Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute
[under construction]
The southeast Awyu subfamily is comprised of three closely-related languages, Edera River Awyu, Lower Kia River Awyu and Upper Kia River Awyu, spoken along and between the Edera and Kia tributaries to the Digul River in Indonesia's …
[under construction]
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Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 13-19) provide lexical similarity figures between five Southeast Awyu villages as follows:
| Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | ||
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| Upper Kia | Ujung Kia | — | 58 | 52 | 47 | 43 |
| Lower Kia | Ujung Kia | 58 | — | 65 | 45 | 41 |
| Lower Kia | Meto | 52 | 65 | — | 51 | 40 |
| Edera | Bhakti | 47 | 45 | 51 | — | 52 |
| Edera | Yame | 43 | 41 | 40 | 52 | — |
Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47) 239 comparative terms for Edera Awyu of Meto, Ujung Kia, Yame and Bhakti villages and for Jair Awyu of Ujung Kia
[under construction]
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These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with all attestations drawn from Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47.) The reliability of the reconstructions is limited by uncertainties in the data …
…
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
| * | |||||
…
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
| * | |||||
…
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
| * | |||||
…
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
| * | |||||
…
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
| * | |||||
Final /*t/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *-t | ø | t | ʔ | ø | ø | |
| louse | *aŋgot | a:ŋgu | gut | gu:ʔ | go | go |
High front vowel /*i/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *i | i | i | i | i | i | |
| star | *mi | mi: | mi | mi | mi | mi |
| mother's mother | *api | a'pi | a'pi | a'pi | a'bi | |
| older sister | *ani | a'ni | a'ni | a'niʔ | a'ni | a'ni |
| dog | *aŋgi | 'aŋɣi | a'ɣi | 'aɣi | a'ɣi | 'agi |
| pig | *[u]wi | wi | wi | wi | wi | wi |
| male | *basiN | -batʃiŋ | 'basiŋ | -βasiŋ | -bisiŋ | -bati |
| name | *ɸi | hi | ɸi | ɸi | ɸi | ɸi |
| woman | *ɸin[i]gi | 'hənaŋgi | 'ɸinigi | ɸini'gi | ɸi | |
| nose | *siN | si | si | si | ˌsim-bi'gi- | ˌsim-bə'gi- |
| above | *siji | si | si: ≈ si | si | si: | si |
| wind | *k[i/u]ɸi | ki'hi | ku'ɸi | ku'ɸi | ||
| fence | *xaⁱti | xaⁱti | xati | |||
| bird | *ji | i: | i: | i: | ji ≈ i: | ji ≈ i |
| path | *j[a]di | i'di | 'jɛdi | i'ri ≈ ja'ri | i'ɾi | ɪ'di |
| snake | *w[i]ti | u'tʃi | wi'si ≈ wiʃ- | wi'si | ɯ'si | u'ti |
| river | *w[i]di | 'uri | wi'ri | wi- | 'wij- | uri |
High central vowel /*ʉ/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *ʉ | ʉ ɯ | ʉ ɯ | ʉ ɯ | ɯ | ɯ u | |
| night | *asʉ | a'sʉ | a'sʉ | a'sʉ | 'asɯ | 'ɑsɯ |
| village | *b[u]tʉ | bɯ'tʃu | bɯ'sɯ | bɯ'sɯ | bu'sɯ | bu'tu |
| banana | *tʉ | tsɯ | sɯ | sɯ | sɯ | ʈu |
High back vowel /*u/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *u | u | u | u | u | u | |
| smoke | *[a]ku | əku | ə'ku | ə'ku | -iku | -aku |
| egg | *mug[ijɔ] | mu'gʲu | mu'gio | mu'go ≈ mu'ɣɔ | məgu | mugu |
| sago | *du | ɖu ≈ du: | ɖu(:) | dʲu | ɖu | ɖu |
| bow | *duN | ɖũ | ɖu | dʲu | ɖiŋ ≈ ɖuŋ | ɖuŋ |
| sea | *duɸu | 'dʲuɸu | 'ɖuɸu | 'ɖuɸu | ||
| bamboo | *sumb[a] | su'ba | su'ba | |||
| younger sibling | *kudɜ | 'kuda | kudʒo ≈ kuɖo | 'kure | kurɛ | 'kuɾe |
| garden | *xɔju | xoⁱ | xoᵘ | xoᵘ | xoᵘ ≈ hu: | 'xaju |
| speech | *[j]u | u | u | u | ||
| inside | *wɔmu | wo'mu | 'womu | 'womu | ɯ'mu | 'aᵘmu |
High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *e̝ | i | i | i | e ɛ i | e ɛ | |
| 3 sg. | *ɛge̝ | 'ɛgɛ | ||||
| long | *pe̝j[a] | pi | 'pija: | 'pijaʔ | 'pe- | pe |
| leech | *t[ɛ]se̝N | 'tesi:ŋ | si'si | si'sin | te'sɛ | |
| tooth | *t[a]je̝ | tsi | si | tɛ | tɛ | |
| be | *ke̝ | ki | kɛ | kɛ | ||
| friend | *xabe̝N | 'xabi | 'xabiŋ | 'xabi | 'xabiŋ | xa'bɛ |
High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *o̝ | u o | u | u o | o ɔ u | o | |
| louse | *aŋgo̝t | a:ŋgu | gut | gu:ʔ | go | go |
| 1 sg. | *no̝ | no | nu | nũ | nu ≈ nɔ | no |
| 1 pl. | *no̝go̝ | 'noɣo | 'nuɣu | nugu | 'nugu ≈ 'nogo | noɣo |
| person | *no̝xo̝ | nu | 'noɣo | no'ɣo | ||
| knife | *so̝ko̝ | 'suku | 'soku | so:'ko | ||
| moon | *kamo̝ | ka'mɛ | ka'mu | ka'mu | ka'mu | |
| wash | *ko̝(m) | kum-a | kum-ɛ | kum-u | kom-ɛ | |
| sleep (n.) | *ko̝no̝(m) | kunu:ŋ- ≈ 'kɨrum- | kunuŋ- ≈ 'kunum- | 'kuni ≈ konəm- | kono ≈ 'hunum- | ko'no |
| flesh | *ko̝do̝ | kə'ru | 'kuru | ku'ruʔ | ko'ro | 'koro ≈ koɾo |
| stone axe | *[k/x]abo̝ | 'xaβu | 'kaɸo | 'ka:mbo | 'xabu | |
| 2 sg. | *go̝ | gu ≈ guʔ | gu | gu ≈ guʔ | gɔ | go |
| 2 pl. | *go̝go̝ | 'gũŋgo | 'gogo | 'gogo | ||
| crocodile | *xajambo̝[s] | xaⁱ'bu | haⁱbu | 'xaⁱbu | 'xaⁱm'bo | 'ɣajambos |
| husband | *xo̝ | xu | hu | ɣo |
Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *ɛ | ||||||
| tongue | *ɸagɛ | 'ɸake | 'ɸakɛ | 'ɸakɛ | 'ɸo:kɛ |
Low mid central vowel /*ɜ/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *ɜ | ɛ a | o a | ||||
| water | *ɜjɜ | æ: ≈ ɛ | ||||
| dry | *sɜ[N] | sɛ | so | sɔ | sa:(ŋ) | 'ʂaŋ |
| sun | *s[a]wɜ | su'wɛ | sa'wa | sa'wa | sɯ'wɛ | sija |
| younger sibling | *kudɜ | 'kuda | kudʒo ≈ kuɖo | 'kure | kurɛ | 'kuɾe |
| mouth | *xatɜ | 'xata | 'xatɛ | 'xata | ||
| left | *wɜ | wɛ: | wa | wa | wɛ | wa |
Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *ɔ | o | o | ɔ | o | o | |
| excrement | *ɔ | 'o- | 'o- | ɔ- | ɔ: | 'o- |
| breast | *ɔN | õŋ | õŋ | õŋ | 'ono | |
| water | *ɔxɔ | 'oho ≈ o: | ɔ̃: ≈ o: | o'ɣo | 'oɣo | |
| behind | *mɔ | mɔ:ʔ | mɔ: | mɔ | mɔʔ | |
| afraid | *mɔke̝ | 'mo:ki | mo'kuŋ | mo'ku | 'mokɛ | mo'kɛ |
| father | *bɔ | -mo | -bɔ | |||
| earth/ground | *sɔxɔ | 'sogo ≈ 'soɣo | 'sogo ≈ 'soɣo | sɔ: | so'ɣo | |
| red | *kaŋgɔ | kãŋ | kaŋ'go | kɐ̃:ŋ | kaŋ'gu | kaŋ'go |
| blood | *gɔN | gõŋ | gõŋ | gõŋ | gõŋ | gõŋ |
| man | *xɔ | ho | xo | xo | xo | |
| fruit/seed | *jɔ | ɔ: | -o | ju | jo | |
| leaf/hair | *jɔN | õ ≈ ɔ̃ŋɔ̃ | joŋ | 'ono ≈ ɔnɔ | u | joŋ |
| 3 pl. | *jɔxɔ | 'joɣo | 'joɣo | |||
| inside | *wɔmu | wo'mu | 'womu | 'womu | ɯ'mu | 'aᵘmu |
…
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *[a/o] | ||||||
| bone |
Low central vowel /*a/ …
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| *a | a | a [a ɑ] | a | a [a ɑ] | a | |
| rain | *a | a: | a | a | a | a |
| mother's mother | *api | a'pi | a'pi | a'pi | a'bi | |
| house | *aɸaxaⁱN | axĩŋ | 'aɸaŋ | 'ãɸɐ̃ŋ | 'aɸagaŋ | 'aɸaɣa |
| older sister | *ani | a'ni | a'ni | a'niʔ | a'ni | a'ni |
| night | *asʉ | a'sʉ | a'sʉ | a'sʉ | 'asɯ | 'ɑsɯ |
| dog | *aŋgi | 'aŋɣi | a'ɣi | 'aɣi | a'ɣi | 'agi |
| fish | *axaᵉ | 'aɣɛ | aⁱ | a | a'ɣaᶦ | 'aɣaᶦ |
| tooth | *maga | 'məga- | 'maga | 'mag- | ||
| male | *basiN | -batʃiŋ | 'basiŋ | -βasiŋ | -bisiŋ | -bati |
| tongue | *ɸagɛ | 'ɸake | 'ɸakɛ | 'ɸakɛ | 'ɸo:kɛ | |
| in front | *samaN | 'samaŋ | sa'ma | |||
| moon | *kamo̝ | ka'mɛ | ka'mu | ka'mu | ka'mu | |
| red | *kaŋgɔ | kãŋ | kaŋ'go | kɐ̃:ŋ | kaŋ'gu | kaŋ'go |
| stone axe | *[k/x]abo̝ | 'xaβu | 'kaɸo | 'ka:mbo | 'xabu | |
| skin/bark | *xa | ga ≈ ka ≈ -ɣa | xɑ | xa | xa ≈ -ɣa | 'xaᶦ ≈ -ɣajɛ |
| lime | *xam[i] | xa'mi | qa'mi | |||
| friend | *xabe̝N | 'xabi | 'xabiŋ | 'xabi | 'xabiŋ | xa'bɛ |
| head | *xabaN | 'xabaŋ | 'xab- | 'xabaŋ | xa'baŋ | xa'baŋ |
| mouth | *xatɜ | 'xata | 'xatɛ | 'xata | ||
| crocodile | *xajambo̝[s] | xaⁱ'bu | haⁱbu | 'xaⁱbu | 'xaⁱm'bo | 'ɣajambos |
| woman/wife | *raN | ã: | ɐ̃ŋ ≈ ã:ŋ | ã | jaŋ |
Southeast Awyu free pronouns are reconstructed as follows (q.v. Lebold, Kriens and Susanto 2013: 38):
| SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
| Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
| 1 sg. | *no̝ | no | nu | nũ | nu ≈ nɔ | no |
| 2 sg. | *go̝ | gu ≈ guʔ | gu | gu ≈ guʔ | gɔ | go |
| 3 sg. | *ɛge̝ | 'ɛgɛ | ||||
| 1 pl. | *no̝go̝ | 'noɣo | 'nuɣu | nugu | 'nugu ≈ 'nogo | noɣo |
| 2 pl. | *go̝go̝ | 'gũŋgo | 'gogo | 'gogo | ||
| 3 pl. | *jɔxɔ | 'joɣo | 'joɣo |
(n.b. pronouns misassigned in the source have been corrected above.)