Table of Contents

West Awyu

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

[under construction]

The West Awyu family is comprised of two or three closely related languages spoken along and around the Wildeman and Asue Rivers and their tributaries …

Subclassification

The internal classification of West Awyu is as follows:

West Awyu

Wildeman River Awyu

Asue River Awyu

Miaro River Awyu

Kewet River Awyu

Kriens, Lebold and Menanti (2011: 28-29) provide lexical similarity figures between six West Awyu villages as follows:

Wildeman Miaro Miaro Kewet Kewet Kewet
Busiri Khanami Keru Juvo B. Juvo K. Amagatsu
WildemanBusiri 67 65 58 55 54
Miaro Khanami 67 94 73 72 70
Miaro Keru 65 94 75 76 71
Kewet Juvo B. 58 73 75 82 71
Kewet Juvo K. 55 72 76 82 70
Kewet Amagatsu 54 70 71 71 70

Sources

Drabbe (1947) grammar of Pisà

Boelaars (1950: 68-76) English language recension of Drabbe's Pisà grammar

Drabbe (1950) grammar notes and (pp. 131-142) 435 comparative terms for Pisà

Drabbe (1959: 162-181) 430 comparative terms for Pisà

Kriens and Lebold (2010: 40-53) 239 comparative terms for Awyu (Wildeman River) of Busiri

Lebold, Kriens, de Vries and Rumaropen (2010: 54-66) 240 comparative terms for Asue Awyu of Juvo Besar/Kabu, Juvo Kecil, Keru and Khanami villages, 62 comparative terms for Asaren, Isage, Aboge, Kopi, Kiki, Eci, Homang, Amenda, Omuro, Khaibu and Kasima villages

Kriens, Lebold and Menanti (2011: 44-51) 239 comparative terms for Asue Awyu of Amagatsu village, 50 comparative terms for Sogope, Katage and Yagatsu villlages

Wester (2014) Awyu-Dumut comparative morphology including (pp. 195-210) 430 comparative terms for Pisa after Drabbe (1959: 162-181)

Historical phonology

[under construction]

Proto West Awyu had 14 to 18 consonants and 7 vowels as follows:

*m *n
*p *t *k
*b *d *g
[*mb] [*nd] [*ŋg]
*s *x [*xʷ]
*j *w
*i *u
*a

Rounded velar /*xʷ/ is found only in loans from Marind or Marind-Yaqay, where glide /*w/ is realized as [hʷ] in the western dialects of Marind (q.v. Drabbe 1955: 148-151.) These loans are also found in other Awyu subfamilies and may or may not have been established by the time of proto-West Awyu.

Nasals /*m *n/ collapse root-finally into an archiphoneme [*N] which is in isolation expressed as nasalization of the otherwise final vowel. In compounds, this induces the prenasalization of following voiced stops /*b *d *g/ to [*mb *nd *ŋg].



Consonants correspond as follows:

W. Awyu Wildeman Miaro Kewet
*m m m m
*n n n n
*p p p p
*t t t t
*t/_i ʉ u s s
*k k k k
*b b b b
*d d d d
*d/_i ʉ d d dʒ
*g g g g
ɸ ɸ ɸ
*s s s s
*x x x x [h ʔ]
[*xʷ] ɸ x w x w
*mb mb mb mb
*nd nd nd nd
*nd/_i ʉ nd nd ndʒ ndʒ
*ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg
ɾ ɾ ɾ
*j j j j
*w w w w
*-VN

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

W. Awyu Wildeman Miaro Kewet
*i i i i
ʉ ʉ ʉ
*u u u u
e e e
e a a
o o o
*a a a a
*ɛⁱ i eⁱ i eⁱ
*ɔⁱ oⁱ o u oⁱ
*aⁱ aⁱ eⁱ aⁱ
*aᵉ aᵉ e aⁱ e

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with all Pisà attestations drawn from Drabbe (1950: 131-142, ibid., 1959: 162-181,) Busiri from Kriens and Lebold (2010: 40-53,) Miaro River of Keru and Khanami and Kewet River of Juvo Besar and Juvo Kecil from Lebold, Kriens, de Vries and Rumaropen (2010: 44-53) and Kewet River of Amagatsu from Kriens, Lebold and Menanti (2011: 44-51.)

Bilabial nasal /*m/ is preserved as such in all descendants:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*m m m m m m
drink (realis) *mi mi-
star/firefly *miN miŋ mi mi miʔ
morning *mimiN mimĩ
thigh *midiN midĩ
in front *migi 'miɣi 'migi ≈ mi'gi migi
louse *mɛɾu 'mɛɾu meɾu meru
neck/throat *mʉ(-tɔ) mu(-'to)
son *m[ʉ/u] mu
cooked *ma- ma-
beard *mati masi-rõ
stand *mati-ɛ mase- mɑ'si- 'masi- ≈ ma'si-matʃi- matʃe-
stomach *madʉ madzu [dial.] madzu [dial.]
tooth *maga ma'ga 'mɑgɑ ma'ga ma'ga maga
knee/elbow *maɾ[ɔ/u] ma'ɾu ma'ɾu ma'ɾu ma'ɾo
behind *mɔ mo mo mo
mother's bro. *mɔN
afraid *mɔki 'moki mo'ki- moki- moki-
earth *mɔkaN mokã
small *m[ɔ]nɔxɔ 'monoɣo mono'ɣo mo'nɔɣɔ monɔ ≈ məno meʔno
cheek *mɔxɔN moɣõ
blunt/dull *mutu mutʃu
swallow *m[u]kuN mukũ-
egg *mugɔ mu'go mugɔʔ mu'go mu'go muŋgo
do/make *ɛmɔ emo-
gall/bile *[ɛ]timuN isimũ
drink (irrealis) *ami ɑmi ami ami
young woman *am[i]gi am'gi
hide *atuɾumɔ- asurumo-
smell *ɸ[i]mi fimi-
think *ɸimɔ fimo-
stink *ɸɔxɔmɔ foɣomo-
old (things) *timi 'simi si'mi tʃimi tʃɪ'mɪ
in front *samaN samam
slow *sukum[a]N 'sukumã
two *kɔɾumaN kurumã koru'mɑʔ ku'ɾuma ku'ɾuma kʰɔrman
lime *xami ami
widow *xam[ɜ] ɣa'mɛ
far *xamaN ɣamã xɑ̃mɑ̃ŋ 'xama amaʔ a'ma
be in pain *xaɾimɔ ɣarimo-
friend *xɔmu 'homu ɔ:mu [dial.]
yawn *xuɸamɔ ɣufamo-
bandicoot *j[a]mi 'jemi ≈ 'jɛmi 'jami jemiʔ ≈ jamiʔ
thorn *jamɔxɔN 'jamoɣõ jɑməɣõŋ jamɔ'kɔŋ jɛmɔʔɔ ≈ jimɔ̃:ⁿji:moʔo
lie(s) *jaxam[a] 'jaɣama
ripe/yellow *waxamaN 'waɣamã wa'ɣama wama waʔ'ma
break/crush (tr.)*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-waɣaramo-
inside *wɔmu 'womu 'womu 'womu womu gʷo'mu

Apical nasal /*n/ is preserved as such in all descendants:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet RiverKewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K.Amagatsu
*n n n n n n
mother *ni ni 'wɑni 'wani ('wa)ni keni
1 sg. poss. *na- na nɑ- na- na- na-
eat (imperative)*na na
wake (tr.) *naɸiN nɑɸi- naɸi(ŋ)-
knowledge *naɸaN nafã nɑ'ɸɑŋ na'ɸaŋ na'ɸaŋ naxaŋ
good *n[a]ni 'nani nenɪ
crocodile *nagaɾu naga'ɾuʔ naga'ɾuʔ nagru
go (imperative) *nɔxɔⁱ noɣoj no'ɣi 'noɣu ≈ 'noɣʉnoʔi noɪ
1 sg. *nu nu nu
1 pl. *nugu nugu 'nugu 'nugu 'nugu nuŋgu
3 sg. poss. *ɛna- ena- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)-
leaf *ana ɑnɑ
small *m[ɔ]nɔxɔ 'monoɣo mono'ɣo mo'nɔɣɔ monɔ ≈ mənomeʔno
shin *biniɾɔ bini'ro
go out (of fire)*bʉni bu'ni-
soul *b[a]na bana
mucus *siniɸɔ sini'fo
tear(s) *kin-(ɜjɜ)kin-'ɛ
near *kinaxaN kinaɣã kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ 'kina 'kina 'kiraŋ
sleep (n.) *kunuN kunũ 'kunu kunu- kunu- ku'nu-
break/snap *gɛni geni-
be enough *xaɾini ɣarini-
scab *j[a]miN jamĩ
roof *wɛnikɔ we'niko we'niko we'niŋko

Bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is preserved in all descendants:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
*p p p p p p
leg *piti 'bisi [sic] pi'si pi'si ≈ pitʃi [dial.]
long *piɾi pi'ɾi 'piɾi 'piɾi pirɪ
wound *pɛsɔ 'pɛso
coconut *pɜjɔ pe'jo 'pejo 'pajo 'pajo pajo
blind/deaf *pɜjɔ pɛ'jo 'pɛjo pa'jo pa'jo pajo:
old (people) *patʉ patʃu:
bad smell *paxa ɸʉ[N]'paɣa fu patʃu:
lake *pɔxuwɔ poɣuwɔ pou'wo
butterfly *apɜɾɔ 'apɛro
hot *apa 'apa 'ɑpɑ a'pasi apa(si) a'pa
older brother*kapu ka'pu kɑ'pu 'kapu 'kapu ≈ a-'kabu a-kabu

Apical voiceless stop /*t/ when followed by non-high vowels /*ɛ *ɜ *ɔ *a/ is preserved as such in all descendants:

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*t t t t t t
one *tɛ-isijɜtisije te'sia tɛsia teisʲa
goanna *tɛⁱja 'teija 'teia teije
root *tatɛ ta'tɛ tɑ'tɛ ta'tɛ
ashes *taki 'taki tɑ'ki 'taki 'taki ta'kʰɪ
tired *taxaN taɣã
cold *taɾu 'taru 'tɑru 'taɾu 'taɾu ta'ru
mud *tawɛ 'tawe tawɛ tawe
hole *tɔ to
new *tɔgɔ 'togɔ togo
armpit 'toɣõ
finger/toe *tɔɾɔN torõ 'toɾoŋ 'toɾoŋ ≈ to'ɾɔŋto'ɾɔŋ toraŋ
afterbirth *t[ɔ]gɔɾɔ'togoro
outside/below *butaxa 'butaɣa 'butɑɣɑ buta'ɣa
see/find *ɸit[a/ɔ]feto- ɸi'tɑ 'ɸita ≈ ɸi'to 'ɸita ≈ ɸitɔhe'to:
get up/stand up*dɔtɔ doto- do'to- do'to- doto- do'to: ≈ doto-
foot/leg *kitɔ kito 'kito ki'to
new *kɔtɔxɔ kotɔɣɔ ko'toɣoʔ
goura pigeon *kutɛ ku'tɛ
mouth *xatɜ ɣa'tɛ xɑ'tɛ 'hata 'hat:a ata

When followed by high vowels /*i *ʉ *u/, /*t/ is palatalized and affricated to [tʃ] in Kewet River and merged with /s/ in Wildeman River and Miaro River:

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*t/_is s s
father's father*ti si si si tʃi tʃi
plait *ti si-
old (things) *timi 'simi si'mi tʃimi tʃɪ'mɪ
ant *titaxa 'sitʰɑ(ɣa) sita'ɣa tʃitʰaʔa tʃetʃa:a
penis *tigi si'gi
leech *tiɾiN tʃiɾiŋ tʃɪriŋ
gall/bile *[ɛ]timuNisimũ
tail of bird *ɔti-ɾɔN 'osirõ
beard *mati masi-rõ
stand *mati-ɛ mase- mɑ'si- 'masi- ≈ ma'si-matʃi- matʃe-
leg *piti 'bisi pi'si pi'si ≈ pitʃi [dial.]
male *b[a]tiN bisĩ b'siŋ
arrow *dɛb[ɛ]ti dibi'si dɛ'bɛsi debitʃi eptʃi
sharp *kɛtiN 'kisĩ 'kisiŋ 'kesiŋ kɪtʃiŋ ≈ kitʃiŋ kitʃiŋ
fence *xaⁱti ɣaⁱ'si
sweat *k[a]tiN kasĩ
spear *xati ɣa'si
snake *wati wasi 'wɑsi wa'si watʃi ≈ wa'si wa'dʒi [sic.]
*t/_ʉs s s
banana *tʉ su tʃɯ tʃu:
urinate *tʉ su-
old (people) *patʉ patʃu:
village *butʉ 'busɯ bu'sʉ ≈ bʉ'sʉ butʃɯ butʃu
*t/_us s s
go down *tu su-
daughter *tub-ɾaN subrã
nipple *tubu subu
ear *tuɾuN 'surũ 'suruŋ su'ɾuŋ tʃuɾuŋ tʃu'ruŋ
hide *atuɾumɔ-asurumo-
blunt/dull *mutu mutʃu

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ is preserved in all descendants:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*k k k k k k [k kʰ]
theft *ki ki
flower *ki ki
ankle *kiN
bathe/swim *kiN kĩŋ- ki: ≈ ki(ŋ)- kiŋ- ≈ kim- kʰin- ≈ kɪm-
tear(s) *kin-(ɜjɜ) kin-'ɛ
near *kinaxaN kinaɣã kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ 'kina 'kina 'kiraŋ
foot/leg *kitɔ kito 'kito ki'to
marsupial *kisɔ ki'so ki'soɑ 'kiso keso
rope *kikiN kikĩ
side *kikiN kikĩ
eye *kiɾɔ kiro ki'ɾo 'kiɾo 'kiɾo ke:ro
nail *k[i/ɛ]ja ki'a ki'jɑ ki'ja ki'ja ke'a
wind *kɛɸi ki'fi 'kiɸi 'kɛɸi 'kɛɸi keɸi
sharp *kɛtiN 'kisĩ 'kisiŋ 'kesiŋ kɪtʃiŋ ≈ kitʃiŋkitʃiŋ
carry *kɛkuN kɛkũ-
bad *kɛjɔN 'kijoŋ 'kejoŋ 'kejoŋ keijoŋ
older brother *kapu ka'pu kɑ'pu 'kapu 'kapu ≈ a-'kabua-kabu
branch *kabiN kabĩ
sweat *k[a]tiN kasĩ
flesh *kad[ʉ] ka'du 'kɑdu 'kadzu ≈ ka'du kadʒu ≈ ka'du kadʒu
vomit *k[a]ndi kandi
tree *kasVɾɔ 'kasɛro kɑso'ro kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾokasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo
wet *kakɛ kake 'kɑkɛ 'kakɛ 'kakɛ
belly *kaku 'kaku 'kɑku ka'ku ka'ku ka'ku
red *kaŋgɔN 'kaŋgo 'kɑŋgo kaŋgɔ ≈ 'kaŋgo kaŋgoŋ kɐ̃ŋgõŋ
leech *kaɾijaN karia 'karijɑŋ kaɾijaŋ
ripe/dry (?) *kaɾʉ 'kɑru 'kaɾʉ 'kaɾʉ kʰaru
cassowary *kaɾʉwɛ 'karuwɛ 'kɑruwɛ kaɾʉ'we kaɾʉ'we karuɛ
not/no *kaɾɜ ka'rɛ 'kɑrɛ ka'ɾa kaɾa kʰa'ra ≈ kara
paddle *kaxʷi 'kafi kɑfi ≈ kɑɸi 'kawi 'kawi kawɪ
new *kɔtɔxɔ kotɔɣɔ ko'toɣoʔ
two *kɔɾumaN kurumã koru'mɑʔ ku'ɾuma ku'ɾuma kʰɔrman
die (sg.) *kuN kũ- kuŋ- kuŋ- kuŋ- kuŋ-
wash *kuN ku(ŋ)- ku(ŋ)- ku(ŋ)- ku(ŋ)-
goura pigeon *kutɛ ku'tɛ
gather *gigi[jɔ] kuNgigio kũ-
sleep (n.) *kunuN kunũ 'kunu kunu- kunu- ku'nu-
younger sibling*kudɜ ku'dɛ kudɛ 'kuda 'kuda
dig *kuw[ɔ] ko- ku ku ku ku
3 sg. *ɛki eki i'ki 'ɛki 'ɛki e'ke
smoke *aku a'ku 'ɑku aku aku a'kʰu
afraid *mɔki 'moki mo'ki- moki- moki-
earth *mɔkaN mokã
swallow *m[u]kuN mukũ-
elbow/knee *bɔkiN bokĩ
ant *titaxa 'sitʰɑ(ɣa) sita'ɣa tʃitʰaʔa tʃetʃa:a
ashes *taki 'taki tɑ'ki 'taki 'taki ta'kʰɪ
slow *sukum[a]N 'sukumã
roof *wɛnikɔ we'niko we'niko we'niŋko
bamboo knife *waki wa'ki 'wɑki wa'ki waki

Bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is preserved in all descendants:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*b b b b b b
chest *biN
shin *biniɾɔ bini'ro
moon *bidiN bidĩ bɪ'diŋ 'bidʒiŋ 'bidʒiŋ bidʒiŋ
hand/arm *bidɜ bi'dɛ 'bidɛ bi'da bi'da bi'da
male *b[a]tiN bisĩ b'siŋ
go out (of fire)*bʉni bu'ni-
sit/stay *ba ba- bɑ- ba- ba-
soul *b[a]na bana
bone *bagi bagi 'bɑgi 'bagi ≈ ba'gi ba'gi bagɪ
short/blunt *bagɔ ba'go 'bɑɣo 'bogo 'bogo bogo
wing *baɾ[ɔ/u] baɾu: [dial.] baɾɔ
father *bɔ bo bo bo bo
shiver *bɔbiN bobĩ-
elbow/knee *bɔkiN bokĩ
elbow/knee *buN buŋ buŋ [dial.] buŋ
outside/below *butaxa 'butaɣa 'butɑɣɑ buta'ɣa
village *butʉ 'busɯ bu'sʉ ≈ bʉ'sʉ butʃɯ butʃu
fly (v.) *buɾuN burũ- 'buruŋ- buɾuŋ- buɾuŋ- buruŋ-
goanna. *ɛbi ɛbi [dial.] 'ɛbi
laughter *ab[ɛN] ab gi- ɑb-giŋ aba-'gi– ab(i)-gi- ap-gi-
close eyes *abʉN abu-
daughter *tub-ɾaN subrã
nipple *tubu subu
arrow *dɛb[ɛ]ti dibi'si dɛ'bɛsi debitʃi eptʃi
island *d[ʉ]bi du'bi
heart *dʉb[u]ɾɔ 'duburo 'dʒubuɾɔ 'dʒubuɾɔ
young man *sʉbaN 'subã
branch *kabiN kabĩ
nape *gubiN gubĩ
head *xaⁱbaN ɣajbã 'xɑibɑŋ he'baŋ ≈ hi'baŋhabaŋ ≈ ʔa'baŋaibaŋ
friend *xabiN abiŋ [dial.] ha:bim
stone axe *xabu ɣa'bu 'habu ʔabu a'bu:
tail *wɔbʉ wo'bu 'wobu 'wobʉ 'wobʉ 'wobu
testicle *wɔb[ʉ]-ɾɔ'wobu-ro

Apical voiced stop /*d/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
*d d d d d d
older sister *dɛ nɑ'tɛ 'wadɛ na'dɛ nade
not *dɛ
arrow *dɛb[ɛ]ti dibi'si dɛ'bɛsi debitʃi eptʃi [sic]
come *dɜ dɛ- da da da:
hear *da da- dɑ- da da- da-
burn (intr.) *dɔ do- 'do- 'do- do-
get up/stand up*dɔtɔ doto- do'to- do'to- doto- do'to: ≈ doto-
sago *du du du du du duʔ
roof *dugi 'duɣi 'dʒugi (?)
give *ɛdV edo-
body *adʉ adu
tie *adV ada- ɑde- ada -da- ado
hand/arm *bidɜ bi'dɛ 'bidɛ bi'da bi'da bi'da
younger sibling*kudɜ ku'dɛ kudɛ 'kuda 'kuda
raw/young *[k/x]adaxaⁱ'kadaɣaⁱ 'xɑdɑɣɑi kada'ɣei adaɣai ≈ adaɣiadʰaʔɪ
thumb/big toe *wadɔ wa'do wa'do

When followed by high front and central vowels /*i *ʉ/, /*d/ is palatalized and affricated to [dʒ] in Kewet River … :

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*d/_id d d dʒ
sweet potato*ɛdiN 'idiŋ 'ɛdiŋ edʒiŋ edʒiŋ
body *adʉ adu
thigh *midiN midĩ
moon *bidiN bidĩ bɪ'diŋ 'bidʒiŋ 'bidʒiŋ bidʒiŋ
path *jɛdi jɛdi jɛ'di jɛdʒi jedʒi
*d/_ʉd d d dʒ
cook/burn *dʉ du- du- dʒʉ dʒu dʒu
bow *dʉN dũŋ ⁿdu dʒũŋ dʒʊn
island *d[ʉ]bi du'bi
heart *dʉb[u]ɾɔ'duburo 'dʒubuɾɔ 'dʒubuɾɔ
stomach *madʉ madzu [dial.] madzu [dial.]
flesh *kad[ʉ] ka'du 'kɑdu 'kadzu ≈ ka'dukadʒu ≈ ka'dukadʒu

One apparent exception is considered to represent /*wadɛⁱ/ rather than /*wadi/ by outcomparison to Kombai /wondeⁱ/ (q.v. Voorhoeve 2000 : 378):

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet RiverKewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K.Amagatsu
*d/_ɛⁱd d d d d
river*wadɛⁱ wa'di 'wɑdi 'wadi 'wadi wa'dɪ

Another remains unexplained:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet RiverKewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K.Amagatsu
*d/_Vⁱ (?)d d d d d
salt*d[Vⁱ]sɛ di'se di'se di'se

Velar voiced stop /*g/ is preserved in all descendants. Medially, it is sometimes realized as [ɣ] in Wildeman River, merging with the reflex of /*x/ (below):

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
*g g [g ɣ] g [g ɣ] g g g
scratch *gi- gi- -ɣi -gi -gi -gɪ
gather *gigi[jɔ] kuNgigio kũ-
sand *giɾiN girĩ 'giriŋ gi'ɾiŋ gi'ɾiŋ giriŋ
garden *gijɔN giõ ɣijoŋ
break/snap *gɛni geni-
brain *g[ʉ]N
navel *g[ʉ]N
2 sg. poss.*ga- ga-
blood *gɔN go goŋ gɔŋ gɔŋ goŋ
2 pl. *g[ɔ]g[ʉ] gugu gu'gu 'gɔgʉ ≈ 'gogu'gɔgʉ ≈ 'gogugugu
2 sg. *gu gu gu gu
nape *gubiN gubĩ
young woman*am[i]gi am'gi
seek/search*agu agu- ɑgu- agu ago- agʰu-
in front *migi 'miɣi 'migi ≈ mi'gimigi
tooth *maga ma'ga 'mɑgɑ ma'ga ma'ga maga
egg *mugɔ mu'go mugɔʔ mu'go mu'go muŋgo
bone *bagi bagi 'bɑgi 'bagi ≈ ba'giba'gi bagɪ
short/blunt*bagɔ ba'go 'bɑɣo 'bogo 'bogo bogo
tongue *ɸagɛ fa'gɛ ɸɑ'gɛ 'ɸagɛ 'ɸagɛ ≈ hage ha'ge
crocodile *nagaɾu naga'ɾuʔ naga'ɾuʔ nagru
1 pl. *nugu nugu 'nugu 'nugu 'nugu nuŋgu
penis *tigi si'gi
new *tɔgɔ 'togɔ togo
armpit *tɔgɔN 'toɣõ (?)
afterbirth *t[ɔ]gɔɾɔ 'togoro
roof *dugi 'duɣi 'dʒugi

Prenasalized stops /*mb *nd *ŋg/ occur only medially, where they are retained in all descendants. When /*nd/ is followed by high vowel /*i/, it is palatalized in Kewet River as is /*d/ (above):

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet RiverKewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K.Amagatsu
*mb mb mb mb mb mb
crocodile *xajambu 'ɣaⁱjambu xɑ'jɑmbu
*nd/_ind d ndʒ ndʒ
eat (future)*a[n]di adi- andʒi andʒ-
vomit *k[a]ndi kandi
*ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg
dog *aŋgi aŋ'gi 'ɑŋgi 'aŋgi 'aŋgi aŋgi
louse *aŋgu 'aŋgu 'ɑŋgu aŋ'gu aŋ'gu
red *kaŋgɔN 'kaŋgo 'kɑŋgo kaŋgɔ ≈ 'kaŋgokaŋgoŋ kɐ̃ŋgõŋ
die (pl.) *xɔs[a]ŋgiɣosaŋgi-
flying fox *xɔŋgi ɣoŋ'gi

Bilabial fricative /*ɸ/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
ɸ <f> ɸ [ɸ f ʍ] ɸ [ɸ f] ɸ [ɸ h] ɸ [ɸ h x]
name *ɸi fi ɸi ɸi ≈ fi ɸi ɸi:
smell *ɸ[i]mi fimi-
think *ɸimɔ fimo-
grandchild *ɸiɾɔN ɸi'ɾɔŋ ɸi'ɾɔŋ
bamboo *ɸijɔ fi'o ʍi'joʔ 'ɸijo 'ɸijo fɪo:
see/find *ɸit[a/ɔ] feto- ɸi'tɑ 'ɸita ≈ ɸi'to'ɸita ≈ ɸitɔhe'to:
breath *ɸiɾɔ fero-
not *ɸa fa
tongue *ɸagɛ fa'gɛ ɸɑ'gɛ 'ɸagɛ 'ɸagɛ ≈ hageha'ge
stink *ɸɔxɔmɔ foɣomo-
bad smell *paxa ɸʉ[N]'paɣa fu patʃu:
weeping/crying *iɸɛ i'fɛ i'fɛ i'fɛ ɛɸɛ eɸia
break/split (tr.)*axaɸʉN aɣafũ-
child *ɔɸɔ 'ofo 'oɸo 'oɸo oho
wake (tr.) *naɸiN nɑɸi- naɸi(ŋ)-
knowledge *naɸaN nafã nɑ'ɸɑŋ na'ɸaŋ na'ɸaŋ naxaŋ
mucus *siniɸɔ sini'fo
wind *kɛɸi ki'fi 'kiɸi 'kɛɸi 'kɛɸi keɸi
play *xaɸɛ ɣa'fɛ
yawn *xuɸamɔ ɣufamo-

Fricative /*s/ is retained as such in all descendants:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*s s s s s s
spine *si si
nose *siN(-tɔ) sin-'to 'sin-tɔ si:
mucus *siniɸɔ sini'fo
high/above *siɾi si'ri si'ɾi 'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi 'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi siri ≈ sirɪ
black *siɾi si'ri 'siɾi si'ɾi si'ɾi si'rɪ
kunai grass *sisɔ sɛ'so siso 'siso 'siso suso
widower *sɛN 'sɛŋ-go
young man *sʉbaN 'subã
mud *sʉɾu 'sɯru
dry *sɜ sa-ka'ɾa sa-kᵊɾa sa: ≈ sa-kra)
in front *samaN samam
sun/day *sawɜ sa'wɛ 'sɑwɛ 'sawa 'sawa
earth/ground*sɔxɔ so'ɣo so'xo 'soxo ≈ sɔxɔ 'soɣo ≈ soxo soʔo
nose *susuN 'susuŋ 'susuŋ susuŋ
slow *sukum[a]N 'sukumã
cough (n.) *[i/ɛ]s[a/ɔ]ɛ'so ɛ'so 'iso 'iso ≈ ɛsa ɪsʲa
mosquito *ɛⁱsɜ ise 'isɛ i'sa ≈ ɛⁱsɛ [dial.]i'sa ≈ isɛ eisʲa
sneeze (n.) *asiN asĩ
thin *as[ɛ][x][ɛ]'aseɣe
night *asʉ a'su 'ɑsɯ 'asʉ 'asʉ a'su
bite *asu asu- ɑsʊ- asu
wound *pɛsɔ 'pɛso
one *tɛ-isijɜ tisije te'sia tɛsia teisʲa
salt *disɛ di'se di'se di'se
marsupial *k[i/ɛ]sɔ ki'so ki'soɑ 'kiso keso
tree *kasVrɔ 'kasɛro kɑso'ro kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo
die (pl.) *xɔs[a]ŋgi ɣosaŋgi-

Velar fricative /*x/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*x- x [ɣ] x x [h x] x [h ʔ ø] x [h ø]
skin/bark *xa ɣa ha ≈ xa ʔa: ≈ ha a:
give birth *xaⁱ ɣaⁱ-
house *xaⁱN ɣãⁱ xɑ̃ĩŋ -ɣiŋ ʔaĩ: haʔə
head *xaⁱbaN ɣajbã 'xɑibɑŋ he'baŋ ≈ hi'baŋhabaŋ ≈ ʔa'baŋ aibaŋ
bandicoot *xaⁱjɔ 'ɣajo hɛijo haijo(ʔ)
lime *xami ami
widow *xam[ɜ] ɣa'mɛ
far *xamaN ɣamã xɑ̃mɑ̃ŋ 'xama amaʔ a'ma
friend *xabiN abiŋ [dial.] ha:bim
stone axe *xabu ɣa'bu 'habu ʔabu a'bu:
play *xaɸɛ ɣa'fɛ
spear *xati ɣa'si
mouth *xatɜ ɣa'tɛ xɑ'tɛ 'hata 'hat:a ata
fence/wall *xaɾi 'xɑɾi 'haɾi ʔa:ɾi ha'rɪ
be in pain *xaɾimɔ ɣarimo-
be enough *xaɾini ɣarini-
white *xaja 'ɣaja 'xɑjɑ ha'ja ha'ja
crocodile *xajambu 'ɣaⁱjambu xɑ'jɑmbu
man *xɔ ɣo xo ɸ(u)- ɔ- ≈ o- ho:- ≈ o-
walk/go *xɔ ɣo-
friend *xɔmu 'homu ɔ:mu [dial.]
die (pl.) *xɔs[a]ŋgi ɣosaŋgi-
flying fox *xɔŋgi ɣoŋ'gi
ghost *xɔxɔⁱ ɣo'ɣoⁱ 'hoɣo ≈ 'hoɣu ɸɔɣɔⁱ
cloud/sky *xɔwʉ ɣoᵘ xu ≈ xo hoʉ ≈ hu hoʉ ≈ hu ≈ ʔoᵘ ou:
milk *xu[N] ɣu
yawn *xuɸamɔ ɣufamo-
*-x- x [ɣ] x [ɣ x g] x [ɣ ʔ ø] x [ʔ ø]
husband *-xu -ɣu -gu -ɣu -ᵘ -u: ≈ -uʔ
thin *as[ɛ][x][ɛ] 'aseɣe
fish *axaᵉ a'ɣaᵉ ɑ'ɣe ʔa'ɣe ʔaj ae:
break/split (tr.)*axaɸʉN aɣafũ-
cheek *mɔxɔN moɣõ
bad smell *paxa ɸʉ[N] 'paɣa fu patʃu:
lake *pɔxuwɔ poɣuwɔ pou'wo
outside/below *butaxa 'butaɣa 'butɑɣɑ buta'ɣa
stink *ɸɔxɔmɔ foɣomo-
go (imperative) *nɔxɔⁱ noɣoj no'ɣi 'noɣu ≈ 'noɣʉ noʔi noɪ
ant *titaxa 'sitʰɑ(ɣa) sita'ɣa tʃitʰaʔa tʃetʃa:a
tired *taxaN taɣã
earth/ground *sɔxɔ so'ɣo so'xo 'soxo ≈ sɔxɔ 'soɣo ≈ soxo soʔo
near *kinaxaN kinaɣã kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ 'kina 'kina 'kiraŋ
raw/young *[k/x]adaxaⁱ 'kadaɣaⁱ 'xɑdɑɣɑi kada'ɣei adaɣai ≈ adaɣi adʰaʔɪ
new *kɔtɔxɔ kotɔɣɔ ko'toɣoʔ
person *[ɾ/j]ɔxu 'juɣu 'jogoŋ 'ju'ɣu ɾɔu roʔu
thorn *jamɔxɔN 'jamoɣõ jɑməɣõŋ jamɔ'kɔŋ jɛmɔʔɔ ≈ jimɔ̃:ⁿji:moʔo
bark *jaxaN 'jaɣaŋ 'jaɣaŋ ≈ ja:ŋ ɲʲaʔa
lie(s) *jaxam[a] 'jaɣama
3 pl. *jɔxɔ joɣo jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo jo:o
rattan/rope *jɔxu 'joɣomo joɣomo 'juɣumo ≈ joɣo-jɔɣu joɣu
ripe/yellow *waxamaN 'waɣamã wa'ɣama wama waʔ'ma
break/crush (tr.)*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-waɣaramo-
green/blue *wɔxu 'woɣo 'wuɣu 'wuɣu ≈ wɔᵘ woɣu

Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
ɾ <r> ɾ <r> ɾ ɾ ɾ <r>
call/sing *ɾi ri-
lie down *ɾi ri- ɾi ɾi ri
rib(s) *ɾiN rim-bigi
twist rope *ɾiN rĩ-
go down *ɾʉ- ru-
chop down *ɾʉ- ru-
thunder *ɾʉ- ru-
scar *ɾʉ[N] ru
boil (n.) *ɾʉN
take/hold *ɾa ra- ɾa- ɾa-
woman/wife *ɾaN rɑŋ ɾaŋ ɾaŋ raŋ
fruit/seed *ɾɔ ro ro 'ro ɾo
say/speak *ɾɔ ro- ro ɾɔ ro
hair/leaf/feather*ɾɔN roŋ ɾɔŋ ≈ ɾõŋ ɾɔŋ roŋ
weep/cry *ɾɔN roŋ-
voice/speech *ɾu ru ru ɾu ɾu ru(:)
rainbow *iɾiN irĩ
earthquake *iɾiɾi iri'ri
stone *ɛⁱɾɔ i'ro i'ro 'eiɾo ≈ 'iɾɔ 'eiɾo ɛⁱro
butterfly *apɜɾɔ 'apɛro
hide *atuɾumɔ- asurumo-
louse *mɛɾu 'mɛɾu meɾu meru
knee/elbow *maɾ[ɔ/u] ma'ɾu ma'ɾu ma'ɾu ma'ɾo
long *piɾi pi'ɾi 'piɾi 'piɾi pirɪ
fly (v.) *buɾuN burũ- 'buruŋ- buɾuŋ- buɾuŋ- buruŋ-
grandchild *ɸiɾɔN ɸi'ɾɔŋ ɸi'ɾɔŋ
breath *ɸiɾɔ fero-
crocodile *nagaru naga'ɾuʔ naga'ɾuʔ nagru
leech *tiɾiN tʃiɾiŋ tʃɪriŋ
cold *taɾu 'taru 'tɑru 'taɾu 'taɾu ta'ru
afterbirth *t[ɔ]gɔɾɔ 'togoro
finger/toe *tɔɾɔN torõ 'toɾoŋ 'toɾoŋ ≈ to'ɾɔŋto'ɾɔŋ toraŋ
ear *tuɾuN 'surũ 'suruŋ su'ɾuŋ tʃuɾuŋ tʃu'ruŋ
heart *dʉb[u]ɾɔ 'duburo 'dʒubuɾɔ 'dʒubuɾɔ
high/above *siɾi si'ri si'ɾi 'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi 'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi siri ≈ sirɪ
black *siɾi si'ri 'siɾi si'ɾi si'ɾi si'rɪ
mud *sʉɾu 'sɯru
eye *kiɾɔ kiro ki'ɾo 'kiɾo 'kiɾo ke:ro
tree *kasVrɔ 'kasɛro kɑso'ro kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾokasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo
leech *kaɾijaN karia 'karijɑŋ kaɾijaŋ
ripe/dry (?) *kaɾʉ 'kɑru 'kaɾʉ 'kaɾʉ kʰaru
cassowary *kaɾʉwɛ 'karuwɛ 'kɑruwɛ kaɾʉ'we kaɾʉ'we karuɛ
not/no *kaɾɜ ka'rɛ 'kɑrɛ ka'ɾa kaɾa kʰa'ra ≈ kara
two *kɔɾumaN kurumã koru'mɑʔ ku'ɾuma ku'ɾuma kʰɔrman
sand *giɾiN girĩ 'giriŋ gi'ɾiŋ gi'ɾiŋ giriŋ
fence/wall *xaɾi 'xɑɾi 'haɾi ʔa:ɾi ha'rɪ
be in pain *xaɾimɔ ɣarimo-
be enough *xaɾini ɣarini-
worm *wɛɾʉ 'weru 'weɾʉ 'weɾʉ eu'ru
break/crush (tr.)*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-waɣaramo-

At least two comparisons show an irregular alternation between [ɾ] and [j]:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet RiverKewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K.Amagatsu
*[ɾ/j]j j ɾ ɾ ɾ
breadfruit*[ɾ/j]awɔ ja'wo 'jɑwo 'ɾawo ɾawo ra'wo
*[ɾ/j]j j j ɾ ɾ
person *[ɾ/j]ɔxu 'juɣu 'jogoŋ 'ju'ɣu ɾɔu roʔu



Palatal glide /*j/ …

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*j j j j j j
bird *ji ji ɪ: ʝi ʝi i:
fire *ji(n) dziŋ ʝi ≈ 'ʝin- ʝi ≈ 'ʝin- ji: ≈ n-
fruit/seed *jindV-ɾɔjindɛ-ro jindɔ-'ro jindʒə-ɾo
path *jɛdi jɛdi jɛ'di jɛdʒi jedʒi
hunger/thirst*jɜ
love *jɜ
bandicoot *j[a]mi 'jemi ≈ 'jɛmi 'jami jemiʔ ≈ jamiʔ
scab *j[a]miN jamĩ
thorn *jamɔxɔN 'jamoɣõ jɑməɣõŋ jamɔ'kɔŋ jɛmɔʔɔ ≈ jimɔ̃:ⁿji:moʔo
bark *jaxaN 'jaɣaŋ 'jaɣaŋ ≈ ja:ŋ ɲʲaʔa
lie(s) *jaxam[a]'jaɣama
canoe *jaxʷʉN jɛfũ jɑ'xuŋ ja'vʉŋ ja'vʉŋ jaɣʊŋ
copulate *jɔN jõ-
3 pl. *jɔxɔ joɣo jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo jo:o
rattan/rope *jɔxu 'joɣomo joɣomo 'juɣumo ≈ joɣo-jɔɣu joɣu
water *ɜjɜ ɛ 'aja 'aja aija
coconut *pɜjɔ pe'jo 'pejo 'pajo 'pajo pajo
blind/deaf *pɜjɔ pɛ'jo 'pɛjo pa'jo pa'jo pajo:
bamboo *ɸijɔ fi'o ʍi'joʔ 'ɸijo 'ɸijo fɪo:
one *tɛ-isijɜtisije te'sia tɛsia teisʲa
goanna *tɛⁱja 'teija 'teia teije
nail *k[i/ɛ]jaki'a ki'jɑ ki'ja ki'ja ke'a
bad *kɛjɔN 'kijoŋ 'kejoŋ 'kejoŋ keijoŋ
leech *kaɾijaN karia 'karijɑŋ kaɾijaŋ
garden *gijɔN giõ ɣijoŋ
bandicoot *xaⁱjɔ 'ɣajo hɛijo haijo(ʔ)
white *xaja 'ɣaja 'xɑjɑ ha'ja ha'ja
crocodile *xajambu 'ɣaⁱjambu xɑ'jɑmbu

Glide /*w/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*w w [w u] w [w u] w [w u] w [w u] w [w u]
mother's mother *wi wi wi wi wi wi
roof *wɛnikɔ we'niko we'niko we'niŋko
worm *wɛɾʉ 'weru 'weɾʉ 'weɾʉ eu'ru
kill *wʉ wu- -u- -ʉ-
left *wɜ we wa wɛma wa
3 sg. poss. *wa- ewa- wɑ- wa- wa-
snake *wati wasi 'wɑsi wa'si watʃi ≈ wa'si wa'dʒi
river *wadɛⁱ wa'di 'wɑdi 'wadi 'wadi wa'dɪ
thumb/big toe *wadɔ wa'do wa'do
bamboo knife *waki wa'ki 'wɑki wa'ki waki
break/crush (tr.)*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-waɣaramo-
inside *wɔmu 'womu 'womu 'womu womu gʷo'mu
tail *wɔbʉ wo'bu 'wobu 'wobʉ 'wobʉ 'wobu
testicle *wɔb[ʉ]-ɾɔ 'wobu-ro
liver *wɔwuN wõŋ wõŋ ≈wuŋ [dial.]woŋ wouŋ
green/blue *wɔxu 'woɣo 'wuɣu 'wuɣu ≈ wɔᵘ woɣu
3 sg. poss. *ɛwa- ewa-
right (side) *ɔwu 'ou ou uma oᵘʔ
pig *uwɛⁱ u'i wi wei wei weɪ
lake *pɔxuwɔ poɣuwɔ pou'wo
mud *tawɛ 'tawe tawɛ tawe
sun/day *sawɜ sa'wɛ 'sɑwɛ 'sawa 'sawa
cassowary *kaɾʉwɛ 'karuwɛ 'kɑruwɛ kaɾʉ'we kaɾʉ'we karuɛ
cloud/sky *xɔwʉ ɣoᵘ xu ≈ xo hoʉ ≈ hu hoʉ ≈ hu ≈ ʔoᵘou:
breadfruit *[ɾ/j]awɔ ja'wo 'jɑwo 'ɾawo ɾawo ra'wo

Additionally, there is a correspondence, represented here as /*xʷ/, which is found only in loans from Marind or Marind-Yaqay, where glide /*w/ is realized as [xʷ] in the western dialects of Marind (q.v. Drabbe 1955: 148-151):

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet RiverKewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K.Amagatsu
*xʷ ɸ <f> ɸ [ɸ f] w w w
paddle*kaxʷi 'kafi kɑfi ≈ kɑɸi 'kawi 'kawi kawɪ
*xʷ ɸ <f> x w [v] w [v] x [ɣ]
canoe *jaxʷʉN jɛfũ jɑ'xuŋ ja'vʉŋ ja'vʉŋ jaɣʊŋ

High front vowel /*i/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
*i i i [i ɪ] i i i [i ɪ]
weeping/crying *iɸɛ i'fɛ i'fɛ i'fɛ ɛɸɛ eɸia
rainbow *iɾiN irĩ
earthquake *iɾiɾi iri'ri
goanna. *ɛbi ɛbi [dial.] 'ɛbi
gall/bile *[ɛ]timuN isimũ
sweet potato *ɛdiN 'idiŋ 'ɛdiŋ edʒiŋ edʒiŋ
3 sg. *ɛki eki i'ki 'ɛki 'ɛki e'ke
drink (irrealis)*ami ɑmi ami ami
young woman *am[i]gi am'gi
eat (future) *a[n]di adi- andʒi andʒ-
sneeze (n.) *asiN asĩ
dog *aŋgi aŋ'gi 'ɑŋgi 'aŋgi 'aŋgi aŋgi
tail of bird *ɔti-ɾɔN 'osirõ
taro *ʉwi wi wi ʉi ʉi
drink (realis) *mi mi-
star/firefly *miN miŋ mi mi miʔ
morning *mimiN mimĩ
thigh *midiN midĩ
in front *migi 'miɣi 'migi ≈ mi'gimigi
beard *mati masi-rõ
afraid *mɔki 'moki mo'ki- moki- moki-
leg *piti 'bisi pi'si pi'si
long *piɾi pi'ɾi 'piɾi 'piɾi pirɪ
chest *biN
shin *biniɾɔ bini'ro
moon *bidiN bidĩ bɪ'diŋ 'bidʒiŋ 'bidʒiŋ bidʒiŋ
hand/arm *bidɜ bi'dɛ 'bidɛ bi'da bi'da bi'da
go out (of fire)*bʉni bu'ni-
male *b[a]tiN bisĩ b'siŋ
bone *bagi bagi 'bɑgi 'bagi ≈ ba'giba'gi bagɪ
shiver *bɔbiN bobĩ-
elbow/knee *bɔkiN bokĩ
name *ɸi fi ɸi ɸi ≈ fi ɸi ɸi:
smell *ɸ[i]mi fimi-
think *ɸimɔ fimo-
grandchild *ɸiɾɔN ɸi'ɾɔŋ ɸi'ɾɔŋ
bamboo *ɸijɔ fi'o ʍi'joʔ 'ɸijo 'ɸijo fɪo:
mother *ni ni 'wɑni 'wani ('wa)ni keni
wake (tr.) *naɸiN nɑɸi- naɸi(ŋ)-
good *n[a]ni 'nani nenɪ
father's father *ti si si si tʃi tʃi
plait *ti si-
old (things) *timi 'simi si'mi tʃimi tʃɪ'mɪ
ant *titaxa 'sitʰɑ(ɣa) sita'ɣa tʃitʰaʔa tʃetʃa:a
penis *tigi si'gi
leech *tiɾiN tʃiɾiŋ tʃɪriŋ
one *tɛ-isijɜ tisije te'sia tɛsia teisʲa
ashes *taki 'taki tɑ'ki 'taki 'taki ta'kʰɪ
salt *disɛ di'se di'se di'se
arrow *dɛb[ɛ]ti dibi'si dɛ'bɛsi debitʃi eptʃi
island *dʉbi du'bi
roof *dugi 'duɣi 'dʒugi
spine *si si
nose *siN(-tɔ) sin-'to 'sin-tɔ si:
mucus *siniɸɔ sini'fo
high/above *siɾi si'ri si'ɾi 'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi'siɾi ≈ si'ɾi siri ≈ sirɪ
black *siɾi si'ri 'siɾi si'ɾi si'ɾi si'rɪ
theft *ki ki
flower *ki ki
ankle *kiN
bathe/swim *kiN kĩŋ- ki: ≈ ki(ŋ)- kiŋ- ≈ kim- kʰin- ≈ kɪm-
tear(s) *kin-(ɜjɜ) kin-'ɛ
near *kinaxaN kinaɣã kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ 'kina 'kina 'kiraŋ
foot/leg *kitɔ kito 'kito ki'to
rope *kikiN kikĩ
side *kikiN kikĩ
wind *kɛɸi ki'fi 'kiɸi 'kɛɸi 'kɛɸi keɸi
sharp *kɛtiN 'kisĩ 'kisiŋ 'kesiŋ kɪtʃiŋ ≈ kitʃiŋkitʃiŋ
branch *kabiN kabĩ
sweat *k[a]tiN kasĩ
vomit *k[a]ndi kandi
leech *kaɾijaN karia 'karijɑŋ kaɾijaŋ
paddle *kaxʷi 'kafi kɑfi ≈ kɑɸi 'kawi 'kawi kawɪ
scratch *gi- gi- -ɣi -gi -gi -gɪ
gather *gigi[jɔ] kuNgigio kũ-
sand *giɾiN girĩ 'giriŋ gi'ɾiŋ gi'ɾiŋ giriŋ
garden *gijɔN giõ ɣijoŋ
break/snap *gɛni geni-
nape *gubiN gubĩ
lime *xami ami
friend *xabiN abiŋ [dial.] ha:bim
spear *xati ɣa'si
fence/wall *xaɾi 'xɑɾi 'haɾi ʔa:ɾi ha'rɪ
be in pain *xaɾimɔ ɣarimo-
be enough *xaɾini ɣarini-
die (pl.) *xɔs[a]ŋgi ɣosaŋgi-
flying fox *xɔŋgi ɣoŋ'gi
call/sing *ɾi ri-
lie down *ɾi ri- ɾi ɾi ri
rib(s) *ɾiN rim-bigi
twist rope *ɾiN rĩ-
bird *ji ji ɪ: ʝi ʝi i:
fire *ji(n) dziŋ ʝi ≈ 'ʝin- ʝi ≈ 'ʝin- ji: ≈ n-
fruit/seed *jindV-ɾɔ jindɛ-ro jindɔ-'ro jindʒə-ɾo
path *jɛdi jɛdi jɛ'di jɛdʒi jedʒi
bandicoot *j[a]mi 'jemi ≈ 'jɛmi 'jami jemiʔ ≈ jamiʔ
scab *j[a]miN jamĩ
mother's mother *wi wi wi wi wi wi
roof *wɛnikɔ we'niko we'niko we'niŋko
snake *wati wasi 'wɑsi wa'si watʃi ≈ wa'si wa'dʒi
river *wadi wa'di 'wɑdi 'wadi 'wadi wa'dɪ
bamboo knife *waki wa'ki 'wɑki wa'ki waki

In several examples where /*i/ is followed by mid back vowel /*ɔ/, it is lowered to [e] in Amagatsu and/or Drabbe's Pisà:

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
*i/Cɔi e ɛ i i i e
see/find *ɸitɔ feto- ɸi'tɑ 'ɸita ≈ ɸi'to'ɸita ≈ ɸitɔhe'to:
breath *ɸiɾɔ fero-
kunai grass*sisɔ sɛ'so siso 'siso 'siso suso (?)
marsupial *kisɔ ki'so ki'soɑ 'kiso keso
eye *kiɾɔ kiro ki'ɾo 'kiɾo 'kiɾo ke:ro

High central vowel /*ʉ/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
u ɯ [ɯ u] ʉ [ʉ u] ʉ [ʉ u] ʉ [ʉ u ʊ]
close eyes *abʉN abu-
body *adʉ adu
night *asʉ a'su 'ɑsɯ 'asʉ 'asʉ a'su
break/split (tr.)*axaɸʉN aɣafũ-
taro *ʉwi wi wi ʉi ʉi
neck/throat *mʉ(-tɔ) mu(-'to)
stomach *madʉ madzu [dial.]madzu [dial.]
go out (of fire) *bʉni bu'ni-
village *butʉ 'busɯ bu'sʉ ≈ bʉ'sʉbutʃɯ butʃu
bad smell *paxa ɸʉ[N]'paɣa fu patʃu:
banana *tʉ su tʃɯ tʃu:
urinate *tʉ su-
cook/burn *dʉ du- du- dʒʉ dʒu dʒu
bow *dʉN dũŋ ⁿdu dʒũŋ dʒʊn
island *dʉbi du'bi
young man *sʉbaN 'subã
mud *sʉɾu 'sɯru
ripe/dry (?) *kaɾʉ 'kɑru 'kaɾʉ 'kaɾʉ kʰaru
cassowary *kaɾʉwɛ 'karuwɛ 'kɑruwɛ kaɾʉ'we kaɾʉ'we karuɛ
brain *g[ʉ]N
navel *g[ʉ]N
cloud/sky *xɔwʉ ɣoᵘ xu ≈ xo hoʉ ≈ hu hoʉ ≈ hu ≈ ʔoᵘou:
go down *ɾʉ- ru-
chop down *ɾʉ- ru-
thunder *ɾʉ- ru-
scar *ɾʉ[N] ru
boil (n.) *ɾʉN
canoe *jaxʷʉN jɛfũ jɑ'xuŋ ja'vʉŋ ja'vʉŋ jaɣʊŋ
worm *wɛɾʉ 'weru 'weɾʉ 'weɾʉ eu'ru
kill *wʉ wu- -u- -ʉ-
tail *wɔbʉ wo'bu 'wobu 'wobʉ 'wobʉ 'wobu

High back vowel /*u/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
*u u u [u ʊ] u u u [u ʊ]
gall/bile *[ɛ]timuN isimũ
hide *atuɾumɔ- asurumo-
bite *asu asu- ɑsʊ- asu
smoke *aku a'ku 'ɑku aku aku a'kʰu
seek/search *agu agu- ɑgu- agu ago- agʰu-
louse *aŋgu 'aŋgu 'ɑŋgu aŋ'gu aŋ'gu
louse *mɛɾu 'mɛɾu meɾu meru
blunt/dull *mutu mutʃu
swallow *m[u]kuN mukũ-
egg *mugɔ mu'go mugɔʔ mu'go mu'go muŋgo
lake *pɔxuwɔ poɣuwɔ pou'wo
elbow/knee *buN buŋ buŋ [dial.] buŋ
outside/below *butaxa 'butaɣa 'butɑɣɑ buta'ɣa
village *butʉ 'busɯ bu'sʉ ≈ bʉ'sʉbutʃɯ butʃu
fly (v.) *buɾuN burũ- 'buruŋ- buɾuŋ- buɾuŋ- buruŋ-
below *[ɸ/x]u fu xu(h)
crocodile *nagaɾu naga'ɾuʔ naga'ɾuʔ nagru
1 sg. *nu nu nu
1 pl. *nugu nugu 'nugu 'nugu 'nugu nuŋgu
cold *taɾu 'taru 'tɑru 'taɾu 'taɾu ta'ru
go down *tu su-
daughter *tub-ɾaN subrã
nipple *tubu subu
ear *tuɾuN 'surũ 'suruŋ su'ɾuŋ tʃuɾuŋ tʃu'ruŋ
sago *du du du du du duʔ
roof *dugi 'duɣi 'dʒugi
mud *sʉɾu 'sɯru
nose *susuN 'susuŋ 'susuŋ susuŋ
slow *sukum[a]N 'sukumã
carry *kɛkuN kɛkũ-
older brother *kapu ka'pu kɑ'pu 'kapu 'kapu ≈ a-'kabua-kabu
belly *kaku 'kaku 'kɑku ka'ku ka'ku ka'ku
two *kɔɾumaN kurumã koru'mɑʔ ku'ɾuma ku'ɾuma kʰɔrman
die (sg.) *kuN kũ- kuŋ- kuŋ- kuŋ- kuŋ-
wash *kuN ku(ŋ)- ku(ŋ)- ku(ŋ)- ku(ŋ)-
sleep (n.) *kunuN kunũ 'kunu kunu- kunu- ku'nu-
goura pigeon *kutɛ ku'tɛ
gather *gigi[jɔ] kuNgigio kũ-
younger sibling*kudɜ ku'dɛ kudɛ 'kuda 'kuda
2 sg. *gu gu gu gu
nape *gubiN gubĩ
stone axe *xabu ɣa'bu 'habu ʔabu a'bu:
crocodile *xajambu 'ɣaⁱjambu xɑ'jɑmbu
friend *xɔmu 'homu ɔ:mu [dial.]
husband *xu -ɣu -gu -ɣu -ᵘ -u: ≈ -uʔ
milk *xu[N] ɣu
yawn *xuɸamɔ ɣufamo-
voice/speech *ɾu ru ru ɾu ɾu ru(:)
person *[ɾ/j]ɔxu 'juɣu 'jogoŋ 'ju'ɣu ɾɔu roʔu
inside *wɔmu 'womu 'womu 'womu womu gʷo'mu
green/blue *wɔxu 'woɣo 'wuɣu 'wuɣu ≈ wɔᵘ woɣu

Mid front vowel /*ɛ/ …

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
e [ɛ e] e [ɛ e] e [ɛ e] e [ɛ e] e
weeping/crying*iɸɛ i'fɛ i'fɛ i'fɛ ɛɸɛ eɸia
do/make *ɛmɔ emo-
3 sg. poss. *ɛna- ena- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)-
give *ɛdV edo-
3 sg. poss. *ɛwa- ewa-
louse *mɛɾu 'mɛɾu meɾu meru
wound *pɛsɔ 'pɛso
tongue *ɸagɛ fa'gɛ ɸɑ'gɛ 'ɸagɛ 'ɸagɛ ≈ hageha'ge
root *tatɛ ta'tɛ tɑ'tɛ ta'tɛ
mud *tawɛ 'tawe tawɛ tawe
salt *disɛ di'se di'se di'se
older sister *dɛ nɑ'tɛ 'wadɛ na'dɛ nade
not *dɛ
arrow *dɛb[ɛ]ti dibi'si dɛ'bɛsi debitʃi eptʃi
widower *sɛN 'sɛŋ-go
carry *kɛkuN kɛkũ-
bad *kɛjɔN 'kijoŋ 'kejoŋ 'kejoŋ keijoŋ
wet *kakɛ kake 'kɑkɛ 'kakɛ 'kakɛ
cassowary *kaɾʉwɛ 'karuwɛ 'kɑruwɛ kaɾʉ'we kaɾʉ'we karuɛ
goura pigeon *kutɛ ku'tɛ
break/snap *gɛni geni-
play *xaɸɛ ɣa'fɛ
worm *wɛɾʉ 'weru 'weɾʉ 'weɾʉ eu'ru

When /*ɛ/ is followed by high front /*i/ in the next syllable, it tends to be raised to /i/ in Wildeman River:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
*ɛ/_Cie i ɛ i e e e
goanna. *ɛbi ɛbi [dial.] 'ɛbi
sweet potato*ɛdiN 'idiŋ 'ɛdiŋ edʒiŋ edʒiŋ
3 sg. *ɛki eki i'ki 'ɛki 'ɛki e'ke
one *tɛ-isijɜ tisije te'sia tɛsia teisʲa
wind *kɛɸi ki'fi 'kiɸi 'kɛɸi 'kɛɸi keɸi
sharp *kɛtiN 'kisĩ 'kisiŋ 'kesiŋ kɪtʃiŋ ≈ kitʃiŋkitʃiŋ
path *jɛdi jɛdi jɛ'di jɛdʒi jedʒi
roof *wɛnikɔ we'niko we'niko we'niŋko

Mid central vowel /*ɜ/ …:

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet RiverKewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K.Amagatsu
e [ɛ e] e [ɛ e] a a a
mosquito *ɛⁱsɜ ise 'isɛ i'sa ≈ ɛⁱsɛ [dial.]i'sa ≈ isɛ eisʲa
water *ɜjɜ ɛ 'aja 'aja aija
butterfly *apɜɾɔ 'apɛro
coconut *pɜjɔ pe'jo 'pejo 'pajo 'pajo pajo
blind/deaf *pɜjɔ pɛ'jo 'pɛjo pa'jo pa'jo pajo:
hand/arm *bidɜ bi'dɛ 'bidɛ bi'da bi'da bi'da
one *tɛ-isijɜtisije te'sia tɛsia teisʲa
come *dɜ dɛ- da da da:
dry *sɜ sa-ka'ɾa sa-kᵊɾa sa: ≈ sa-kra)
sun/day *sawɜ sa'wɛ 'sɑwɛ 'sawa 'sawa
not/no *kaɾɜ ka'rɛ 'kɑrɛ ka'ɾa kaɾa kʰa'ra ≈ kara
younger sibling*kudɜ ku'dɛ kudɛ 'kuda 'kuda
mouth *xatɜ ɣa'tɛ xɑ'tɛ 'hata 'hat:a ata
hunger/thirst *jɜ
love *jɜ
left *wɜ we wa wɛma wa

Mid back vowel /*ɔ/…

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
o o [ɔ o] o [ɔ o] o [ɔ o] o
stone *ɛⁱɾɔ i'ro i'ro 'eiɾo ≈ 'iɾɔ 'eiɾo ɛⁱro
do/make *ɛmɔ emo-
butterfly *apɜɾɔ 'apɛro
hide *aturumɔ- asurumo-
excrement o ɔ ɔ̃ ɔ̃ ≈ o: [dial.]o:
breast *ɔN õ õŋ õŋ õŋ õ
child *ɔɸɔ 'ofo 'oɸo 'oɸo oho
tail of bird *ɔti-ɾɔN 'osirõ
behind *mɔ mo mo mo
mother's bro. *mɔN
small *m[ɔ]nɔxɔ 'monoɣo mono'ɣo mo'nɔɣɔ monɔ ≈ məno meʔno
afraid *mɔki 'moki mo'ki- moki- moki-
earth *mɔkaN mokã
cheek *mɔxɔN moɣõ
egg *mugɔ mu'go mugɔʔ mu'go mu'go muŋgo
wound *pɛsɔ 'pɛso
coconut *pɜjɔ pe'jo 'pejo 'pajo 'pajo pajo
blind/deaf *pɜjɔ pɛ'jo 'pɛjo pa'jo pa'jo pajo:
lake *pɔxuwɔ poɣuwɔ pou'wo
shin *biniɾɔ bini'ro
short/blunt *bagɔ ba'go 'bɑɣo 'bogo 'bogo bogo
father *bɔ bo bo bo bo
shiver *bɔbiN bobĩ-
elbow/knee *bɔkiN bokĩ
think *ɸimɔ fimo-
grandchild *ɸiɾɔN ɸi'ɾɔŋ ɸi'ɾɔŋ
bamboo *ɸijɔ fi'o ʍi'joʔ 'ɸijo 'ɸijo fɪo:
breath *ɸiɾɔ fero-
stink *ɸɔxɔmɔ foɣomo-
go (imperative) *nɔxɔⁱ noɣoj no'ɣi 'noɣu ≈ 'noɣʉ noʔi noɪ
hole *tɔ to
new *tɔgɔ 'togɔ togo
armpit *tɔgɔN 'toɣõ
afterbirth *t[ɔ]gɔɾɔ 'togoro
finger/toe *tɔɾɔN torõ 'toɾoŋ 'toɾoŋ ≈ to'ɾɔŋto'ɾɔŋ toraŋ
get up/stand up *dɔtɔ doto- do'to- do'to- doto- do'to: ≈ doto-
heart *dʉb[u]ɾɔ 'duburo 'dʒubuɾɔ 'dʒubuɾɔ
burn (intr.) *dɔ do- 'do- 'do- do-
mucus *siniɸɔ sini'fo
kunai grass *sisɔ sɛ'so siso 'siso 'siso suso
earth/ground *sɔxɔ so'ɣo so'xo 'soxo ≈ sɔxɔ 'soɣo ≈ soxo soʔo
foot/leg *kitɔ kito 'kito ki'to
marsupial *kisɔ ki'so ki'soɑ 'kiso keso
eye *kiɾɔ kiro ki'ɾo 'kiɾo 'kiɾo ke:ro
bad *kɛjɔN 'kijoŋ 'kejoŋ 'kejoŋ keijoŋ
tree *kasVrɔ 'kasɛro kɑso'ro kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾokasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo
red *kaŋgɔN 'kaŋgo 'kɑŋgo kaŋgɔ ≈ 'kaŋgo kaŋgoŋ kɐ̃ŋgõŋ
new *kɔtɔxɔ kotɔɣɔ ko'toɣoʔ
garden *gijɔN giõ ɣijoŋ
blood *gɔN go goŋ gɔŋ gɔŋ goŋ
bandicoot *xaⁱjɔ 'ɣajo hɛijo haijo(ʔ)
be in pain *xaɾimɔ ɣarimo-
man *xɔ ɣo xo ɸ(u)- ɔ- ≈ o- ho:- ≈ o-
walk/go *xɔ ɣo-
die (pl.) *xɔs[a]ŋgi ɣosaŋgi-
flying fox *xɔŋgi ɣoŋ'gi
ghost *xɔxɔⁱ ɣo'ɣoⁱ 'hoɣo ≈ 'hoɣu ɸɔɣɔⁱ
cloud/sky *xɔwʉ ɣoᵘ xu ≈ xo hoʉ ≈ hu hoʉ ≈ hu ≈ ʔoᵘ ou:
yawn *xuɸamɔ ɣufamo-
fruit/seed *ɾɔ ro ro 'ro ɾo
say/speak *ɾɔ ro- ro ɾɔ ro
hair/leaf/feather*ɾɔN roŋ ɾɔŋ ≈ ɾõŋ ɾɔŋ roŋ
weep/cry *ɾɔN roŋ-
breadfruit *[ɾ/j]awɔ ja'wo 'jɑwo 'ɾawo ɾawo ra'wo
thorn *jamɔxɔN 'jamoɣõ jɑməɣõŋ jamɔ'kɔŋ jɛmɔʔɔ ≈ jimɔ̃:ⁿji:moʔo
copulate *jɔN jõ-
3 pl. *jɔxɔ joɣo jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣo jo:o
rattan/rope *jɔxu 'joɣomo joɣomo 'juɣumo ≈ joɣo-jɔɣu joɣu
roof *wɛnikɔ we'niko we'niko we'niŋko
thumb/big toe *wadɔ wa'do wa'do
break/crush (tr.)*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-waɣaramo-
tail *wɔbʉ wo'bu 'wobu 'wobʉ 'wobʉ 'wobu
testicle *wɔb[ʉ]-ɾɔ 'wobu-ro

When /*ɔ/ is followed by /*u/ in the next syllable, it is raised to /u/ in Drabbe's Pisà and sometimes in Miaro River and in Kewet River of Juvo. This does not occur if the intervening consonant is /*m/:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*ɔ/_Cuu o u o ɔ u ɔ o
right (side)*ɔwu 'ou ou uma oᵘʔ
two *kɔɾumaN kurumã koru'mɑʔ ku'ɾuma ku'ɾuma kʰɔrman
husband *xɔxu -ɣogu ɸu: ≈ ɸuɣu [dial.]ɔᵘ ≈ -oᵘŋ ho:u: ≈ ouʔ
person *[ɾ/j]ɔxu 'juɣu 'jogoŋ 'ju'ɣu ɾɔu roʔu
green/blue *wɔxu 'woɣo 'wuɣu 'wuɣu ≈ wɔᵘ woɣu
liver *wɔwuN wõŋ wõŋ ≈wuŋ [dial.] woŋ wouŋ
*ɔ/_muu o o o [ɔ o] o
friend *xɔmu 'homu ɔ:mu [dial.]
inside *wɔmu 'womu 'womu 'womu womu gʷo'mu

Low central vowel /*a/ …

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*a a a [ɑ] a a a
3 sg. poss. *ɛna- ena- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)- ɛn(a)-
rain *a a: ɑ: ʔa ʔa(:) a:
nest *a ji 'a
vagina *a-tɔ 'ato
drink (irrealis) *ami ɑmi ami ami
young woman *am[i]gi am'gi
butterfly *apɜɾɔ 'apɛro
hot *apa 'apa 'ɑpɑ a'pasi apa(si) a'pa
laughter *ab[ɛN] ab gi- ɑb-giŋ aba-'gi- ab(i)-gi- ap-gi-
close eyes *abʉN abu-
leaf *ana ɑnɑ
hide *atuɾumɔ- asurumo-
body *adʉ adu
tie *ad[awɔ] ada- ɑde- ada -da- ado
eat (future) *a[n]di adi- andʒi andʒ-
sneeze (n.) *asiN asĩ
thin *as[ɛ][x][ɛ] 'aseɣe
night *asʉ a'su 'ɑsɯ 'asʉ 'asʉ a'su
bite *asu asu- ɑsʊ- asu
smoke *aku a'ku 'ɑku aku aku a'kʰu
seek/search *agu agu- ɑgu- agu ago- agʰu-
dog *aŋgi aŋ'gi 'ɑŋgi 'aŋgi 'aŋgi aŋgi
louse *aŋgu 'aŋgu 'ɑŋgu aŋ'gu aŋ'gu
fish *axaᵉ a'ɣaᵉ ɑ'ɣe ʔa'ɣe ʔaj ae:
break/split (tr.)*axaɸʉN aɣafũ-
cooked *ma- ma-
beard *mati masi-rõ
stand *mati-ɛ mase- mɑ'si- 'masi- ≈ ma'si-matʃi- matʃe-
stomach *madu madzu [dial.] madzu [dial.]
tooth *maga ma'ga 'mɑgɑ ma'ga ma'ga maga
knee/elbow *maɾ[ɔ/u] ma'ɾu ma'ɾu ma'ɾu ma'ɾo
earth *mɔkaN mokã
old (people) *patʉ patʃu:
bad smell *paxa ɸʉ[N] 'paɣa fu patʃu:
sit/stay *ba ba- bɑ- ba- ba-
soul *b[a]na bana
bone *bagi bagi 'bɑgi 'bagi ≈ ba'gi ba'gi bagɪ
wing *baɾ[ɔ/u] baɾu: [dial.] baɾɔ
outside/below *butaxa 'butaɣa 'butɑɣɑ buta'ɣa
not *ɸa fa
tongue *ɸagɛ fa'gɛ ɸɑ'gɛ 'ɸagɛ 'ɸagɛ ≈ hage ha'ge
1 sg. poss. *na- na nɑ- na- na- na-
eat (imperative) *na na
wake (tr.) *naɸiN nɑɸi- naɸi(ŋ)-
knowledge *naɸaN nafã nɑ'ɸɑŋ na'ɸaŋ na'ɸaŋ naxaŋ
crocodile *nagaɾu naga'ɾuʔ naga'ɾuʔ nagru
ant *titaxa 'sitʰɑ(ɣa) sita'ɣa tʃitʰaʔa tʃetʃa:a
root *tatɛ ta'tɛ tɑ'tɛ ta'tɛ
ashes *taki 'taki tɑ'ki 'taki 'taki ta'kʰɪ
tired *taxaN taɣã
cold *taɾu 'taru 'tɑru 'taɾu 'taɾu ta'ru
mud *tawɛ 'tawe tawɛ tawe
hear *da da- dɑ- da da- da-
in front *samaN samam
sun/day *sawɜ sa'wɛ 'sɑwɛ 'sawa 'sawa
young man *sʉbaN 'subã
near *kinaxaN kinaɣã kinɑ'ɣɑ̃ŋ 'kina 'kina 'kiraŋ
nail *k[i/ɛ]ja ki'a ki'jɑ ki'ja ki'ja ke'a
older brother *kapu ka'pu kɑ'pu 'kapu 'kapu ≈ a-'kabua-kabu
branch *kabiN kabĩ
flesh *kad[ʉ] ka'du 'kɑdu 'kadzu ≈ ka'du kadʒu ≈ ka'du kadʒu
tree *kasVɾɔ 'kasɛro kɑso'ro kasiɾo ≈ kasoɾokasiɾo ≈ kasoɾo
wet *kakɛ kake 'kɑkɛ 'kakɛ 'kakɛ
belly *kaku 'kaku 'kɑku ka'ku ka'ku ka'ku
red *kaŋgɔN 'kaŋgo 'kɑŋgo kaŋgɔ ≈ 'kaŋgo kaŋgoŋ kɐ̃ŋgõŋ
leech *kaɾijaN karia 'karijɑŋ kaɾijaŋ
not/no *kaɾɜ ka'rɛ 'kɑrɛ ka'ɾa kaɾa kʰa'ra ≈ kara
ripe/dry (?) *kaɾʉ 'kɑru 'kaɾʉ 'kaɾʉ kʰaru
cassowary *kaɾʉwɛ 'karuwɛ 'kɑruwɛ kaɾʉ'we kaɾʉ'we karuɛ
paddle *kaxʷi 'kafi kɑfi ≈ kɑɸi 'kawi 'kawi kawɪ
two *kɔɾumaN kurumã koru'mɑʔ ku'ɾuma ku'ɾuma kʰɔrman
raw/young *[k/x]adaxaⁱ 'kadaɣaⁱ 'xɑdɑɣɑi kada'ɣei adaɣai ≈ adaɣi adʰaʔɪ
2 sg. poss. *ga- ga-
skin/bark *xa ɣa ha ≈ xa ʔa: ≈ ha a:
head *xaⁱbaN ɣajbã 'xɑibɑŋ he'baŋ ≈ hi'baŋhabaŋ ≈ ʔa'baŋ aibaŋ
lime *xami ami
widow *xam[ɜ] ɣa'mɛ
far *xamaN ɣamã xɑ̃mɑ̃ŋ 'xama amaʔ a'ma
friend *xabiN abiŋ [dial.] ha:bim
stone axe *xabu ɣa'bu 'habu ʔabu a'bu:
play *xaɸɛ ɣa'fɛ
spear *xati ɣa'si
mouth *xatɜ ɣa'tɛ xɑ'tɛ 'hata 'hat:a ata
fence/wall *xaɾi 'xɑɾi 'haɾi ʔa:ɾi ha'rɪ
be in pain *xaɾimɔ ɣarimo-
be enough *xaɾini ɣarini-
white *xaja 'ɣaja 'xɑjɑ ha'ja ha'ja
crocodile *xajambu 'ɣaⁱjambu xɑ'jɑmbu
yawn *xuɸamɔ ɣufamo-
take/hold *ɾa ra- ɾa- ɾa-
woman/wife *ɾaN rɑŋ ɾaŋ ɾaŋ raŋ
breadfruit *[ɾ/j]awɔ ja'wo 'jɑwo 'ɾawo ɾawo ra'wo
bark *jaxaN 'jaɣaŋ 'jaɣaŋ ≈ ja:ŋ ɲʲaʔa
lie(s) *jaxam[a] 'jaɣama
canoe *jaxʷʉN jɛfũ jɑ'xuŋ ja'vʉŋ ja'vʉŋ jaɣʊŋ
3 sg. poss. *wa- ewa- wɑ- wa- wa-
snake *wati wasi 'wɑsi wa'si watʃi ≈ wa'si wa'dʒi
*wadi wa'di 'wɑdi 'wadi 'wadi wa'dɪ
thumb/big toe *wadɔ wa'do wa'do
bamboo knife *waki wa'ki 'wɑki wa'ki waki
ripe/yellow *waxamaN 'waɣamã wa'ɣama wama waʔ'ma
break/crush (tr.)*waxaɾ[a]-mɔ-waɣaramo-

Diphthongs /*ɛⁱ *ɔⁱ *aⁱ *aᵉ/ …:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, Khanami Juvo B., K. Amagatsu
*ɛⁱ i i eⁱ [eⁱ ɛⁱ i] eⁱ [eⁱ i] eⁱ [ei eɪ ɪ]
mosquito *ɛⁱsɜ ise 'isɛ i'sa ≈ ɛⁱsɛ [dial.]i'sa ≈ isɛ eisʲa
stone *ɛⁱɾɔ i'ro i'ro 'eiɾo ≈ 'iɾɔ 'eiɾo ɛⁱro
pig *uwɛⁱ u'i wi wei wei weɪ
goanna *tɛⁱja 'teija 'teia teije
river *wadɛⁱ wa'di 'wɑdi 'wadi 'wadi wa'dɪ
*ɔⁱ oⁱ i o u ʉ ɔⁱ i
go (imperative)*nɔxɔⁱ noɣoj no'ɣi 'noɣu ≈ 'noɣʉ noʔi noɪ
ghost *xɔxɔⁱ ɣo'ɣoⁱ 'hoɣo ≈ 'hoɣu ɸɔɣɔⁱ
*aⁱ aⁱ ɑi ei ɛi e i ai a i aʔɪ aʔə
raw/young *[k/x]adaxaⁱ'kadaɣaⁱ 'xɑdɑɣɑi kada'ɣei adaɣai ≈ adaɣiadʰaʔɪ
give birth *xaⁱ ɣaⁱ-
house *xaⁱN ɣãⁱ xɑ̃ĩŋ -ɣiŋ ʔaĩ: haʔə
head *xaⁱbaN ɣajbã 'xɑibɑŋ he'baŋ ≈ hi'baŋ habaŋ ≈ ʔa'baŋaibaŋ
fence *xaⁱti ɣaⁱ'si
bandicoot *xaⁱjɔ 'ɣajo hɛijo haijo(ʔ)
*aᵉ aᵉ e e aj e
fish *axaᵉ a'ɣaᵉ ɑ'ɣe ʔa'ɣe ʔaj ae:

Pronouns

West Awyu free pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with forms drawn from Drabbe (1950: 99-100,) Kriens and Lebold (2010: 42,) Lebold, Kriens, de Vries and Rumaropen (2010: 45-46, 55-56) and Kriens, Lebold and Menanti (2011: 45-46):

West AwyuWildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet River Kewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K. Amagatsu
1 sg.*nu nu nu
2 sg.*gu gu gu ? ? gu
3 sg.*ɛki eki i'ki 'ɛki 'ɛki e'ke
1 pl.*nugu nugu 'nugu 'nugu 'nugu nuŋgu
2 pl.*g[ɔ]g[ʉ]gugu gu'gu 'gɔgʉ ≈ 'gogu'gɔgʉ ≈ 'gogugugu
3 pl.*jɔxɔ joɣo ? jo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣojo'ɣʉ ≈ jo'ɣojo:o

Possessive forms are found on kin terms, and are reconstructed as follows:

West Awyu Wildeman RiverWildeman RiverMiaro River Kewet RiverKewet River
Pisà Busiri Keru, KhanamiJuvo B., K.Amagatsu
1 sg. poss.*na- na- nɑ- na- na- na-
2 sg. poss.*ga- ga- ? ? ? ?
3 sg. poss.*(ɛ-)wa-, *ɛna-ewa-, ena- wɑ- wa-, ɛn(a)- wa-, ɛn(a)-ɛn(a)-

Additionally, Drabbe (1950: 101-102) gives plural forms for Pisà possessors, but these are not attested in SIL's survey vocabularies or in other Awyu subfamilies.