====== Mount Sisa ======

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

===== Situation =====
The Mount Sisa family consists of two closely-related languages, Bedamuni (Bedamini, Beami, Biami) and Edolo (Etolo, Etoro,) spoken on the Papuan Plateau to the west and south of Mount Haliago (Mount Sisa) on either side of the border between Papua New Guinea's Western and Hela (formerly Southern Highlands) provinces.

===== Subclassification =====
The internal classification of Mount Sisa is as follows:\\
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Mount Sisa

Bedamuni

Edolo\\
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Shaw (1986: 53) counts a lexicostastical resemblance of 67% between Bedamini and Etoro.

===== Sources =====
McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970) includes Bedamini comparisons as well as some Etoro examples

Franklin and Voorhoeve (1973: 176-181) 81 comparative terms for Beami including some Etoro examples

Franklin ed. (1973: 561-562) 97 comparative terms for Biami

Voorhoeve (1975: 393) grammar sketch of Beami

Shaw (1986: 64, 65) 100 comparative terms for Bedamini and Etoro

Purnell (1988) sociolinguistic survey of Etoro (unobtained)

Rule and Rule (1989) phonology and grammar sketch of of Edolo (unobtained)

Gossner (1992) sketch phonology of Edolo (unobtained)

Gossner (1993) underspecification in Edolo (unobtained)

Gossner (1993) vowel epenthesis in Edolo (unobtained)

Gossner (1994) grammar of eastern Edolo of Aya village

Gossner (1995) addenda to grammar of Edolo

Gossner (1998) phonology of eastern Edolo of Aya and Emelefo villages

Gossner and Rule (2004) sketch phonology of eastern Edolo

Gossner (2016) 2,489 terms for eastern Edolo

Hoey and Hoey (1998) dictionary of Bedamuni

Hoey and Hoey (1998) grammar of Be'damuni

===== Historical phonology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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Proto-Mount Sisa had 11 consonants and … vowels as follows:

|< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *m  |  *n  |      |      |      |
|  *p  |  *t  |      |  *k  |      |
|  *f  |  *s  |      |      |  *h  |
|  *w  |  *ɺ  |  *j  |      |      |


|< - 60px 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |      |  *u   |
|  *e̝  |      |  *o̝  |
|  *ɛ   |      |  *ɔ   |
|       |  *a  |       |

Vowels are further distinguished by the presence vs. absence of nasalization:

|< - 60px 60px >|
|  *i   |  *ĩ   |
|  *u   |  *ũ   |
|  *e̝  |  *ẽ̝  |
|  *o̝  |  *õ̝  |
|  *ɛ   |  *ɛ̃  |
|  *ɔ   |  *ɔ̃  |
|  *a   |  *ã   |

…\\
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…\\
\\

… correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Mount Sisa  |  Bedamuni  |  Edolo  |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |

… correspond as follows:

|< - 80px 80px 80px >|
|  Mount Sisa  |  Bedamuni  |  Edolo  |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |
|      *…      |            |         |

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Bedamuni attestations drawn from Hoey and Hoey (1998) and Edolo from Gossner (2016.)\\
\\

\\

…\\
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…:

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
| | Mount Sisa| Bedamuni| Edolo|
| |** *…**    |** **    |** ** |
| | *…        |         |      |


===== Pronouns =====
**[under construction]**\\
\\

… with Bedamuni attestations drawn from Hoey and Hoey (1998: 31, q.v. Voorhoeve 1975: 393) and Edolo from Gossner (1994: 66-70):

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | Mount Sisa| Bedamuni| Edolo|
| 1 sg.| *…        | ni; na  | nɛ   |
| 2 sg.| *ti       | ti      | ti   |
| 3 sg.| *ɛ        | ɛ       | ɛ    |
| 1 pl.| *nĩ-ɺi    | ni-ni   | ni-ɺĩ|
| 2 pl.| *ti-ɺi    | ti-ɺi   | ti-ɺi|
| 3 pl.| *i-ɺi     | i-ɺi    | i-ɺi |
| 1 dl.| *ã-ɺi     | a-ni    | a-ɺĩ |
| 2 dl.| *a-ɺi     | a-ɺi    | a-ɺi |
| 3 dl.| *ɛ-ɺɛ     | ɛ-ɺɛ    | ɛ-ɺɛ |

…

|< - 100px 100px 100px 100px >|
|      | Mount Sisa| Bedamuni| Edolo  |
| 1 sg.| *nV-a     | n-a     | n-a    |
| 2 sg.| *ti-a     | ti-a    | ti-a   |
| 3 sg.| *ɛ-a      | ɛ-a     | ɛ-a    |
| 1 pl.| *nĩ-ɺi-a  | ni-ni-a | ni-ɺĩ-a|
| 2 pl.| *ti-ɺi-a  | ti-ɺi-a | ti-ɺi-a|
| 3 pl.| *i-ɺi-a   | i-ɺi-a  | i-ɺi-a |
| 1 dl.| *ã-ɺi-a   | a-ni-a  | a-ɺĩ-a |
| 2 dl.| *a-ɺi-a   | a-ɺi-a  | a-ɺi-a |
| 3 dl.| *ɛ-ɺɛ-a   | ɛ-ɺɛ-a  | ɛ-ɺɛ-a |

…\\


===== Counting system =====
**[under construction]**\\
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…\\


===== Verbal morphology =====
**[under construction]**\\
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…\\
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