Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute
[under construction]
…
[under construction]
The internal classification of Awbono-Bayono is as follows:
…
Donohue (n.d.) unpublished survey vocabularies of Awbono and Bayono, provided in comparative spreadsheet form by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics
Wilbrink (2004: 105a-105e) 240 comparative terms for Densar and for (pp. 108a-108f) Awbono and Enamesi/Swesu/Bayono after Menanti and Kovojab after de Vries
Hischier (2006: 11) 27 words of Kopayap (thanks to Harald Hammarström for calling our attention to the existence and identity of this attestation)
[under construction]
Proto-Awbono-Bayono had 12 or 13 consonants and 7 vowels as follows:
| *m | *n | |||
| *p | *t | *s | *k | [*kᵂ] |
| *b | *d | *g | ||
| *w | *ɾ | *j |
| *i | *u | |
| *e̝ | *o̝ | |
| *ɛ | *ɔ | |
| *a |
Bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is fricated to /ɸ/ [ɸ h] in all descendants
Velar voiceless stop /*k/ occurs only root-initially, because North Digul River medial /*k/ has been dropped.
Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ is found only medially, because Digul River initial /*ɾ/ is palatalized and deoccluded to /*j/ in North Digul River .
Root-finally, two archiphonemes occur, /*N/, which reflects final nasals /*m *n/, and /*C/, which reflects final voiceless stops /*p *t *k/:
| *N |
| *C |
Initial and medial consonants correspond as follows:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi |
| *m | m | m | m |
| *n | n | n | n |
| *p | ɸ | ɸ | ɸ |
| *t- | t | t | t |
| *s | s | s | s |
| *k- | k | k | k |
| *b | b | b | b |
| *d- | d | d | d |
| *g | |||
| *w | w | w | w |
| *-ɾ- | ɾ | ɾ | ɾ |
| *j | j | j | j |
Final consonants correspond as follows:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi |
| *-VN | |||
| *-VC |
Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi |
| *i | |||
| *u | |||
| *e | |||
| *e̝ | |||
| *o̝ | |||
| *ɔ | |||
| *a |
These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Awbono and Bayono attestations drawn from Menanti unless otherwise indicated and Kovojab from de Vries (Wilbrink 2004: 108a-108f.) Awbono and Bayono attestations drawn from Donohue (n.d.) are indicated ny [md], Kopayap attestations drawn from Hischier (2006: 11) are indicated by [ph].
Bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *m- | m | m | m | |
| shoulder/ten | *mVN | mɨj- | mi- | |
| husband | *me̝si | mɛsi | mesi ~ musi | |
| ant | *mamuC | maˈmũ | maˈmũ | |
| body hair | *mo̝C | mu | muː | mu |
| *-m- | m | m | m | |
| breast | *ama[N] | ɑˈmɑ | ɐmɐ | |
| ant | *mamuC | maˈmũ | maˈmũ | |
| blow | *po̝mɔ | ɸumo- ~ humo- | ɸuːnɔ | hũmɛ- |
| finger | *dɛ-me̝ɾu[C] | deː-mêlɯ | ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ | |
| crocodile | *sɛmi[C] | -sɛmi | -ostˈmi | |
| bathe/swim | *sumV- | sumɐ- | sume |
Apical nasal /*n/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *n- | n | n | n | |
| sand | *ne̝niN | nəni | ||
| bird | *nɛC | nɑ | nɛh | nɛ |
| rattan/rope | *naN | -nɑ | nɐ̃ ~ nɐh | nã |
| tree | *nɔC | no̩ | nɔx ~ nɔʔ- | nɔ̃- |
| 1 sg. | *n[o̝]C | nɛ | nu | ne |
| *-n- | n | n | n | |
| elbow/eight | *bɔno̝C | bnu- ~ -βɛnu | bɔnu | -bunu |
| sand | *ne̝niN | nəni | ||
| egg | *tane̝C | tɑnɛ | tɐne | tanɛ |
| cassowary | *saniC | sɑnĩ | sɐni | sɑnĩ |
| cold | *gise̝na | dzisɛna | gisənɐ | ˈgisɨna |
| arrow | *ge̝ni | gəˈni | gəni |
Bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is fricated to /ɸ/ and sometimes deoccluded to [h]:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *p- | ɸ [ɸ h] | ɸ | ɸ [ɸ h] | |
| name | *p[ui] | ɸi | ɸwi | |
| sharp | *p[ui][C] | ɸi | ɸwi | |
| child | *po̝ | hu [md] | əhu | hu [md] |
| blow | *po̝mɔ | ɸumo- ~ humo- | ɸuːnɔ | hũmɛ- |
| *-p- | ɸ [h] | ɸ | ɸ | |
| hot | *tap[o̝/u] | tɑhu | tʌɸu | taˈɸu |
Initial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is retained as such in all descendants:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *t- | t | t | t | |
| ashes | *tiN-gɔN | tĩᵑgõŋ | tiŋgɔ̃ | tĩⁿgo |
| dog | *tiC | tʰi | tiːh | tʰí |
| tongue | *te̝bu | tiβu | tibɯ | tebu |
| knee | *tɛ-kuru | ˈtɛ-kuru | tɛ-kəɾɯ | te kuɾu |
| cuscus | *taiC | -təi | ||
| hot | *tap[o̝/u] | tɑhu | tʌɸu | taˈɸu |
| egg | *tane̝C | tɑnɛ | tɐne | tanɛ |
| mosquito | *tatuN | taruʉ̃ | tɐdy | taˈdu ~ taˈɾu |
| bad | *taɾ[o̝]C | tʌɾu | taro | |
| thumb/five | *tɔ- | tow- | tɔ- | tɔ- |
| wrist/six | *tɔN | toŋ- | tɔ̃ | |
| upper arm/nine | *to̝ | tuw- | tu- | |
| stone | *to̝N | tõ | tũ | tũ |
…:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *-t- | ||||
| mosquito | *tatuN | taruʉ̃ | tɐdy | taˈdu ~ taˈɾu |
Laminal /*s/ is retained as such in all descendants:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *s- | s | s | s | |
| crocodile | *sɛmi[C] | -sɛmi | -ostˈmi | |
| cassowary | *saniC | sɑnĩ | sɐni | sɑnĩ |
| tree kangaroo | *sɔC | -sɔʔ | ||
| eye | *so̝-ki | suki | suki | ˈsuki |
| bathe/swim | *sumV- | sumɐ- | sume | |
| *-s- | s | s | s | |
| woman | *ɔsu | osu | ɔsɯ | osu |
| husband | *me̝si | mɛsi | mesi ~ musi | |
| cold | *gise̝na | dzisɛna | gisənɐ | ˈgisɨna |
Velar voiceless stop /*k/ occurs only root-initially, where it is retained as such in all descendants. It is typically backed to uvular [q] in Kovojab:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *k- | k | k [q k kʰ] | k | |
| house | *kɛN | kæ̃ | qɛ̃ | kɛ̃ ~ kɛ̂m- |
| walk/go | *ka- | qɐ- | ka- | |
| fish | *kaN | kã [md] | qɐ̄ | kã [md] |
| skin/bark | *kaC | ka ~ -kɑ | kʰɐ ~ -kɐ | -ka |
| tail | *kade̝C | kaˈdi | ||
| inside | *kaɾo̝C | kɑrɑ | kayɾo | |
| taro | *kaju | qɔju | kaju- | |
| ear | *kɔp-kaC | ˈkoβo-kɑ | kɔbɔ-kɐ | ˈkob-ka |
| sky | *ko̝C | -ku | -k | |
| bone | *kuɾu | ˈkuru | kɯɾɯ ~ -kəɾɯ | kuɾu |
In compounds …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *-k- | k | k | k | |
| knee | *te-kuru | ˈtɛ-kuru | tɛ-kəɾɯ | te kuɾu |
| eye | *so̝-ki | suki | suki | ˈsuki |
Rounded velar voiceless stop /*kᵂ/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *kᵂ- | kᵂ | kᵂ | kᵂ | |
| person | *kᵂ[ai]N | kwe | kwe ~ kᵂai | kwĩ |
Bilabial voiced stop /*b/ is retained as such in all descendants:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *b- | b | b | b | |
| leaf | *be̝C | -bi | -bi | -bi |
| head | *babe̝[N] | baˈbɪ [md] | bɐbe | bapeⁱ [md] |
| bow | *baɾi | bɑˈri | bɐɾi | badi |
| goanna | *b[a]jɔN | bidʒɔŋ | ||
| mouth/lip(s) | *bɔN- | bon- ~ boŋ- | bɔn- ~ bɔŋ- | |
| elbow/eight | *bɔno̝C | bnu- ~ -βɛnu | bɔnu | -bunu |
| *-b- | b [b β] | b | b [b p] | |
| tooth | *ɛbiC | ɛˈbi | ɛbi | epi ~ ibi- |
| sun | *ab[ui]N | abiwiŋ ~ ɑβɛŋ- | ʌbiŋ ~ ɐbiŋ- | abwĩ ~ abwɛ̃ŋ- |
| head | *babe̝[N] | baˈbɪ [md] | bɐbe | bapeⁱ [md] |
| tongue | *te̝bu | tiβu | tibɯ | tebu |
Apical voiced stop /*d/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *d- | d | d [d nd] | d | |
| not/no | *dia | ndiæ | dia | |
| banana | *dige̝N | digɛŋ- | dedʒẽ | diˈɣi |
| hand/arm | *dɛ | de- ~ dɛ- | deː- ~ de- | dɛ- |
| cloud | *de̝C | deː | ||
| burn (intr.) | *dɔ- | dɔ- | ||
| sago | *do̝ | du | ⁿdu | du |
| *-d- | d | |||
| see | *ade̝ | ɐle | adi | |
| tail | *kade̝C | kaˈdi |
Velar voiced stop /*g/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *g- | g | g [g ŋg] | ||
| pig | *giC | gi | geh | ŋgi |
| cold | *gisena | dzisɛna | gisənɐ | ˈgisɨna |
| arrow | *ge̝ni | gəˈni | gəni | |
| 2 sg. | *g[o̝]C | gu | gu | gwe |
| *-g- | g | |||
| banana | *digeN | digɛŋ- | dedʒẽ | diˈɣi |
Bilabial non-stop /*w/ is retained as such in all descendants:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *w- | w | w | w | |
| fire | *waN(-tɔN) | wɑnto | wɐntɔ̃ | wã(-tõ) |
| paddle | *waɾuC | wɑru | wʌɾu | waɾʏ |
| moon | *wɔC | wɔh | wo | |
| *-w- | w [w u] | w | w | |
| snake | *awɔN | ɑũ | ɔwɔn- | awõ |
| breadfruit | *jawɔC | jɑwɑʁ | iwɔx |
Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ has been found only medially, where it is retained as such in all descendants:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *-ɾ- | ɾ [r] | ɾ | ɾ | |
| eat/drink | *ɛɾe̝- | ɛrɛ- ~ɛri- | ɛlɛ- ~ eɾe- | ɛri ~ ɛrɛ- |
| cook/burn | *aɾu- | ɐɾu- | ||
| earth/ground | *uɾaC | urɑh | ɯɾɐ | uˈra ~ uˈrah |
| bow | *baɾi | bɑˈri | bɐɾi | badi (?) |
| bad | *taɾ[o̝]C | tʌɾu | taro | |
| finger | *de-meɾu[C] | deː-mêlɯ | ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ | |
| bone | *kuɾu | ˈkuru | kɯɾɯ ~ -kəɾɯ | kuɾu |
| paddle | *waɾuC | wɑru | wʌɾu | waɾʏ |
| louse | *jaɾi | jɑˈri | jɐɾi |
Palatal non-stop /*j/ is retained as such in all descendants. It is often occluded to voiced affricate [dʒ] in Kovojab:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *j- | j | j [i dʒ] | j | |
| netbag | *jeN | jɛ̃ | dʒɛ̃ | jɛ̃ |
| breadfruit | *jawɔC | jɑwɑʁ | iwɔx | |
| louse | *jaɾi | jɑˈri | jɐɾi | |
| rain | *jɔN | jɔ̃ŋ- | jɔŋ- | |
| wife | *jo̝N | dũ | -dʒuŋ | |
| 3 sg. | *jo̝C | ju | ||
| thorn | *juN | -u | dʒu | dzu |
| *-j- | j [dʒ] | |||
| goanna | *b[a]jɔN | bidʒɔŋ | ||
| taro | *kaju | qɔju | kaju- |
Final consonants … :
Final nasal archiphone /*N/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *-N | ||||
| sun | *ab[ui]N | abiwiŋ ~ ɑβɛŋ- | ʌbiŋ ~ ɐbiŋ- | abwĩ ~ abwɛ̃ŋ- |
| snake | *awɔN | ɑũ | ɔwɔn- | awõ |
| liver | *uN | uw̄ | ||
| goanna | *b[a]jɔN | bidʒɔŋ | ||
| mouth/lip(s) | *bɔN- | bon- ~ boŋ- | bɔn- ~ bɔŋ- | |
| sand | *ne̝niN | nəni | ||
| rattan/rope | *naN | -nɑ | nɐ̃ ~ nɐh | nã |
| ashes | *tiN-gɔN | tĩᵑgõŋ | tiŋgɔ̃ | tĩⁿgo |
| mosquito | *tatuN | taruʉ̃ | tɐdy | taˈdu ~ taˈɾu |
| wrist/six | *tɔN | toŋ- | tɔ̃ | |
| stone | *to̝N | tõ | tũ | tũ |
| banana | *digeN | digɛŋ- | dedʒẽ | diˈɣi |
| house | *kɛN | kæ̃ | qɛ̃ | kɛ̃ ~ kɛ̂m- |
| fish | *kaN | kã [md] | qɐ̄ | kã [md] |
| person | *kᵂ[ai]N | kwe | kwe ~ kᵂai | kwĩ |
| netbag | *jeN | jɛ̃ | dʒɛ̃ | jɛ̃ |
| rain | *jɔN | jɔ̃ŋ- | jɔŋ- | |
| wife | *jo̝N | dũ | -dʒuŋ | |
| thorn | *juN | -u | dʒu | dzu |
Final stop archiphoneme /*C/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *-C | ||||
| canoe | *ɛC | ɛ | ɛː | ɛ |
| tooth | *ɛbiC | ɛˈbi | ɛbi | epi ~ ibi- |
| water/river | *ɔC | (ɔɣ-)ɔʁ ~ oʁ | ɔx | -õh |
| earth/ground | *uɾaC | urɑh | ɯɾɐ | uˈra ~ uˈrah |
| ant | *mamuC | maˈmũ | maˈmũ | |
| body hair | *mo̝C | mu | muː | mu |
| leaf | *be̝C | -bi | -bi | -bi |
| elbow/eight | *bɔno̝C | bnu- ~ -βɛnu | bɔnu | -bunu |
| bird | *nɛC | nɑ | nɛh | nɛ |
| tree | *nɔC | no̩ | nɔx ~ nɔʔ- | nɔ̃- |
| 1 sg. | *n[o̝]C | nɛ | nu | ne |
| dog | *tiC | tʰi | tiːh | tʰí |
| cuscus | *taiC | -təi | ||
| bad | *taɾ[o̝]C | tʌɾu | taro | |
| cloud | *de̝C | deː | ||
| crocodile | *sɛmi[C] | -sɛmi | -ostˈmi | |
| cassowary | *saniC | sɑnĩ | sɐni | sɑnĩ |
| tree kangaroo | *sɔC | -sɔʔ | ||
| skin/bark | *kaC | ka ~ -kɑ | kʰɐ ~ -kɐ | -ka |
| tail | *kade̝C | kaˈdi | ||
| inside | *kaɾo̝C | kɑrɑ | kayɾo | |
| sky | *ko̝C | -ku | -k | |
| pig | *giC | gi | geh | ŋgi |
| 2 sg. | *g[o̝]C | gu | gu | gwe |
| moon | *wɔC | wɔh | wo | |
| breadfruit | *jawɔC | jɑwɑʁ | iwɔx | |
| 3 sg. | *jo̝C | ju |
Vowels …:
High front vowel /*i/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *i | ||||
| ashes | *tiN-gɔN | tĩᵑgõŋ | tiŋgɔ̃ | tĩⁿgo |
| dog | *tiC | tʰi | tiːh | tʰí |
| pig | *giC | gi | geh | ŋgi |
| banana | *digeN | digɛŋ- | dedʒẽ | diˈɣi |
| cold | *gisena | dzisɛna | gisənɐ | ˈgisɨna |
| tooth | *ɛbiC | ɛˈbi | ɛbi | epi ~ ibi- |
| arrow | *ge̝ni | gəˈni | gəni | |
| sand | *ne̝niN | nəni | ||
| crocodile | *sɛmi[C] | -sɛmi | -ostˈmi | |
| eye | *so̝-ki | suki | suki | ˈsuki |
| bow | *baɾi | bɑˈri | bɐɾi | badi |
| louse | *jaɾi | jɑˈri | jɐɾi | |
| cassowary | *saniC | sɑnĩ | sɐni | sɑnĩ |
High back vowel /*u/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *u | ||||
| liver | *uN | uw̄ | ||
| thorn | *juN | -u | dʒu | dzu |
| bone | *kuɾu | ˈkuru | kɯɾɯ ~ -kəɾɯ | kuɾu |
| bathe/swim | *sumV- | sumɐ- | sume | |
| earth/ground | *uɾaC | urɑh | ɯɾɐ | uˈra ~ uˈrah |
| tongue | *te̝bu | tiβu | tibɯ | tebu |
| finger | *de-meɾu[C] | deː-mêlɯ | ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ | |
| woman | *ɔsu | osu | ɔsɯ | osu |
| cook/burn | *aɾu- | ɐɾu- | ||
| taro | *kaju | qɔju | kaju- | |
| ant | *mamuC | maˈmũ | maˈmũ | |
| mosquito | *tatuN | taruʉ̃ | tɐdy | taˈdu ~ taˈɾu |
| paddle | *waɾuC | wɑru | wʌɾu | waɾʏ |
High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *e̝ | ||||
| leaf | *be̝C | -bi | -bi | -bi |
| cloud | *de̝C | deː | ||
| husband | *me̝si | mɛsi | mesi ~ musi | |
| arrow | *ge̝ni | gəˈni | gəni | |
| sand | *ne̝niN | nəni | ||
| tongue | *te̝bu | tiβu | tibɯ | tebu |
| finger | *dɛ-me̝ɾu[C] | deː-mêlɯ | ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ | |
| eat/drink | *ɛɾe̝- | ɛrɛ- ~ɛri- | ɛlɛ- ~ eɾe- | ɛri ~ ɛrɛ- |
| banana | *dige̝N | digɛŋ- | dedʒẽ | diˈɣi |
| cold | *gise̝na | dzisɛna | gisənɐ | ˈgisɨna |
| see | *ade̝ | ɐle | adi | |
| head | *babe̝[N] | baˈbɪ [md] | bɐbe | bapeⁱ [md] |
| tail | *kade̝C | kaˈdi |
High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *o̝ | ||||
| excrement | *[o̝] | uː | ||
| child | *po̝ | hu [md] | əhu | hu [md] |
| upper arm/nine | *to̝ | tuw- | tu- | |
| sago | *do̝ | du | ⁿdu | du |
| body hair | *mo̝C | mu | muː | mu |
| stone | *to̝N | tõ (?) | tũ | tũ |
| sky | *ko̝C | -ku | -k (?) | |
| wife | *jo̝N | dũ | -dʒuŋ | |
| 3 sg. | *jo̝C | ju | ||
| eye | *so̝-ki | suki | suki | ˈsuki |
| blow | *po̝mɔ | ɸumo- ~ humo- | ɸuːnɔ | hũmɛ- |
| elbow/eight | *bɔno̝C | bnu- ~ -βɛnu | bɔnu | -bunu |
| egg | *tane̝C | tɑnɛ | tɐne | tanɛ |
| bad | *taɾ[o̝]C | tʌɾu | taro | |
| inside | *kaɾo̝C | kɑrɑ (?) | kayɾo |
… /*o̝/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *o̝ | ||||
| 1 sg. | *n[o̝]C | nɛ | nu | ne |
| 2 sg. | *g[o̝]C | gu | gu | gwe |
Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *ɛ | ||||
| canoe | *ɛC | ɛ | ɛː | ɛ |
| hand/arm | *dɛ | de- ~ dɛ- | deː- ~ de- | dɛ- |
| bird | *nɛC | nɑ (?) | nɛh | nɛ |
| house | *kɛN | kæ̃ | qɛ̃ | kɛ̃ ~ kɛ̂m- |
| netbag | *jɛN | jɛ̃ | dʒɛ̃ | jɛ̃ |
| tooth | *ɛbiC | ɛˈbi | ɛbi | epi ~ ibi- |
| crocodile | *sɛmi[C] | -sɛmi | -ostˈmi [sic] | |
| knee | *tɛ-kuru | ˈtɛ-kuru | tɛ-kəɾɯ | te kuɾu |
| eat/drink | *ɛɾe̝- | ɛrɛ- ~ɛri- | ɛlɛ- ~ eɾe- | ɛri ~ ɛrɛ- |
| finger | *dɛ-me̝ɾu[C] | deː-mêlɯ | ˈdɛ-mɯɾɯ |
Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *ɔ | ||||
| thumb/five | *tɔ- | tow- | tɔ- | tɔ- |
| burn (intr.) | *dɔ- | dɔ- | ||
| water/river | *ɔC | (ɔɣ-)ɔʁ ~ oʁ | ɔx | -õh |
| mouth/lip(s) | *bɔN- | bon- ~ boŋ- | bɔn- ~ bɔŋ- | |
| tree | *nɔC | no̩ | nɔx ~ nɔʔ- | nɔ̃- |
| wrist/six | *tɔN | toŋ- | tɔ̃ | |
| tree kangaroo | *sɔC | -sɔʔ | ||
| moon | *wɔC | wɔh | wo | |
| rain | *jɔN | jɔ̃ŋ- | jɔŋ- | |
| woman | *ɔsu | osu | ɔsɯ | osu |
| elbow/eight | *bɔno̝C | bnu- ~ -βɛnu | bɔnu | -bunu |
| ear | *kɔp-kaC | ˈkoβo-kɑ | kɔbɔ-kɐ | ˈkob-ka |
| ashes | *te̝N-gɔN | tĩᵑgõŋ | tiŋgɔ̃ | tĩⁿgo |
| blow | *po̝mɔ | ɸumo- ~ humo- | ɸuːnɔ | hũmɛ- |
| snake | *awɔN | ɑũ | ɔwɔn- | awõ |
| goanna | *b[a]jɔN | bidʒɔŋ | ||
| fire | *waN(-tɔN) | wɑnto | wɐntɔ̃ | wã(-tõ) |
| breadfruit | *jawɔC | jɑwɑʁ | iwɔx |
Low central vowel /*a/ …:
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| *a | ||||
| walk/go | *ka- | qɐ- | ka- | |
| rattan/rope | *naN | -nɑ | nɐ̃ ~ nɐh | nã |
| fish | *kaN | kã [md] | qɐ̄ | kã [md] |
| skin/bark | *kaC | ka ~ -kɑ | kʰɐ ~ -kɐ | -ka |
| breast | *ama[N] | ɑˈmɑ | ɐmɐ | |
| bow | *baɾi | bɑˈri | bɐɾi | badi |
| louse | *jaɾi | jɑˈri | jɐɾi | |
| cassowary | *saniC | sɑnĩ | sɐni | sɑnĩ |
| sun | *ab[ui]N | abiwiŋ ~ ɑβɛŋ- | ʌbiŋ ~ ɐbiŋ- | abwĩ ~ abwɛ̃ŋ- |
| cook/burn | *aɾu- | ɐɾu- | ||
| taro | *kaju | qɔju | kaju- | |
| ant | *mamuC | maˈmũ | maˈmũ | |
| mosquito | *tatuN | taruʉ̃ | tɐdy | taˈdu ~ taˈɾu |
| paddle | *waɾuC | wɑru | wʌɾu | waɾʏ |
| see | *ade̝ | ɐle | adi | |
| head | *babe̝[N] | baˈbɪ [md] | bɐbe | bapeⁱ [md] |
| egg | *tane̝C | tɑnɛ | tɐne | tanɛ |
| tail | *kade̝C | kaˈdi | ||
| hot | *tap[o̝/u] | tɑhu | tʌɸu | taˈɸu |
| bad | *taɾ[o̝]C | tʌɾu | taro | |
| inside | *kaɾo̝C | kɑrɑ | kayɾo (?) | |
| snake | *awɔN | ɑũ | ɔwɔn- | awõ |
| fire | *waN(-tɔN) | wɑnto | wɐntɔ̃ | wã(-tõ) |
| breadfruit | *jawɔC | jɑwɑʁ | iwɔx | |
| earth/ground | *uɾaC | urɑh | ɯɾɐ | uˈra ~ uˈrah |
| cold | *gisena | dzisɛna | gisənɐ | ˈgisɨna |
[under construction]
Awbono-Bayono free pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with attestations drawn from Wilbrink (2004: 108a-108b):
| A-B | Awbono | Kovojab | Enamesi | |
| 1 sg. | *n[o̝]C | nɛ | nu | ne |
| 2 sg. | *g[o̝]C | gu | gu | gwe |
| 3 sg. | *jo̝C | ɛɣo/ɛrɑ/mo | ju | oroare |
| 1 pl. | *… | — | niβ | — |
| 2 pl. | ? | — | məgi | — |
| 3 pl. | ? | — | gidʒɛ | — |
…
Nothing is known about Awbono-Bayono verbal morphology.
[under construction]
…
…