Table of Contents

Mandobo

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

Mandobo, also known as Dumut, is comprised of at least three closely-related languages or dialects spoken along and to either side of the Mandobo river, called by natives Ndumut, between the Digul river to the west and the Kao to the east in the Indonesia's Papua province, to the south along the Digul, and in an enclave just east of the Fly river across the Papua New Guinea border called Kwem.

Drabbe's (1954, 1959) survey found three dialects of Dumut, the Wambon (Oàmbon) dialect on the upper Mandobo, Rungwanjap (Runggoanjàp) on the middle Mandobo, and Kambom on the lower Mandobo near its confluence with the Digul (1959: 4.) Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013) survey a region far to the south, along the east bank of the great bend in the Digul adjacent to Southeast Awyu and Upper Mbian Marind. Surprisingly, Drabbe's (1954) fragmentary attestations of Runggoanjàp apear to be somewhat more phonologically similar to Lebold, Kriens and Susanto's South Mandobo than to Upper Mandobo or to Drabbe's (1959) Kaeti, which is likewise said to be a variety of Rungwanjap spoken along the Marek river, a tributary of the Mandobo.

Jang (2003) distinguishes four divisions of Mandobo, Kokenop Mandobo, Upper Mandobo, Central Mandobo and Mariam Mandobo, based primarily upon materials collected in two unpublished surveys by Farneubun (2002.) Central Mandobo is equivalent to Runggwanyap, while Mariam Mandobo is spoken in Mariam village and in the multilingual village of Kouh in the northwest of the Mandobo region on the east bank of the Digul river. These are in turn broken down into two subgroups, Kokenop and Upper Mandobo and Central and Mariam Mandobo. Jang's Kokenop is closely related to or the same language as Drabbe's (1959) Wambon and de Vries' (1986) Yonggom Wambon, and is not a member of the Mandobo subfamily. Jang's use of the term Upper Mandobo differs from that adopted here, as it includes the village of Winiktit which we presume to be the same Drabbe's (1959: 115) Waniktit; this would explain Jang's finding of an exclusive relationship between the two speech varieties. Since none of Jang's villages are quite on the Mandobo (q.v. 2003: 14,) nor do these languages belong to the Mandobo subfamily, we reserve the term Upper Mandobo to refer to Drabbe's (1954) Wambon (Oámbon) dialect of Dumut.

Subclassification

The internal classification of Mandobo is as follows:

Mandobo

Upper Mandobo

Central Mandobo

Mariam Mandobo

As no Mariam Mandobo is currently available to us, both its status as a distinct language and its placement above relies upon Jang (2003: 23-27.) Nor can we say with certainty whether Drabbe's Kambom is equivalent to Mariam Mandobo, as its location is described as somewhat to the south of Jang's Mariam region (Drabbe 1959: 4, q.v. Jang 2003: 38.)

Central Mandobo may be further broken down by subdialects which differ primarily in their treatment of certain vowels (below,) but only three of these, the Omba dialect as described in Drabbe (1959,) Drabbe's (1954) Runngoanjàp of unspecified location, and that of the southern villages documented in Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013) are currently available to us, and Jang's list of subdialects does not purport to be exhaustive. Only five Kwem words are given in Voorhoeve (2001: 372-381;) it seems probable that these represent a variety of Central Mandobo in addition to those listed by Jang.

Sources

van Doorn (1931-1932) 429 comparative terms for Digul Mandobo (Upper Mandobo) published in Stokhof ed. (1982: 141-150)

Drabbe (1954: 162-163) pronouns and (1954: 211- 214) grammar sketch of Oàmbon (Upper Mandobo) of Anggimòp village and Runggoanjàp and (pp. 214-229) 419 comparative terms and (pp. 231-255) 100 comparative terms for Oàmbon Dumùt

Drabbe (1959: 3-108) grammar and (pp. 162-181) 431 comparative terms for Kaeti (Omba Rungwanjap)

Voorhoeve (2001: 372-381) 5 comparative terms for Kwem

Farneubun (2002) Central Digul survey (unobtained)

Farneubun (2002) Mandobo survey (unobtained)

Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47) 239 comparative terms for Mandobo of Kaisah village and (pp. 48-50) 60 comparative terms for Mandobo of Subur and Aiwat (South Mandobo)

Wester (2014) Awyu-Dumut comparative morphology including (pp. 195-210) 430 comparative terms for (Kaeti) Mandobo after Drabbe (1959: 162-181)

Historical phonology

[under construction]

Proto-Mandobo had 13 consonants and 8 vowels as follows:

*m *n
*p *t *k *kʷ
*mb *nd *ŋg *ŋgʷ
*w *j
*i *u
*e̝ *ɵ̝ *o̝
*a

Any consonant can occur initially or medially, except for bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ which has been lenited to non-stop /*w/ or lost in these positions and occurs only root-finally. An unoccluded aspirate /*h/ is found only in loans, where it can reflect either bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ or Marind /*w/ as seen in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo [jahu] “canoe” (cf. Awyu /*jaxʷuN/ where the special phoneme /*xʷ/ indicates a loan from Marind-Yaqay /*iawun/.) Initial prenasalized stops /*mb *nd *ŋg/ are often realized as plain voiced [b d g]. Medial voiceless stops /*t *k/ are sometimes realized as plain voiced [d g].

Only a restricted set of consonants occurs finally:

*m *n
*p *t *k
*j

Consonant clusters occur only in compounds.

A series of changes which might be aptly characterized as the Digul region vowel shift has affected all Mandobo languages to varying extents, with Upper Mandobo being the most conservative and Drabbe's Kaeti, representing the Omba subdialect of Runggwanjap, the most evolved in this respect. This shift has high back vowel /*u/ fronted to high central /ʉ/ and high mid back /*o̝/ raised to /u/, as well as in Mandobo the merger of mid front vowels /*e̝ *ɛ/, resulting in Omba's seven vowels as follows (Drabbe 1959: 7):

i ʉ u
e ɵ o
a

Since phonetic diphthongs are found primarly word-finally, and some of these are known to result from the palatalization of final apical non-stop /*ɾ/, these are treated as the results of interaction between vowels and non-stops /*w *j/.

Initial and medial consonants correspond as follows:

Mandobo Upper Omba Kaisah
*m m m m
*n n n n
*t t t t
*k k k k
*kʷ
*mb mb mb mb
*nd nd nd nd
*ŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg
*ŋgʷ ŋgʷ ŋgʷ ŋgʷ
*w w w w
ɾ ɾ ɾ
*j j j j

Final consonants correspond as follows:

Mandobo Upper Omba Kaisah
*-m m m m
*-n n n n
*-p p p p
*-t t t t
*-k k k k
*-j j ø ø

Clusters formed by compounding correspond as follows, with only attested combinations listed:

Mandobo Upper Omba Kaisah
*-m-m-
*-m-k-
*-m-ɾ-
*-n-m-
*-n-t-
*-n-k-
*…
*…
*…
*…
*…
*…

Vowels correspond as follows:

Mandobo Upper Omba Kaisah
*i i i i
*u u ʉ u
*e̝ e ɛ ɛ
*ɵ̝ u ɵ ɵ
*o̝ u u u
*o̝/iC_ u u i
ɛ ɛ ɛ
ɔ ɔ ɔ
*ɔ/_Cɵ̝ u ɔ ɔ
*ɔ/_Co̝ u ɔ ɔ
*a a a a
*a/_Cʷ ɔ ɔ ɔ
*a/_Ci a ɛ ɛ
*a/_Cu a ɔ ɔ
*a/_Co̝ a ɔ ɔ
*ujɔ o ʉjɔ ijɔ
*uja o ʉja uja

These correspondences are examplified as follows, with Oàmbon and Runggoanjàp attestations drawn from Drabbe (1954: 162-163, 211- 214,) Digul Mandobo from van Doorn (1931-1932, printed in Stokhof ed. 1982: 141-150,) Kaeti (Omba) from Drabbe (1959: 162-181) and South Mandobo of Kaisah village from Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47.) For clarity, our presentation is divided into four sections, beginning with initial and medial consonants, followed by final consonants, then consonant clusters formed by compounding, then vowels.


Initial and medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*m- m m m m m
drink *mi- mj- mɪ- ɛ-mi- ˈɛ-mi-
swallow *mi[m/n]-kɵ̝m- ˈmin-komo- min kɵn-
star/firefly *min-ɔp miˈnap miːnop minap ˈminjop̚
bone *mit-ɔp miˈrap mirɔb ~ midop mirap mirʲɔp̚
upper limb *mindin mindin mindi
soft *me̝nap meˈnap mɛnap
come *m[e̝/ɛ]- mɛ- ˈmɛ-
gall/bile *mɛn mæn mɛn
this *mɛnɛ mɛnɛ ˈmɛnɛ
young woman *mɛŋg[ajɛ]t mæˈŋgat mɪŋgɪt mɛŋgᵉɛt
brain/skull *mɵ̝k muk muk ~ mug- mɵk mɵk moq-
behind *ma mɑ̃
daughter *matip mɛtip
get up/stand up *ma-tɵ̝ɾɵ̝- ˈmatoro madɔr- ˈmætɛrɛ- ˈmotro
story/tradition *matɔm maːton
beard *matut maːˈtut madut ~ madʲyt matit
son *mandɵ̝p maːndɛp
shoulder/ten *mak maːk mɐʔ ~ mak- mak maɢ-
grandchild *mak-ɔp maːˈkap makɔp maːgop maɢop̚
belly *maŋg-ɔp maˈŋgap maˈŋgop
mouth/jaw *maŋgɔt maːˈŋkot mɔŋgɔ- maŋgot ˈmaɴɢot
mother's br. *mɔm mɔm mom
roof *mɔndɔm mɔndɔm ˈmoːnɖom
young/y. man *mɔŋgɔp moŋgop moŋgop ˈmoɴɢop
child *mo̝n mun mu mun mun
rain *mo̝ɾup murup muryp ˈmurup̚
*-m- m m m m
three *itit-mɔ iditmɔ ititmo ˈidikmʲɔ
drink *a-mi- ɛ-mi- ˈɛ-mi-
smell *u-mɔ- u-mo-
ripe/yellow *amo̝j amoj amui omu ˈomu
cheek *amɔkaj amokaˈjon amɔkajɔ amoga
one *ɔm[ɔ]j oˈmoj womɛ omɛ ˈɔmɛ
extinguish *o̝taki-mɔ- utakimo- utɛgimo-
fly (n.) *umɔn-ɔp umoˈnap umonop (?)
back *mbu-man mbuːˈman bumɐ ~ bumɛ mbyman
friend *namɔn-ɔp naːmoˈnap namonop
take/marry *ti-mɔ- ti-mo- ti-mɔ- ti-mo-
drop/discard *ti-ta-mɔ- titamo- ˈtiːtamo-
tendon/vein *tɛmɛt tæmæt tɛmɪt ~ tɪmɪt tɛmɛt
hide *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝k-mɔ- turuk-mo- tɵrɵk-mo-
wash *tambu-mɔ- taːmbumo- tombymo-
dry *tɔmap toˈmap tɔma- tomap
termite *tɔmaj toma
rat *t[ɔ]mɔn tomon
heart *ndum-ɾɔp nduːmaˈrapdumɔp
~ dʏmarɔp
ndymarop
widow *kamɔk kamok
far *kɔmam koman kɔmaːn koman ˈqomaːp̚
neck *kɔman koːman kɔman koman
thunder *kɔmɵ̝t kumut kumut komɵt
wrist/six *kɔmo̝k komuk gumuk komuk ˈkumuɢ-
be sick/ill (?) *ŋgʷa-mɔ- ŋgʷamo- ŋgʷaːmo-
night/dark *wamin waˈmin wami wɛmin ˈwɛmin
watch/guard *wɔmɔ- womo-
copulate *ɾe̝[k/ŋg]e̝nde̝-
-mɔ-
rekend mo- rɛŋgɛndɛmo-
break/snap (tr.) *ɾap-ŋgʷa-mɔ- ˈroŋgoamo- roŋgʷaːmo-
break/split (tr.)*ɾaka-mɔ- rakamo- ragaːmo-
two *ɾo̝mɔ rumo rumɔ rumo ˈrumɔ
gather *ɾo̝k[o̝]-mɔ- rukumo- rurukmo-

Initial and medial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants. Root-initial /*n/ is markedly uncommon:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*n- n n n n
1 sg. *nɵ̝p nup nɵp nɵp nup̚
friend *namɔn-ɔp naːmoˈnap namonop
1 pl. *naŋgup naŋgup noŋgyp noŋgup ŋoŋɢup (?)
knowledge *nɔwam noaŋ-gi- noam gɛ- ˈnoam
*-n- n n n n
net bag *e̝nɔj ɪnɛ ˈɛnɔ̃
older sister *ani ˈani ən-ani n-ɛni
eat *ane̝n- aneŋ- anɪ- ~ anɛ- anɛn-
older brother *ane̝t aner-ˈap anɛt
younger brother *[a]nan naːn ənan anan
grandfather *[a]kanɔt nakanɔt kanot aɢanɔt
intestines *aj-mo̝n-ɔpaː monap (?) o-munop ˈɔ-mːunɔp̚
fly (n.) *umɔn-ɔp umoˈnap umonop (?)
star/firefly *min-ɔp miˈnap miːnop minap ˈminjop̚
soft *me̝nap meˈnap mɛnap
this *mɛnɛ mɛnɛ ˈmɛnɛ
yawn *mbanan mbanan mbanɐ mbanan
friend *namɔn-ɔp naːmoˈnap namonop
fireplace/hearth*te̝nɔm tinɔ ~ tɪnɔm
red *te̝n-ɔp teˈnap tənɔw- tɛnop ˈtɛnop̚
mosquito *taje̝n-ɔp ˈtaen-ap taen-ɔp taᵉn-op taᵉn-op
mouse *to̝ko̝nap tugunaːp tugunaːp
sleep *kino̝m kinum kinum ˈki(ː)nim
palate *kana[m/n] kaːnan kənaŋ kanan
big *kɔn[ɛ]n[i]ˈkononi konɛni ˈkononu
stink *ŋge̝ne̝n ŋgenen kɛnɛ- ŋgɛnɛn
phlegm *ŋganɵ̝m ˈŋganum kɔnɛ ŋgonɵm
black/blue *ŋgo̝num ŋguˈnum gunʏn-
heel *wandano̝ waːndaːˈnu wandani waːndunu
tomorrow *jane̝n jaˈnin jaːnɛn

Bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ does not occur intially or medially, because it has been lenited to /*w/ or lost in proto-Mandobo.

Initial and medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in all descendants. Medially, it is sometimes heard as plain voiced [d]:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*t- t t t t t
plait *ti- ti- ti-
take/marry *ti(-mɔ)- ti-mo- ti-mɔ- ti-mo- ˈtiː-
dog *tit ti̪t
drop/discard *ti-ta-mɔ- titamo- ˈtiːtamo-
rattan/rope *tik tik tik ~ ti tik tik
afterbirth *tiŋgɔ-ɾɔp tiŋgorop
fireplace/hearth*te̝nɔm tinɔ ~ tɪnɔm
red *te̝n-ɔp teˈnap tənɔw- tɛnop ˈtɛnop̚
blind *te̝k -tek tɛg-op
leech *te̝ɾe̝n teren tɛrɛn tɛrɛn
sun *t[e̝jɛ]t tet teiɪt tᵉɛt tɛt̚
grasshopper *t[e̝/ɛ]ɾ[e̝/ɛ] tɛrɛ
tendon/vein *tɛmɛt tæmæt tɛmɪt ~ tɪmɪt tɛmɛt
anus *tɛn tɔp tɛn top tɛn top
areca nut *tɛt tɛt
penis *tɛŋgɛt tɛːŋgæt tɪŋgɪt tɛŋgɛt
shy/shame *tɛɾɛŋgɛt tɛrɛŋgɛt
fat/grease *tɵ̝kɵ̝ ˈtuku tɵgɵ
wet *tɵ̝kɵ̝p tukup tɵgɵp ˈtuɢup
go up/above *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝- toˈro- tro- tɵɾɵ- -ˈtru ~ -turuː
ear *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝n-tɔp toro-ˈtap turu-tup
hide *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝k-mɔ- turuk-mo- tɵrɵk-mo-
throw away *ta- -ta- taː- -ta-
wash *tambu(-mɔ)- taːmbumo- tombymo- ɖomb- (?)
palm/sole *tat tat tat
cuscus *takip tɛɢip̚
cowrie shell *tak[e̝/ɛ]t taˈgɛt
war *taŋgat taŋgat taŋkɪ- taŋgat
armpit *taŋgɔn taːŋgon taŋkɔ- tæŋgon
nose *taŋgo̝t ta(ː)ŋgut taŋgut toŋgut toŋgut ˈtoɴɢut̚
wild pig *tawɔn(-ɔp) taoˈnap taon -daonɔp̚
wife *taɾip taːrip
house/hut *taɾap tarap ˈtərap
cold *taɾo̝j təruj
shoot *t[a]je̝m- tɪn- tᵉɛn- tʲiam-
mosquito *taje̝n-ɔp ˈtaen-ap taen-ɔp taᵉn-op taᵉn-op
upper arm/nine *taje̝t taːet ta’ɪt taɛt ˈtait
dig *tɔ- to- to-
dry *tɔmap toˈmap tɔma- tomap
termite *tɔmaj toma
rat *t[ɔ]mɔn tomon
larynx *tɔkɔ-ɾɔp tokoˈrap tɔgɔɾɔp togorop
tell *tɔk-mɔ- tokmo- tokmo-
mouse *to̝ko̝nap tugunaːp tugunaːp
expel from body *tu- tu- ty- ty-
banana *tut tyt
*-t- t t [t d] t t t
hole *-tɔp -top -tɔp -top -top -top̚
cassowary *itit itit
three *itit-mɔ iditmɔ ititmo ˈidikmʲɔ
earth/ground *itiwaj itiˈwae ɪtɪwɐ itiwa iˈtiwa
see *[i/e̝]t[i/e̝]k-jɔ-eteko- itigⁱo- ˈitigio-
father *ati n-aːˈti n-adi n-ɛti n-æti
bite *ati[k-m]ɔ- atiŋgomo-
spirit/soul *ate̝[t/ɾ]-ɔp ateˈrap aːtɛrop
tail of bird *ataɾɔn etaˈron ataron
spider *ato̝wan otugan
extinguish *o̝taki-mɔ- utakimo- utɛgimo-
daughter *matip mɛtip
get up/stand up *ma-tɵ̝ɾɵ̝- ˈmatoro madɔr- ˈmætɛrɛ- ˈmotro
story/tradition *matɔm maːton
beard *matut maːˈtut madut ~ madʲyt matit
male *mbatim mbɛtin
finger/claw *mbatit badi- mbɛtit ˈbeti-
thick *mbatut mbaˈtut mbotyt
house/village *mbo̝tup butup butyp ~ budyp mbutyp
drop/discard *ti-ta-mɔ- titamo- ˈtiːtamo-
tired *ke̝te̝wa ketewæ kɛtɛwa
unripe/raw *ke̝tɔt keˈtot ketor kɛtot
spear *ke̝jate̝ keate kⁱate
revenge *ke̝jat-ɔn ketan kᵉaton
saliva/spittle *kate̝t katet ~ kaːtætkatɪt- katɛt
skin/bark *kɔtaj koˈtae kotɛ ~ kodɛ kota ˈkotaʔ ~ -qotaʔ
goura pigeon *ko̝taj kuˈtae kutɛ kutᵉa
sharp *ŋge̝te̝n ŋgete ŋgɛtɛn ˈgeten
ashes *kʷate̝p kotep kʷatɛb ~ kʷatɪbkotɛp
sweat *kʷate̝n kʷaːtæn kʷadɛ ~ kʷatɪn kotɛn
snake *ŋgʷati ŋgʷaːti ŋgʷɛti ŋgᵘwɛti
sick/ill *watɵ̝k waˈtuk watuk ~ watut watɛk

Initial and medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is retained as such in all descendants. Medially, it is sometimes heard as plain voiced [g]. In South Mandobo, /*k/ is sometimes backed to uvular [q ɢ]:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*k- k k k k k [k q]
bathe *kim- kimo- kɪn- gin- kʲim-
sleep *kino̝m kinum kinum ˈki(ː)nim
near *kit-ɔp kiˈrap kɪdɔb kirop ˈkʲiɾjop
drum *kindaj kindæ kindɛ kinda
wind *kijawo̝j kˈjau kiawɪ kⁱoᵘ ˈkʲijoᵘ
flower *ke̝t ket kɛt
tired *ke̝te̝wa ketewæ kɛtɛwa
unripe/raw *ke̝tɔt keˈtot ketor kɛtot
ear *ke̝ɾe̝-tɔp kɪdɪtɔʔ- kɛrɛtop keretɔp ˈkerɛtop̚
eye *ke̝-ɾɔp keˈrap kirap kɛrop ˈkɛɾop̚
crocodile *ke̝jambo̝t keambut kⁱambut kʲijambot̚
spear *ke̝jate̝ keate kⁱate
revenge *ke̝jat-ɔn ketan kᵉaton
pinkie *kɛt-kɛt kætækæt kidikit (?) kɛtɛgɛt
make fire *kɵ̝m- kumo- kɵn-
weak *kɵ̝mbɵ̝t kumbut kɵmbɵt
wall *kɵ̝k kuk kɵk
walk/go (n.p.) *ka- ka- ka-
widow *kamɔk kamok
head *kambijan kaːmbian gambiãn kɛmbian kæmbiˈan kʲembijan
friend *kambe̝n ˈqaːmbɛn
worm *kambɔt ˈkambot̚
palate *kana[m/n] kaːnan kənaŋ kanan
outside *kat kat kat ˈqɑt
saliva/spittle *kate̝t katet ~ kaːtætkatɪt- katɛt
laugh *ka-nde̝- kande- kan- ˈqaːɖɛ-
flesh *kandɵ̝ kaːndu kandu kandɵ kaːnɖɔ ~ qanɖu
heavy *kakɵ̝n kakun kægɵn
old man *kako̝p ˈkaːɢup̚
enough *kaɾe̝- kare- karɛ-
break (intr.) *kaɾɔ-nde̝- korondi- karonɛ-
walk/go (pres.) *kɔ- ko- ˈgɔ-
thunder *kɔmɵ̝t kumut kumut komɵt
far *kɔmam koman kɔmaːn koman ˈqomaːp̚
neck *kɔman koːman kɔman koman
wrist/six *kɔmo̝k komuk gumuk komuk ˈkumuɢ-
big *kɔn[ɛ]n[i] ˈkononi konɛni ˈkononu
~ ɢɔnonu
skin/bark *kɔtaj koˈtae kotɛ ~ kodɛ kota ˈkotaʔ ~ -qotaʔ
foot/leg *kɔndɔk kondok kɔndɔʔ kondok ˈqondok
~ ˈgɔnɖɔq
stomach ache *kɔk-ɔp kokap gogop
ant *kɔkɔj[a/ɔ]p kokɛp ˈqogojap
wound *kɔko̝j koˈkoj kogu
be in pain *kɔk-ke̝- koki-
white *kɔwat koat kɔwar- koat ˈqowat
now/today *kɔwandɵ̝t koˈ(w)aːndut kᵒandɛp
inside *kɔɾo̝p kurup korup ˈkorup
stone axe *kɔɾu kory
go down/below *kɔ-ɾu- kory- koru- ~ -qoru
close eyes *ko̝mbo̝- kumbu- kumbu- kumbu-
sky *ko̝t kut kut kut qut̚
goura pigeon *ko̝taj kuˈtae kutɛ kutᵉa
ghost *ko̝ko̝ kuku kugu
theft *ko̝ɾ-ɔp kurap kurop
thirst *ko̝ɾo̝t kurut- kurut-
index finger/four*ko̝ɾo̝ko̝t kurukut kurukut ~kruku-kurugut ˈquruɢut
bad/evil *ko̝jɔm kuˈjon- kʏjoŋ- kujom ˈqujom
sugarcane *kum ˈkum-ae kym
die *kum- kumo- kyn- ~ kym-
blunt/dull *kuɾ-ɔp kurap ˈkuɾʲop
man/person *kujap kop kuwab ~ kwab kʸap koɵp ɢʷjɔp ~ qʷiap
*-k- k k [k g] k [k g] k [g ɢ]
be *-ke̝- -ki- -ke- -kɛ- -kɛ ~ -gɛ
and/also *-k[ɵ̝/o̝]p -kup -kup -kɵp ~ -kup -ɢup̚ ~ ɢop̚
paddle *ikɔj iˈkoj igɔ igⁱo ˈiːɢijo
see *[i/e̝]t[i/e̝]k-jɔ-eteko- itigⁱo- ˈitigio-
3 sg. *ɛkɛ(p) ɛgɛ ˈɛgɛp
cheek *amɔkaj amokaˈjon amɔkajɔ amoga
morning *ake̝t aket agɛt
vomit *akɵ̝[m/n]- akunde- aguŋ- agɵn-
many *akɵ̝p æˈkup agɵp ˈaʔqop
grandfather *[a]kanɔt nakanɔt kanot aɢanɔt
extinguish *o̝taki-mɔ- utakimo- utɛgimo-
swallow *mi[m/n]-kɵ̝m- ˈmin-komo- min kɵn-
sit (fut.) *mba-ki- mbɛ-gi- ˈbɛ-ɢi-
fat/grease *tɵ̝kɵ̝ ˈtuku tɵgɵ
wet *tɵ̝kɵ̝p tukup tɵgɵp ˈtuɢup
cuscus *takip tɛɢip̚
cowrie shell *tak[e̝/ɛ]t taˈgɛt
larynx *tɔkɔ-ɾɔp tokoˈrap tɔgɔɾɔp togorop
mouse *to̝ko̝nap tugunaːp tugunaːp
give *ndik-jɔ- ndiko- diga- ndigⁱo- ˈɖikʲo-
liver *ndo̝kɔm nduːkon ndugon ˈɖuɢəm
slow *ndukun-man ndukuˈnan ndygyman
heavy *kakɵ̝n kakun kægɵn
old man *kako̝p ˈkaːɢup̚
stomach ache *kɔk-ɔp kokap gogop
ant *kɔkɔj[a/ɔ]p kokɛp ˈqogojap
wound *kɔko̝j koˈkoj kogu
ghost *ko̝ko̝ kuku kugu
index finger/four*ko̝ɾo̝ko̝t kurukut kurukut ~kruku-kurugut ˈquruɢut
bamboo knife *waki waːki wagi wɛgi ˈwɛgi
bush fowl *wak[ɵ̝/o̝]m wakumə
bad/worthless *wakaɾ[ɛ]p wɐgarap wagærɛp
mucus *wakuɾaj waːkuˈru wagudɛ wogyra
quick/fast *wɔke̝t woket ogɛt
moon *wɔkɔj woˈkoj wogɛ ogo ɔɢɔ
stand (fut.) *ɾi-ki- riki- ~ rigi- rigi- rigi-
rainbow *ɾe̝ko̝ko̝t rekukut rɛgugut
break/split (tr.)*ɾaka-mɔ- rakamo- ragaːmo-
gather *ɾo̝k[o̝]-mɔ- rukumo- rurukmo-
sour *ɾo̝ko̝p rukup rugup
garden *jakup jaːˈkup jokyp joɢup

Rounded velar voiceless stop /*kʷ/ has been identified in only a few words where it is followed by low central vowel /*a/. It's possible that there are other examples of /*kʷ/ followed by rounded back vowels which have gone unrecognized:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*kʷ- kʷ [kʷ kᵒ] kʷ [kᵒ kᵒ] kʷ [kᵘw]
who? *kʷap kᵒap kᵘwao
ashes*kʷate̝p kotep kʷatɛb ~ kʷatɪbkotɛp
sweat*kʷate̝n kʷaːtæn kʷadɛ ~ kʷatɪn kotɛn
frog *kʷak kᵒak
*-kʷ-kʷ [kᵒ] kʷ [gᵒ] kʷ [kᵘw]
fish *ɾakʷaj roˈkoj rɔkʷe rogᵒa ˈrokᵘwa

Bilabial prenasalized stop /*mb/ is retained as such in all descendants. Initial /*mb/ is often heard as plain voiced [b]:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*mb- mb [mb b]mb [b mb]mb mb [b] mb [b mb]
shin *mbin-tɔn mbiton bitoŋ mbiton
coconut *mbijan mbiˈan mbia mbian ˈbijan
small *mbe̝ɾɔn mberon mbɛron ˈbɛɾon
chest *mbɛm-man mbɛːˈman mbɛmɐ mbɛman
forearm/seven *mbɛn mbæn mbɛn ~ mbɛ- mbɛn bɛn
kunai grass *mbɵ̝p mbup mbɵp bəp̚
fly (v.) *mbɵ̝ɾɵ̝-nde̝-ˈmburunaka mbɛrɛnɛ ˈberɛndɛ
sit *mba- mba- mba- ~ pa- mba- bɛ-
father *mbap mbab
yawn *mbanan mbanan mbanɐ mbanan
male *mbatim mbɛtin
finger/claw *mbatit badi- mbɛtit ˈbeti-
bow *mbandit bandit mbɛndit ˈbɛndit
thick *mbatut mbaˈtut mbotyt
sago stem *mbaŋgi mbaŋgi mbɛŋgi
lip(s) *mbaŋgaj baˈŋgae baŋgai mbaŋga baˈŋga ˈbɛɴɢa
old person *mbaɾi mbaːˈri mbɛri mbeˈri
thin *mbaɾap mbaˈrap mbarap
cassowary *mbaje̝ŋg[a]p ˈmbaeŋgap mbaᵉŋgap
lightning *mbɔmban mboˈmban bombɛ mbomba
shivering *mbɔmbandɵ̝m mbombondum mbombandɛn
wing *mbɔɾɵ̝ mburu- bəru- mbɔrɵ bərə
house/village *mbo̝tup butup butyp ~ budypmbutyp
deaf *mbo̝ɾum buruŋ-gi buraŋ-gɪ- (?)mburym-op ˈbuɾʲum
back *mbu-man mbuːˈman bumɐ ~ bumɛ mbyman
knee *(wan-)mbujɔm wambon bun ~ wambon wambyon ˈwambʲijom
*-mb- mb mb mb mb mb
think *imbin-mɔ- imbino- imbimo-
tooth *imban iːmban imban ~ ibaŋ imban ˈimbʲijan
scabies/tinea *iɾɔmbo̝t ruˈmbut imbut imbut
younger sister*ambijat aːmbˈjat ɛmbⁱat n-embʲijat
laughter *ambe̝n amben ambɪ-
grandfather *ambaj ambae
lightning *mbɔmban mboˈmban bombɛ mbomba
shivering *mbɔmbandɵ̝m mbombondum mbombandɛn
wash *tambu(-mɔ)- taːmbumo- tombymo- ɖomb-
sweet potato *tɔmbɵ̝-ɾɔp tomboraːp tombɵrop ˈtombu-rop̚
crocodile *ke̝jambo̝t keambut kⁱambut kʲijambot̚
weak *kɵ̝mbɵ̝t kumbut kɵmbɵt
head *kambijan kaːmbian gambiãn kɛmbian kæmbiˈan kʲembijan
friend *kambe̝n ˈqaːmbɛn
worm *kambɔt ˈkambot̚
close eyes *ko̝mbo̝- kumbu- kumbu- kumbu-
nape *ŋgɛmbɛn ŋgɛːmbɛn ŋgɛmbɛn
elbow/eight *ŋgambum ŋgaːmbun gambu ~gambʏ ŋgombyn ɴɢombun
crooked *ŋgambut kambut- ŋgombyt
incorrect *ŋgɔmbam ŋgombæ ŋgomban
root *ŋgo̝mbut ŋguˈmbut ŋgumbyt
testicle *wambi-ɾɔp wambi-ˈrap wanbi-rɔb wambi-rap
tail *wambut waˈmbut wombyt wombʊt̚
fever *jambɔɾɔ dʲambərɔ
door *jambo̝[p]-tɔpjambiˈtap jambubɪtɔp jombutop

Apical prenasalized stop /*nd/ is retained as such in all descendants. Initial /*nd/ is often heard as plain voiced [d] and is relatively uncommon. Both initial and medial /*nd/ are often retroflexed [ɖ nɖ] in South Mandobo:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*nd- nd nd [d nd] nd nd [ɖ d nd]
straight *ndindip ndindip ndindip
give *ndik-jɔ- ndiko- diga- ndigⁱo- ˈɖikʲo-
hot *ndam ndan ndam ˈɖaːɴ-ɢop̚
hear *ndat- ndar- dar- ndot- (?) ˈdaːɾ-
fence *ndaɾak ndarat ndrɐk ndara ˈdəra
not/nothing *nd[a/ɔ]j ˈndoe ~ ndojde- nda ndaʔ
marsupial *ndawɔ ndo- do- ndaᵒ ˈdao- ~ ɖao-
nail *ndɔk ndok -ndɔʔ -ndok
island *ndo̝m nduˈm-ap -nduŋ ndun
liver *ndo̝kɔm nduːkon ndugon ˈɖuɢəm
sago *ndo̝j ndoj ndu ndu ɖu
heart *ndum-ɾɔp nduːmaˈrap dumɔp
~ dʏmarɔp
ndymarop
slow *ndukun-man ndukuˈnan ndygyman
*-nd- nd nd nd nd nd [nd nɖ]
enemy *ɛndɔm ændon-ˈjat ɛndon
eat (fut.) *ande̝- andɛ- andɛ- ˈanɖɛ-
burn (fut.) *a-ndɔ- ando- ˈãːnɖo-
body *andu andu ~ aːnduandu ondy ondun oːnɖu
cook/burn *andu- any- (?) ondy- oːnɖu-
upper limb *mindin mindin mindi
son *mandɵ̝p maːndɛp
roof *mɔndɔm mɔndɔm ˈmoːnɖom
bow *mbandit bandit mbɛndit ˈbɛndit
shivering *mbɔmbandɵ̝m mbombondum mbombandɛn
straight *ndindip ndindip ndindip
drum *kindaj kindæ kindɛ kinda
flesh *kandɵ̝ kaːndu kandu kandɵ kaːnɖɔ ~ qanɖu
foot/leg *kɔndɔk kondok kɔndɔʔ kondok ˈqondok
~ ˈgɔnɖɔq
now/today *kɔwandɵ̝t koˈ(w)aːndut kᵒandɛp
chin/jaw *ŋgandɵ̝m ŋgaːndom gandu ~ ganuŋ- ŋgandɵm
break/snap *ŋgʷa-nde̝- ŋgoandi- ŋgʷanɛ- (?)
earthquake *windɵ̝m wiˈndu ondɵn
belly *wandin wa(ː)ndin wandin wɛndin
egg *wandin waːndin wandi wɛndin ˈwɛndin
heel *wandano̝ waːndaːˈnu wandani waːndunu
old/before *wand-ɔp wandap wændop ˈwaːnɖop̚
bird of paradise*wandɔj waːndoj wɔndɛ ~ wandɔ wando
good *wɔnde̝n wɔndɪn wondɛn ˈwoːnɖɛn
copulate *ɾe̝[k/ŋg]e̝nde̝-
-mɔ-
rekend mo- rɛŋgɛndɛmo-
path *jandit jandit jɛndit ˈdʒendit̚
~ d͜ʒɛnɖit

In one very common verb formative medial /*nd/ is unexpectedly reflected as /n/ in Drabbe's Kaeti:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-nd-nd n nd
do (intr.)*-nde̝- -ndi- ~ -nde- -nɛ- -ndɛ

Velar prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ is retained as such in all descendants. Initial /*ŋg/ is sometimes heard as plain voiced [g] or occasionally as [k] in Upper Mandobo, while both initial and medial /*ŋg/ is sometimes realized as prenasalized voiceless [ŋk]. Both initial and medial /*ŋg/ are often backed to uvular [ɢ ɴɢ] in South Mandobo:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*ŋg- ŋg [ŋg g k] ŋg [ŋg g ŋk k]ŋg ŋg ŋg [ŋg g ɴɢ ɢ]
cold *ŋgit ŋgit ŋgit ɢit
sand *ŋgiɾim ŋgirim ŋgirim -ŋgɾi-
stink *ŋge̝ne̝n ŋgenen kɛnɛ- ŋgɛnɛn
sharp *ŋge̝te̝n ŋgete ŋgɛtɛn ˈgeten
nape *ŋgɛmbɛn ŋgɛːmbɛn ŋgɛmbɛn
nest *ŋgɛɾim ˈŋgɛlin ŋgɛɾim
2 sg. *ŋgɵ̝p ŋgup ŋgɵp ŋgɵp ŋgɛp
elbow/eight *ŋgambum ŋgaːmbun gambu ~gambʏ ŋgombyn ɴɢombun
crooked *ŋgambut kambut- ŋgombyt
phlegm *ŋganɵ̝m ˈŋganum kɔnɛ ŋgonɵm
chin/jaw *ŋgandɵ̝m ŋgaːndom gandu ~ ganuŋ- ŋgandɵm
2 pl. *ŋgaŋgip ŋgaŋgip nɛŋgip (?)ŋgæŋgip ŋɛŋgip (?)
blood *ŋgɔm ŋgon ŋgɔŋ ŋgom ŋgom ɴɢom
song *ŋgɔm -ŋkɔ ŋgom
arrow *ŋgɔp ŋgop ŋkɔp ŋgop ɴɢop
incorrect *ŋgɔmbam ŋgombæ ŋgomban
navel/umbilicus*ŋgo̝m ŋgun ŋgun ŋgun
root *ŋgo̝mbut ŋguˈmbut ŋgumbyt
black/blue *ŋgo̝num ŋguˈnum gunʏn-
louse *ŋgo̝t ŋgut ŋgut ɢʊt
long/tall *ŋgo̝ɾo̝-ɔp ŋguruˈap
~ ŋguroˈap
ŋgurup ŋguruop ˈɢurup
*-ŋg- ŋg [ŋg ŋk] ŋg [ŋg ŋk] ŋg ŋg ŋg [ŋg ɴɢ]
torch *e̝ŋgɔt ɪŋkɔt ɛŋgot
strong *e̝ŋgɔwan eŋgoˈan ɛŋgᵒan
thigh *aŋgin aˈŋgin aŋgin ɛŋgin
wife *aŋge̝n aːŋgen jaŋgɪn aŋgɛn jaːnˈgɛn (?)
dog *aŋgaj aˈŋgae aŋkai aŋga
defecate *aj-ŋgɔ- æ-ŋgo- aː ŋgo-
young woman *mɛŋg[ajɛ]t mæˈŋgat mɪŋgɪt mɛŋgᵉɛt
mouth/jaw *maŋgɔt maːˈŋkot mɔŋgɔ- maŋgot ˈmaɴɢot
young/y. man *mɔŋgɔp moŋgop moŋgop ˈmoɴɢop
sago stem *mbaŋgi mbaŋgi mbɛŋgi
lip(s) *mbaŋgaj baˈŋgae baŋgai mbaŋga baˈŋga ˈbɛɴɢa
cassowary *mbaje̝ŋg[a]pˈmbaeŋgap mbaᵉŋgap
1 pl. *naŋgup naŋgup noŋgyp noŋgup ŋoŋɢup
afterbirth *tiŋgɔ-ɾɔp tiŋgorop
penis *tɛŋgɛt tɛːŋgæt tɪŋgɪt tɛŋgɛt
shy/shame *tɛɾɛŋgɛt tɛrɛŋgɛt
war *taŋgat taŋgat taŋkɪ- taŋgat
armpit *taŋgɔn taːŋgon taŋkɔ- tæŋgon
nose *taŋgo̝t ta(ː)ŋgut taŋgut toŋgut toŋgut ˈtoɴɢut̚
2 pl. *ŋgaŋgip ŋgaŋgip nɛŋgip ŋgæŋgip ŋɛŋgip
sister's son *ɾaŋge̝n raŋgin raŋgɛn
female *ɾaŋgo̝j rannu (?) roŋgu
3 pl. *jaŋgip jaŋgip jɛŋgip ˈjɛŋgip

Rounded velar prenasalized stop /*ŋgʷ/ has been identified in only a few words where it is followed by low central vowel /*a/ or, in one instance, high mid back /*o̝/ where it is discernible only by its effect upon preceding /*a/ (below.) It's possible that there are other examples of /*ŋgʷ/ followed by rounded back vowels which have gone unrecognized. Like unrounded /*ŋg/ it can be backed to [ɴɢ] in South Mandobo:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*ŋgʷ- ŋgʷ [ŋgʷ ŋgᵒ] ŋgʷ ŋgʷ
be sick/ill (?) *ŋgʷa-mɔ- ŋgʷamo- ŋgʷaːmo-
break/snap *ŋgʷa-nde̝- ŋgoandi- ŋgʷanɛ-
snake *ŋgʷati ŋgʷaːti ŋgʷɛti ŋgᵘwɛti
*-ŋgʷ- ŋgʷ [ŋgʷ ŋgᵒ]ŋgʷ ŋgʷ ŋgʷ [ŋgʷ ɴɢʷ]
thumb/five *aŋgʷo̝ oŋgu ɔŋgɔ ~ oŋgu- oŋgu ˈoɴɢu
split (intr.) *ŋgʷa-ŋgʷa-
nde̝-
ŋgoŋgoande ŋgoŋgʷan
break/snap (tr.)*ɾap-ŋgʷa-mɔ- ˈroŋgoamo- roŋgʷaːmo-

Bilabial non-stop /*w/ is found almost only before vowels /*a *ɔ/. One example in which /*w/ is followed by high front /*i/ is unexpected and unexplained as both Dumut /*p *w/ are usually lost in this environment:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*w-
earthquake *windɵ̝m wiˈndu ondɵn (?)
crippled/lame *wa wa
night/dark *wamin waˈmin wami wɛmin ˈwɛmin
testicle *wambi-ɾɔp wambi-ˈrapwanbi-rɔb wambi-rap
tail *wambut waˈmbut wombyt wombʊt̚
calf *wan wan- wan- wan wam-
sick/ill *watɵ̝k waˈtuk watuk ~ watut watɛk
belly *wandin wa(ː)ndin wandin wɛndin
egg *wandin waːndin wandi wɛndin ˈwɛndin
heel *wandano̝ waːndaːˈnuwandani waːndunu
old/before *wand-ɔp wandap wændop ˈwaːnɖop̚
bird of paradise*wandɔj waːndoj wɔndɛ ~ wandɔ wando
left *wak ˈwaq
bamboo knife *waki waːki wagi wɛgi ˈwɛgi
bush fowl *wak[ɵ̝/o̝]m wakumə
bad/worthless *wakaɾ[ɛ]p wɐgarap wagærɛp
mucus *wakuɾaj waːkuˈru wagudɛ wogyra
tongue *wawɔn(-kat) wan wɐɔŋ ~ wɔŋ-katoŋ-gat ˈwan
stairs/ladder *waɾik warit warit ~ uarit wɛrik
watch/guard *wɔmɔ- womo-
quick/fast *wɔke̝t woket ogɛt
good *wɔnde̝n wɔndɪn wondɛn ˈwoːnɖɛn
moon *wɔkɔj woˈkoj wogɛ ogo ɔɢɔ
*-w-
earth/ground *itiwaj itiˈwae ɪtɪwɐ itiwa iˈtiwa
stone *iwan iwan iwan ˈiwan
butterfly *awɔmbɔɾɵ̝j-ɔpaumbiriˈap
yesterday *aɾuwaj ˈaruwæ orywa
tired *ke̝te̝wa ketewæ kɛtɛwa

…:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*w-
*…
*-w-/a_uj
grandmother*awujaj aˈjae -owɛ oʸa ɔɢʷja
cough *awujɔk ajok awjɔʔ ~ aguɔʔ oʸok ˈɔɢᵘjɔq
*-w-/a_o̝j
mother *awo̝j -ao -aɪ -oᵘ
wind *kijawo̝j kˈjau kiawɪ kⁱoᵘ ˈkʲijoᵘ
*-w-/ɔ_a
strong *e̝ŋgɔwan eŋgoˈan ɛŋgᵒan
knowledge *nɔwam noaŋ-gi- noam gɛ- ˈnoam
white *kɔwat koat kɔwar- koat ˈqowat
now/today *kɔwandɵ̝t koˈ(w)aːndut kᵒandɛp
*-w-/a_ɔ
wild pig *tawɔn(-ɔp) taoˈnap taon -daonɔp̚
marsupial *ndawɔ ndo- do- ndaᵒ ˈdao- ~ ɖao-
breadfruit *ɾawɔt laːwot raot raɔt̚
*-w-/wa_ɔ
tongue *wawɔn(-kat) wan wɐɔŋ ~ wɔŋ-katoŋ-gat ˈwan

In one example, what would seem to be the reflex of Dumut /*w/ is given as voiced velar stop [g] in Drabbe's Kaeti:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-w-/o̝_a [g]
spider*ato̝wan otugan

…:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-w-/wa_ɔ
tongue*wawɔn(-kat) wan wɐɔŋ ~ wɔŋ-katoŋ-gat ˈwan

Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ is retained as such in all descendants. Drabbe (1954: 62) states that Oámbon Dumut <r> may be heard as lateral [l]. It is occasionally heard as a voiced stop [d] in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*ɾ- ɾ [r l] <r> ɾ [ɾ d] ɾ ɾ
stand (fut.) *ɾi-ki- riki- ~ rigi- rigi- rigi-
stand *ɾe̝- re- rɪ-
copulate *ɾe̝[k/ŋg]e̝nde̝-
-mɔ-
rekend mo- rɛŋgɛndɛmo-
rainbow *ɾe̝ko̝ko̝t rekukut rɛgugut
break/snap (tr.) *ɾap-ŋgʷa-mɔ- ˈroŋgoamo- roŋgʷaːmo-
woman/female *ɾan ran ran ran ran
lie down *ɾan- ran-
sister's son *ɾaŋge̝n raŋgin raŋgɛn
female *ɾaŋgo̝j rannu roŋgu
break/split (tr.)*ɾaka-mɔ- rakamo- ragaːmo-
fish *ɾakʷaj roˈkoj rɔkʷe rogᵒa ˈrokᵘwa
breadfruit *ɾawɔt laːwot raot raɔt̚
plant (v.) *ɾɔ- ro- ro-
cry/weep *ɾɔm- romo- rɔŋ- ~ rɔn- run-
fruit/seed *ɾɔp rop -rɔp rop rop̚
hair/leaf/feather*ɾɔn ron -rɔn ~ -rɔŋ ~ -rɔron ron
two *ɾo̝mɔ rumo rumɔ rumo ˈrumɔ
gather *ɾo̝k[o̝]-mɔ- rukumo- rurukmo-
sour *ɾo̝ko̝p rukup rugup
sing *ɾu- ry- ry-
chop down *ɾu- ru- -ry-
tie/bind *ɾun- ru- ryn ˈrʲuɲ-
*-ɾ- ɾ [r l] <r> ɾ [ɾ d] ɾ ɾ ɾ
tail of bird *ataɾɔn etaˈron ataron
rib(s) *[a]ɾin-man riˈnan rinɐ ɛriman eriman
raw/alive *aɾɵ̝ aru- arɛ aˈrɛ
voice/speech *[a]ɾɵ̝k ruk- ruk- arɛk ˈaɾɛ-
chop down *a-ɾu- o-ry-
boil (n.) *[a]ɾun run dyʔ oryn
thorn *aɾun aːrun oryn ˈorun
thorn *aɾuk aryk
yesterday *aɾuwaj ˈaruwæ orywa
daylight *ɔɾat oˈrat orat
get up/stand up *ma-tɵ̝ɾɵ̝- ˈmatoro madɔr- ˈmætɛrɛ- ˈmotro
rain *mo̝ɾup murup muryp ˈmurup̚
turtle *mbiɾip mbirip mbirip
small *mbe̝ɾɔn mberon mbɛron ˈbɛɾon
fly (v.) *mbɵ̝ɾɵ̝-nde̝- ˈmburunaka mbɛrɛnɛ ˈberɛndɛ
wing *mbɔɾɵ̝ mburu- bəru- mbɔrɵ bərə
old person *mbaɾi mbaːˈri mbɛri mbeˈri
thin *mbaɾap mbaˈrap mbarap
deaf *mbo̝ɾum buruŋ-gi buraŋ-gɪ- (?) mburym-op ˈbuɾʲum
leech *te̝ɾe̝n teren tɛrɛn tɛrɛn
grasshopper *t[e̝/ɛ]ɾ[e̝/ɛ] tɛrɛ
shy/shame *tɛɾɛŋgɛt tɛrɛŋgɛt
go up/above/above*tɵ̝ɾɵ̝- toˈro- tro- tɵɾɵ- -ˈtru ~ -turuː
ear *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝n-tɔp toro-ˈtap turu-tup
hide *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝k-mɔ- turuk-mo- tɵrɵk-mo-
wife *taɾip taːrip
house/hut *taɾap tarap ˈtərap
cold *taɾo̝j təruj
sweet potato *tɔmbɵ̝-ɾɔp tomboraːp tombɵrop ˈtombu-rop̚
fence *ndaɾak ndarat ndrɐk ndara ˈdəra
ear *ke̝ɾe̝-tɔp kɪdɪtɔʔ- kɛrɛtop keretɔp ˈkerɛtop̚
eye *ke̝-ɾɔp keˈrap kirap kɛrop ˈkɛɾop̚
enough *kaɾe̝- kare- karɛ-
break (intr.) *kaɾɔ-nde̝- korondi- karonɛ-
inside *kɔɾo̝p kurup korup ˈkorup
stone axe *kɔɾu kory
go down/below *kɔ-ɾu- kory- koru- ~ -qoru
theft *ko̝ɾ-ɔp kurap kurop
index finger/four*ko̝ɾo̝ko̝t kurukut kurukut ~kruku- kurugut ˈquruɢut
blunt/dull *kuɾ-ɔp kurap ˈkuɾʲop
sand *ŋgiɾim ŋgirim ŋgirim -ŋgɾi-
nest *ŋgɛɾim ˈŋgɛlin ŋgɛɾim
long/tall *ŋgo̝ɾo̝-ɔp ŋguruˈap
~ ŋguroˈap
ŋgurup ŋguruop ˈɢurup
bad/worthless *wakaɾ[ɛ]p wɐgarap wagærɛp
mucus *wakuɾaj waːkuˈru wagudɛ wogyra
stairs/ladder *waɾik warit warit ~ uarit wɛrik
fever *jambɔɾɔ dʲambərɔ
smoke *jaɾo̝k jaːˈrup -dʲarub ~-narʏp oruk -oruk̚

In one example, medial /*ɾ/ is unexpectedly dropped in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo and in Drabbe's Kaeti. Here the originality of the sequence /*iɾɔ/ is based upon comparison to East Wambon /iɾɔmbut/:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-ɾ- ɾ ø ø
scabies/tinea*iɾɔmbo̝truˈmbutimbut imbut

Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ has been found only preceding vowels /*ɵ̝ *a *ɔ/. It is sometimes occluded to [dʲ dʒ] in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo and in South Mandobo:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*j-/_ɵ̝ a ɔj j [j dʲ] j j [j dʒ]
3 sg. *jɵ̝p jup
fever *jambɔɾɔ dʲambərɔ
door *jambo̝[p]-tɔp jambiˈtapjambubɪtɔp jombutop
tomorrow *jane̝n jaˈnin jaːnɛn
path *jandit jandit jɛndit ˈdʒendit̚
garden *jakup jaːˈkup jokyp joɢup
3 pl. *jaŋgip jaŋgip jɛŋgip ˈjɛŋgip
canoe *jahun jaˈun jahu joyn ˈjoun
flying fox*jajap jaˈjap jajap
call *jɔ- ˈjoa- ja- jo-
mat *jɔm jom
mother *jɔp -jop̚

The reflexes of medial /*j/ are like those of /*w/ (above) quite complicated and often result in phonetic vowel sequences or diphthongs. Some examples of /*j/ reflect Dumut medial /*p/, which is reinterpreted as either Mandobo /*w/ or /*j/ depending upon the qualities of adjacent vowels.

When preceded and followed by non-front vowels /*a *ɔ *o̝ /, /*j/ is retained as such in all descendants:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-j-/_a ɔj j j j
flying fox*jajap jaˈjap jajap
bad/evil *ko̝jɔm kuˈjon-kʏjoŋ- kujom ˈqujom

…:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-j-/i_a
younger sister*ambijat aːmbˈjat ɛmbⁱat n-embʲijat
coconut *mbijan mbiˈan mbia mbian ˈbijan
head *kambijan kaːmbian gambiãn kɛmbian kæmbiˈan kʲembijan
*-j-/i_aw
wind *kijawo̝j kˈjau kiawɪ kⁱoᵘ ˈkʲijoᵘ
*-j-/u_a
bamboo vessel *ndujam ndon dʏwɐn ndʸam ˈɖuwom
man/person *kujap kop kuwab ~ kwab kʸap koɵp ɢʷjɔp ~ qʷiap
*-j-/u_ɔ
knee *(wan-)mbujɔm wambon bun ~ wambon wambyon ˈwambʲijom
*-j-/wu_V
grandmother *awujaj aˈjae -owɛ oʸa ɔɢʷja
cough *awujɔk ajok awjɔʔ ~ aguɔʔoʸok ˈɔɢᵘjɔq
*-j-/e̝_jɛ
sun *t[e̝jɛ]t tet teiɪt tᵉɛt tɛt̚
*-j-/e̝_a
crocodile *ke̝jambo̝t keambut kⁱambut kʲijambot̚
spear *ke̝jate̝ keate kⁱate
revenge *ke̝jat-ɔn ketan kᵉaton
*-j-/ɔ_[a/ɔ]
ant *kɔkɔj[a/ɔ]p kokɛp ˈqogojap
*-j-/a_e̝
cassowary *mbaje̝ŋg[a]p ˈmbaeŋgap mbaᵉŋgap
shoot *t[a]je̝m- tɪn- tᵉɛn- tʲiam-
mosquito *taje̝n-ɔp ˈtaen-ap taen-ɔp taᵉn-op taᵉn-op
upper arm/nine*taje̝t taːet ta’ɪt taɛt ˈtait

…:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*…
young woman*mɛŋg[ajɛ]tmæˈŋgatmɪŋgɪt mɛŋgᵉɛt

At least two instances of a phoneme /*h/ are found retained only in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo. In the first case, this reflects a loan word /*sapo̝k/, [h] being the fricated and deoccluded reflex of /*p/ which is merged with /*w/ or dropped altogether in native words; the second is a loan from Marind-Yaqay /*iawun/ with the aspiration of /*w/ to [hʷ h] characteristic of Marind's western dialects; cf. Awyu /*jaxʷuN/ with the special phoneme /*xʷ/ found only in Marind loans.

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-h-ø h [h ø] ø ø
tobacco*taho̝k ˈtauk tahuk ~ tʲauk
canoe *jahun jaˈun jahu joyn ˈjoun

Only a restricted set of consonants /*m *n *p *t *k *j/ occurs finally.

Final bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-m
enemy *ɛndɔm ændon-ˈjat ɛndon
breast *am an aːm am ˈãm
story/tradition *matɔm maːton
mother's br. *mɔm mɔm mom
roof *mɔndɔm mɔndɔm
~ mɔndɔ
ˈmoːnɖom
male *mbatim mbɛtin
shivering *mbɔmbandɵ̝mmbombondum mbombandɛn
deaf *mbo̝ɾum buruŋ-gi buraŋ-gɪ- (?) mburym-op ˈbuɾʲum
knee *mbujɔm wambon bun ~ wambon wambyon ˈwambʲijom
knowledge *nɔwam noaŋ-gi- noam gɛ- ˈnoam
fireplace/hearth*te̝nɔm tinɔ ~ tɪnɔm
hot *ndam ndan ndam ˈɖaːɴ-ɢop̚
island *ndo̝m nduˈm-ap -nduŋ ndun
liver *ndo̝kɔm nduːkon ndugon ˈɖuɢəm
bamboo vessel *ndujam ndon dʏwɐn ndʸam ˈɖuwom
sleep *kino̝m kinum kinum ˈki(ː)nim
far *kɔmam koman kɔmaːn koman ˈqomaːp̚ (?)
bad/evil *ko̝jɔm kuˈjon- kʏjoŋ- kujom ˈqujom
sugarcane *kum ˈkum-ae kym
sand *ŋgiɾim ŋgirim ŋgirim -ŋgɾi-
nest *ŋgɛɾim ˈŋgɛlin ŋgɛɾim
elbow/eight *ŋgambum ŋgaːmbun gambu ~gambʏ ŋgombyn ɴɢombun
phlegm *ŋganɵ̝m ˈŋganum kɔnɛ ŋgonɵm
chin/jaw *ŋgandɵ̝m ŋgaːndom gandu ~ ganuŋ- ŋgandɵm
blood *ŋgɔm ŋgon ŋgɔŋ ŋgom ŋgom ɴɢom
song *ŋgɔm -ŋkɔ ŋgom
incorrect *ŋgɔmbam ŋgombæ ŋgomban
navel/umbilicus *ŋgo̝m ŋgun ŋgun ŋgun
black/blue *ŋgo̝num ŋguˈnum gunʏn-
earthquake *windɵ̝m wiˈndu ondɵn
bush fowl *wak[ɵ̝/o̝]m wakumə
mat *jɔm jom

Verbs with final /*m/ are reinterpeted as including or reinforced with auxilliary formative /*-mɔ-/ “do” in Drabbe's Oambòn Dumut:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-m(-) ø-mo
swallow *mi[m/n]-kɵ̝m-ˈmin-komo- min kɵn-
bathe *kim- kimo- kɪn- gin- kʲim-
die *kum- kumo- kyn- ~ kym-
make fire*kɵ̝m- kumo- kɵn-
cry/weep *ɾɔm- romo- rɔŋ- ~ rɔn- run-

Final apical nasal /*n/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-n
tooth *imban iːmban imban ~ ibaŋ imban ˈimbʲijan
stone *iwan iwan iwan ˈiwan
fire/tree *[i/e̝]n in ~ ɪn in jin ~ ˈi(ː)n
strong *e̝ŋgɔwan eŋgoˈan ɛŋgᵒan
milk *am-ko̝n an-ŋgun am-kun am-kun
laughter *ambe̝n amben ambɪ-
eat *ane̝n- aneŋ- anɪ- ~ anɛ- anɛn-
younger brother *[a]nan naːn ənan anan
tail of bird *ataɾɔn etaˈron ataron
spider *ato̝wan otugan
thigh *aŋgin aˈŋgin aŋgin ɛŋgin
wife *aŋge̝n aːŋgen jaŋgɪn aŋgɛn jaːnˈgɛn
rib(s) *[a]ɾin-man riˈnan rinɐ ɛriman eriman
boil (n.) *[a]ɾun run dyʔ oryn
thorn *aɾun aːrun oryn ˈorun
upper limb *mindin mindin mindi
gall/bile *mɛn mæn mɛn
child *mo̝n mun mu mun mun
shin *mbin-tɔn mbiton bitoŋ mbiton
coconut *mbijan mbiˈan mbia mbian ˈbijan
small *mbe̝ɾɔn mberon mbɛron ˈbɛɾon
chest *mbɛm-man mbɛːˈman mbɛmɐ mbɛman
forearm/seven *mbɛn mbæn mbɛn ~ mbɛ- mbɛn bɛn
yawn *mbanan mbanan mbanɐ mbanan
lightning *mbɔmban mboˈmban bombɛ mbomba
back *mbu-man mbuːˈman bumɐ ~ bumɛ mbyman
leech *te̝ɾe̝n teren tɛrɛn tɛrɛn
armpit *taŋgɔn taːŋgon taŋkɔ- tæŋgon
wild pig *tawɔn(-ɔp) taoˈnap taon -daonɔp̚
rat *t[ɔ]mɔn tomon
revenge *ke̝jat-ɔn ketan kᵉaton
head *kambijan kaːmbian gambiãn kɛmbiankæmbiˈan kʲembijan
friend *kambe̝n ˈqaːmbɛn
heavy *kakɵ̝n kakun kægɵn
neck *kɔman koːman kɔman koman
stink *ŋge̝ne̝n ŋgenen kɛnɛ- ŋgɛnɛn
sharp *ŋge̝te̝n ŋgete ŋgɛtɛn ˈgeten
nape *ŋgɛmbɛn ŋgɛːmbɛn ŋgɛmbɛn
sweat *kʷate̝n kʷaːtæn kʷadɛ ~ kʷatɪn kotɛn
night/dark *wamin waˈmin wami wɛmin ˈwɛmin
calf *wan wan- wan- wan wam-
belly *wandin wa(ː)ndinwandin wɛndin
egg *wandin waːndin wandi wɛndin ˈwɛndin
tongue *wawɔn(-kat)wan wɐɔŋ ~ wɔŋ-kat oŋ-gat ˈwan
good *wɔnde̝n wɔndɪn wondɛn ˈwoːnɖɛn
woman/female *ɾan ran ran ran ran
sister's son *ɾaŋge̝n raŋgin raŋgɛn
hair/leaf/feather*ɾɔn ron -rɔn ~ -rɔŋ ~ -rɔron ron
tie/bind *ɾun- ru- ryn ˈrʲuɲ-
tomorrow *jane̝n jaˈnin jaːnɛn
canoe *jahun jaˈun jahu joyn ˈjoun

Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-p
many *akɵ̝p æˈkup agɵp ˈaʔqop
intestines *aj-mo̝n-ɔp aː monap o-munop ˈɔ-mːunɔp̚
fly (n.) *umɔn-ɔp umoˈnap umonop (?)
name *up up ub yp up
right *up ˈuq (?)
star/firefly *min-ɔp miˈnap miːnop minap ˈminjop̚
bone *mit-ɔp miˈrap mirɔb ~ midop mirap mirʲɔp̚
soft *me̝nap meˈnap mɛnap
daughter *matip mɛtip
son *mandɵ̝p maːndɛp
young/y. man *mɔŋgɔp moŋgop moŋgop ˈmoɴɢop
rain *mo̝ɾup murup muryp ˈmurup̚
turtle *mbiɾip mbirip mbirip
kunai grass *mbɵ̝p mbup mbɵp bəp̚
thin *mbaɾap mbaˈrap mbarap
house/village*mbo̝tup butup butyp ~ budyp mbutyp
1 sg. *nɵ̝p nup nɵp nɵp nup̚
1 pl. *naŋgup naŋgup noŋgyp noŋgup ŋoŋɢup
red *te̝n-ɔp teˈnap tənɔw- tɛnop ˈtɛnop̚
wet *tɵ̝kɵ̝p tukup tɵgɵp ˈtuɢup
cuscus *takip tɛɢip̚
wife *taɾip taːrip
house/hut *taɾap tarap ˈtərap
mosquito *taje̝n-ɔp ˈtaen-ap taen-ɔp taᵉn-op taᵉn-op
dry *tɔmap toˈmap tɔma- tomap
hole *-tɔp -top -tɔp -top -top -top̚
mouse *to̝ko̝nap tugunaːp tugunaːp
straight *ndindip ndindip ndindip
near *kit-ɔp kiˈrap kɪdɔb kirop ˈkʲiɾjop
eye *ke̝-ɾɔp keˈrap kirap kɛrop ˈkɛɾop̚
and/also *-k[ɵ̝/o̝]p -kup -kup -kɵp ~ -kup -ɢup̚ ~ ɢop̚
old man *kako̝p ˈkaːɢup̚
stomach ache *kɔk-ɔp kokap gogop
ant *kɔkɔj[a/ɔ]p kokɛp ˈqogojap
inside *kɔɾo̝p kurup korup ˈkorup
theft *ko̝ɾ-ɔp kurap kurop
blunt/dull *kuɾ-ɔp kurap ˈkuɾʲop
2 sg. *ŋgɵ̝p ŋgup ŋgɵp ŋgɵp ŋgɛp
2 pl. *ŋgaŋgip ŋgaŋgip nɛŋgip ŋgæŋgip ŋɛŋgip
arrow *ŋgɔp ŋgop ŋkɔp ŋgop ɴɢop
long/tall *ŋgo̝ɾo̝-ɔp ŋguruˈap
~ ŋguroˈap
ŋgurup ŋguruop ˈɢurup
who? *kʷap kᵒap kᵘwao (?)
ashes *kʷate̝p kotep kʷatɛb ~ kʷatɪbkotɛp
old/before *wand-ɔp wandap wændop ˈwaːnɖop̚
bad/worthless*wakaɾ[ɛ]p wɐgarap wagærɛp
fruit/seed *ɾɔp rop -rɔp rop rop̚
sour *ɾo̝ko̝p rukup rugup
3 sg. *jɵ̝p jup
garden *jakup jaːˈkup jokyp joɢup
3 pl. *jaŋgip jaŋgip jɛŋgip ˈjɛŋgip
flying fox *jajap jaˈjap jajap
mother *jɔp -jop̚

Final apical voiceless stop /*t/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-t
hand/arm *it it it it ˈiːt̚
cassowary *itit itit
scabies/tinea *iɾɔmbo̝t ruˈmbut imbut imbut
bird *e̝t et ɛt et̚
torch *e̝ŋgɔt ɪŋkɔt ɛŋgot
skinny *ɛt-ɛt or-æt ɛr-ɛt
younger sister *ambijat aːmbˈjat ɛmbⁱat n-embʲijat
older brother *ane̝t aner-ˈap anɛt
morning *ake̝t aket agɛt
grandfather *[a]kanɔt nakanɔt kanot aɢanɔt
daylight *ɔɾat oˈrat orat
flatulence *aj-mbut o-mbyt
scar *o̝t ut ut- ut
young woman *mɛŋg[ajɛ]tmæˈŋgat mɪŋgɪt mɛŋgᵉɛt
beard *matut maːˈtut madut ~ madʲyt matit
mouth/jaw *maŋgɔt maːˈŋkot mɔŋgɔ- maŋgot ˈmaɴɢot
finger/claw *mbatit badi- mbɛtit ˈbeti-
thick *mbatut mbaˈtut mbotyt
bow *mbandit bandit mbɛndit ˈbɛndit
dog *tit ti̪t
sun *t[e̝jɛ]t tet teiɪt tᵉɛt tɛt̚
tendon/vein *tɛmɛt tæmæt tɛmɪt ~ tɪmɪt tɛmɛt
areca nut *tɛt tɛt
penis *tɛŋgɛt tɛːŋgæt tɪŋgɪt tɛŋgɛt
shy/shame *tɛɾɛŋgɛt tɛrɛŋgɛt
palm/sole *tat tat tat
cowrie shell *tak[e̝/ɛ]t taˈgɛt
war *taŋgat taŋgat taŋkɪ- (?) taŋgat
nose *taŋgo̝t ta(ː)ŋgut taŋgut toŋgut toŋgut ˈtoɴɢut̚
upper arm/nine *taje̝t taːet ta’ɪt taɛt ˈtait
banana *tut tyt
flower *ke̝t ket kɛt
unripe/raw *ke̝tɔt keˈtot ketor (?) kɛtot
crocodile *ke̝jambo̝tkeambut kⁱambut kʲijambot̚
pinkie *kɛt-kɛt kætækæt kidikit (?) kɛtɛgɛt
weak *kɵ̝mbɵ̝t kumbut kɵmbɵt
worm *kambɔt ˈkambot̚
outside *kat kat kat ˈqɑt
saliva/spittle *kate̝t katet ~ kaːtætkatɪt- katɛt
thunder *kɔmɵ̝t kumut kumut komɵt
white *kɔwat koat koat ˈqowat
now/today *kɔwandɵ̝t koˈ(w)aːndut kᵒandɛp (?)
sky *ko̝t kut kut kut qut̚
thirst *ko̝ɾo̝t kurut- kurut-
index finger/four*ko̝ɾo̝ko̝tkurukut kurukut ~kruku-kurugut ˈquruɢut
crooked *ŋgambut kambut- ŋgombyt
root *ŋgo̝mbut ŋguˈmbut ŋgumbyt
louse *ŋgo̝t ŋgut ŋgut ɢʊt
tail *wambut waˈmbut wombyt wombʊt̚
quick/fast *wɔke̝t woket ogɛt
rainbow *ɾe̝ko̝ko̝trekukut rɛgugut
breadfruit *ɾawɔt laːwot raot raɔt̚
path *jandit jandit jɛndit ˈdʒendit̚

Final velar voiceless stop /*k/ is significantly less common than final anteriors /*p *t/, an assymetry which dates to Digul River's merger of Digul River-Ok final prenasalized /*mb *nd/ with /*p *t/ but velar /*ŋg/ with apical nasal /*n/ rather than with /*k/. It is often heard as glottal stop [ʔ] in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-k k k [k ʔ ø]k k k [k k̚ q]
cough *awujɔk ajok awjɔʔ ~ aguɔʔoʸok ˈɔɢᵘjɔq
voice/speech*[a]ɾɵ̝kruk- ruk- arɛk ˈaɾɛ-
thorn *aɾuk aryk
water *ɔk ok ɔk ok oq
brain/skull *mɵ̝k muk muk ~ mug- mɵk mɵk moq-
shoulder/ten*mak maːk mɐʔ ~ mak- mak maɢ-
rattan/rope *tik tik tik ~ ti tik tik
blind *te̝k -tek tɛg-op
nail *ndɔk ndok -ndɔʔ -ndok
wall *kɵ̝k kuk kɵk
widow *kamɔk kamok
wrist/six *kɔmo̝k komuk gumuk komuk ˈkumuɢ-
foot/leg *kɔndɔk kondokkɔndɔʔ kondok ˈqondok
~ ˈgɔnɖɔq
frog *kʷak kᵒak

Several examples of final /*k/ are heard as /t/ in Upper Mandobo. This has been found to occur only following apicals /*t *ɾ/ in the previous syllable, but is not regular:

MandoboOàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-kk [k t]k [k t] k
sick/ill *watɵ̝kwaˈtuk watuk ~ watutwatɛk
stairs/ladder*waɾik warit warit ~ uaritwɛrik

In one example, final /*k/ is unexpectedly reflected as /p/ in Upper Mandobo; here the original value of /*k/ is confirmed through comparison to East Wambon and Digul Wambon:

MandoboOàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-kp p [p b] k k
smoke*jaɾo̝kjaːˈrup-dʲarub ~-narʏporuk -oruk̚

In one example, final /*k/ is unexpectedly dropped in both Drabbe's Kaeti and in South Mandobo:

MandoboOàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-kk [t]k ø ø
fence*ndaɾakndarat ndrɐk ndara ˈdəra

Final palatal non-stop /*j/ …

…/*o̝j/ … [o̝ⁱ] …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-o̝j oⁱ uⁱ [uⁱ u]u u
ripe/yellow*amo̝j amoj amui omu ˈomu
pig *o̝j oj u u
cold *taɾo̝j təruj
sago *ndo̝j ndoj ndu ndu ɖu
wound *kɔko̝j koˈkoj kogu
female *ɾaŋgo̝j rannu roŋgu
*-o̝j/aw_[o u]i [ɪ] u [ᵘ] u [ᵘ]
mother *awo̝j -ao -aɪ -oᵘ
wind *kijawo̝j kˈjau kiawɪ kⁱoᵘ ˈkʲijoᵘ

… /*ɔj/ … [*ɔⁱ] …:

MandoboOàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*ɔjɔⁱ ɔⁱ [ɔ ɛ]
paddle *ikɔj iˈkoj igɔ igⁱo ˈiːɢijo
net bag *e̝nɔj ɪnɛ ˈɛnɔ̃
bird of paradise*wandɔjwaːndojwɔndɛ ~ wandɔwando
moon *wɔkɔj woˈkoj wogɛ ogo ɔɢɔ

…:

MandoboOàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*ɔj
one*ɔm[ɔ]joˈmoj womɛ omɛ ˈɔmɛ

One irregular example has reflexes of /*ɔj/ in Upper Mandobo and of /*aj/ elsewhere, probably indicating a loan from East Wambon into Upper Mandobo as Mandobo /*ndaj/ from Dumut /*ndɒj/ would be regular:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*[a/ɔ]jɔⁱ e a a
not/nothing*nd[a/ɔ]j ˈndoe ~ ndojde- nda ndaʔ

… /*aj/ … [aᵋ] …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-ajaᵉ [aᵉ æ]aᵉ [e ɛ aⁱ] a a a
earth/ground*itiwaj itiˈwae ɪtɪwɐ (?) itiwa iˈtiwa
cheek *amɔkaj amokaˈjon amɔkajɔ
~aməke
amoga
grandfather *ambaj ambae
dog *aŋgaj aˈŋgae aŋkai aŋga
grandmother *awujaj aˈjae -owɛ oʸa ɔɢʷja
yesterday *aɾuwaj ˈaruwæ orywa
excrement *aj ae ãʔ
lip(s) *mbaŋgajbaˈŋgae baŋgai mbaŋgabaˈŋga ˈbɛɴɢa
termite *tɔmaj toma
drum *kindaj kindæ kindɛ kinda
skin/bark *kɔtaj koˈtae kotɛ ~ kodɛ kota ˈkotaʔ ~ -qotaʔ
goura pigeon*ko̝taj kuˈtae kutɛ kutᵉa
mucus *wakuɾajwaːkuˈru (?) wagudɛ wogyra
fish *ɾakʷaj roˈkoj (?) rɔkʷe rogᵒa ˈrokᵘwa

While final /*j/, reflecting Dumut /*ɾ *j/, has generally been lost in Mandobo when preceded by high mid central vowel /*ɵ̝/, in at least one example a trace of it is preserved due to suffixation; cf. free form /*mbɔɾɵ̝/ “wing” (Dumut /*mbɔɾɵ̝ɾ):

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-ɵ̝j i
butterfly*awɔmbɔɾɵ̝j-ɔpaumbiriˈap

Consonant clusters do not occur within roots, but, because most roots have final consonants, they are very frequent in compounds. Because only a limited number of roots are frequently found as the second member of compounds, it's not possible at this time to provide correspondences for every possible combination. For example, as intial /*n/ is found only in a few roots, none of which have been found as suffixes following a consonant, the dispositions of clusters with the second member /*n/ are unkown, although they can be fairly assumed to exist. Since bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is not known to occur root initially (above,) no clusters of the form /*C-p/ have been identified. Historically, the root /*imbin-/ “thought” reflects Dumut /*pin-pin/, but this may have been established by the time of Proto-Mandobo prior to the loss of /*p/.

When root-final /*m/ is followed by a suffix with initial bilabial /*m/, the resulting cluster is simplified to /m/ in all descendants, in contrast to the reflexes of cluster /*nm/ (below):

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-m-m-m m m
chest*mbɛm-man mbɛːˈmanmbɛmɐ mbɛman

When root-final /*m/ is followed by a suffix with initial velar voiceless stop /*k/, the resulting cluster is realized as velar prenasalized stop /ŋg/ in Upper Mandobo:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-m-k- ŋg ŋg mk mk
milk *am-ko̝n an(-)ŋgun am kun am-kun
be deaf *mbo̝ɾum-ke̝-buruŋ-gi buraŋ-gɪ-
know *nɔwam-ke̝- noaŋgi- noam gɛ-
go out (fire)*kum-ke̝- kuŋgɛ-

When root-final /*m/ is followed by a suffix with initial apical non-stop /*ɾ/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-m-ɾ-mVɾ mVɾ m mVɾ
heart*ndum-ɾɔp nduːmaˈrapdumɔp
~ dʏmarɔp
ndymarop

When root-final /*n/ is followed by a suffix with initial bilabial /*m/, the resulting cluster is realized as /n/ in Upper Mandobo and as /m/ elsewhere:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-n-m- n n m m
think *imbin-mɔ- imbino- imbimo-
rib(s)*[a]ɾin-manriˈnan rinɐ ɛriman eriman
slow *ndukun-manndukuˈnan ndygyman

When root-final /*n/ is followed by a suffix with initial apical voiceless stop /*t/, /*n/ is dropped. As some examples of this are discernible only through outcomparison to other Dumut languages, it's possible that some examples of this cluster have been wrongly reconstructed with only /*t/:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-n-t- t t t
shin*mbin-tɔn mbiton bitoŋ mbiton
ear *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝n-tɔptoro-ˈtapturu-tup

Two apparent exceptions are given as separate words in Drabbe's Oàmbon Dumut and Kaeti:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-n t- n tt n t
anus *tɛn tɔp tɛn top tɛn top
armpit*taŋgɔn tɔp taŋkɔ-tɔp tæŋgon top

When root-final /*n/ is followed by a suffix with initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-n-k- ŋg ŋg [ŋɢ]
lie down (fut.)*ɾan-ki- rɛŋ-gi- ɾɛŋ-ɢi-

When root-final /*n/ is followed by a suffix with initial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-n-j- nVj nn n n
smoke*[i/e̝]n-jaɾo̝k inɛ-dʲarub
ɪn-narʏp
in oruk in-oruk̚

When root-final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is followed by a suffix with an initial vowel, it is realized as non-stop [w] in Kaeti, in accordance with the regular reflex of Dumut initial and medial /*p/ as /*w/. In van Doorn's Digul Mandobo, final /*p/ is given with both [p] and glottal stop [ʔ]:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-p-V- pV [pV ʔV]wV
tear(s)*ke̝-ɾɔp-ɔk kirap-ɔk kɛrow-ok
earwax *ke̝ɾe̝-tɔp-aj kɛrɛtow aː
earwax *ke̝ɾe̝-tɔp-ɔk kɪdɪtɔʔ-ɔk

When root-final /*p/ is followed by a suffix with initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-p-k- k [g]
be dry*tɔmap-ke̝- tɔma-gɪ

When root-final /*p/ is followed by a suffix with initial apical prenasalized stop /*nd/ …:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-p-nd- nd nd nd
taro *i-ɾɔp-ndɵ̝p ira-ndɵp ˈiːɾija-ndop
fingernail*mbatit-kɔp
-ndɔk
badi-ge-ndɔʔ ˈbeti-ɢɔ-ndok

When root-final /*p/ is followed by a suffix with initial apical non-stop /*ɾ/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-p-ɾ- pːVɾ pːVɾ ɾ
eyelash(es)*ke̝-ɾɔp-ɾɔnkerappoˈronkirapbɔrɔn kɛrɛ-ron

When root-final /*p/ is followed by a suffix with initial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-p-j- pj
smoke*[i/e̝]n-ɔp-jaɾo̝kenap jaːˈrup

When root-final apical voiceless stop /*t/ is followed by a suffix with an initial vowel, it is generally realized as non-stop [ɾ], though several of van Doorn's examples with [d] might suggest /*t/ to still be underlyingly present:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-t-V- ɾV ɾV [ɾ d] ɾV ɾV
urine *e̝t-ɔk er-ˈok ɪr-ɔp ɛr-ok ɛr-ˈok̚
skinny *ɛt-ɛt or-æt (?) ɛr-ɛt
older brother*ane̝t-ɔp aner-ˈap
bone *mit-ɔp miˈrap mirɔb ~ midopmirap mirʲɔp̚
near *kit-ɔp kiˈrap kɪdɔb kirop ˈkʲiɾjop
white *kɔwat-aɾɔp kɔwaɾ-aɾɔp

When root-final /*t/ is followed by a suffix with initial bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-t-m-tm tm tm km
upper arm*it-mindinit-mindinit-mindi
three *itit-mɔ iditmɔ ititmo ˈidikmʲɔ

When root-final /*t/ is followed by a suffix with initial velar voiceless stop /*k/ …:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-t-k- t [g] t [ɢ]
fingernail*mbatit-kɔp
-ndɔk
badi-ge-ndɔʔ ˈbeti-ɢɔ-ndok

…:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-t-k-tVktVk tVk
pinkie*kɛt-kɛt kætækætkidikit (?) kɛtɛgɛt

When root-final /*t/ is followed by a suffix with initial bilabial prenasalized stop /*mb/ … (Drabbe 1959: 6):

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-t-mb-tmbtmb tmb [tp]
forearm*it-mbɛn it mbænit-mbɛn it pɛn

When root-final /*t/ is followed by a suffix with initial velar prenasalized stop /*ŋg/ … (Drabbe 1959: 6):

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-t-ŋg- tŋg ŋg ŋg ŋg [ɴɢ]
elbow *it-ŋgambum it ŋgaːmbunɪ-ŋgamgambʏ i ŋgombyn ˈi-ɴɢombun
crooked path*jandit-ŋgambut jɛndi-ŋgombyr-

When root-final /*k/ is followed by a suffix with initial bilabial nasal /*m/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-k-m- km km
hide*tɵ̝ɾɵ̝k-mɔ-turuk-mo- tɵrɵk-mo-
tell*tɔk-mɔ- tokmo- tokmo-

When root-final /*k/ is followed by a suffix with initial /*k/, the resulting cluster is simplified to /k/:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*-k-k-k
be in pain*kɔk-ke̝- koki-

When root-final /*k/ is followed by a suffix with initial apical non-stop /*ɾ/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-k-ɾ-kVɾ kVɾ kɾ [gɾ] kVɾ [gVɾ] kVɾ [qVɾ]
hair on head*mɵ̝k-ɾɔn muku-ronmuku-rɔ
~ mug-ran
mɵgɵ-ron ˈmoqu-ɾon

When final /*k/ is followed by a suffix with initial palatal non-stop /*j/, /*j/ is dropped in Upper Mandobo:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-k-j- k k [g] kj [kⁱ] kj [kʲ]
see *[i/e̝]t[i/e̝]k-jɔ-eteko- itigⁱo- ˈitigio-
give*ndik-jɔ- ndiko-diga- ndigⁱo- ˈɖikʲo-

While consonants are generally stable, the realization of vowels /*i *u *e̝ *ɵ̝ *o̝ *ɛ *ɔ *a/ vary substantially between dialects.

High front vowel /*i/ is retained as such in all descendants:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*i i i [i ɪ] i i i
drink *mi- mj- mɪ- ɛ-mi- ˈɛ-mi-
plait *ti- ti- ti-
hand/arm *it it it it ˈiːt̚
dog *tit ti̪t
rattan/rope *tik tik tik ~ ti tik tik
bathe *kim- kimo- kɪn- gin- kʲim-
cold *ŋgit ŋgit ŋgit ɢit
stand (fut.) *ɾi-ki- riki- ~ rigi-rigi- rigi-
cassowary *itit itit
upper limb *mindin mindin mindi
turtle *mbiɾip mbirip mbirip
straight *ndindip ndindip ndindip
sand *ŋgiɾim ŋgirim ŋgirim -ŋgɾi-
swallow *mi[m/n]-kɵ̝m-ˈmin-komo- min kɵn-
earthquake *windɵ̝m wiˈndu ondɵn (?)
take/marry *ti(-mɔ)- ti-mo- ti-mɔ- ti-mo- ˈtiː-
give *ndik-jɔ- ndiko- diga- ndigⁱo- ˈɖikʲo-
paddle *ikɔj iˈkoj igɔ igⁱo ˈiːɢijo
taro *i-ɾɔp iˈrap ira-ndɵp ˈiːɾija-ndop
star/firefly *min-ɔp miˈnap miːnop minap ˈminjop̚
bone *mit-ɔp miˈrap mirɔb ~ midopmirap mirʲɔp̚
shin *mbin-tɔn mbiton bitoŋ mbiton
near *kit-ɔp kiˈrap kɪdɔb kirop ˈkʲiɾjop
think *imbin-mɔ- imbino- imbimo-
three *itit-mɔ iditmɔ ititmo ˈidikmʲɔ
afterbirth *tiŋgɔ-ɾɔp tiŋgorop
scabies/tinea *iɾɔmbo̝t ruˈmbut imbut imbut
tooth *imban iːmban imban ~ ibaŋ imban ˈimbʲijan
stone *iwan iwan iwan ˈiwan
coconut *mbijan mbiˈan mbia mbian ˈbijan
drum *kindaj kindæ kindɛ kinda
wind *kijawo̝j kˈjau kiawɪ kⁱoᵘ ˈkʲijoᵘ
earth/ground *itiwaj itiˈwae ɪtɪwɐ itiwa iˈtiwa
drop/discard *ti-ta-mɔ- titamo- ˈtiːtamo-
nest *ŋgɛɾim ˈŋgɛlin ŋgɛɾim
older sister *ani ˈani ən-ani n-ɛni
father *ati n-aːˈti n-adi n-ɛti n-æti
sago stem *mbaŋgi mbaŋgi mbɛŋgi
old person *mbaɾi mbaːˈri mbɛri mbeˈri
snake *ŋgʷati ŋgʷaːti ŋgʷɛti ŋgᵘwɛti
bamboo knife *waki waːki wagi wɛgi ˈwɛgi
thigh *aŋgin aˈŋgin aŋgin ɛŋgin
daughter *matip mɛtip
male *mbatim mbɛtin
finger/claw *mbatit badi- mbɛtit ˈbeti-
bow *mbandit bandit mbɛndit ˈbɛndit
cuscus *takip tɛɢip̚
wife *taɾip taːrip
2 pl. *ŋgaŋgip ŋgaŋgip nɛŋgip (?)ŋgæŋgip ŋɛŋgip
night/dark *wamin waˈmin wami wɛmin ˈwɛmin
belly *wandin wa(ː)ndin wandin wɛndin
egg *wandin waːndin wandi wɛndin ˈwɛndin
stairs/ladder *waɾik warit warit ~ uaritwɛrik
path *jandit jandit jɛndit ˈdʒendit̚
3 pl. *jaŋgip jaŋgip jɛŋgip ˈjɛŋgip
bite *ati[k-m]ɔ- atiŋgomo-
testicle *wambi-ɾɔp wambi-ˈrapwanbi-rɔb wambi-rap
younger sister*ambijat aːmbˈjat ɛmbⁱat n-embʲijat
rib(s) *[a]ɾin-man riˈnan rinɐ ɛriman eriman
head *kambijan kaːmbian gambiãn kɛmbian kæmbiˈan kʲembijan
extinguish *o̝taki-mɔ- utakimo- utɛgimo-

…:

MandoboOàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*…
paddle*ikɔj iˈkoj igɔ igⁱo ˈiːɢijo
taro *i-ɾɔp iˈrap ira-ndɵp ˈiːɾija-ndop
*…
tooth *imban iːmbanimban ~ ibaŋ imban ˈimbʲijan

High back vowel /*u/ is fronted to high central /ʉ/ [y] <ü> in Drabbe's Kaeti, intermittently to [y ʏ] in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo and occasionally to [ʲu] in South Mandobo in accordance with a widespread Digul River regional trend. Reflexes in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo range from [u ʲy y ʏ]. Upper Mandobo and South Mandobo are along with South Awyu to the southwest among the few Central Digul River languages that have not undergone invariable fronting of /*u/, due to their location on the margins of the region:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*u u u [u y ʏ] y <ü> u u [u ʊ ʲu]
hit/kill (fut.)*u- u- y- ʊ-
expel from body*tu- tu- ty- ty-
sing *ɾu- ry- ry-
chop down *ɾu- ru- -ry-
name *up up ub yp up
right *up ˈuq
hit/kill *un- uŋ- un- uɲ-
banana *tut tyt
sugarcane *kum ˈkum-ae kym
die *kum- kumo- kyn- ~ kym-
tie/bind *ɾun- ru- ryn ˈrʲuɲ-
smell *u-(mɔ)- u- u-mo- (?)
heart *ndum-ɾɔp nduːmaˈrap dumɔp
~ dʏmarɔp
ndymarop
blunt/dull *kuɾ-ɔp kurap ˈkuɾʲop
fly (n.) *umɔn-ɔp umoˈnap umonop (?)
back *mbu-man mbuːˈman bumɐ ~ bumɛ mbyman
slow *ndukun-man ndukuˈnan ndygyman
rain *mo̝ɾup murup muryp ˈmurup̚
house/village *mbo̝tup butup butyp ~ budyp mbutyp
deaf *mbo̝ɾum buruŋ-gi buraŋ-gɪ- (?) mburym-op ˈbuɾʲum
root *ŋgo̝mbut ŋguˈmbut ŋgumbyt
black/blue *ŋgo̝num ŋguˈnum gunʏn-
stone axe *kɔɾu kory
go down/below *kɔ-ɾu- kory- koru- ~ -qoru
body *andu andu ~ aːnduandu ondy ondun oːnɖu
cook/burn *andu- any- ondy- oːnɖu-
chop down *a-ɾu- o-ry-
boil (n.) *[a]ɾun run dyʔ oryn
thorn *aɾun aːrun oryn ˈorun
thorn *aɾuk aryk
flatulence *aj-mbut o-mbyt
beard *matut maːˈtut madut ~ madʲyt matit (?)
thick *mbatut mbaˈtut mbotyt
1 pl. *naŋgup naŋgup noŋgyp noŋgup ŋoŋɢup
elbow/eight *ŋgambum ŋgaːmbun gambu ~gambʏ ŋgombyn ɴɢombun
crooked *ŋgambut kambut- ŋgombyt
tail *wambut waˈmbut wombyt wombʊt̚
canoe *jahun jaˈun jahu joyn ˈjoun
garden *jakup jaːˈkup jokyp joɢup
wash *tambu(-mɔ)-taːmbumo- tombymo- ɖomb-
yesterday *aɾuwaj ˈaruwæ orywa
mucus *wakuɾaj waːkuˈru wagudɛ wogyra

…:

MandoboOàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*…
blunt/dull*kuɾ-ɔpkurap ˈkuɾʲop

High mid front vowel /*e̝/ is systematically distinguished from low mid /*ɛ/ (below) in Upper Mandobo and merged with /*ɛ/ in Central Mandobo, as it is elsewhere in Dumut:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*e̝ e̝ [e]e̝ [e ɪ i] [ɛ] [e]
possessive *-ne̝ -ne -nɛ -ne
stand *ɾe̝- re- rɪ-
bird *e̝t et ɛt et̚
blind *te̝k -tek tɛg-op
flower *ke̝t ket kɛt
leech *te̝ɾe̝n teren tɛrɛn tɛrɛn
stink *ŋge̝ne̝n ŋgenen kɛnɛ- (?) ŋgɛnɛn
sharp *ŋge̝te̝n ŋgete ŋgɛtɛn ˈgeten
rainbow *ɾe̝ko̝ko̝t rekukut rɛgugut
net bag *e̝nɔj ɪnɛ ˈɛnɔ̃
urine *e̝t-ɔk er-ˈok ɪr-ɔp ɛr-ok ɛr-ˈok̚
torch *e̝ŋgɔt ɪŋkɔt ɛŋgot
small *mbe̝ɾɔn mberon mbɛron ˈbɛɾon
fireplace/hearth*te̝nɔm tinɔ ~ tɪnɔm
red *te̝n-ɔp teˈnap tənɔw- tɛnop ˈtɛnop̚
unripe/raw *ke̝tɔt keˈtot ketor kɛtot
eye *ke̝-ɾɔp keˈrap kirap kɛrop ˈkɛɾop̚
ear *ke̝ɾe̝-tɔp kɪdɪtɔʔ- kɛrɛtop keretɔp ˈkerɛtop̚
copulate *ɾe̝[k/ŋg]e̝nde̝-
-mɔ-
rekend mo- rɛŋgɛndɛmo-
strong *e̝ŋgɔwan eŋgoˈan ɛŋgᵒan
soft *me̝nap meˈnap mɛnap
tired *ke̝te̝wa ketewæ kɛtɛwa
be in pain *kɔk-ke̝- koki-
good *wɔnde̝n wɔndɪn wondɛn ˈwoːnɖɛn
quick/fast *wɔke̝t woket ogɛt
laugh *ka-nde̝- kande- kan- ˈqaːɖɛ-
enough *kaɾe̝- kare- karɛ-
break/snap *ŋgʷa-nde̝- ŋgoandi- ŋgʷanɛ-
laughter *ambe̝n amben ambɪ-
eat *ane̝n- aneŋ- anɪ- ~ anɛ- anɛn-
older brother *ane̝t aner-ˈap anɛt
morning *ake̝t aket agɛt
wife *aŋge̝n aːŋgen jaŋgɪn aŋgɛn jaːnˈgɛn
shoot *t[a]je̝m- tɪn- tᵉɛn- tʲiam-
upper arm/nine *taje̝t taːet ta’ɪt taɛt ˈtait
friend *kambe̝n ˈqaːmbɛn
ashes *kʷate̝p kotep kʷatɛb ~ kʷatɪbkotɛp
sister's son *ɾaŋge̝n raŋgin raŋgɛn
tomorrow *jane̝n jaˈnin jaːnɛn
spirit/soul *ate̝[t/ɾ]-ɔp ateˈrap aːtɛrop
mosquito *taje̝n-ɔp ˈtaen-ap taen-ɔp taᵉn-op taᵉn-op
cassowary *mbaje̝ŋg[a]p ˈmbaeŋgap mbaᵉŋgap
spear *ke̝jate̝ keate kⁱate
revenge *ke̝jat-ɔn ketan kᵉaton

In several examples in which the second vowel is known to correspond to Awyu high front /*e̝/, each following low central vowel /*a/ in a previous syllable, Drabbe's Oàmbon Dumut attestation unexpectedly has low mid [ɛ æ]. The variation between high and low values in “saliva” and in van Doorn's Digul Mandobo suggests this discrepancy to be subphonemic:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*e̝ [æ ɛ e] [ɪ ɛ] ɛ ɛ
eat (fut.) *ande̝₂- andɛ- - andɛ- ˈanɖɛ-
saliva/spittle*kate̝₂t katet ~ kaːtætkatɪt- katɛt
sweat *kʷate̝₂nkʷaːtæn kʷadɛ ~ kʷatɪnkotɛn

In two very common verb formatives high mid /*e̝/ is unexpectedly given with /i/ in Drabbe's Oèmbon Dumut:

MandoboOàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*e̝[i e] e ɛ ɛ
do (intr.)*-nde̝--ndi- ~ -nde- -nɛ- -ndɛ ~ -ɖɛ
be *-ke̝- -ki- -ke- -kɛ- -kɛ ~ -gɛ

One puzzling irregular example may indicate a loan into Central Mandobo from Central Awyu /*in/, where the merger of high mid /*e̝/ with high /*i/ is regular:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*[i/e̝]
fire/tree*[i/e̝]n(-ɔp)en-ˈapin ~ ɪn ~
in-ap ~ ən-ɛb
in jin ~ ˈi(ː)n

One example appears to be inexplicably irregular, as cognates are attested with /e̝/ or /ɛ/ elsewhere:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*[i/e̝] e i i [i ɪ] i
see*[i/e̝]t[i/e̝]k-jɔ-eteko- itigⁱo- ˈitigio-

High mid central vowel /*ɵ̝/ is merged with the reflexes of high mid back /*o̝/ (below) in Upper Mandobo, where it is similarly usually realized as high back [u] and sometimes as [o]. Lebold, Kriens and Susanto give a wide range of South Mandobo reflexes ranging from back [o ɔ u] to central and front [ə ɛ], probably indicating a failure to recognize the independence of this phoneme. Drabbe usually gives Kaeti /ɵ/ <ö> but a minority of examples are given with mid front [ɛ]. Often but not always these examples coincide with South Mandobo [ɛ], perhaps suggesting that a split is underway. This fronting is most typically associated with the presence of low central /*a/ in a previous syllable, but the pattern is not quite consistent:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*ɵ̝ o̝ [u o]o̝ [u o ɔ] ɵ [ɵ ɛ] <ö e>ɵ <ö> ɵ [o ɔ u ɛ ə]
dream *ɵ̝ u u ɵ
brain/skull *mɵ̝k muk muk ~ mug- mɵk mɵk moq-
kunai grass *mbɵ̝p mbup mbɵp bəp̚
1 sg. *nɵ̝p nup nɵp nɵp nup̚
make fire *kɵ̝m- kumo- kɵn-
wall *kɵ̝k kuk kɵk
2 sg. *ŋgɵ̝p ŋgup ŋgɵp ŋgɵp ŋgɛp
3 sg. *jɵ̝p jup
fat/grease *tɵ̝kɵ̝ ˈtuku tɵgɵ
go up/above *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝- toˈro- tro- tɵɾɵ- -ˈtru ~ -turuː
wet *tɵ̝kɵ̝p tukup tɵgɵp ˈtuɢup
weak *kɵ̝mbɵ̝t kumbut kɵmbɵt
fly (v.) *mbɵ̝ɾɵ̝-nde̝-ˈmburunaka mbɛrɛnɛ ˈberɛndɛ
hair on head *mɵ̝k-ɾɔn muku-ron muku-rɔ
~ mug-ran
mɵgɵ-ron ˈmoqu-ɾon
hide *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝k-mɔ- turuk-mo- tɵrɵk-mo-
ear *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝n-tɔp toro-ˈtap turu-tup
swallow *mi[m/n]-kɵ̝m-ˈmin-komo- min kɵn-
earthquake *windɵ̝m wiˈndu ondɵn
wing *mbɔɾɵ̝ mburu- bəru- mbɔrɵ bərə
thunder *kɔmɵ̝t kumut kumut komɵt
high/above *kɔ-tɵ̝ɾɵ̝ ˈku-turuː
sweet potato *tɔmbɵ̝-ɾɔp tomboraːp tombɵrop ˈtombu-rop̚
raw/alive *aɾɵ̝ aru- arɛ aˈrɛ
flesh *kandɵ̝ kaːndu kandu
~ kandʏ (?)
kandɵ kaːnɖɔ ~ qanɖu
vomit *akɵ̝[m/n]- akunde- aguŋ- agɵn-
many *akɵ̝p æˈkup agɵp ˈaʔqop
voice/speech *[a]ɾɵ̝k ruk- ruk- arɛk ˈaɾɛ-
son *mandɵ̝p maːndɛp
heavy *kakɵ̝n kakun kægɵn
phlegm *ŋganɵ̝m ˈŋganum kɔnɛ (?) ŋgonɵm
chin/jaw *ŋgandɵ̝m ŋgaːndom gandu ~ ganuŋ- ŋgandɵm
sick/ill *watɵ̝k waˈtuk watuk ~ watut watɛk
get up/stand up*ma-tɵ̝ɾɵ̝- ˈmatoro madɔr- ˈmætɛrɛ- ˈmotro
shivering *mbɔmbandɵ̝m mbombondum mbombandɛn
now/today *kɔwandɵ̝t koˈ(w)aːndut kᵒandɛp

One example …:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*[ɵ̝/o̝]u u ɵ u u
and/also*-k[ɵ̝/o̝]p -kup -kup -kɵp ~ -kup -ɢup̚ ~ ɢop̚

High mid back vowel /*o̝/ is generally realized as high back [u] in all descendants, though a few examples are given with [o ɔ] in Upper Mandobo and South Mandobo, and Drabbe (1954: 211) specifies that Oàmbon Dumut /u/ is sometimes pronounced as <oo> in Dutch <vloot>:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*o̝ o̝ [u o] o̝ [u ɔ] u u o̝ [u ʊ o]
scar *o̝t ut ut- ut
child *mo̝n mun mu mun mun
island *ndo̝m nduˈm-ap -nduŋ ndun
sky *ko̝t kut kut kut qut̚
navel/umbilicus *ŋgo̝m ŋgun ŋgun ŋgun
louse *ŋgo̝t ŋgut ŋgut ɢʊt
close eyes *ko̝mbo̝- kumbu- kumbu- kumbu-
ghost *ko̝ko̝ kuku kugu
thirst *ko̝ɾo̝t kurut- kurut-
sour *ɾo̝ko̝p rukup rugup
index finger/four*ko̝ɾo̝ko̝t kurukut kurukut ~kruku-kurugut ˈquruɢut
long/tall *ŋgo̝ɾo̝-ɔp ŋguruˈap
~ ŋguroˈap
ŋgurup ŋguruop ˈɢurup
rain *mo̝ɾup murup muryp ˈmurup̚
house/village *mbo̝tup butup butyp ~ budyp mbutyp
deaf *mbo̝ɾum buruŋ-gi buraŋ-gɪ- mburym-op ˈbuɾʲum
root *ŋgo̝mbut ŋguˈmbut ŋgumbyt
black/blue *ŋgo̝num ŋguˈnum gunʏn-
two *ɾo̝mɔ rumo rumɔ rumo ˈrumɔ
liver *ndo̝kɔm nduːkon ndugon ˈɖuɢəm
theft *ko̝ɾ-ɔp kurap kurop
bad/evil *ko̝jɔm kuˈjon- kʏjoŋ- (?) kujom ˈqujom
gather *ɾo̝k[o̝]-mɔ- rukumo- rurukmo-
goura pigeon *ko̝taj kuˈtae kutɛ kutᵉa
mouse *to̝ko̝nap tugunaːp tugunaːp
extinguish *o̝taki-mɔ- utakimo- utɛgimo-
wrist/six *kɔmo̝k komuk gumuk komuk ˈkumuɢ-
inside *kɔɾo̝p kurup korup ˈkorup
scabies/tinea *iɾɔmbo̝t ruˈmbut imbut imbut
rainbow *ɾe̝ko̝ko̝t rekukut rɛgugut
thumb/five *aŋgʷo̝ oŋgu ɔŋgɔ ~ oŋgu- oŋgu ˈoɴɢu
milk *am-ko̝n an(-)ŋgun am kun am-kun
nose *taŋgo̝t ta(ː)ŋgut taŋgut toŋgut toŋgut ˈtoɴɢut̚
cold *taɾo̝j təruj
old man *kako̝p ˈkaːɢup̚
female *ɾaŋgo̝j rannu roŋgu
smoke *jaɾo̝k jaːˈrup -dʲarub ~-narʏporuk -oruk̚
heel *wandano̝ waːndaːˈnu wandani (?) waːndunu
intestines *aj-mo̝n-ɔp aː monap (?) o-munop ˈɔ-mːunɔp̚
door *jambo̝[p]-tɔpjambiˈtap [sic] jambubɪtɔp jombutop
spider *ato̝wan otugan
crocodile *ke̝jambo̝t keambut kⁱambut kʲijambot̚

One example in which /*o̝/ follows high front /*i/ in the previous syllable is given as /i/ in South Mandobo. As no comparable sequences have been identified, it's not clear if this is a regular change:

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*o̝/iC_u u i
sleep*kino̝m kinum kinum ˈki(ː)nim

Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ is relatively uncommon, as it is in Awyu:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
ɛ [ɛ æ] ɛ
gall/bile *mɛn mæn mɛn
forearm/seven*mbɛn mbæn mbɛn ~ mbɛ- mbɛn bɛn
areca nut *tɛt tɛt
this *mɛnɛ mɛnɛ ˈmɛnɛ
skinny *ɛt-ɛt or-æt (?) ɛr-ɛt
nest *ŋgɛɾim ˈŋgɛlin ŋgɛɾim
enemy *ɛndɔm ændon-ˈjat ɛndon
anus *tɛn tɔp tɛn top tɛn top
chest *mbɛm-manmbɛːˈman mbɛmɐ mbɛman

…:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*…
3 sg. *ɛkɛ(p) ɛgɛ ˈɛgɛp
tendon/vein*tɛmɛt tæmæt tɛmɪt ~ tɪmɪttɛmɛt
penis *tɛŋgɛt tɛːŋgæt tɪŋgɪt tɛŋgɛt
pinkie *kɛt-kɛt kætækæt kidikit (?) kɛtɛgɛt
nape *ŋgɛmbɛn ŋgɛːmbɛn ŋgɛmbɛn
shy/shame *tɛɾɛŋgɛt tɛrɛŋgɛt

Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ is generally retained as such in all descendants. Drabbe (1954: 211) specifies Oàmbon Dumut /ɔ/ to be open as in Dutch <vlot>, but as Drabbe's <o> is also given for some reflexes of high mid vowels /*ɵ̝ *o̝/ (above) his original transcriptions have been retained here:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
ɔ <o> ɔ [ɔ o]
dig *tɔ- to- to-
walk/go (pres.) *kɔ- ko- ˈgɔ-
plant (v.) *ɾɔ- ro- ro-
call *jɔ- ˈjoa- ja- (?) jo-
water *ɔk ok ɔk ok oq
mother's br. *mɔm mɔm mom
hole *-tɔp -top -tɔp -top -top -top̚
nail *ndɔk ndok -ndɔʔ -ndok
song *ŋgɔm -ŋkɔ ŋgom
arrow *ŋgɔp ŋgop ŋkɔp ŋgop ɴɢop
cry/weep *ɾɔm- romo- rɔŋ- ~ rɔn- run- (?)
fruit/seed *ɾɔp rop -rɔp rop rop̚
hair/leaf/feather*ɾɔn ron -rɔn ~ -rɔŋ ~ -rɔron ron
mat *jɔm jom
mother *jɔp -jop̚
tell *tɔk-mɔ- tokmo- tokmo-
watch/guard *wɔmɔ- womo-
one *ɔm[ɔ]j oˈmoj womɛ omɛ ˈɔmɛ
roof *mɔndɔm mɔndɔm ˈmoːnɖom
young/y. man *mɔŋgɔp moŋgop moŋgop ˈmoɴɢop
rat *t[ɔ]mɔn tomon
foot/leg *kɔndɔk kondok kɔndɔʔ kondok ˈqondok
~ ˈgɔnɖɔq
moon *wɔkɔj woˈkoj wogɛ ogo ɔɢɔ
larynx *tɔkɔ-ɾɔp tokoˈrap tɔgɔɾɔp togorop
ant *kɔkɔj[a/ɔ]p kokɛp ˈqogojap
stone axe *kɔɾu kory
go down/below *kɔ-ɾu- kory- koru- ~ -qoru
be in pain *kɔk-ke̝- koki-
good *wɔnde̝n wɔndɪn wondɛn ˈwoːnɖɛn
quick/fast *wɔke̝t woket ogɛt
wound *kɔko̝j koˈkoj kogu
big *kɔn[ɛ]n[i] ˈkononi konɛni ˈkononu
~ ɢɔnonu
daylight *ɔɾat oˈrat orat
lightning *mbɔmban mboˈmban bombɛ mbomba
knowledge *nɔwam noaŋ-gi- noam gɛ- ˈnoam
dry *tɔmap toˈmap tɔma- tomap
termite *tɔmaj toma
far *kɔmam koman kɔmaːn koman ˈqomaːp̚
neck *kɔman koːman kɔman koman
skin/bark *kɔtaj koˈtae kotɛ ~ kodɛ kota ˈkotaʔ ~ -qotaʔ
stomach ache *kɔk-ɔp kokap gogop
white *kɔwat koat kɔwar- koat ˈqowat
incorrect *ŋgɔmbam ŋgombæ ŋgomban
shivering *mbɔmbandɵ̝m mbombondum mbombandɛn
now/today *kɔwandɵ̝t koˈ(w)aːndut kᵒandɛp
take/marry *ti-mɔ- ti-mo- ti-mɔ- ti-mo-
give *ndik-jɔ- ndiko- diga- (?) ndigⁱo- ˈɖikʲo-
shin *mbin-tɔn mbiton bitoŋ mbiton
afterbirth *tiŋgɔ-ɾɔp tiŋgorop
think *imbin-mɔ- imbino- imbimo-
three *itit-mɔ iditmɔ ititmo ˈidikmʲɔ
copulate *ɾe̝[k/ŋg]e̝nde̝-
-mɔ-
rekend mo- rɛŋgɛndɛmo-
extinguish *o̝taki-mɔ- utakimo- utɛgimo-
see *[i/e̝]t[i/e̝]k-jɔ- eteko- itigⁱo- ˈitigio-
bite *ati[k-m]ɔ- atiŋgomo-
smell *u-mɔ- u-mo- (?)
fly (n.) *umɔn-ɔp umoˈnap umonop
wash *tambu-mɔ- taːmbumo- tombymo-
cough *awujɔk ajok awjɔʔ ~ aguɔʔ oʸok ˈɔɢᵘjɔq
net bag *e̝nɔj ɪnɛ ˈɛnɔ̃
urine *e̝t-ɔk er-ˈok ɪr-ɔp ɛr-ok ɛr-ˈok̚
torch *e̝ŋgɔt ɪŋkɔt ɛŋgot
small *mbe̝ɾɔn mberon mbɛron ˈbɛɾon
fireplace/hearth *te̝nɔm tinɔ ~ tɪnɔm
strong *e̝ŋgɔwan eŋgoˈan ɛŋgᵒan
hide *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝k-mɔ- turuk-mo- tɵrɵk-mo-
two *ɾo̝mɔ rumo rumɔ rumo ˈrumɔ
liver *ndo̝kɔm nduːkon ndugon ˈɖuɢəm
bad/evil *ko̝jɔm kuˈjon- kʏjoŋ- kujom ˈqujom
gather *ɾo̝k[o̝]-mɔ- rukumo- rurukmo-
enemy *ɛndɔm ændon-ˈjat ɛndon
anus *tɛn tɔp tɛn top tɛn top
burn (fut.) *a-ndɔ- ando- ˈãːnɖo-
defecate *aj-ŋgɔ- æ-ŋgo- aː ŋgo-
marsupial *ndawɔ ndo- do- ndaᵒ ˈdao- ~ ɖao-
be sick/ill (?) *ŋgʷa-mɔ- ŋgʷamo- ŋgʷaːmo-
vagina *a-tɔp aː-ˈtop a-tɔp a-top
story/tradition *matɔm maːton
mouth/jaw *maŋgɔt maːˈŋkot mɔŋgɔ- maŋgot ˈmaɴɢot
armpit *taŋgɔn taːŋgon taŋkɔ- tæŋgon
widow *kamɔk kamok
wild pig *tawɔn(-ɔp) taoˈnap taon -daonɔp̚
worm *kambɔt ˈkambot̚
breadfruit *ɾawɔt laːwot raot raɔt̚
friend *namɔn-ɔp naːmoˈnap namonop
fever *jambɔɾɔ dʲambərɔ
break/snap (tr.) *ɾap-ŋgʷa-mɔ- ˈroŋgoamo- roŋgʷaːmo-
break/split (tr.)*ɾaka-mɔ- rakamo- ragaːmo-
tail of bird *ataɾɔn etaˈron ataron
grandfather *[a]kanɔt nakanɔt kanot aɢanɔt
break (intr.) *kaɾɔ-nde̝- korondi- karonɛ-
cheek *amɔkaj amokaˈjon amɔkajɔ amoga
drop/discard *ti-ta-mɔ- titamo- ˈtiːtamo-

When followed by high mid central and back vowels /*ɵ *o̝/ in the next syllable, low mid /*ɔ/ is raised to /u/ in Upper Mandobo and sporadically in Kaisah, a change shared with East Wambon and Digul Wambon to the north:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn DrabbeDrabbe Lebold et al.
*ɔ/_Cɵ [u ə]
wing *mbɔɾɵ̝ mburu- bəru- mbɔrɵ bərə
thunder *kɔmɵ̝t kumut kumut komɵt
high/above *kɔ-tɵ̝ɾɵ̝ ˈku-turuː
butterfly *awɔmbɔɾɵ̝j-ɔpaumbiriˈap
*ɔ/_Co̝
wrist/six *kɔmo̝k komuk (?) gumuk komuk ˈkumuɢ-
inside *kɔɾo̝p kurup korup ˈkorup
scabies/tinea*iɾɔmbo̝t ruˈmbut imbut imbut

One example in which /*ɔ/ followed by /*ɵ/ is not raised may indicate a loan or a compound:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*ɔ/_Cɵ̝
sweet potato*tɔmbɵ̝-ɾɔptomboraːp tombɵrop ˈtombu-rop̚

In monosyllables appearing as the second elements of compounds, low mid /*ɔ/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
ɔ [a o] ɔ [o ɔ a] ɔ [o a] ɔ [o ɔ]
taro *i-ɾɔp iˈrap ira-ndɵp ˈiːɾija-ndop
star/firefly *min-ɔp miˈnap miːnop minap ˈminjop̚
bone *mit-ɔp miˈrap mirɔb ~ midop mirap mirʲɔp̚
near *kit-ɔp kiˈrap kɪdɔb kirop ˈkʲiɾjop
testicle *wambi-ɾɔp wambi-ˈrap wanbi-rɔb wambi-rap
fire/tree *[i/e̝]n-ɔp en-ˈap in-ap ~ ən-ɛb
heart *ndum-ɾɔp nduːmaˈrap dumɔp
~ dʏmarɔp
ndymarop
blunt/dull *kuɾ-ɔp kurap ˈkuɾʲop
red *te̝n-ɔp teˈnap tənɔw- tɛnop ˈtɛnop̚
eye *ke̝-ɾɔp keˈrap kirap kɛrop ˈkɛɾop̚
ear *ke̝ɾe̝-tɔp kɪdɪtɔʔ- kɛrɛtop keretɔp ˈkerɛtop̚
older brother*ane̝t-ɔp aner-ˈap
spirit/soul *ate̝[t/ɾ]-ɔp ateˈrap aːtɛrop
mosquito *taje̝n-ɔp ˈtaen-ap taen-ɔp taᵉn-op taᵉn-op
hair on head *mɵk-ɾɔn muku-ron muku-rɔ mɵgɵ-ron ˈmoqu-ɾon
ear *tɵ̝ɾɵ̝n-tɔp toro-ˈtap turu-tup (?)
sweet potato *tɔmbɵ̝-ɾɔp tomboraːp tombɵrop ˈtombu-rop̚
butterfly *awɔmbɔɾɵ̝j-ɔpaumbiriˈap
theft *ko̝ɾ-ɔp kurap kurop
long/tall *ŋgo̝ɾo̝-ɔp ŋguruˈap
~ ŋguroˈap
ŋgurup ŋguruop ˈɢurup
intestines *aj-mo̝n-ɔp aː monap o-munop ˈɔ-mːunɔp̚
stomach ache *kɔk-ɔp kokap gogop
larynx *tɔkɔ-ɾɔp tokoˈrap tɔgɔɾɔp togorop
fly (n.) *umɔn-ɔp umoˈnap umonop
friend *namɔn-ɔp naːmoˈnap namonop
wild pig *tawɔn-ɔp taoˈnap -daonɔp̚
grandchild *mak-ɔp maːˈkap makɔp maːgop maɢop̚
belly *maŋg-ɔp maˈŋgap maˈŋgop
old/before *wand-ɔp wandap wændop ˈwaːnɖop̚
revenge *ke̝jat-ɔn ketan kᵉaton

Low central vowel /*a/ is generally retained as such in all descendants, except where followed by a high or high mid back vowel /*i *u *o̝/ (below):

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*a
behind *ma mɑ̃
sit *mba- mba- mba- ~ pa- mba-
throw away *ta- -ta- taː- -ta-
walk/go (n.p.) *ka- ka- ka-
crippled/lame *wa wa
breast *am an aːm am ˈãm
shoulder/ten *mak maːk mɐʔ ~ mak- mak maɢ-
father *mbap mbab
palm/sole *tat tat tat
hot *ndam ndan ndam ˈɖaːɴ-ɢop̚
hear *ndat- ndar- dar- ndot- (?) ˈdaːɾ-
outside *kat kat kat ˈqɑt
who? *kʷap kᵒap kᵘwao
frog *kʷak kᵒak
calf *wan wan- wan- wan wam-
left *wak ˈwaq
woman/female *ɾan ran ran ran ran
grandfather *ambaj ambae
younger brother *[a]nan naːn ənan anan
dog *aŋgaj aˈŋgae aŋkai aŋga
yawn *mbanan mbanan mbanɐ mbanan
lip(s) *mbaŋgaj baˈŋgae baŋgai mbaŋga baˈŋga ˈbɛɴɢa (?)
thin *mbaɾap mbaˈrap mbarap
war *taŋgat taŋgat taŋkɪ- (?) taŋgat
house/hut *taɾap tarap ˈtərap
fence *ndaɾak ndarat ndrɐk ndara ˈdəra
palate *kana[m/n] kaːnan kənaŋ kanan
flying fox *jajap jaˈjap jajap
eat (fut.) *ande̝- andɛ- andɛ- ˈanɖɛ-
laugh *ka-nde̝- kande- kan- ˈqaːɖɛ-
enough *kaɾe̝- kare- karɛ-
break/snap *ŋgʷa-nde̝- ŋgoandi- ŋgʷanɛ-
laughter *ambe̝n amben ambɪ-
eat *ane̝n- aneŋ- anɪ- ~ anɛ- anɛn-
older brother *ane̝t aner-ˈap anɛt
morning *ake̝t aket agɛt
wife *aŋge̝n aːŋgen jaŋgɪn aŋgɛn jaːnˈgɛn
upper arm/nine *taje̝t taːet ta’ɪt taɛt ˈtait
friend *kambe̝n ˈqaːmbɛn
saliva/spittle *kate̝t katet ~ kaːtæt katɪt- katɛt
ashes *kʷate̝p kotep kʷatɛb ~ kʷatɪbkotɛp
sweat *kʷate̝n kʷaːtæn kʷadɛ ~ kʷatɪn kotɛn (?)
sister's son *ɾaŋge̝n raŋgin raŋgɛn
tomorrow *jane̝n jaˈnin jaːnɛn
cassowary *mbaje̝ŋg[a]p ˈmbaeŋgap mbaᵉŋgap
spirit/soul *ate̝[t/ɾ]-ɔp ateˈrap aːtɛrop
mosquito *taje̝n-ɔp ˈtaen-ap taen-ɔp taᵉn-op taᵉn-op
cowrie shell *tak[e̝/ɛ]t taˈgɛt
raw/alive *aɾɵ̝ aru- arɛ aˈrɛ
flesh *kandɵ̝ kaːndu kandu kandɵ kaːnɖɔ ~ qanɖu
vomit *akɵ̝[m/n]- akunde- aguŋ- agɵn-
many *akɵ̝p æˈkup agɵp ˈaʔqop
son *mandɵ̝p maːndɛp
heavy *kakɵ̝n kakun kægɵn
phlegm *ŋganɵ̝m ˈŋganum kɔnɛ (?) ŋgonɵm
chin/jaw *ŋgandɵ̝m ŋgaːndom gandu ~ ganuŋ- ŋgandɵm
sick/ill *watɵ̝k waˈtuk watuk ~ watut watɛk
get up/stand up *ma-tɵ̝ɾɵ̝- ˈmatoro madɔr- ˈmætɛrɛ- ˈmotro (?)
bad/worthless *wakaɾ[ɛ]p wɐgarap wagærɛp
burn (fut.) *a-ndɔ- ando- ˈãːnɖo-
vagina *a-tɔp aː-ˈtop a-tɔp a-top
story/tradition *matɔm maːton
grandchild *mak-ɔp maːˈkap makɔp maːgop maɢop̚
belly *maŋg-ɔp maˈŋgap maˈŋgop
mouth/jaw *maŋgɔt maːˈŋkot mɔŋgɔ- maŋgot ˈmaɴɢot
armpit *taŋgɔn taːŋgon taŋkɔ- tæŋgon
wild pig *tawɔn(-ɔp) taoˈnap taon -daonɔp̚
widow *kamɔk kamok
be sick/ill (?) *ŋgʷa-mɔ- ŋgʷamo- ŋgʷaːmo-
worm *kambɔt ˈkambot̚
old/before *wand-ɔp wandap wændop ˈwaːnɖop̚
bird of paradise *wandɔj waːndoj wɔndɛ ~ wandɔ wando
breadfruit *ɾawɔt laːwot raot raɔt̚
break/snap (tr.) *ɾap-ŋgʷa-mɔ- ˈroŋgoamo- roŋgʷaːmo-
break/split (tr.)*ɾaka-mɔ- rakamo- ragaːmo-
tail of bird *ataɾɔn etaˈron (?) ataron
grandfather *[a]kanɔt nakanɔt kanot aɢanɔt
friend *namɔn-ɔp naːmoˈnap namonop
fever *jambɔɾɔ dʲambərɔ
cheek *amɔkaj amokaˈjon amɔkajɔ amoga
break (intr.) *kaɾɔ-nde̝- korondi- (?) karonɛ-
butterfly *awɔmbɔɾɵ̝j-ɔpaumbiriˈap
tooth *imban iːmban imban ~ ibaŋ imban ˈimbʲijan
stone *iwan iwan iwan ˈiwan
coconut *mbijan mbiˈan mbia mbian ˈbijan
wind *kijawo̝j kˈjau kiawɪ kⁱoᵘ ˈkʲijoᵘ
drop/discard *ti-ta-mɔ- titamo- ˈtiːtamo-
back *mbu-man mbuːˈman bumɐ ~bumɛ (?) mbyman
slow *ndukun-man ndukuˈnan ndygyman
soft *me̝nap meˈnap mɛnap
tired *ke̝te̝wa ketewæ kɛtɛwa
spear *ke̝jate̝ keate kⁱate
crocodile *ke̝jambo̝t keambut kⁱambut kʲijambot̚
revenge *ke̝jat-ɔn ketan (?) kᵉaton
mouse *to̝ko̝nap tugunaːp tugunaːp
chest *mbɛm-man mbɛːˈman mbɛmɐ mbɛman
daylight *ɔɾat oˈrat orat
lightning *mbɔmban mboˈmban bombɛ (?) mbomba
knowledge *nɔwam noaŋ-gi- noam gɛ- ˈnoam
dry *tɔmap toˈmap tɔma- tomap
far *kɔmam koman kɔmaːn koman ˈqomaːp̚
white *kɔwat koat kɔwar- koat ˈqowat
neck *kɔman koːman kɔman koman
incorrect *ŋgɔmbam ŋgombæ ŋgomban
shivering *mbɔmbandɵ̝m mbombondum
(?)
mbombandɛn
strong *e̝ŋgɔwan eŋgoˈan ɛŋgᵒan
now/today *kɔwandɵ̝t koˈ(w)aːndut kᵒandɛp

When /*a/ is followed by a rounded velar /*kʷ *ŋgʷ/ it is backed and raised to /ɔ/ in all descendants. Here the original vowels are known to have been /*a/, while a reconstruction /*ɔŋgo̝/ “thumb” would be irregular as /*ɔ/ followed by /*o̝/ should be raised to /u/ in Upper Mandobo (above):

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*a/_kʷ
fish *ɾakʷaj roˈkoj rɔkʷe rogᵒa ˈrokᵘwa
*a/_ŋgʷ
split (intr.) *ŋgʷa-ŋgʷa-
nde̝-
ŋgoŋgoande ŋgoŋgʷan
thumb/five *aŋgʷo̝ oŋgu ɔŋgɔ ~ oŋgu- oŋgu ˈoɴɢu
break/snap (tr.)*ɾap-ŋgʷa-mɔ- ˈroŋgoamo- roŋgʷaːmo-

When /*a/ is followed by high front vowel /*i/ in the next syllable, it is fronted and raised to /ɛ/ in Central Mandobo (Healey 1970: 1004, 1007-1008):

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti Runggoanjàp Kaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*a/_Ci a a ɛ ɛ [æ] <ä>ɛ [ɛ e]
drink *a-mi- ɛ-mi- ˈɛ-mi-
older sister *ani ˈani ən-ani n-ɛni
father *ati n-aːˈti n-adi n-ɛti n-æti
sit (fut.) *mba-ki- mbɛ-gi- ˈbɛ-ɢi-
sago stem *mbaŋgi mbaŋgi mbɛŋgi
old person *mbaɾi mbaːˈri mbɛri mbeˈri
snake *ŋgʷati ŋgʷaːti ŋgʷɛti ŋgᵘwɛti
bamboo knife *waki waːki wagi wɛgi ˈwɛgi
lie down (fut.)*ɾan-ki- rɛŋ-gi- ɾɛŋ-ɢi-
thigh *aŋgin aˈŋgin aŋgin ɛŋgin
daughter *matip mɛtip
male *mbatim mbɛtin
finger/claw *mbatit badi- mbɛtit ˈbeti-
bow *mbandit bandit mbɛndit ˈbɛndit
cuscus *takip tɛɢip̚
woman/wife *taɾip taːrip
2 pl. *ŋgaŋgip ŋgaŋgip nɛŋgip (?)ŋgæŋgip ŋɛŋgip
night/dark *wamin waˈmin wami wɛmin ˈwɛmin
belly *wandin wa(ː)ndinwandin wɛndin
egg *wandin waːndin wandi wɛndin ˈwɛndin
stairs/ladder *waɾik warit warit ~ uaritwɛrik
path *jandit jandit jɛndit ˈdʒendit̚
3 pl. *jaŋgip jaŋgip jɛŋgip ˈjɛŋgip
bite *ati[k-m]ɔ-atiŋgomo-
younger sister *ambijat aːmbˈjat ɛmbⁱat n-embʲijat
rib(s) *[a]ɾin-manriˈnan rinɐ ɛriman eriman
head *kambijan kaːmbian gambiãn kɛmbian kæmbiˈan kʲembijan
extinguish *o̝taki-mɔ-utakimo- utɛgimo-

There is at least one unexplained exception in which /*a/ followed by /*i/ in the next syllable is not raised in Drabbe's Kaeti:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*a/_Cia a a
testicle*wambi-ɾɔpwambi-ˈrapwanbi-rɔb wambi-rap

When /*a/ is followed by a high back or high mid back vowel /*u *o̝/ in the next syllable, it is backed and raised to /ɔ/ in Central Mandobo:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*a/_Cu
body *andu andu ~ aːnduandu ondy ondun oːnɖu
cook/burn *andu- any- ondy- oːnɖu-
chop down *a-ɾu- o-ry-
thorn *aɾun aːrun oryn ˈorun
thorn *aɾuk aryk
wash *tambu(-mɔ)- taːmbumo- tombymo- ɖomb-
flatulence *aj-mbut o-mbyt
thick *mbatut mbaˈtut mbotyt
1 pl. *naŋgup naŋgup noŋgyp noŋgup ŋoŋɢup
elbow/eight*ŋgambum ŋgaːmbun gambu ~gambʏ ŋgombyn ɴɢombun
crooked *ŋgambut kambut- ŋgombyt
tail *wambut waˈmbut wombyt wombʊt̚
canoe *jahun jaˈun jahu joyn ˈjoun
garden *jakup jaːˈkup jokyp joɢup
cough *awujɔk ajok awjɔʔ ~ aguɔʔ oʸok ˈɔɢᵘjɔq
grandmother*awujaj aˈjae -owɛ oʸa ɔɢʷja
yesterday *aɾuwaj ˈaruwæ orywa
mucus *wakuɾaj waːkuˈru wagudɛ wogyra
*a/_Co̝
ripe/yellow*amo̝j amoj amui omu ˈomu
nose *taŋgo̝t ta(ː)ŋgut taŋgut toŋgut toŋgut ˈtoɴɢut̚
cold *taɾo̝j təruj
old man *kako̝p ˈkaːɢup̚
female *ɾaŋgo̝j rannu roŋgu
smoke *jaɾo̝k jaːˈrup -dʲarub ~-narʏporuk -oruk̚
door *jambo̝[p]-tɔpjambiˈtap jambubɪtɔp jombutop
heel *wandano̝ waːndaːˈnu wandani waːndunu (?)
spider *ato̝wan otugan
intestines *aj-mo̝n-ɔp aː monap o-munop ˈɔ-mːunɔp̚
wind *kijawo̝j kˈjau kiawɪ kⁱoᵘ ˈkʲijoᵘ

In two examples, Central Mandobo /*a/ followed by /*u *o̝/ does not undergo the expected raising and backing, perhaps indicating loans:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul Mandobo Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*a/_Cu a a a
beard *matut maːˈtutmadut ~ madʲytmatit
*a/_Co̝a a a
crocodile*ke̝jambo̝tkeambut kⁱambut kʲijambot̚

Mandobo OàmbonDigul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*ujɔo [u o] yjo [yo]? ijo
knee*mbujɔm wambonbun ~ wambon wambyon ˈwambʲijom

… /*uja/ …

Mandobo OàmbonDigul Mandobo Kaeti Runggoanjàp Kaisah
Drabbevan Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-uja-o uwa [uwa ʏwɐ]yja [ʸa]ojɵ [oɵ]uja [uwo ʷjɔ ʷia]
bamboo vessel*ndujam ndon dʏwɐn ndʸam ˈɖuwom
man/person *kujap kop kuwab ~ kwab kʸap koɵp ɢʷjɔp ~ qʷiap

… /*wuj/ …:

Mandobo Oàmbon Digul MandoboKaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe van Doorn Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
*-wuj-[j][wj gʷ] [ɥ] [ɢʷj]
cough *awujɔk ajok awjɔʔ ~ aguɔʔoʸok ˈɔɢᵘjɔq
grandmother*awujaj aˈjae -owɛ oʸa ɔɢʷja

Pronouns

[under construction]

Mandobo nominative pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with Oàmbon and Runggoanjàp attestations drawn from Drabbe (1954: 162-163,) Kaeti from Drabbe (1959: 180-181) and Kaisah from Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 38):

Mandobo Oàmbon Kaeti RunggoanjàpKaisah
Drabbe Drabbe Drabbe Lebold et al.
1 sg.*nɵ̝p nup nɵp nɵp nup̚
2 sg.*ŋgɵ̝p ŋgup ŋgɵp ŋgɵp ŋgɛp
3 sg.*jɵ̝p; *ɛkɛ(p)jup ɛgɛ [ŋgɵp] ˈɛgɛp
1 pl.*naŋgup naŋgup noŋgyp noŋgup ŋoŋɢup (?)
2 pl.*ŋgaŋgip ŋgaŋgipnɛŋgip (?)ŋgæŋgip ŋɛŋgip
3 pl.*jaŋgip jaŋgip jɛŋgip [ŋgæŋgip] ˈjɛŋgip

Alienable possessors are reconstructed as follows, with Oàmbon and Runggoanjàp attestations drawn from Drabbe (1954: 211-212) and Kaeti from Drabbe (1959: 180-181):

Mandobo Oàmbon Kaeti Runggoanjàp
Drabbe Drabbe Drabbe
1 sg.*nɔ-ne̝ ne-ne nɛ-nɛ no-ne
2 sg.*ŋgɔ-ne̝ ŋge-ne ŋgo-nɛ ŋgo-ne
3 sg.*e̝-ne̝ e-ne ɛ-nɛ [ŋgo-ne]
1 pl.*naŋgɔ-ne̝ naŋgo-ne noŋgy-nɛnoŋgo-ne
2 pl.*ŋgaŋgi-ne̝ŋgaŋgi-nenɛŋgi-nɛŋgaŋgi-ne
3 pl.*jaŋgi-ne̝ jaŋgi-ne jɛŋgi-nɛ[ŋgaŋgi-ne]

Inalienable possessors … Drabbe (1954: 212) …:

MandoboOàmbonKaeti Kaisah
DrabbeDrabbeLebold et al.
1 sg.*na- na-
2 sg.*ŋga- ga-
3 sg.*… e-

Verbal morphology

[under construction]


Counting system

[under construction]

Mandobo has a body-part counting system of the type characteristic of the central west New Guinea region, in which, excepting one, two, and three, the term for the number is generally the same as that for the body part which is touched during tallying. Counting begins from the left pinkie at one, proceeding to the thumb and then up the left side of the body until reaching the top of the head, then proceeding downward on the right side of the body as follows (q.v. Drabbe 1959ː CITE):

left sideright side
[pinkie] 1 27
[ring finger] 2 26
[middle finger]3 25
index finger 4 24
thumb 5 23
wrist (pulse) 6 22
forearm 7 21
elbow (inside) 8 20
upper arm 9 19
shoulder 10 18
side of neck 11 17
ear 12 16
temple 13 15
top of skull 14

Loans from neighboring families

[under construction]