Table of Contents

East Mek

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

[under construction]

The East Mek family consists of two closely related languages, Ketengban and Una, spoken … Additionally, … Eipo substrate …

Subclassification

The internal classification of East Mek is as follows:

East Mek

Ketengban

Eipo substrate-Una

‡Eipo substrate

Una

Heeschen (1978: 9) provides lexicostatistical figures for eight East Mek dialects as follows:

Eipo Layre Sirkai Kinome Ok Bab Tanime Bime Kamume
Eipo 93.88 82.83 86.59 83.00 93.00 89.00 88.84
Larye 93.88 84.04 75.53 84.36 94.90 89.70 85.26
Sirkai 82.83 84.04 79.27 82.83 84.95 83.84 82.83
Kinome 86.59 75.53 79.27 80.72 87.95 91.57 83.13
Ok Bab 83.00 84.36 82.83 80.72 85.00 92.00 89.90
Tanime 93.00 94.90 84.85 87.95 85.00 93.00 89.90
Bime 89.00 89.70 83.84 91.57 92.00 93.00 95.96
Kamume 88.84 85.26 82.83 83.13 89.90 89.90 95.96

Additionally, De Kock's (1912) Mt. Goliath is calculated to share 78.95% with Larye and 68.42% with Eipo, but this isn't reliable, as Mt. Goliath and Larye are the same language, Una.

Sources

[under construction]

Historical phonology

[under construction]

Proto-East Mek had perhaps 19 consonants and 7 vowels as follows:

*m *n
*p *t *s *c *cʎ *k *kʷ
*b *d *g *gʷ
*w *l *j
*i *u
*e̝ *o̝
*a

In addition to the simple vowels given above, … diphthongs are found as follows:

*e̝ⁱ *o̝ᵘ
*ɛⁱ *ɔᵘ
*aⁱ *aᵘ
*aᵋ *aᵓ










East MekKetengbanUna Eipo
Sims LouwerseHeeschen
*

Pronouns

[under construction]












Verbal morphology

[under construction]

… Eipo is not included in this section because, unlike its lexicon which is primarily from a language most closely related to Una(above,) the core of its grammar is West Mek in origin.





… present/future … In Louwerse’s Una present perfective, the class marke of the preceding verb is dropped. … Fowler, Fowler, Rule and Rule’s (1972: 30-35) designation of this set as “present, future” most likely referes to the forms of the subject rather than to their appearance without aspect markers, as they give the full present paradigm only with preceding /-am-/ (below.) ….

East Mek Una Ketengban KetengbanKetengban
Langda Bime, TanimeOmban Ok Bab
Louwerse Heeschen Sims Fowler
pres. perf.present present present
1 sg. present*-n -Ø-n -n ~ -n-ɛ -n-ɛ -n(-ɛ)
2 sg. present*-dəm -Ø-ɾɪm -ɾim -ɾɛm-ɛ -ɾɛm
3 sg. present*-d -Ø-ɾ -ɾ ~ -ɾ-ɛ -ɾ-ɛ -ɾ(-ɛ)
1 pl. present*-əp -Ø-p -ap [-m-ɛɸ-ɛ]-p(-ɛ)
2 pl. present*-do̝m -Ø-ɾʊm -ɾum -ɾum-ɛ -ɾum
3 pl. present*-əŋ -Ø-ŋ -aŋ -ŋ-ɛ
1 dl. present*-nəm -Ø-nɪm -nim -nɛm-ɛ -nɛm(-ɛ)
2 dl. present*-də-do̝m-Ø-ɾʊ-ɾʊm -ɾɛ-ɾum [-ɾum-ɛ] -ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl. present*-d-əŋ -Ø-ɾɪŋ -ɾ-iŋ -ɾ-uŋ-ɛ -ɾɛ-ŋ

… Louwerse calls both the present imperfective tense amd punctiliar aspect and the momentaneous aspect while Sims calls it the immediate future …

East Mek Una Una Ketengban
Langda Langda Omban
Louwerse Louwerse Sims
pres. impf. momentaneousimm. fut.
1 sg. …*-ma-n -C-ma-n -n-ma-n -ma-n-ɛ
2 sg. …*-ma-dəm -C-ma-ɾɪm -n-ma-ɾɪm -ma-ɾɛm-ɛ
3 sg. …*-ma-d -C-ma-ɾ -n-ma-ɾ -ma-ɾ-ɛ
1 pl. …*-ma-əp -C-ma-p -n-ma-p -ma-ɸ-ɛ
~ -m-ɛɸ-ɛ
2 pl. …*-ma-do̝m -C-ma-ɾʊm -n-ma-ɾʊm -ma-ɾum-ɛ
3 pl. …*-ma-əŋ -C-ma-ŋ -n-ma-ŋ -ma-ŋ-ɛ
1 dl. …*-ma-nəm -C-ma-nɪm -n-ma-nɪm -ma-nɛm-ɛ
2 dl. …*-ma-də-do̝m-C-ɾma-ʊ-ɾʊm-n-ɾma-ʊ-ɾʊm-ma-ɾum-ɛ
3 dl. …*-ma-d-əŋ -C-ma-ɾɪŋ -n-ma-ɾɪŋ -ma-ɾɪŋ

… perfect 2 relative tense… present continuative tense …

East Mek Una Una Ketengban
Langda Langda Ok Bab
Louwerse Louwerse Fowler
perfect 2 pres. cont. present
1 sg. …*-am-n -C-a-n -ɾ-a-n -am-n-ɛ
2 sg. …*-am-dəm -C-an-dɪm -ɾ-an-dɪm -am-ɾɛm
3 sg. …*-am-d -C-an-da -ɾ-an-da -am-ɾ-ɛ
1 pl. …*-am-əp -C-am-ɪp -ɾ-am-ɪp -am-ɛp
2 pl. …*-am-do̝m -C-an-dʊm -ɾ-an-dʊm -am-ɾum
3 pl. …*-am-əŋ -C-am-ɪŋ -ɾ-am-ɪŋ -am-ɛŋ
1 dl. …*-am-nəm -C-a-nɪm -ɾ-a-nɪm -am-nɛm
2 dl. …*-am-də-do̝m-C-an-dʊ-ɾʊm-ɾ-an-dʊ-ɾʊm-am-ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl. …*-am-d-əŋ -C-an-d-ɪŋ -ɾ-an-d-ɪŋ -am-ɾɛ-ŋ



… Louwerse dubs near future, Sims imminent future and Fowler, Fowler, Rule and Rule today future …

East Mek Una Ketengban Ketengban
Langda Omban Ok Bab
Louwerse Sims Fowler
near fut. … fut. today fut.
1 sg. … fut.*-k[ɔ/o̝]-n-kʊ-n -kɔ-n-ɛ -kɔ-n
2 sg. … fut.*-k[ɔ/o̝]- -kʷɪn-dɪm -kɔ-ɾɛm-ɛ -kɔ-ɾɛm
3 sg.… fut. *-k[ɔ/o̝]- -kʊ-ɾ -kɔ-ɾ-ɛ -kɔ-ɾ
1 pl. … fut.*-k[ɔ/o̝]- -kʊ-p -kɔ-ɸ-ɛ -kɔ-p(-u)
2 pl. … fut.*-k[ɔ/o̝]- -kʊn-dʊm -kɔ-ɾum-ɛ -kɔ-ɾum
3 pl. … fut.*-k[ɔ/o̝]- -kʊ-ŋ -kɔ-ŋ-ɛ -kɔ-ŋ
1 dl. … fut.*-k[ɔ/o̝]- -kʷɪ-nɪm -kɔ-nɛm-ɛ -kɔ-nɛm
2 dl. … fut.*-k[ɔ/o̝]- -kʊn-dʊ-ɾʊm-kɔ-ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl. … fut.*-k[ɔ/o̝]- -kʷɪn-d-ɪŋ -kɔ-ɾ-uŋ-ɛ-kɔ-ɾɛ-ŋ

… Louwerse’s future durative aspect …

East Mek Una
Langda
Louwerse
fut. dur.
1 sg.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʊ-n
2 sg.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʷɪn-dɪm
3 sg.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʊ-ɾ
1 pl.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʊ-p
2 pl.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʊn-dʊm
3 pl.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʊ-ŋ
1 dl.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʷɪ-nɪm
2 dl.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʊn-dʊ-ɾʊm
3 dl.*-ab-k[ɔ/o̝]--ab-kʷɪn-d-ɪŋ

… future …

… Besides being somewhat of a logical consequence of the three paradigms which follow, remnants of this paradigm are found conflated into the hortative/future paradigms of several members of the West Mek family:

East Mek Ketengban
Omban
Sims
near fut.
1 sg. … fut.*-uka-n -ka-n-ɛ
2 sg. … fut.*-uka-dəm -ka-ɾɛm-ɛ
3 sg. … fut.*-uka-d -ka-ɾ-ɛ
1 pl. … fut.*-uka-əp -ka-ɸ-ɛ
2 pl. … fut.*-uka-do̝m -ka-ɾum-ɛ
3 pl. … fut.*-uka-əŋ -ka-ŋ-ɛ
1 dl. … fut.*-uka-nəm -ka-nɛm-ɛ
2 dl. … fut.*-uka-də-do̝m
3 dl. … fut.*-uka-d-əŋ -ka-ɾuŋ-ɛ

… Louwerse dubs regular future, Sims intermediate future and Fowler, Fowler, Rule and Rule near future …

East Mek Una Ketengban Ketengban
Langda Omban Ok Bab
Louwerse Sims Fowler
reg. future med. future near future
1 sg. near fut.*-uka-ma-n -kʷa-ma-n -ka-ma-n-ɛ -ka-ma-n
2 sg.near fut. *-uka-ma-dəm -kʷa-ma-ɾɪm -ka-ma-ɾɛm-ɛ -ka-ma-ɾɛm
3 sg.near fut. *-uka-ma-d -kʷa-ma-ɾ -ka-ma-ɾ-ɛ -ka-ma-ɾ
1 pl. near fut.*-uka-ma-əp -kʷa-ma-p -ka-ma-ɸ-ɛ -ka-ma-p
2 pl. near fut.*-uka-ma-do̝m -kʷa-mʊ-ɾʊm -ka-ma-ɾum-ɛ -ka-ma-ɾum
3 pl. near fut.*-uka-ma-əŋ -kʷa-ma-ŋ -ka-ma-ŋ-ɛ -ka-ma-ŋ
1 dl. near fut.*-uka-ma-nəm -kʷa-ma-nɪm -ka-ma-nɛm-ɛ -ka-ma-nɛm
2 dl. near fut.*-uka-ma-də-do̝m-kʷa-ma-ɾʊ-ɾʊm-ka-ma-ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl. near fut.*-uka-ma-d-əŋ -kʷa-ma-ɾ-ɪŋ -ka-ma-ɾ-uŋ-ɛ-ka-ma-ɾ-ɛŋ

… remote future …

East Mek Una Ketengban Ketengban
Langda Omban Ok Bab
Louwerse Sims Fowler
rem. fut. far fut. far fut.
1 sg. rem. fut.*-uka-am-n -kʷ-a-n -k-am-n-ɛ -k-am-n-ɛ
2 sg. rem. fut.*-uka-am-dəm -kʷ-an-dɪm -k-am-ɾɛm-ɛ -k-am-ɾɛm
3 sg. rem. fut.*-uka-am-d -kʷ-an-da -k-am-ɾ-ɛ -k-am-ɾ-ɛ
1 pl. rem. fut.*-uka-am-əp -kʷ-am-ɪp -k-am-ɛɸ-ɛ -k-am-ɛp
2 pl. rem. fut.*-uka-am-do̝m -kʷ-an-dʊm -k-am-ɾum-ɛ -k-am-ɾum
3 pl. rem. fut.*-uka-am-əŋ -kʷ-am-ɪŋ -k-am-ŋ-ɛ -k-am-ɛŋ
1 dl. rem. fut.*-uka-am-nəm -kʷ-a-nɪm -k-am-nɛm-ɛ -k-am-nɛm
2 dl. rem. fut.*-uka-am-də-do̝m-kʷ-an-dʊ-ɾʊm-k-am-ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl. rem. fut.*-uka-am-d-əŋ -kʷ-an-d-ɪŋ -k-am-ɾ-uŋ-ɛ-k-am-ɾ-ɛŋ

Attested only for Una is a paradigm which nevertheless likely dates to proto-East Mek, in which the future aspect marker /*-uka-/ is followed by /*-ab-/ … and /*-ma-/ … prior to the present/future subject markers.. In Louwerse (1978: xxiii) this is given as future perfect relative tense 2, but in Louwerse (1998: 44-45) it is given as the regular future. Based upon Ketengban analogs to the latter as well as its simpler morphological structure, we believe the previous designation of future perfect is likely closer to the truth:

East Mek Una
Langda
Louwerse
fut. perfect 2
1 sg. fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-n -kʷ-ab-ma-n
2 sg .fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-dəm -kʷ-ab-ma-ɾɪm
3 sg. fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-d -kʷ-ab-ma-ɾ
1 pl. fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-əp -kʷ-ab-ma-p
2 pl. fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-do̝m -kʷ-ab-ma-ɾʊm
3 pl. fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-əŋ -kʷ-ab-ma-ŋ
1 dl. fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-nəm -kʷ-ab-ma-nɪm
2 dl. fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-də-do̝m-kʷ-ab-ma-ɾʊ-ɾʊm
3 dl. fut. perf.*-uka-ab-ma-əŋ -kʷ-ab-ma-ɾɪŋ

… hortative …

… Louwerse calls continuous tense … the class marker is droppred … immediate imperative/hortative mode … Folwer, Fowler, Rule and Rule present customary … Una /-(n)/ class verbs in the continuous tense pattern with the near past continuative for the purpose of this chart because /-n-/ does not appear in either.

East Mek Una Una Ketengban
Langda Langda Ok Bab
Louwerse Louwerse Fowler
continuous imper./hort.pres. cust.
1 sg.*-nu-n -Ø-nʊ-n -C-nʊ-n -nu-n
2 sg.*… -Ø-ɾʊm -C-dʊm -ɾum
3 sg.*-du-d [-Ø-ɾʊ-t] -C-dʊ-ɾ -ɾu-ɾ
1 pl.*-nu-əp -Ø-nʊ-p -C-nʊ-p -nu-p
2 pl.*… [-Ø-nda-ɾʊ-t][-C-da-ɾʊ-t]-ɾum
3 pl.*-nu-əŋ -Ø-nʊ-ŋ -C-nʊ-ŋ -nu-ŋ
1 dl.*… -Ø-nʊ-nʊm -C-nʊ-nʊm -num
2 dl.*… -Ø-ɾʊ-ɾʊm -C-dʊ-ɾʊm -ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl.*-du-d-əŋ-Ø-ɾʊ-ɾ-ʊŋ -C-ɾʊ-ɾ-ʊŋ -ɾɛ-n-uŋ

… Louwerse's near future imperative …

East MekUna
Langda
Louwerse
near fut. imp.
1 sg.*… -kʊ-nʊ-n
2 sg.*… -kʊn-dʊm
3 sg.*… -kʊn-dʊ-ɾ
1 pl.*… -kʊ-nʊ-p
2 pl.*… [-kʊn-da-ɾʊ-t]
3 pl.*… -kʊ-nʊ-ŋ
1 dl.*… -kʊ-nʊ-nʊm
2 dl.*… -kʊn-dʊ-ɾʊm
3 dl.*… -kʊn-dʊ-ɾ-ʊŋ

… Louwerse regular future imperative mode … Fowler, Fowler, Rule and Rule near future customary …

East Mek Una Ketengban
Langda Ok Bab
Louwerse Fowler
reg. fut. imp. near fut. cust.
1 sg.*-uka-ma-…-kʷa-ma-nʊ-n -ka-ma-nu-n
2 sg.*-uka-ma-…-kʷa-ma-ɾʊm -ka-ma-ɾum
3 sg.*-uka-ma-…-kʷa-ma-ɾʊ-t -ka-ma-ɾu-ɾ
1 pl.*-uka-ma-…-kʷa-ma-nʊ-p -ka-ma-nu-p
2 pl.*-uka-ma-…[-kʷa-ma-nda-ɾʊ-t]-ka-ma-ɾum
3 pl.*-uka-ma-…-kʷa-ma-nʊ-ŋ -ka-ma-nu-ŋ
1 dl.*-uka-ma-…-kʷa-ma-nʊ-nʊm -ka-ma-num
2 dl.*-uka-ma-…-kʷa-ma-ɾʊ-ɾʊm -ka-ma-ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl.*-uka-ma-…-kʷa-ma-ɾʊ-ɾ-ʊŋ -ka-ma-ɾɛ-ɾ-uŋ

… Louwerse remote future imperative mode … Fowler, Fowler, Rule and Rule far future customary …

East Mek Una Ketengban
Langda Ok Bab
Louwerse Fowler
rem. fut. imp. far fut. cust.
1 sg.*-uk[a]-am-… -kʷ-a-nʊ-n -k-am-nu-n
2 sg.*-uk[a]-am-… -kʷ-an-dʊm -k-am-ɾum
3 sg.*-uk[a]-am-… -kʷ-an-dʊ-ɾ -k-am-ɾu-ɾ
1 pl.*-uk[a]–am-…-kʷ-a-nʊ-p -k-am-nu-p
2 pl.*-uk[a]-am-… [-kʷ-an-da-ɾʊ-t]-k-am-ɾum
3 pl.*-uk[a]-am-… -kʷ-a-nʊ-ŋ -k-am-nu-ŋ
1 dl.*-uk[a]-am-… -kʷ-a-nʊ-nʊm -k-am-num
2 dl.*-uk[a]-am-… -kʷ-an-dʊ-ɾʊm -k-am-ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl.*-uk[a]-am-… -kʷ-an-dʊ-ɾ-ʊŋ -k-am-ɾɛ-ɾ-uŋ

… recent past …

… simple recent past … Louwerse calls the regular past perfective tense and near past continuative tense and Fowler, Fowler, Rule and Rule call the near past … Louw erse’s regular past perfective and near past continuative differ in that the former retains the verb class marker while the latter drops it . Una /-(n)/ class verbs in the regular past perfective pattern with the near past continuative for the purpose of this chart because /-n-/ does not appear in either. Because neither Sims nor Fowler, Fowler, Rula and Rule illustrate how the near past combines with verb stems and class markers, it is not easy to say with which Una tense it is most immediately comparable. This, however, has no impact on the reconstruction of the desinences:

East MekUna Una Ketengban
Langda Langda Ok Bab
Louwerse Louwerse Fowler
near past cont.reg. past perf.near past
1 sg.*… -Ø-n-ʷ-a -C-n-a -n-u
2 sg.*… -Ø-m-ː-a -C-ʊm-ː-a [-m-um]
3 sg.*… -Ø-ᵘ ~ -Ø-u -C-ʷ-a ~ -Ø-ᵘ -u
1 pl.*… -Ø-b-ʷ-a -C-ʊb-ʷ-a -p-u
2 pl.*… [-Ø-nda-ᵘ] [-C-da-ᵘ] -ɾum
3 pl.*… -Ø-ŋ-ʷ-a -C-ʊŋ-ʷ-a -ŋ-u
1 dl.*… -Ø-nʊm-ː-a -C-nʊm-ː-a -num-u
2 dl.*… -Ø-ɾʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a -C-dʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a -ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl.*… -Ø-ɾ-ʊŋ-ʷ-a -C-d-ʊŋ-ʷ-a -ɾɛ-ŋ-u

… Louweree calls both the regular past imperfective tense and Sims calls the near past … /*-ma-/ …:

East MekUna Ketengban Ketengban
Langda Omban Ok Bab
Louwerse Sims Fowler
reg. past impf.near past near past
1 sg.*-ma-… -m-ɔn-ʷ-a -ma-n-u-ɛ
2 sg.*-ma-… -m-ɔm-ː-a -ma-um-ɛ -m-um
3 sg.*-ma-… -m-ɔ -ma-ᵘ-ɛ
1 pl.*-ma-… -m-ɔb-ʷ-a -ma-p-ː-ɛ
2 pl.*-ma-… [-ma-nda-ᵘ] -ma-ɾum-ɛ
3 pl.*-ma-… -m-ɔŋ-ʷ-a -ma-ŋ-u-ɛ
1 dl.*-ma-… -ma-nʊm-ː-a -ma-nɛm-ɛ
2 dl.*-ma-… -ma-ɾʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a [-ma-ɾum-ɛ]
3 dl.*-ma-… -ma-ɾ-ʊŋ-ʷ-a -ma-ɾ-ɛŋ-u-ɛ

… Louwerse’s regular past continuative tense …

East MekUna
Langda
Louwerse
reg. past cont.
1 sg.*-am- -a-nʷ-a
2 sg.*-am- -am-ʊm-ː-a
3 sg.*-am- -am-ʷ-a
1 pl.*-am- -am-ʊb-ʷ-a
2 pl.*-am- -a-nda-ᵘ
3 pl.*-am- -am-ʊŋ-ʷ-a
1 dl.*-am- -a-nʊm-ː-a
2 dl.*-am- -an-dʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a
3 dl.*-am- -an-dʊŋ-ʷ-a

… Louwerse calls the near past perfective … /*-ab-/ …

East MekUna
Langda
Louwerse
near past perf.
1 sg.*-ab-… -ab-n-Ø-a
2 sg.*-ab-… -ab-ʊm-ː-a
3 sg.*-ab-… -ab-Ø-ʷ-a
1 pl.*-ab-… -ab-ʊb-ʷ-a
2 pl.*-ab-… [-ab-da-ᵘ]
3 pl.*-ab-… -ab-ʊŋ-ʷ-a
1 dl.*-ab-… -ab-nʊm-ː-a
2 dl.*-ab-… -ab-dʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a
3 dl.*-ab-… -ab-dʊŋ-ʷ-a

… Louwerse’s past durative aspect … /*-ab-/ … and /*-ma-/ …:

East Mek Una
Langda
Louwerse
past durative
1 sg.*-ab-ma-…-ab-m-ɔn-ʷ-a
2 sg.*-ab-ma-…-ab-m-ɔm-ː-a
3 sg.*-ab-ma-…-ab-m-Ø-ɔ
1 pl.*-ab-ma-…-ab-m-ɔb-ʷ-a
2 pl.*-ab-ma-…[-ab-ma-nda-ᵘ]
3 pl.*-ab-ma-…-ab-m-ɔŋ-ʷ-a
1 dl.*-ab-ma-…-ab-ma-nʊm-ː-a
2 dl.*-ab-ma-…-ab-ma-ɾʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a
3 dl.*-ab-ma-…-ab-ma-ɾʊŋ-ʷ-a

… remote past …

… Louwerse’s remote past perfective tense … also called perfective aspect and indicative/deictic mode …

East MekUna Ketengban Ketengban Ketengban
Langda Bime, TanimeOmban Ok Bab
Louwerse Sims Heeschen Fowler
rem. past perf. remote past far past far past
1 sg.*-si -s-a -si -s-ɛ -si
2 sg.*… -ʊm-ː-a ~ -mː-a [-ɾum] [-m-um-ɛ] [-m-um]
3 sg.*… -ʷ-a ~ -u -u -u -u
1 pl.*… -ɔᵘb-ʷ-a ~ -bʷ-a -(u)b-u -ɸu -p-u; [-m-ɛp]
2 pl.*… [-da-ᵘ ~ -nda-ᵘ] -ɾum [-ma-ɾum-ɛ]-ɾum
3 pl.*… -ɪ ~ -ⁱ -i -i ~ -j-ɛ -i
1 dl.*… -nʊm-ː-a -num-ʷ-ɛ -numːu -nɛm-u
2 dl.*… -dʊ-ɾʊmː-a
-ɾʊ-ɾʊmː-a
-ɾɛ-ɾum [-ɾum-ɛ] -ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl.*… -dɛ-ⁱ ~ -ɾɛ-ⁱ -ɾɛ-ⁱ -ɾɛ-ⁱ -ɾɛ-ⁱ

… Louwerse’s remote past imperfective … also called imperfective aspect and narrative mode … Sims’ immediate past … /*-ma-/ …

East MekUna Ketengban
Langda Omban
Louwerse Sims
rem. past imprf.imm. past
1 sg.*-ma-… -ma-s-a -ma-s-ɛ
2 sg.*-ma-… -m-ɔm-ː-a -m-um-ɛ
3 sg.*-ma-… -m-ɔᵘ -ma-ᵘ-ɛ
1 pl.*-ma-… -m-ɔᵘb-ʷ-a -ma-ɸu-
~ -ma-pk-ɛ
2 pl.*-ma-… [-ma-nda-ᵘ] -ma-ɾum-ɛ
3 pl.*-ma-… -ma-ⁱ -ma-ⁱ-ɛ
1 dl.*-ma-… -ma-nʊm-ː-a -ma-nɛm-u
~ -ma-numŋ-ɛ
~ -ma-numː-ɛ
2 dl.*-ma-… -ma-ɾʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a [-ɾum-ɛ]
3 dl.*-ma-… -ma-ɾɛ-ⁱ -ma-ɾɛ-ⁱ

… Louwerse’s remote past continuative … also called continuative aspect … perfect 1 relative tense … in that the former replaces the class marker of the stem wuth / ɾ/, while /*-(b)/ class verbs drop their class markers entirely in the perfect 1 …

East MekUna Una Ketengban
Langda Langda Ok Bab
Louwerse Louwerse Fowler
perfect 1 rem. past cont. past
1 sg.*-am-si -C-an-s-a -ɾ-an-s-a -am-si
2 sg.*-am-… -C-am-ʊm-ː-a -ɾ-am-ʊm-ː-a -am-um-ɛ
3 sg.*-am-… -C-am-ʷ-a -ɾ-am-ʷ-a -am-u
1 pl.*-am-… -C-am-ɔᵘb-ʷ-a -ɾ-am-ɔᵘb-ʷ-a -am-ɛp-u
2 pl.*-am-… -C-a-nda-ᵘ -ɾ-a-nda-ᵘ -am-ɾum
3 pl.*-am-… -C-amnʲ-ɪ -ɾ-amnʲ-ɪ -am-i
1 dl.*-am-… -C-a-nʊm-ː-a -ɾ-a-nʊm-ː-a -am-nɛm-u
2 dl.*-am-… -C-an-dʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a-ɾ-an-dʊ-ɾʊm-ː-a-am-ɾɛ-ɾum
3 dl.*-am-… -C-an-dɛ-ⁱ -ɾ-an-dɛ-ⁱ -am-ɾɛ-ⁱ

We now turn to two minority paradigms which share a common tense suffix /*-e̝/ and have clear cognate paradigms in the West Mek family/

… potential/optative … Louwerse’s desiderative & abilitative mode … Fowler, Fowler, Rule and Rule’s abilitative …

East MekUna Ketengban
Langda Ok Bab
Louwerse Fowler
abilitative abilitative
1 sg.*… -tɪ-nʲ-ɪ -tɛ-nʲ-ɛ
2 sg.*… -t-ʊm -t-um-ɛ
3 sg.*… -tɪ-Ø -ᵘtɪ-Ø -t-u-ɛ
1 pl.*… -tɛ-ⁱbʲ-ɪ -tɛ-pʲ-ɛ
2 pl.*… [-da-ᵘtɪ ~ -nda-ᵘtɪ]-t-um-ɛ
3 pl.*… -tɪ-ŋ -tɛ-ŋ-ʲ-ɛ
1 dl.*… -tɪ-nɪmn-ʲ-ɪ -tɛ-nɛm-ʲ-ɛ
2 dl.*… -tʊ-ɾʊ-ɾʊm -ɾɛ-t-um-ɛ
3 dl.*… -tɪ-ɾ-ɪŋ -ɾɛ-t-ɛŋ-ʲ-ɛ

… medial sequential … Louwerse’s … conditional (time) mode, further defined as “consecutive events, “when so & so has happened, or happens, then …”” and “consecutive events, “at the time when …”” as well as conditional (reason) mode “reason-result, “because … therefore”…” … avolitional mode … actual/factual conditional mode …The subject indicators are folowed by /-a/ which is not the augment While here attested only for Una, its status as proto-East Mek is comfirmed by clear analogs in the West Mek family:

East MekUna Una Una
Langda Langda Langda
Louwerse Louwerse Louwerse
cond. (time)avolitional cond. (act)
1 sg.*… -n-ʲ-a -n-ʲ-a-ʲ -n-ʲ-ʊɾ-a
2 sg.*… -mɪn-ʲ-a -mɪn-ʲ-a-ʲ -mɪn-ʲ-ʊɾ-a
3 sg.*… -t-ʲ-a -t-ʲ-a-ʲ -t-ʲ-ʊɾ-a
1 pl.*… -ɪb-ʲ-a -ɪb-ʲ-a-ʲ -ɪb-ʲ-ʊɾ-a
2 pl.*… -mʊn-ʲ-a -mʊn-ʲ-a-ʲ -mʊn-ʲ-ʊɾ-a
3 pl.*… -ɪŋn-ʲ-a -ɪŋn-ʲ-a-ʲ -ɪŋn-ʲ-ʊɾ-a
1 dl.*… -nɪmn-ʲ-a -nɪmn-ʲ-a-ʲ -nɪmn-ʲ-ʊɾ-a
2 dl.*… -dʊ-ɾʊmn-ʲ-a-dʊ-ɾʊmn-ʲ-a-ʲ-dʊ-ɾʊmn-ʲ-ʊɾ-a
3 dl.*… -d-ɪŋn-ʲ-a -d-ɪŋn-ʲ-a-ʲ -d-ɪŋn-ʲ-ʊɾ-a

…Louwerse’s conditional (time) mode, further defined as “consecutive events, “after I have, had …””. /*-am-/ with the replacement of the usual class markers by /ɾ/ … This construction is found also in (at least) Eipo and thus dates to proto-Mek. As with the paradigms presented in the previous chart, the subject indicators are folowed by /-a/ which is not the augment:

East MekUna
Langda
Louwerse
cond. (time)
1 sg.*-am-… -ɾ-a-n-ʲ-a
2 sg.*-am-… -ɾ-a-mɪn-ʲ-a
3 sg.*-am-… -ɾ-an-t-ʲ-a
1 pl.*-am-… -ɾ-am-ɪb-ʲ-a
2 pl.*-am-… -ɾa-mʊnː-ʲ-a
3 pl.*-am-… -ɾ-am-ɪŋ-ʲ-a
1 dl.*-am-… -ɾ-a-nɪmn-ʲ-a
2 dl.*-am-… -ɾ-an-dʊ-ɾʊmn-ʲ-a
3 dl.*-am-… -ɾ-an-d-ɪŋn-ʲ-a