====== Balim Valley ====== Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute ===== Situation ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Subclassification ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ The internal classification of Balim Valley is as follows:\\ \\ Balim Valley Wano Nggem Dani Ngalik-Nduga\\ \\ … ===== Sources ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ van Nouhuys (1912: 269-273) … Galis (1955) … Le Roux … van der Stap (1966) grammar of Mugogo Dani Bromley (1966-1967) Dani historical phonology and (pp. 305-306) 111 comparative terms for Upper Pyramid, Pyramid-Wodo, Mid-Grand Valley, Lower Valley of Hitigima, Lower Valley of Tangma, Kiniageima Amo and Jalimo Angguruk Bromley … Bromley … Larson … Voorhoeve (1975: 105) … Fahrner (1979) … Stokhof ed. (1983) … Dale (1993) … Purba, Warwer and Fatubun (1993) … of Dani Barat and (pp. 81-112) … Clouse (1997: 165-230) … comparative terms for Dani (Western Dani) after Berryman 1986 Sawaki (1998) … Middle Yali Biniluk, Wanimbo, Corris, Cɾowther, Donohue and Jigwa (2000) … terms for Lani (Western Dani) of Kanggime village Etherington (2002) grammar of Nggem of Kobakma and Wamena villages Burung (2007) phonology of and (pp. 64-82) … comparative terms for Wano of Biricare and Iratoi villages Zöllner (n.d.) … ===== Historical phonology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ Proto-Balim Valley had probably 17 consonants and 7 or 8 vowels as follows: |< - 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px >| | *m | | *n | | | | | *p | *pʷ | *t | | *k | *kʷ | | *mb | *mbʷ | *nd | | *ŋg | *ŋgʷ | | *ɓ | | *ɗ | | | | | *w | | *l | *j | | | |< - 60px 60px 60px >| | *i | | *u | | *ɪ | | *ʊ | | *e | [*ɐ] | *o | | | *a | | This is identical to the inventory proposed in Bromley (1966-1967) save for the addition of rounded bilabial stops /*pʷ *mbʷ/, which are found only in a few examples and are neutralized to /*p *mb/ in the languages which formed the core of Bromley's study, and the possible addition of central vowel /*ɐ / which might be needed to explain the varying realizations of preposed inalienable possessors.\\ \\ In addition to the simple vowels given above, diphthongs are found as follows: |< - 60px 60px >| | *eⁱ | *oᵘ | | *aⁱ | *aᵘ | Only a restricted set of consonants is known to occur root-finally:\\ \\ …\\ \\ Consonant clusters do not occur initially or finally. Medially, they are uncommon and in most or all instances reflect a compound.\\ \\ …\\ \\ …\\ \\ … ===== Pronouns ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ … ===== Verbal morphology ===== **[under construction]**\\ \\ …\\ \\ \\