-ɺɛ-      |
| forget         | gɛɺi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | forget            | gɛɺi-ɺɛ-       |
| fill up        | wɛɺi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | fill up           | wɛɺi-ɺɛ-       |
| hand           | dagi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | put hand in       | dagi-ɺɛ-       |
| dig ground     | daɺi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | make fireplace    | daɺi-ɺɛ-       |
| give hand      | gasi-      | +-ɺɛ-    | give hand         | gasi-ɺɛ-       |
| ?              | jami-      | +-ɺɛ-    | wound             | jami-ɺɛ-       |
| ?              | deɺe-      | +-ɺɛ-    | reheat food       | deɺe-ɺɛ-       |
| spread fingers | dage-      | +-ɺɛ-    | spread fingers    | dage-ɺɛ-       |
| sharpen point  | dɔne-      | +-ɺɛ-    | sharpen many      | dɔne-ɺɛ-       |
| shame          | sende-     | +-ɺɛ-    | shift blame       | sende-ɺɛ-      |
| continue       | sade-      | +-ɺɛ-    | continue          | sade-ɺɛ-       |
| ?              | sade-      | +-ɺɛ-    | list names        | sade-ɺɛ-       |
| pick off       | kʰebe-     | +-ɺɛ-    | pick at           | kʰebe-ɺɛ-      |
| shorten        | gende-     | +-ɺɛ-    | shorten           | gende-ɺɛ-      |
| spin           | hege-      | +-ɺɛ-    | go around         | hege-ɺɛ-       |
| poison stream  | jɔɺe-      | +-ɺɛ-    | poison many       | jɔɺe-ɺɛ-       |
| ?              | ɛɺɛ-       | +-ɺɛ-    | partition         | ɛɺɛ-ɺɛ-        |
| ?              | funɛ-      | +-ɺɛ-    | shine torch       | funɛ-ɺɛ-       |
| lift/raise     | tʰɛgɛ-     | +-ɺɛ-    | lift many         | tʰɛgɛ-ɺɛ-      |
| put into       | sɛɺɛ-      | +-ɺɛ-    | many put many     | sɛɺɛ-ɺɛ-       |
| suck pits      | masa-      | +-ɺɛ-    | suck many pits    | masa-ɺɛ-       |
| clear path     | fa(n)da-   | +-ɺɛ-    | make tracks       | fa(n)da-ɺɛ-    |
| eviscerate     | tʰanda-    | +-ɺɛ-    | finish all        | tʰanda-ɺɛ-     |
| take off hook  | tʰaga-     | +-ɺɛ-    | take off hook     | tʰaga-ɺɛ-      |
| scrape bark    | dona-      | +-ɺɛ-    | many scrape       | dona-ɺɛ-       |
| smoke meat     | sona-      | +-ɺɛ-    | smoke many        | sona-ɺɛ-       |
| song/dance     | gisa-      | +-ɺɛ-    | sing/dance        | gisa-ɺɛ-       |
| make noise     | gana-      | +-ɺɛ-    | make noise        | gana-ɺɛ-       |
| make wall      | gaɺa-      | +-ɺɛ-    | cover             | gaɺa-ɺɛ-       |
| kill           | jasa-      | +-ɺɛ-    | many kill         | jasa-ɺɛ-       |
| slice up       | bana-      | +-ɺɛ-    | cut & divide      | bana-ɺɛ-       |
| move away      | tʰɔgɔ-     | +-ɺɛ-    | take away         | tʰɔgɔ-ɺɛ-      |
| grab           | gɔdɔ-      | +-ɺɛ-    | grab fast         | gɔdɔ-ɺɛ-       |
| dig/root       | modo-      | +-ɺɛ-    | make mounds       | modo-ɺɛ-       |
| turn around    | nodo-      | +-ɺɛ-    | turn around       | nodo-ɺɛ-       |
| snap off       | tʰando-    | +-ɺɛ-    | snap off          | tʰando-ɺɛ-     |
| slice across   | tʰaɺo-     | +-ɺɛ-    | slice across      | tʰaɺo-ɺɛ-      |
| ?              | tʰono-     | +-ɺɛ-    | move piles        | tʰono-ɺɛ-      |
| path           | tʰokʰo-    | +-ɺɛ-    | make hole         | tʰokʰo-ɺɛ-     |
| sharpen        | doɺo-      | +-ɺɛ-    | sharpen many      | doɺo-ɺɛ-       |
| cut off many   | goɺo-      | +-ɺɛ-    | cut m. & leave    | goɺo-ɺɛ-       |
| strip off      | hago-      | +-ɺɛ-    | undress           | hago-ɺɛ-       |
| cut into chunks| hodo-      | +-ɺɛ-    | cut into chunks   | hodo-ɺɛ-       |
| ?              | ɛdu-       | +-ɺɛ-    | lower             | ɛdu-ɺɛ-        |
| cover          | ambu-      | +-ɺɛ-    | cover w/many      | ambu-ɺɛ-       |
| take           | asu-       | +-ɺɛ-    | throw away        | asu-ɺɛ-        |
| take away      | ɔdu-       | +-ɺɛ-    | take away         | ɔdu-ɺɛ-        |
| both hands     | fafu-      | +-ɺɛ-    | many b.h.         | fafu-ɺɛ-       |
| ?              | dasu-      | +-ɺɛ-    | strip leaves      | dasu-ɺɛ-       |
| peel           | dagu-      | +-ɺɛ-    | take apart        | dagu-ɺɛ-       |
| pull up/out    | dugu-      | +-ɺɛ-    | pull up/out       | dugu-ɺɛ-       |
| take off/down  | sudu-      | +-ɺɛ-    | take off/down     | sudu-ɺɛ-       |
| cut up pig     | guɺu-      | +-ɺɛ-    | cut pieces        | guɺu-ɺɛ-       |
| attack many    | hugu-      | +-ɺɛ-    | collapse house    | hugu-ɺɛ-       |
| startled       | iɺigi-     | +-ɺɛ-    | surprise          | iɺigi-ɺɛ-      |
| wreck/spoil    | mogagi-    | +-ɺɛ-    | wreck/spoil       | mogagi-ɺɛ-     |
| weight cover   | digɛdi-    | +-ɺɛ-    | keep weighting    | digɛdi-ɺɛ-     |
| fill space     | aɺande-    | +-ɺɛ-    | fill many         | aɺande-ɺɛ-     |
| go around      | begeɺe-    | +-ɺɛ-    | circle around     | begeɺe-ɺɛ-     |
| forget         | babaɺe-    | +-ɺɛ-    | forget            | babaɺe-ɺɛ-     |
| split in two   | basaɺe-    | +-ɺɛ-    | split many        | basaɺe-ɺɛ-     |
| several carry  | dijade-    | +-ɺɛ-    | several carry     | dijade-ɺɛ-     |
| circle around  | de-hege-   | +-ɺɛ-    | circle around     | de-hege-ɺɛ-    |
| wrap around    | damaɺe-    | +-ɺɛ-    | wrap many         | damaɺe-ɺɛ-     |
| take out/away  | dogase-    | +-ɺɛ-    | pull out/aside    | dogase-ɺɛ-     |
| take from bag  | segese-    | +-ɺɛ-    | take many         | segese-ɺɛ-     |
| dry            | kʰaɺaɺe-   | +-ɺɛ-    | dry many          | kʰaɺaɺe-ɺɛ-    |
| trap           | kʰɔn-dɔfe- | +-ɺɛ-    | trap in ground    | kʰɔn-dɔfe-ɺɛ-  |
| saliva         | kʰodofe-   | +-ɺɛ-    | spit              | kʰodofe-ɺɛ-    |
| chew bones     | gɔbɔde-    | +-ɺɛ-    | chew bones        | gɔbɔde-ɺɛ-     |
| cut pig meat   | gɔgɔbe-    | +-ɺɛ-    | cut pig meat      | gɔgɔbe-ɺɛ-     |
| take off       | hɔgɔfe-    | +-ɺɛ-    | take off          | hɔgɔfe-ɺɛ-     |
| jump/dance     | tʰi-jaba-  | +-ɺɛ-    | jump/dance        | tʰi-jaba-ɺɛ-   |
| shorten        | amboɺo-    | +-ɺɛ-    | shorten several   | amboɺo-ɺɛ-     |
| be tied up     | aso-do-    | +-ɺɛ-    | tie bundles       | aso-do-ɺɛ-     |
| tie on pole    | bobodo-    | +-ɺɛ-    | tie on pole       | bobodo-ɺɛ-     |
| cut meat       | tʰabodo-   | +-ɺɛ-    | cut & distribute  | tʰabodo-ɺɛ-    |
| entertain      | tʰiɺi-tʰo- | +-ɺɛ-    | entertain         | tʰiɺi-tʰo-ɺɛ-  |
| roll up & tie  | kʰamboɺo-  | +-ɺɛ-    | roll & tie several| kʰamboɺo-ɺɛ-   |
| prison         | gɔboso-    | +-ɺɛ-    | imprison          | gɔboso-ɺɛ-     |
| remove bones   | tʰɛgɛ-su-  | +-ɺɛ-    | remove bones      | tʰɛgɛ-su-ɺɛ-   |
| lack light     | dɔbubu-    | +-ɺɛ-    | be blind          | dɔbubu-ɺɛ-     |
| dump/spill     | kʰɔgɔɺu-   | +-ɺɛ-    | tip over          | kʰɔgɔɺu-ɺɛ-    |
| m. scoop fish  | dɔɺe-sɛɺɛ--| +-ɺɛ-    | m. scoop fish     | dɔɺe-sɛɺɛ-ɺɛ-  |

In four examples, auxilliary vowel /ɛ/ is unexpectedly given as high-mid /e/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |         | I          | II            | III        | IV        |
|            |** -ɺɛ-**|** -ɺɛ-ma** |** -ɺe-mɛnɔ**  |** -ɺ-ɛbi** |** -ɺɛ-ø** |
| many scrape| dona-ɺɛ-| dona-ɺɛ-ma | dona-ɺe-mɛnɔ  | dona-ɺ-ɛbi | dona-ɺɛ-ø |
| list names | sade-ɺɛ-| sade-ɺɛ́-má| sade-ɺe-mɛ́nɔ́| sade-ɺ-ɛ́bí| sadé-ɺɛ́-ø|
|            |** -ɺɛ-**|** -ɺe-ma** |** -ɺɛ-mɛnɔ**  |** -ɺ-ɛbi** |** ?**     |
| make noise | gana-ɺɛ-| gana-ɺe-ma | gana-ɺɛ-mɛnɔ  | gana-ɺ-ɛbi | ---       |
|            |** -ɺɛ-**|** -ɺe-ma** |** -ɺe-mɛnɔ**  |** -ɺ-ɛbi** |** -ɺɛ-ø** |
| many kill  | jasa-ɺɛ-| jasa-ɺe-ma | jasa-ɺe-mɛnɔ  | jasa-ɺ-ɛbi | jasa-ɺɛ-ø |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |           | I           | II            | III            | IV        |
|              |** -ɺɛ-**  |** -ɺe-ma**  |** -ɺɛ-mɛnɔ**  |** -ɺ-ɛbi**     |** -ɺ-ɔ**  |
| shorten      | gende-ɺɛ- | gende-ɺe-ma | gende-ɺɛ-mɛnɔ | ginde-ɺ-ɛbi (?)| gende-ɺ-ɔ |
|              |** -ɺɛ-**  |** -ɺɛ-ma**  |** -ɺe-mɛnɔ**  |** -ɺ-ɛbi**     |** -ɺ-ɔ**  |
| circle around| begeɺe-ɺɛ-| begeɺe-ɺɛ-ma| begeɺe-ɺe-mɛnɔ| begeɺe-ɺ-ɛbi   | begeɺe-ɺ-ɔ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |              | I         | II          | III            | IV           |
|              |** -ɺɛ-**     |** -ɺɛ-ma**|** -ɺɛ-mɛnɔ**|** -ɺ-ɛbi**     |** -ɺ-ɔ**     |
| kiss         | mimi-ɺɛ-     | mimi-ɺɛ-ma| mimi-ɺɛ-mɛnɔ| mimi-ɺ-ɛbi     | mimi-ɺ-ɔ     |
| sing/dance   | gisa-ɺɛ-     | gisa-ɺɛ-ma| gisa-ɺɛ-mɛnɔ| gisa-ɺ-ɛbi     | gisa-ɺ-ɔ     |
| grab fast    | gɔdɔ-ɺɛ-     | gɔdɔ-ɺɛ-ma| gɔdɔ-ɺɛ-mɛnɔ| gɔdɔ-ɺ-ɛbi     | gɔdɔ-ɺ-ɔ     |
| m. scoop fish| dɔɺe-sɛɺɛ-ɺɛ-| ---       | ---         | dɔɺe-sɛɺɛ-ɺ-ɛbi| dɔɺe-sɛɺɛ-ɺ-ɔ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|         |           | I           | II            | III         | IV        |
|         |** o-ɺɛ-** |** o-ɺɛ-ma** |** o-ɺɛ-mɛnɔ** |** o-ɺ-ɛbi** |** ɛ-ɺ-ɔ** |
| imprison| gɔboso-ɺɛ-| gɔboso-ɺɛ-ma| gɔboso-ɺɛ-mɛnɔ| gɔboso-ɺ-ɛbi| gɔbosɛ-ɺ-ɔ|

… auxilliary /-tʰanˈden-/ [-tʰanden- -sanden- -sanen-] … Schieffelin and Feld (1998: xii.) … “often indicates many people doing repeated action to many things.” These observe the same pattern of conjugation as do other verbs with final apical nasal /n/ (above):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                    | I               | II                | III               | IV              |
|** -tʰanˈden ~ -s-**|** -tʰan(d)e-ma**|** -tʰan(d)e-mɛnɔ**|** -tʰan(d)ej-ɛbi**|** -tʰan(d)ej-ɔ**|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |** stem I** |** +-tʰanˈden-**|               |** st. I-tʰanˈden-**|
| rub out/wash | ha-        | +-tʰanˈden-    | many rub      | ha-tʰanˈden-       |
| get up       | dasi-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many get up   | dasi-tʰanˈden-     |
| be annoyed   | gadi-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many annoyed  | gadi-tʰanˈden-     |
| turn over    | baɺe-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many turn over| baɺe-tʰanˈden-     |
| measure      | dɛfe-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | measure many  | dɛfe-tʰanˈden-     |
| lick         | dabe-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many lick     | dabe-tʰanˈden-     |
| swim         | dase-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many swim     | dase-tʰanˈden-     |
| scoop fish   | dɔɺe-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many scoop    | dɔɺe-tʰanˈden-     |
| take off     | di-ɺɛ-     | +-tʰanˈden-    | take off many | di-ɺɛ-tʰanˈden-    |
| put into     | sɛɺɛ-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | put all into  | sɛɺɛ-tʰanˈden-     |
| make hole    | nana-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many m. holes | nana-tʰanˈden-     |
| eviscerate   | tʰanda-    | +-tʰanˈden-    | m. eviscerate.| tʰ.-tʰanˈden-      |
| push across  | sɔsɔ- (?)  | +-tʰanˈden-    | p. a. many    | sɔsɔ-tʰanˈden-     |
| chase away   | ɔɺu-       | +-tʰanˈden-    | chase many    | ɔɺu-tʰanˈden-      |
| wash/bathe   | muɺu-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many wash     | muɺu-tʰanˈden-     |
| drill hole   | bugu-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many drill    | bugu-tʰanˈden-     |
| hunt pig     | buɺu-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | many hunt pig | buɺu-tʰanˈden-     |
| peel         | dagu-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | peel many     | dagu-tʰanˈden-     |
| cut up pig   | guɺu-      | +-tʰanˈden-    | m. cut up pig | guɺu-tʰanˈden-     |
| break off    | guɺu-ɺi-   | +-tʰanˈden-    | many break    | g.-ɺi-tʰanˈden-    |
| stay awhile  | aˈmeɺe-    | +-tʰanˈden-    | many stay     | a.-tʰanˈden-       |
| get dressed  | sɛgɛɺe-    | +-tʰanˈden-    | many dress    | s.-tʰanˈden-       |
| take many    | kʰefeɺe-   | +-tʰanˈden-    | many take     | kʰ.-tʰanˈden-      |
| be in pain   | nagaɺe-    | +-tʰanˈden-    | many in pain  | n.-tʰanˈden-       |
| examine      | di-bebe-   | +-tʰanˈden-    | many examine  | d.-b.-tʰanˈden-    |
| scratch      | dɔbede-    | +-tʰanˈden-    | many scratch  | d.-tʰanˈden-       |
| play in mud  | dɔboɺe- (?)| +-tʰanˈden-    | m. play in mud| d.-tʰanˈden-       |
| get dressed  | sɛgɛɺe-    | +-tʰanˈden-    | m. get dressed| s.-tʰanˈden-       |
| put hand in  | dagi-ɺɛ-   | +-tʰanˈden-    | many p. h. i. | d.-ɺ.-tʰanˈden-    |
| build        | di-mada-   | +-tʰanˈden-    | many build    | d.-m.-tʰanˈden-    |
| tie pig's leg| gaɺoɺo-    | +-tʰanˈden-    | tie many pigs | g.-tʰanˈden-       |
| dump/spill   | kʰɔgɔɺu-   | +-tʰanˈden-    | many dump     | kʰ.-tʰanˈden-      |


A great many Kaluli verb stems result from compounding, in which verb roots are free to compile in what are in essence zero-marked serial constructions. In principle any two or more verbs can be joined to form compounds. Nominals may also serve as first members of verbal compounds. First constituents generally take their stem I forms, with consonant-final roots interpolating a copy vowel between them and the second constituent. Besides semantics, compounds may often be identified when their suffixation patterns are those of monosyllabic or suppletive paradigms. Some examples of these compounds follow. In a few instances the meaning of the first constituent is not known.\\
\\

The most common second member of a verbal compound is /ˈdi-/ “take,” to the point where it might well be considered an auxilliary. Realized with an apical non-stop /-ɺi-/, it is distinguishable from multisyllabic roots with final syllables /di ɺi/ because the resulting compounds follow the the inflectional pattern of monosyllable /ˈdi-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            | I           | II            | III           | IV         |
|** -ˈɺi-**  |** -ɺi-ma**  |** -ɺij-ɛnɔ**  |** -ɺij-ɛbi**  |** -ɺi-ø**  |
| stem I-ˈɺi-| stem I-ɺi-ma| stem I-ɺij-ɛnɔ| stem I-ɺij-ɛbi| stem I-ɺi-ø|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |** stem I** |** +ˈdi-**|                |** stem I-ˈɺi-**|
| bequeath      | tʰɛ-       | +ˈdi-    | grab/hold      | tʰɛ-ˈɺi-       |
| hold          | tʰɛu-      | +ˈdi-    | lift and hold  | tʰɛu-ˈɺi-      |
| say/speak     | sa-        | +ˈdi-    | inform         | sa-ˈɺi-        |
| light torch   | dɔ-        | +ˈdi-    | light fire     | dɔ-ˈɺi-        |
| take from bag | tʰiɺi-     | +ˈdi-    | take from bag  | tʰiɺi-ˈɺi-     |
| squeeze sago  | digi-      | +ˈdi-    | pull together  | digi-ˈɺi-      |
| get up        | dasi-      | +ˈdi-    | stand up       | dasi-ˈɺi-      |
| exchange      | kʰiɺi-     | +ˈdi-    | trade          | kʰiɺi-ˈɺi-     |
| ?             | kʰasi-     | +ˈdi-    | remove food    | kʰasi-ˈɺi-     |
| ?             | giɺi-      | +ˈdi-    | grab many      | giɺi-ˈɺi-      |
| give hand     | gasi-      | +ˈdi-    | lead by hand   | gasi-ˈɺi-      |
| meet on path  | gaɺi-      | +ˈdi-    | meet on path   | gaɺi-ˈɺi-      |
| lay out/down  | feɺe-      | +ˈdi-    | lay flooring   | feɺe-ˈɺi-      |
| loosen        | fase-      | +ˈdi-    | untie and open | fasi-ˈɺi-      |
| spread fingers| dage-      | +ˈdi-    | hold apart     | dage-ˈɺi-      |
| scoop fish    | dɔɺe-      | +ˈdi-    | s. w. b. hands | dɔɺe-ˈɺi-      |
| use up        | kʰede-     | +ˈdi-    | take all       | kʰede-ˈɺi-     |
| cut through   | gede-      | +ˈdi-    | pick from bunch| gede-ˈɺi-      |
| ground        | hɛne-      | +ˈdi-    | be dirty       | hene-ˈɺi-      |
| do like this  | ɛɺɛ-       | +ˈdi-    | grab many      | ɛɺɛ-ˈɺi-       |
| lift/raise    | tʰɛgɛ-     | +ˈdi-    | pick up        | tʰɛgɛ-ˈɺi-     |
| wake/get up   | dɛgɛ-      | +ˈdi-    | stand up       | dɛgɛ-ˈɺi-      |
| put into      | sɛɺɛ-      | +ˈdi-    | be born        | sɛɺɛ-ˈɺi-      |
| split open    | kʰoɺɛ-     | +ˈdi-    | split open     | kʰoɺɛ-ˈɺi-     |
| ?             | aɺa-       | +ˈdi-    | weave sago     | aɺa-ˈɺi-       |
| ?             | oɺa-       | +ˈdi-    | dry up         | oɺa-ˈɺi-       |
| take off hook | tʰaga-     | +ˈdi-    | take off hook  | tʰaga-ˈɺi-     |
| scrape bark   | dona-      | +ˈdi-    | scrape bark    | dona-ˈɺi-      |
| slice up      | bana-      | +ˈdi-    | slice & divide | bana-ˈɺi-      |
| clear path    | fa(n)da-   | +ˈdi-    | learn well     | fa(n)da-ˈɺi-   |
| eviscerate    | tʰanda-    | +ˈdi-    | finish job     | tʰanda-ɺi-     |
| distribute    | saga-      | +ˈdi-    | share out      | saga-ˈɺi-      |
| open          | kʰoɺa-     | +ˈdi-    | open wide      | kʰoɺa-ˈɺi-     |
| move away     | tʰɔgɔ-     | +ˈdi-    | get up & away  | tʰɔgɔ-ˈɺi-     |
| tie up        | aso-       | +ˈdi-    | tie leaves     | aso-ˈɺi-       |
| snap off      | tʰando-    | +ˈdi-    | snap off & take| tʰando-ˈɺi-    |
| remove stop   | tʰogo- ~ s-| +ˈdi-    | remove stop    | tʰogo-ˈɺi-     |
| get dark      | soɺo-      | +ˈdi-    | be dark        | soɺo-ˈɺi-      |
| strip         | hago-      | +ˈdi-    | undress (tr.)  | hago-ˈɺi-      |
| take          | asu-       | +ˈdi-    | take back      | asu-ˈɺi-       |
| ?             | aɺu-       | +ˈdi-    | many go        | aɺu-ˈɺi-       |
| scrape out    | aɺu-       | +ˈdi-    | scrape out     | aɺu-ˈɺi-       |
| ?             | tʰunu-     | +ˈdi-    | leave          | tʰunu-ˈɺi-     |
| pick up & eat | tʰagu-     | +ˈdi-    | pick up & eat  | tʰagu-ˈɺi-     |
| peel          | dagu-      | +ˈdi-    | peel off       | dagu-ˈɺi-      |
| pull up/out   | dugu-      | +ˈdi-    | pull up/out    | dugu-ˈɺi-      |
| drop          | suɺu-      | +ˈdi-    | pick up        | suɺu-ˈɺi-      |
| break off     | guɺu-      | +ˈdi-    | break off      | guɺu-ˈɺi-      |
| attack many   | hugu-      | +ˈdi-    | collapse house | hugu-ˈɺi-      |
| ?             | fɔfɔɺi-    | +ˈdi-    | hold in arms   | fɔfɔɺi-ˈɺi-    |
| take from bag | sigisi-    | +ˈdi-    | take from bag  | sigisi-ˈɺi-    |
| ?             | seseɺi-    | +ˈdi-    | impede         | seseɺi-ˈɺi-    |
| be withered   | wabidi-    | +ˈdi-    | be withered    | wabidi-ˈɺi-    |
| make thin     | abene-     | +ˈdi-    | make thin      | abene-ˈɺi-     |
| several carry | dijade-    | +ˈdi-    | several carry  | dijade-ˈɺi-    |
| take out/away | dogase-    | +ˈdi-    | pull up many   | dogase-ˈɺi-    |
| take many     | kʰefeɺe-   | +ˈdi-    | take many      | kʰefeɺe-ˈɺi-   |
| fish w/hands  | ogoɺo-     | +ˈdi-    | catch many     | ogoɺo-ˈɺi-     |
| ?             | hɛmɛɺu-    | +ˈdi-    | be dirty       | hɛmɛɺu-ˈɺi-    |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |              | I          | II           | III          | IV        |
|               |** (-)ˈɺi-**  |** -ɺi-ma** |** -ɺi-mɛnɔ** |** -ɺij-ɛbi** |** -ɺi-ø** |
| prepare packet| digago(-)ˈɺi-| digagoɺi-ma| digagoɺi-mɛnɔ| digagoɺij-ɛbi| digagoɺi-ø|

Another second member of compounds which might be viewed as an auxilliary is /ˈdo-/ “be/stay/do.” It is found most conspicuously on terms which indicate colors. As with auxilliary /-ˈdi-/ [-ɺi-] “take” above, it is generally realized with an apical non-stop /-ɺo-/, but this is not quite consistent with several examples showing an alternation between [ɺo do]. It is distinguishable from multisyllabic roots with final syllables /do ɺo/ because the resulting compounds follow the the inflectional pattern of monosyllable /ˈdo-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                  | I           | II            | III           | IV          |
|** -ˈɺo- ~ -d-**  |** -ɺo-ma**  |** -ɺo-mɛnɔ**  |** -ɺow-ɛbi**  |** -ɺow-ɔ**  |
| stem I-ˈɺo- ~ -d-| stem I-ɺo-ma| stem I-ɺo-mɛnɔ| stem I-ɺow-ɛbi| stem I-ɺow-ɔ|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |** stem I**  |** +ˈdo-**|                 |** stem I-ˈɺo-**   |
| take care    | tʰiɺi-      | +ˈdo-    | take care of    | tʰiɺi-ˈɺo- ~ -do- |
| grab/hold    | tʰɛ-ɺi-     | +ˈdo-    | hold onto       | tʰɛ-ɺi-ˈɺo-       |
| stand out    | baɺi-       | +ˈdo-    | be happy        | baɺi-ˈɺo-         |
| get up       | dasi-       | +ˈdo-    | stand & stay    | dasi-ˈɺo-         |
| meet on path | gaɺi-       | +ˈdo-    | step aside      | gaɺi-ˈɺo-         |
| turn over    | baɺe-       | +ˈdo-    | be in middle    | baɺe-ˈɺo-         |
| ?            | tʰeɺe-      | +ˈdo-    | ambush witch    | tʰeɺe-ˈɺo-        |
| shame        | sede-       | +ˈdo-    | feel shame      | sede-ˈɺo-         |
| be ripe      | gene-       | +ˈdo-    | be red          | gene-ˈɺo-         |
| up           | fɛɺɛ-       | +ˈdo-    | come up         | fɛɺɛ-ˈɺo-         |
| lift/raise   | tʰɛgɛ-      | +ˈdo-    | lift head       | tʰɛgɛ-ˈɺo-        |
| float        | hɛɺe-       | +ˈdo-    | float face down | hɛɺe-ˈɺo-         |
| make wall    | gaɺa-       | +ˈdo-    | block/hide      | gaɺa-ˈɺo- ~ -do-  |
| ?            | handa-      | +ˈdo-    | appear/stick out| handa-ˈdo-        |
| turmeric     | wana-       | +ˈdo-    | yellow/shame    | wana-ˈɺo-         |
| ?            | tʰibɔ-      | +ˈdo-    | come down       | tʰibɔ-ˈɺo-        |
| light        | hɔɔ-        | +ˈdo-    | white           | hɔɔ-ˈɺo-          |
| grow. season | imo-        | +ˈdo-    | be green        | imo-ˈɺo-          |
| get dark     | soɺo-       | +ˈdo-    | be dark         | soɺo-ˈdo-         |
| stay in house| nɛnɛɺi-     | +ˈdo-    | stay and guard  | nɛnɛɺi-ˈɺo- ~ -do-|
| disappear    | kʰeɺege-    | +ˈdo-    | disappear       | kʰeɺege-ˈɺo-      |
| shame        | jɔwɔɺe-     | +ˈdo-    | be ashamed      | jɔwɔɺe-ˈɺo-       |
| ?            | uɺu-tʰɔgɔdo-| +ˈdo-    | many talk       | uɺu-tʰɔgɔdo-ˈɺo-  |

One apparently irregular example is attested only in a compound with /-ˈfeɺe-/ (above;) here the base form is /son-do-/ rather than the expected /sona-ɺo-/:

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|           |** nV**|** +do-**|            |** n-do-**|
| smoke meat| sona- | +ˈdo-   | smoking (?)| son-ˈdo- |

Compounds with second member /ˈmi-/ “give”, like those involving /ˈdi-/ “take” above, are conjugated just as is /ˈmi-/ when occuring independently:

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|            | I           | II           | III           | IV         |
|** -ˈmi-**  |** -mi-na**  |** -mi-ɛnɔ**  |** -mij-ɛbi**  |** -mi-ø**  |
| stem I-ˈmi-| stem I-mi-na| stem I-mi-ɛnɔ| stem I-mij-ɛbi| stem I-mi-ø|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|              |** stem I**  |** +ˈmi-**|                 |** stem I-ˈmi-**|
| take         | di-         | +ˈmi-    | give            | di-ˈmi         |
| demand pay   | siɺi-       | +ˈmi-    | pay demand      | siɺi-ˈmi-      |
| untie        | fage-       | +ˈmi-    | untie & give    | fage-ˈmi-      |
| cut through  | gede-       | +ˈmi-    | cut piece & give| gede-ˈmi-      |
| take off hook| tʰaga-      | +ˈmi-    | unhook & give   | tʰaga-ˈmi-     |
| strip off    | hago-       | +ˈmi-    | strip off & give| hago-ˈmi-      |
| break off    | buɺu-       | +mi-     | cut and give    | buɺu-ˈmi-      |
| ?            | tʰagu-      | +ˈmi-    | exchange part   | tʰagu-ˈmi-     |
| peel         | dagu-       | +ˈmi-    | peel and give   | dagu-ˈmi-      |
| peel many    | dagu-tʰande-| +ˈmi-    | p. m. and give  | d.-tʰande-ˈmi- |

…. irregular verbs /ˈme-/ “come”, /ˈmese-/ “sit”, /ˈmeɺe-/ “stand” and /ˈham-/ “go” …\\
\\

… /ˈme-/ “come” …:\\
\\

…:

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|           |           |          | I         | II         | III       | IV        |
|           |** stem I**|** +come**|** -me-na**|** -mi-ɛnɔ**|** -j-ɛbi**|** -mij-ɔ**|
| chase away| ɔɺu-      | elope    | ɔɺu-me-na | ɔɺu-mi-ɛnɔ | ɔɺu-j-ɛbi | ɔɺu-mij-ɔ |

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |           |            | I         | II        | III        | IV        |
|       |** stem I**|** +come**  |** -me-na**|** -m-ɛnɔ**|** -n-dɛbi**|** -(j)-ɛ**|
| across| fi-       | come across| fi-me-na  | fi-m-ɛnɔ  | fi-n-dɛbi  | fi-j-ɛ    |
|       |** stem I**|** +come**  |** -mi-na**|** -m-ɛnɔ**|** -n-dɛbi**|** -(j)-ɛ**|
| down  | tʰi-      | come down  | tʰi-mi-na | tʰi-m-ɛnɔ | tʰi-n-dɛbi | tʰi-ø-ɛ   |

One example of this pattern is attested only in the third person present:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|   |           |          | III       |
|   |** stem I**|** +come**|** -n-dab**|
| up| fɛɺɛ-     | come up  | fɛɺɛ-n-dab|

…. /ˈmese-/ “sit” … semantics ranging from actual sitting to a continuative sense:

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|           |           |               | I            | II            | III              | IV        |
|           |** stem I**|** +sit₁**     |** -mese-a**  |** -mes-ɛnɔ**  |** -tʰ-ɛbi ~ -s-**|** -sen**  |
|           |           |               |              |               |                  |           |
| take care | tʰiɺi-    | watch over    | tʰiɺi-mese-a | tʰiɺi-mes-ɛnɔ | tʰiɺi-tʰ-ɛbi     | tʰiɺi-sen |
| grab/hold | tʰɛ-ɺi-   | keep holding  | tʰɛ-ɺi-mese-a| tʰɛ-ɺi-mes-ɛnɔ| tʰɛ-ɺi-tʰ-ɛbi    | tʰɛ-ɺi-sen|
| wait for  | jasi-     | stay and wait | jasi-mese-a  | jasi-mes-ɛnɔ  | jasi-tʰ-ɛbi      | jasi-sen  |
| cut up pig| guɺu-     | break up fight| guɺu-mese-a  | guɺu-mes-ɛnɔ  | guɺu-tʰ-ɛbi      | guɺu-sen  |

…. “sit” … auxilliary /-fo-/ (above) …:

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|               |         |             | I             | II             | III                 | IV         |
|               |** -fo-**|** +sit₁**   |** -fɔ-mese-a**|** -fɔ-mes-ɛnɔ**|** -fɔ-tʰ-ɛbi ~ -s-**|** -fɔ-sen**|
|               |         |             |               |                |                     |            |
| press together| ba-fo-  | sit against | ba-fɔ-mese-a  | ba-fɔ-mes-ɛnɔ  | ba-fɔ-tʰ-ɛbi        | ba-fɔ-sen  |
| watch         | bɔ-fo-  | stay & watch| bɔ-fɔ-mese-a  | bɔ-fɔ-mes-ɛnɔ  | bɔ-fɔ-tʰ-ɛbi        | bɔ-fɔ-sen  |

A second less common pattern uses an alternative form of “sit” in the past tense, /asi/, which as found also as the base of /asi-fo₂-/ “sit awhile” (above.) As /asi/ is likewise given as an alternative past form alongside /asi-f-ɔ/, we can discern that this must be analyzed as past /asi-ø/ of an independent root /aˈsi-/ with final stress, as a stem IV form would not normally serve as the base of a compound with auxilliary /-fo-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |           |            | I           | II           | III              | IV        |
|             |** stem I**|** +sit₂**  |** -mese-a** |** -mes-ɛnɔ** |** -tʰ-ɛbi ~ -s-**|** -asi**  |
|             |           |            |             |              |                  |           |
| lean against| ani-      | sit close  | ani-mese-a  | ani-mes-ɛnɔ  | ani-tʰ-ɛbi       | ani-asi   |
| be exhausted| hamane-   | take a rest| hamane-m.-a.| hamane-m.-ɛnɔ| hamane-tʰ-ɛbi    | hamane-asi|

…. /ˈmeɺe-/ “stand” …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|       |           |           | I          | II          | III       | IV      |
|       |** stem I**|** +stand**|** -meɺe-a**|** -meɺ-ɛnɔ**|** -ɔɺubi**|** -ɺen**|
| around| sijɛ-     | go around | sijɛ-meɺe-a| sijɛ-meɺ-ɛnɔ| sij-ɔɺubi | sijɛ-ɺen|

… This /ɛ/ is most likely identical to Grosh and Grosh's (2004a: 52, 59-60) proclitic /ɛ-/ indicating repeated action:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |        |             | I              | II              | III           | IV           |
|          |** -ɛ-**|** +stand**  |** -ɛ(-)meɺe-a**|** -ɛ(-)meɺ-ɛnɔ**|** -ɛ(-)ɔɺibi**|** -ɛ(-)eɺen**|
| turn over| baɺ-ɛ- | keep t. over| baɺ-ɛ meɺe-a   | baɺ-ɛ meɺ-ɛnɔ   | baɺ-ɛ ɔɺubi   | baɺ-ɛ eɺen   |
| beg/whine| susi-ɛ-| beg/whine   | susij-ɛ-meɺe-a | susij-ɛ-meɺ-ɛnɔ | susij-ɛ-ɔɺubi | susij-ɛ-eɺen |

…. “stand” … auxilliary /-fo-/ (above) …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |          |              | I               | II             | III                 | IV          |
|               |** -fo-** |** +stand**   |** -fɔ-meɺe-a**  |** -fɔ-meɺ-ɛnɔ**|** -fɔ-ɺibi ~ -ɺubi**|** -fɔ-ɺen** |
| press together| ba-fo-   | stand against| ba-fɔ-meɺe-a    | ba-fɔ-meɺ-ɛnɔ  | ba-fɔ-ɺibi          | ba-fɔ-ɺen   |
| watch         | bɔ-fo-   | watch over   | bɔ-fɔ-meɺe-a    | bɔ-fɔ-meɺ-ɛnɔ  | ---                 | bɔ-fɔ-ɺen   |
| stay awhile   | do-fo-   | be/stay/do   | do-fo-meɺe-a (?)| do-fɔ-meɺ-ɛnɔ  | do-fɔ-ɺibi          | do-fɔ-ɺen   |
| put down      | di-ɛ-fo- | p.d. for s.o.| di-ɛ-fɔ-meɺe-a  | di-ɛ-fɔ-meɺ-ɛnɔ| di-ɛ-fɔ-ɺibi        | di-ɛ-fɔ-ɺen |
| many be (?)   | do-so-fo-| many be      | do-so-fɔ-m.-a   | do-so-fɔ-m.-ɛnɔ| do-so-fɔ-ɺubi       | do-so-fɔ-ɺen|
| stop/stay     | kʰaga-fo-| stand still  | kʰaga-fɔ-m.-a   | kʰaga-fɔ-m.-ɛnɔ| kʰaga-fɔ-ɺubi       | kʰaga-fɔ-ɺen|

…. /ham-/ “go” …

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |           |            | I            | II          | III            | IV        |
|            |** stem I**|** +go**    |** -hama-na** |** -hɛ-nɛnɔ**|** -hɛ-nɛbi**   |** -ane-ø**|
| across     | fi-       | go across  | fi-hama-na   | fi-hɛ-nɛnɔ  | fi-hɛ-nɛbi     | fi-ane-ø  |
| down       | tʰi-      | go down    | tʰi-hama-na  | tʰi-hɛ-nɛnɔ | tʰi-ha-nɛbi (?)| tʰi-ane-ø |
| up         | fɛɺɛ-     | climb tree | fɛɺɛ-hama-na | fɛɺɛ-hɛ-nɛnɔ| fɛɺɛ-hɛ-nɛbi   | fɛɺɛ-ane-ø|
| overripe   | bada-     | be overripe| ---          | ---         | ---            | bad-ane-ø |
| drop       | suɺu-     | get lost   |              |             |                |           |
| join/follow| kʰudu-    | follow     | kʰudu-hama-na| ---         | ---            | ---       |

The semantic import of the addition of first member /ˈdi-/ “take” is quite specialized. Its primary function is to add a transitive sense to otherwise intransitive verbs, or a ditransitive sense to those which are already inherently transitive. The verb /di-kʰiˈdɛn-/ for example is defined by Schieffelin and Feld as “tell one person to wake up another.” For whatever reason, most of those with interpersonal meanings, notably excepting /di-ˈmi-/ “give,” involve shame or derision:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|** di-+**|            |** B**      |              |** C**         |
| di-+    | laugh      | ˈɔge-      | embarrass    | dij-ˈɔge-     |
| di-+    | give       | ˈmi-       | give         | di-ˈmi-       |
| di-+    | layer      | maˈda-     | make/build   | di-maˈda-     |
| di-+    | stand out  | ˈbadi-     | stand on end | di-ˈbadi-     |
| di-+    | look around| beˈben-    | examine      | di-beˈben-    |
| di-+    | be good    | naˈfan-    | make good    | di-naˈfan-    |
| di-+    | hit        | ˈsan-      | embarrass    | di-ˈsan-      |
| di-+    | call name  | ˈkʰidi-    | taunt/deceive| di-ˈkʰidi-    |
| di-+    | withhold   | kʰiˈdin-   | tease        | di-kʰiˈdin-   |
| di-+    | wake (tr.) | di-kʰiˈdɛn-| wake (ditr.) | di-kʰiˈdɛn-   |
| di-+    | shut/close | ˈkʰaɺ-     | hook over    | di-ˈkʰaɺ-     |
| di-+    | join/follow| kʰuˈdu-    | come quickly | di-kʰuˈdu-    |
| di-+    | forget     | gɛɺi-ɺɛ-   | accuse       | di-gɛɺi-ɺɛ-   |
| di-+    | ?          | gagaˈde-   | insult       | di-gadaˈde-   |
| di-+    | laugh      | gaˈɺi-     | laugh at     | di-gaˈɺi-     |
| di-+    | be straight| ˈgaɺe-     | straighten   | di-ˈgaɺe-     |
| di-+    | be ashamed | jɔwɔɺe-ˈɺo-| be shamed by | di-jɔwɔɺe-ˈɺo-|

… /di-ɛ-/ …:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|** di-+**|            |** B**  |                |** C**       |
| di-ɛ-+  | come       | ˈme-   | bring          | di-ɛ-ˈme-   |
| di-ɛ-+  | give across| fi-ˈmi-| bring a. & give| di-ɛ-fi-ˈmi-|
| di-ɛ-+  | go         | ˈham-  | take away      | di-ɛ-ˈham-  |
| di-ɛ-+  | many come  | jɛˈsin-| many bring     | di-ɛ-jɛˈsin-|

The paradigm for /di-ɛ-ˈham-/ “take away” appears to be irregular in the past such that another particle is needed to explain it. Schieffelin and Feld (1998: 31, 32) gloss /di-ɛ-gɛ-ø/ as “having taken;” we assume this to be the base of the form /di-ɛ-g-ane-ø/. Contra Schieffelin and Feld, the element /-gɛ-/ cannot be the present in the base of other compounds with prefixed /di-ɛ-/:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|          |              | I             | II            | III           | IV          |
|          |** **         |** -ø-hama-na**|** -ø-hɛ-nɛnɔ**|** -ø-hɛ-nɛbi**|** -g-ane-ø**|
| take away| di-ɛ-ˈham-   | di-ɛ-hama-na  | di-ɛ-hɛ-nɛnɔ  | di-ɛ-hɛ-nɛbi  | ---         |
| take away| di-ɛ-gɛ-ˈham-| ---           | ---           | ---           | di-ɛ-g-ane-ø|

An element /de-/ of unknown origin and meaning is found prefixed to a small number of roots involving motion or changes of position:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|** de-+**|             |** B**  |              |** C**     |
| de-+    | put in/plant| ˈgeɺ-  | bury sago    | de-ˈgeɺ-  |
| de-+    | hang down   | ˈhede- | hang over    | de-ˈhede- |
| de-+    | spin        | ˈhege- | circle around| de-ˈhege- |
| de-+    | hang        | heˈsed-| hang many    | de-heˈsed-|

Other compounds include the following:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|                 |** A**   |                |** B**    |                 |** C**           |
| look for        | kʰeɺe-  | think/want     | aˈsuɺu-  | worry           | kʰeɺe-aˈsuɺu-   |
| hit             | sana-   | lie down       | aˈɺi-    | kill and leave  | san-aˈɺi-       |
| break off       | buɺu-   | lie down       | aˈɺi-    | fall over       | buɺu-aˈɺi-      |
| lengthen/stretch| tʰiɺi-  | lie down       | aˈɺi-    | collapse/land   | tʰiɺi-aˈɺi-     |
| join/follow     | kʰudu-  | ?              | [u]ˈɺun- | draw near       | kʰud-[u]ˈɺun-   |
| lengthen/stretch| tʰiɺi-  | tie w/vine     | ˈmeɺ-    | wrap and tie    | tʰiɺi-ˈmeɺ-     |
| dig ground      | daɺi-   | layer          | maˈda-   | level ground    | daɺi-maˈda-     |
| ?               | aɺo-    | slice up       | ˈban-    | separate        | aɺo-ˈban-       |
| overripe        | bada-   | stand out      | ˈbadi-   | be soft/rotten  | bada-ˈbadi-     |
| cut meat        | tʰidi-  | stand out      | ˈbadi-   | cut into pieces | tʰidi-ˈbadi-    |
| ?               | tʰɔgɔ-  | stand out      | ˈbadi-   | lean against    | tʰɔgɔ-ˈbadi-    |
| get up          | dasi-   | stand out      | ˈbadi-   | stand up (tr.)  | dasi-ˈbadi-     |
| pull up/out     | dugu-   | stand out      | ˈbadi-   | be loose        | dugu-ˈbadi-     |
| take off        | hɔgɔfe- | stand out      | ˈbadi-   | remove clothes  | hɔgɔfe-ˈbadi-   |
| squeeze sago    | digi-   | crush/step on  | baˈsin-  | pack sago       | digi­-baˈsin-   |
| ?               | aɺe-    | attach/stick on| ˈbaɺ-    | patch netbag    | aɺe-ˈbaɺ-       |
| other side      | no-     | turn over      | ˈbaɺe-   | turn and cook   | no-ˈbaɺe-       |
| turn around     | nodo-   | turn over      | ˈbaɺe-   | t. upside-down  | nodo-ˈbaɺe-     |
| much            | ódɔ-    | see            | ˈbɔb-    | see too much    | ódɔ-ˈbɔb-       |
| down            | tʰi-    | ?              | bɔˈɺon-  | come down       | tʰi-bɔˈɺon-     |
| down            | tʰi-    | break off      | buˈɺu-   | ?               | tʰi-buˈɺu-      |
| take from bag   | tʰiɺi-  | break off      | buˈɺu-   | pull from hole  | tʰiɺi-buˈɺu-    |
| push away       | gigiɺi- | come across    | fi-ˈme-  | push across     | gigiɺi-fi-ˈme-  |
| be leaning      | wasɛsɛ- | blow on fire   | ˈfoɺ-    | sway in wind    | wasɛsɛ-ˈfoɺ-    |
| take care       | tʰiɺi-  | discuss        | neˈneɺe- | agreement       | tʰiɺi-neˈneɺe-  |
| pass/hand       | tʰaɺu-  | hold up        | tʰaˈɺoɺ- | lift & give     | tʰaɺu-tʰaˈɺoɺ-  |
| push away       | gigiɺi- | hold up        | tʰaˈɺoɺ- | move up         | gigiɺi-tʰaˈɺoɺ- |
|                 |         |                |          |                 |                 |
| stand up        | dasi-ɺi-| ?              | tʰɔˈsod- | stand in rows   | dasi-ɺi-tʰɔˈsod-|
| ?               | aɺu-    | push down      | tʰɔˈɺoɺ- | push down       | aɺu-tʰɔˈɺoɺ-    |
| pass/hand       | tʰaɺu-  | push down      | tʰɔˈɺoɺ- | take & put down | tʰaɺu-tʰɔˈɺoɺ-  |
| push away       | gigiɺi- | push down      | tʰɔˈɺoɺ- | move down       | gigiɺi-tʰɔˈɺoɺ- |
| take care       | tʰiɺi-  | speak/talk     | ˈtʰo-    | entertain       | tʰiɺi-ˈtʰo-     |
| turn around     | nodo-   | remove stop    | ˈtʰog-   | twist off stop  | nodo-ˈtʰog-     |
| lift/raise      | tʰɛgɛ-  | pick fruit     | ˈtʰu-    | remove bones    | tʰɛgɛ-ˈsu-      |
| take care       | tʰiɺi-  | hear           | dab(u)-  | listen carefully| tʰiɺi-dab(u)-   |
| look for        | kʰeɺe-  | hear           | dab(u)-  | keep to self    | kʰeɺe-dab(u)-   |
| stone           | u-      | dig ground     | ˈdadi-   | bury            | u-ˈdadi-        |
| make wall       | gaɺa-   | ?              | doˈsod-  | many block      | gaɺa-doˈsod-    |
| say/speak       | sa-     | shame          | senˈden- | say to shame    | sa-senˈden-     |
| make noise      | gana-   | sting          | seseˈde- | scream in pain  | gana-seseˈde-   |
| whoop           | uɺu-    | put into       | sɛˈɺɛ-   | whoop in house  | uɺu-sɛˈɺɛ-      |
| turn around     | nodo-   | get dressed    | sɛˈgɛɺe- | invert clothes  | nodo-sɛˈgɛɺe-   |
| scoop fish      | dɔɺe-   | put into       | sɛˈɺɛ-   | many s. f.      | dɔɺe-sɛˈɺɛ-     |
| take off/down   | sudu-   | put into       | sɛˈɺɛ-   | take off/down   | sudu-sɛˈɺɛ-     |
| knowledge       | asu-    | say/speak      | ˈsa₁-    | correct         | asu-ˈsa₁-       |
| demand pay      | siɺi-   | say/speak      | ˈsa₁-    | demand pay      | siɺi-ˈsa₁-      |
| look for        | kʰeɺe-  | say/speak      | ˈsa₁-    | make up         | kʰeɺe-ˈsa₁-     |
| show            | waɺa-   | say/speak      | ˈsa₁-    | explain         | waɺa-ˈsa₁-      |
| chase away      | ɔɺu-    | hit            | ˈsan-    | chase w/stick   | ɔɺu-ˈsan-       |
| lengthen/stretch| tʰiɺi-  | hit            | ˈsan-    | tighten rope    | tʰiɺi-ˈsan-     |
| ?               | kʰede-  | hit            | ˈsan-    | change places   | kʰede-ˈsan-     |
| meet on path    | gaɺi-   | hit            | ˈsan-    | go other way    | gaɺi-ˈsan-      |
| dawn            | hɔɺe-   | hit            | ˈsan-    | dance til dawn  | hɔɺe-ˈsan-      |
| step            | wɛɺɛ-   | hit            | ˈsan-    | step on         | wɛɺɛ-ˈsan-      |
| say/speak       | sa-     | distribute     | ˈsaga-   | spread word     | sa-ˈsaga-       |
| tie w/vine      | me-     | string beads   | saˈɺu-   | string fish     | me-saˈɺu-       |
| hit             | sana-   | die            | ˈso-     | hit and kill    | sana-ˈso-       |
| ashes           | mu-     | drop           | ˈsuɺu-   | make smoulder   | mu-ˈsuɺu-       |
| name            | wi-     | call name      | ˈkʰidi-  | give name       | wi-ˈkʰidi-      |
| hunt pig        | buɺu-   | look for       | ˈkʰede-  | search for pig  | buɺu-ˈkʰede-    |
| lean against    | ani-    | stand & stay   | kʰaˈgan- | stand near      | ani-kʰaˈgan-    |
| chestband(s)    | bu-     | shut/close     | ˈkʰaɺ-   | put on chest    | bu-ˈkʰaɺ-       |
| grapple         | gasa-   | shut/close     | ˈkʰaɺ-   | block path      | gasa-ˈkʰaɺ-     |
| chase away      | ɔɺu-    | ?              | kʰɔˈgɔɺe-| chase away      | ɔɺu-kʰɔˈgɔɺe-   |
| make noise      | gana-   | yell           | giˈɺin-  | hoot/yell       | gana-giˈɺin-    |
| split aside     | tʰaɺa-  | be straight    | ˈgaɺe-   | straighten      | tʰaɺa-ˈgaɺe-    |
| eviscerate      | tʰanda- | rub out many   | ha-ɺɛ-   | grab everything | tʰanda-ha-ɺɛ-   |
| cut off many    | goɺo-   | hang down      | ˈhede-   | cut & h. many   | goɺo-ˈhede-     |
| cut off many    | goɺo-   | hang           | heˈsed-  | cut & h. many   | goɺo-heˈsed-    |
| sago peel       | ida-    | loosen         | heˈgeɺe- | peel sago       | ida-heˈgeɺe-    |
| slice across    | tʰaɺo-  | rub out many   | ha-ɺɛ-   | cut/whittle     | tʰaɺo-ha-ɺɛ-    |
| nag/whine       | susi-   | cry/weep       | ˈjɛɺi-   | beg/whine       | susi-ˈjɛɺi-     |
| down            | tʰi-    | dance          | ˈjaba-   | jump/dance      | tʰi-ˈjaba-      |
| jump            | hɔɺu-   | dance          | ˈjaba-   | hop             | hɔɺi-ˈjaba-     |

In a small number of examples which might be assumed to be compounds due to the appearance of voiceless stops [tʰ kʰ] in medial position, the meaning of the individual constituents is not known:

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|  |** A**|  |** B**     |            |** C**        |
| ?| en-  | ?| ˈtʰen-    | antagonize | en-ˈtʰen-    |
| ?| ne-  | ?| kʰene-fo₁-| make hole  | ne-kʰene-fo₁-|
| ?| fɛ-  | ?| tʰiniˈnin-| cut through| fɛ-tʰiniˈnin-|
| ?| ba-  | ?| ˈkʰaɺi-   | burp       | ba-ˈkʰaɺi-   |
| ?| wa-  | ?| ˈtʰin-    | many come  | wa-ˈtʰin-    |
| ?| wa-  | ?| kʰɔˈgɔde- | prevent    | wa-kʰɔˈgɔde- |


… tone … minimal pairs …

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|              |             | I        | II         | III        | IV      |
|              |** dV-**     |** ɺV-ma**|** ɺV-mɛnɔ**|** d-ɛbi**  |** d-ɔ** |
| mark bound.  | ˈede-       | éɺe-ma   | eɺe-mɛnɔ   | éd-ɛbi     | éd-ɔ    |
| finish       | ˈede-       | eɺé-ma   | eɺé-mɛnɔ   | ed-ɛbi     | ed-ɔ́   |
|              |** ˈdV-**    |** dV-ma**|** dV-mɛnɔ**|** d-ɛbi**  |** d-ɔ** |
| homo. play   | gageˈde-    | gágede-ma| gagede-mɛnɔ| gaged-ɛbi  | gaged-ɔ |
| put in hair  | gageˈde-    | gagedé-ma| gagede-mɛnɔ| gaged-ɛbi  | gaged-ɔ́|
|              |** gV-**     |** gV-ma**|** gV-mɛnɔ**|** g-ɛbi**  |** g-ɔ** |
| distribute   | ˈsaga-      | ságà-ma  | saga-mɛnɔ  | sɛg-ɛbi    | sɔg-ɔ́  |
| take off hook| ˈtʰaga- ~ s-| tʰaga-ma | tʰaga-mɛnɔ | ---        | tʰɔg-ɔ  |
|              |** ˈsV-**    |** sV-ma**|** sV-mɛnɔ**|** sV-ɺɛbi**|** sV-ø**|
| weave bag    | aˈsu-       | ásu-ma   | ---        | ---        | asú-ø   |
| take         | aˈsu-       | asú-ma   | asu-mɛ́nɔ  | asu-ɺɛ́bi  | asú-ø   |
|              |** ɺV-**     |** ɺV-ma**|** ɺV-mɛnɔ**|** ɺ-ɛbi**  |** ɺ-ɔ** |
| breathe      | ˈhoɺo-      | hóɺo-ma  | hoɺo-mɛnɔ  | hoɺ-ɛbi    | hóɺ-ɔ   |
| whistle      | ˈhoɺo-      | hoɺo-ma  | hoɺo-mɛnɔ  | hoɺ-ɛbi    | hoɺ-ɔ   |

Differences in tone patterns of the roots can carry over to the auxilliary:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|               |          | I         | II        | III         | IV       |
|               |          |** -fo-ma**|** -f-ɛnɔ**|** -ø-tʰɛbi**|** -f-ɔ** |
| add more      | ba-fo₂-  | ba-fo-ma  | ba-f-ɛnɔ  | ba-ø-tʰɛbi  | bá-f-ɔ   |
| close door    | asi-fo₂- | asi-fo-ma | asi-f-ɛnɔ | ---         | ---      |
| leave path    | gaɺi-fo₂-| gaɺi-fo-ma| gaɺi-f-ɛnɔ| gaɺi-ø-tʰɛbi| gaɺi-f-ɔ |
|               |          |** -fo-ma**|** -f-ɛnɔ**|** -ø-tʰɛbi**|** -f-ɔ́**|
| press together| ba-fo₂-  | ba-fo-ma  | ---       | ---         | ba-f-ɔ́  |
|               |          |** -fó-ma**|** -f-ɛnɔ**|** -ø-tʰɛbi**|** -f-ɔ́**|
| sit awhile    | asi-fo₂- | asi-fó-ma | asi-f-ɛnɔ | asi-ø-tʰɛbi | asi-f-ɔ̀ |
| escape        | gaɺi-fo₂-| gaɺi-fó-ma| gaɺi-f-ɛnɔ| gaɺi-ø-tʰɛbi| gaɺi-f-ɔ́|

…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|            |         | I          | II            | III        | IV        |
| take off   | di-ɺɛ-  | di-ɺɛ-ma   | di-ɺe-mɛnɔ    | di-ɺ-ɛbi   | di-ɺɛ-ø   |
| put in pile| di-ɺɛ-  | di-ɺɛ́-ma  | di-ɺe-mɛnɔ    | di-ɺ-ɛbi   | di-ɺɛ-ø   |
| continue   | sade-ɺɛ-| sade-ɺɛ́-ma| sade-ɺe-mɛ́nɔ | sade-ɺ-ɛ́bi| sadé-ɺɛ-ø |
| list names | sade-ɺɛ-| sade-ɺɛ́-má| sade-ɺe-mɛ́nɔ́| sade-ɺ-ɛ́bí| sadé-ɺɛ́-ø|

…:

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|           |          | I         | II          | III         | IV       |
|           |** -ˈɺi-**|** -ɺi-ma**|** -ɺij-ɛnɔ**|** -ɺij-ɛbi**|** -ɺi-ø**|
| many go   | aɺu-ˈɺi- | áɺu-ɺí-ma | aɺu-ɺij-ɛnɔ | aɺu-ɺij-ɛbi | áɺu-ɺi-ø |
| scrape out| aɺu-ˈɺi- | áɺu-ɺi-ma | ---         | ---         | aɺu-ɺí-ø |

Schieffelin and Feld (1998: xvii) … nominals which are derived from the past forms of verbs, which they state are found only utterance-finally:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|             |           | past      | topic    |
|             |** **      |** -ɔ́**   |** -ɔ**   |
| slide/smooth| maˈɺiɺi-  | maɺiɺ-ɔ́  | maɺiɺ-ɔ  |
| want meat   | tʰɛɺɛn[V]-| tʰɛɺɛij-ɔ́| tʰɛɺɛij-ɔ|
| straighten  | di-ˈgaɺe- | di-gaɺ-ɔ́ | di-gaɺ-ɔ |
|             |** **      |** -ɛ́-ø** |** …**    |
| step        | wɛˈɺɛ-    | wɛɺɛ́-ø   | …        |

…\\
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