Table of Contents

Mubami

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

[under construction]

Sources

Franklin (1973: 270-273) miscellaneous notes on Tao-Suamato

Franklin ed. (1973: 577-578,) Franklin (1975: 264-268) 100 comparative terms for Tao-Suamato

Reesink (1976) 100 comparative terms for Tao-Suamato

Reesink (n.d.) survey vocabulary of Tao-Suamato provided in comparative spreadsheet format by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ukarumpa

MacKenzie (2002) 176 comparative terms and 19 comparative phrases for Mubami of Ugu/Kala, Parieme and Sogae villages

Phonology

[under construction]

Mubami has 13 consonants and at least 5 vowels as follows:

m n
p t [k] ʔ
b d g
ɸ s
w l
i u
e o
a

Medial Inland Gulf apical nasal /*n/ has been merged with non-stop /l/; however /n/ occurs medially as well as initially because medial velar non-stop /*ɣ̃/ has become /n/, as it has across Inland Gulf, initial /*ɣ̃/ having merged in Mubami wtih /g/.

Like Ipiko, Mubami reflects Inland Gulf velar voiceless stop /*k/ as glottal stop /ʔ/ medially and as zero intially; thus glottal stop occurs only medially. Velar voiceless stop /k/ is found only in loans, hence brackets above.

Inland Gulf initial palatal non-stop /*j/ has been merged with apical voiced stop /d/ in Mubami, in parallel with the merger of initial velar /*ɣ̃/ with /g/.

Neither final consonants nor consonant clusters occur.



Attestations which follow are drawn from Franklin (1973: CITE, 578) Reesink (1976: 31-34) and MacKenzie (2002):

Bilabial nasal /m/ is retained as such in all dialects:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-Suamato Ugu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemic Franklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie
m- m m m m m
two masi 'mahi- mɑhi- mɑhi-
seed momoʔo momoʔo mo'moʔó mo'moʔó
neck mogo mógó moɣó moó
mouth mogoto moɣoto ≈ motomo'goto moóto 'moto
heart muʔi muʔi muʔí mu'ʔí mu'ʔí
-m- m m m m m
singular (m.)-ame -ame -ʔɛmɛ -éme -éme -éme
girl ameno amɛlo o'melo ɑ'melo
person ama ama ɑ'mɑ́ ɑmɑ́ ɑmɑ́
stone amase amahe amahɛ 'ɑmɑhé 'ɑmɑhé 'ɑmɑhé
ear ometo omɛto omɛto o'meto o'meto o'meto
knee omuʔu omuʔu omuʔu o'muʔu o'muʔu o'muʔu
seed momoʔo momoʔo mo'moʔó mo'moʔó
back bime bimɛ bimé bimé bimé
all bautoʔumibatoʔoumi batomi bɑʔuto'mibɑuto'mi bɑutoʔumí
seed bomode bomodɛ 'bomode
sun no[w]umu 'noumu 'noumu 'noumu
claw tiʔemi tiʔɛmi ti'tiʔemi
nape tumuʔu tumuʔu
forehead dimata dimata dimɑtɑ́ 'dimɑtɑ́ 'dimɑtɑ́
sago dama dɑ'mɑ dɑ'mɑ́ dɑ'mɑ́
house dalimo dalimɔ dɑi'mo dɑimó dɑimó
cold domoge domóge domoɣe 'domoé domoé
thumb waʔumo waʔmɔ wɑ'ʔumo wɑʔu'mó wɑʔu'mó

Apical nasal /n/ is retained as such in all dialects. Initial /n/ reflects Inland Gulf /*n/, while medial /n/ reflects /*ɣ̃/, hence is much less common:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
n- n n n n n
1 pl. ni ni ni ni ni ni
skin niʔoɸi niʔofi ≈ -ʔinóɸioni'ʔofi ≈ -niofio-niʔo'fió
1 sg. no no no no no no
sun no[w]umu 'noumu 'noumu 'noumu
-n- n n n n
mother (voc.)inai inɑʔí inɑí 'inɑí
yam enio eɲo 'enijó enió enió
forearm pipini pipini
yesterday denau denɑo denaó denaó
frog dewagono dewagɔnɔ gewɑgonó 'gewagonó
cassowary sinia sinia siniɑ́ siniɑ siniɑ́

Bilabial voiceless stop /p/ is retained as such in all dialects:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie
p- p p p p p
forearmpipini pipini
dry patea patea 'pɑteɑ́ 'pɑteɑ́ pɑteɑ́
hot papato papato papato pɑ'pɑto pɑ'pɑto pɑ'pɑto
old paʔalo paʔalo pɑ'ʔɑlo pɑʔɑlo pɑʔɑlo
taro pulali pu'ɾali pu'lalí pu'lalí
-p- p p p p p
skin aipele aipele aipele ɑi'peɾe
forearmpipini pipini
hot papato papato papato pɑ'pɑto pɑ'pɑto pɑ'pɑto

Apical voiceless stop /t/ is retained as such in all dialects:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-Suamato Ugu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemic Franklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
t- t t t t t
claw tiʔemi tiʔɛmi ti'tiʔemi
lie down/sleeptelo be-telo oi-telo ≈mo-tela'mo-teɑ etɑé-telo 'mo-teɑ
fire taeli taⁱli taeli 'tɑlí tɑelí tɑlí
wing tataɸu tɑ'tɑɸu tɑ'tɑɸu tɑ'tɑɸu
nape tumuʔu tumuʔu
-t- t t t t t
sleep iboto ibo'to ibotó ibotó
3 pl. eti eti 'eti ≈ étietí 'eti
3 sg. m. ete ɛtɛ 'etie e'te
yellow eta eta-vogo eta-vogo e'tɑ-wogo e'tɑ-wogo e'tɑ-wogo
3 sg. f. etu 'etu
cloud aleta alɛta ɑ'letɑ́ ɑletɑ́ ɑletɑ́
ear ometo omɛto omɛto o'meto o'meto o'meto
smoke oɸuto oɸuto ofuto ≈ ofutɔ o'ɸuto o'futo o'futo
belly uti uti uti u'ti
mouth mogoto moɣoto ≈ moto mo'goto moóto 'moto
hot papato papato papato pɑ'pɑto pɑ'pɑto pɑ'pɑto
dry patea patea 'pɑteɑ́ 'pɑteɑ́ pɑteɑ́
red biti biti-voko biti-wogo bi'ti-wogobi'ti-wogo'biti-wogo
chest bita bita bita
all bautoʔumi batoʔoumi batomi bɑʔuto'mi bɑuto'mi bɑutoʔumí
earth/ground boti bóti boti bo'ti bo'tí botí
charcoal/blackboteso botɛho bote'h̝o bote'ho
net bag buto bu'tó butó butó
wind ɸubato fuba:tɔ ɸubɑtó fubɑ:tó fubɑ:tó
wing tataɸu tɑ'tɑɸu tɑ'tɑɸu tɑ'tɑɸu
morning diataga diɑ'tɑ diɑtɑ'ɑ́ diɑtɑɑ̝́
forehead dimata dimata dimɑtɑ́ 'dimɑtɑ́ 'dimɑtɑ́
ashes gutale gutale gu'tɑle gu'tɑle gu'tɑle
who? wotei(-lo)vetai ́i-rowotɛi-ɾo wɑ'tei wotei(-lo)wotei(-lo)

Glottal stop /ʔ/ occurs only medially:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemic Franklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
-ʔ- ʔ [ʔ ø]ʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ
no eʔe eʔe ʔeʔe ʔeʔe
what?aʔV(-lo) aʔoi-ro ɑʔai-lo ɑʔé(-lo) ɑ'ʔe-lo
knee omuʔu omuʔu omuʔu o'muʔu o'muʔu o'muʔu
elbowuʔali uʔali u'ʔɑli u'ʔɑli u'ʔɑli
seed momoʔo momoʔo mo'moʔó mo'moʔó
heartmuʔi muʔi muʔí mu'ʔí mu'ʔí
old paʔalo paʔalo pɑ'ʔɑlo pɑʔɑlo pɑʔɑlo
snakebiʔe bi'ʔe biʔé biʔé
all bautoʔumibatoʔoumi batomi bɑʔuto'mi bɑuto'mi bɑutoʔumí
skin niʔoɸi niʔofi ≈ -ʔinóɸioni'ʔofi ≈ -niofio-niʔo'fió
claw tiʔemi tiʔɛmi ti'tiʔemi
nape tumuʔu tumuʔu
heavydioʔu djɔʔu diʔou dioʔɑ dioʔú
nightdiʔa 'diɔ diʔa di'ʔɑ diʔɑ́ diʔɑ́
hand saʔi sɑʔí sɑʔí sɑʔí
thumbwaʔumo waʔmɔ wɑ'ʔumo wɑʔu'mó wɑʔu'mó

Bilabial voiced stop /b/ is retained as such in all dialects:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemic Franklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
b- b b b b b
back bime bimɛ bimé bimé bimé
wet bibile bibire 'bibile 'bibilé 'bibilé
red biti biti-voko biti-wogo bi'ti-wogobi'ti-wogo 'biti-wogo
chest bita bita bita
snake biʔe bi'ʔe biʔé biʔé
big bede bede 'bedé 'bedé 'bede-
many bedele bede bedele be'dele bedé
tooth bese behe bɛhɛ behe be'hé be'hé
shoulder belo bɛlo 'belo 'belo 'belo
all bautoʔumibatoʔoumi batomi bɑʔuto'mi bɑuto'mi bɑutoʔumí
leaf basai bahai bahai bɑhɑiʔí bɑhɑji ≈bɑhɑi'bɑhají ≈bɑhɑi
seed bomode bomodɛ 'bomode
star bobe bobe bobe 'bobe 'bobe 'bobe
thigh boɸo boho 'boho 'boho 'boho
earth/ground boti bóti boti bo'ti bo'tí botí
charcoal/blackboteso botɛho bote'h̝o bote'ho
spear bogolo bo'golo 'bo:ló bo:ló
moon bubei bubei bubei 'bubei 'bubei 'bubei
net bag buto bu'tó butó butó
-b- b b b b b [b β]
sleep iboto ibo'to ibotó ibotó
fish ebi ebi-ame ɛbi(-ʔɛmɛ) e'bi(-éme)ebí(-éme) ebí(-éme)
old man abe-we abɛwɛ ɑbeβé ɑbeve ≈ ɑbeβeɑbeβé
old woman abe-wu abɛwu ɑbewú ɑbewú ɑbewúʰ≈ɑbeβúʰ
white abu abu-ogo ɑbu-og'i ɑ'bu-wogo ɑβu-wogo/i
wet bibile bibire 'bibile 'bibilé 'bibilé
star bobe bobe bobe 'bobe 'bobe 'bobe
moon bubei bubei bubei 'bubei 'bubei 'bubei
wind ɸubato fuba:tɔ ɸubɑtó fubɑ:tó fubɑ:tó

Apical voiced stop /d/ is retained as such in all dialects. No distinction is drawn between those /d/ which reflect Inland Gulf /*d/ and those which reflect initial palatal non-stop /*j/:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzieMacKenzie
d- d d d d d
morning diataga diɑ'tɑ diɑtɑ'ɑ́ diɑtɑɑ̝́
heavy dioʔu djɔʔu diʔou dioʔɑ dioʔú
forehead dimata dimata dimɑtɑ́ 'dimɑtɑ́ 'dimɑtɑ́
night diʔa 'diɔ diʔa di'ʔɑ diʔɑ́ diʔɑ́
name diga dɔgɔ diɣɔ dijɑ́ diɑ́ diɑ́
tomorrow diɸu di'h̝u dihú dihú
tree de te [sic] de de deʰ
yesterday denau denɑo denaó denaó
nose desi dehi dɛhi dɛhí de'hi de'hi
sago dama dɑ'mɑ dɑ'mɑ́ dɑ'mɑ́
house dalimo dalimɔ dɑi'mo dɑimó dɑimó
good (m.) dale dale dɑlé dɑlé
rain daleɸo dalɛhɔ
good (n.) dalo dalo dalo 'jɑló ≈ dɑlódɑló dɑló
2 pl. do do do do do do
cold domoge domóge domoɣe 'domoé domoé
yesterday doso dɔhɔ dohó
afternoon dodoso dodo'ho dodohó dodohó
breast dolo dolo dolo doló do'ló do'ló
-d- d d d d d
path idi idi idi i'di i'di i'dí
leg idili idiɾi
older brotherede ɛtɛ-ʔidɛ noi-e'dé no-edé 'no-edé
tongue oda oda ɔda odɑ o'dɑ́ o'dɑ́
big bede bede 'bedé 'bedé 'bede-
many bedele bede bedele be'dele bedé
seed bomode bomodɛ 'bomode
afternoon dodoso dodo'ho dodohó dodohó
fat/grease gadi gadi 'gɑdi 'gɑdi 'gɑdi

In several examples in which /d/ is followed by /g/ in a subsequent syllable, MacKenzie's forms show the irregular alternation [d g]:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
d- d d d d [d g] d [d g]
frogdewagono dewagɔnɔ gewɑgonó 'gewagonó
one dago dago- dage- dɑ'go- ≈ -dɑgó'gɑ:go- ≈ -ga:gógɑ:go- ≈ -dɑ:gó

Velar voiced stop /g/ is generally retained as such in all dialects. Medially, it is sometimes lenited to [ɣ], which may be heard as zero. No distinction is drawn betwen those /g/ which reflect Inland Gulf /*g/ and those which reflect initial velar non-stop /*ɣ̃/:

Mubami Tao-Suamato Tao-Suamato Ugu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemic Franklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
g- g g g g g
head gia geɔ gia giɑ́ giɑ́ giɑ́
new giala giala gi'ɑlɑ́ giɑlɑ́ giɑlɑ́
knife gili giɾi 'gili gi'ɾí gi'li
horn gewale 'gewɑle ge'vɑle ge'vɑle
bandicoot geleɸo gele'ɸo gele'fo gefó ≈ 'gelefó
fat/grease gadi gadi 'gɑdi 'gɑdi 'gɑdi
dog gaso gaho gaho 'gɑho 'gɑho 'gɑho
2 sg. go go go go go
long goliwoliwogoliolive golioliwo 'golioliwo 'golio'livo 'golio'liβo
rain goloi gozoi ≈ golóigoloi 'goloʔi 'goloí 'goloí
ashes gutale gutale gu'tɑle gu'tɑle gu'tɑle
-g- g g [g ɣ] g [g ø] g [g ɣ ø] g [g ø]
give -ag[o] -au -ɑu -ɑu
upper arm ogea ogija ogeɑ́ oge'ɑ́ ogeɑ́
hear -ugV- -wo -uwɛ ≈ -wo -we -we -wo
neck mogo mógó moɣó moó
mouth mogoto moɣoto ≈ motomo'goto moóto 'moto
spear bogolo bo'golo 'bo:ló bo:ló
morning diataga diɑ'tɑ diɑtɑ'ɑ́ diɑtɑɑ̝́
name diga dɔgɔ diɣɔ dijɑ́ diɑ́ diɑ́
frog dewagono dewagɔnɔ gewɑgonó 'gewagonó
one dago dago- dage- dɑ'go- ≈ -dɑgó'gɑ:go- ≈ -ga:gógɑ:go- ≈ -dɑ:gó
cold domoge domóge domoɣe 'domoé domoé
water sa[ʔa]gi ʒagi saʔaɣi 'sɑʔí sɑ:í sɑ:í
color (n.2)-wogi -og'i -wogi
color (n.) -wogo -vogo -wogo ≈ -vogo-wogo -wogo -wogo
blood lasage ɾahage dahaɣɛ lɑhɑé lɑhɑé lɑhɑé
pig laga joɣɒ lɑgɑ ≈ lɑ lɑɑ ≈ lɑɣɑ lɑɑ́ʰ

Bilabial fricative /ɸ/ …:

Mubami Tao-Suamato Tao-Suamato Ugu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
ɸ- ɸ ɸ [p?] ɸ ɸ [f] ɸ [f]
wind ɸubato fuba:tɔ ɸubɑtó fubɑ:tó fubɑ:tó
egg ɸutu ɸutu putu (?) ɸu'tu futú futú
-ɸ- ɸ [f ɸ h]ɸ [f h] ɸ [ɸ f h] ɸ [f ɸ h] ɸ [f ɸ h]
mountain iɸia ifia ifiɑ́ ifiɑ́
woman/wifeiɸa ifa ifa ifɑ́ ≈ iɸɑ́ iɸɑ́ ifɑ́
bone eɸale efole efale eɸa'lé eɸalé eɸalé
smoke oɸuto oɸuto ofuto ≈ ofutɔo'ɸuto o'futo o'futo
eye uɸilo ufiro ufilo ufilo u'filo u'filo
thigh boɸo boho 'boho 'boho 'boho
skin niʔoɸi niʔofi ≈ -ʔinóɸioni'ʔofi ≈ -niofio-niʔo'fió
wing tataɸu tɑ'tɑɸu tɑ'tɑɸu tɑ'tɑɸu
tomorrow diɸu di'h̝u dihú dihú
rain daleɸo dalɛhɔ
bandicoot geleɸo gele'ɸo gele'fo gefó ≈ 'gelefó

Laminal /s/ …:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzie MacKenzie
s- s s s s
cassowary sinia sinia siniɑ́ siniɑ siniɑ́
hand saʔi sɑʔí sɑʔí sɑʔí
water sa[ʔa]giʒagi saʔaɣi 'sɑʔí sɑ:í sɑ:í
-s- h h h h h
bird ewesa eveha eweha eβehɑ́ eβehɑ́ eβehɑ́
stone amase amahe amahɛ 'ɑmɑhé 'ɑmɑhé 'ɑmɑhé
tooth bese behe bɛhɛ behe be'hé be'hé
leaf basai bahai bahai bɑhɑiʔí bɑhɑji ≈bɑhɑi'bɑhají ≈bɑhɑi
charcoal/blackboteso botɛho bote'h̝o bote'ho
nose desi dehi dɛhi dɛhí de'hi de'hi
yesterday doso dɔhɔ dohó
afternoon dodoso dodo'ho dodohó dodohó
dog gaso gaho gaho 'gɑho 'gɑho 'gɑho
tail wase wahɛ 'wɑhé 'wɑhé 'wɑhé
blood lasage ɾahage dahaɣɛ lɑhɑé lɑhɑé lɑhɑé

Bilabial non-stop /w/ …:

Mubami Tao-Suamato Tao-Suamato Ugu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemic Franklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
w- w [v] w w w w
tail wase wahɛ 'wɑhé 'wɑhé 'wɑhé
thumb waʔumo waʔmɔ wɑ'ʔumo wɑʔu'mó wɑʔu'mó
who? wotei(-lo)vetai ́i-ro wotɛi-ɾo wɑ'tei wotei(-lo) wotei(-lo)
-w- w [w v] w [w v] w [w β]w [w β v]w [w β v]
father -we (ɛ-)wɛ -βé (e-)vé ≈ -βe -βé
color (n.2) -wogi -og'i -wogi
color (n.) -wogo -vogo -wogo ≈ -vogo-wogo -wogo -wogo
mother -wu (i-)wu -wú (i-)wú -wúʰ ≈ -βúʰ
liver iwo ivɔ ≈ ivo i'βo ≈ i'vo 'iβo ≈ 'ivo
bird ewesa eveha eweha eβehɑ́ eβehɑ́ eβehɑ́
hair/featherewewe eveve ≈ eweweewewe ɛ'βɛβɛ e'βeβe e'βeβe
old man abe-we abɛwɛ ɑbeβé ɑbeve ≈ ɑbeβeɑbeβé
old woman abe-wu abɛwu ɑbewú ɑbewú ɑbewúʰ≈ɑbeβúʰ
frog dewagono dewagɔnɔ gewɑgonó 'gewagonó
horn gewale 'gewɑle ge'vɑle ge'vɑle
long goliwoliwogoliolive golioliwo 'golioliwo 'golio'livo 'golio'liβo

Apical non-stop /l/ … It is typically realized as a lateral, and only occasionally heard as a rhotic. No distinction is drawn between those /l/ which reflect Inland Gulf /*ɾ/ and those which reflect medial /*n/:

Mubami Tao-Suamato Tao-Suamato Ugu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemic Franklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzie MacKenzie
l- l [ɾ] l [d] l l l
blood lasage ɾahage dahaɣɛ lɑhɑé lɑhɑé lɑhɑé
pig laga joɣɒ lɑgɑ ≈ lɑ lɑɑ ≈ lɑɣɑ lɑɑ́ʰ
yes lo loó loo
-l- l [l ɾ ø]l [l ɾ] l [l ø] l [l ø]l [l ɾ ø]
leg idili idiɾi
bone eɸale efole efale eɸa'lé eɸalé eɸalé
skin aipele aipele aipele ɑi'peɾe
meat ailu airu ailu ɑ'ʔilù ɑ́ilu ɑ́ilu
girl ameno amɛlo o'melo ɑ'melo
what? aʔV-lo aʔoi-ro ɑʔai-lo ɑʔé-lo ɑ'ʔe-lo
cloud aleta alɛta ɑ'letɑ́ ɑletɑ́ ɑletɑ́
father (voc.) alai ɑlɑ'ʔí ɑlɑí ɑlɑí
louse uali oali wali 'wali 'wali 'wali
eye uɸilo ufiro ufilo ufilo u'filo u'filo
elbow uʔali uʔali u'ʔɑli u'ʔɑli u'ʔɑli
older sister ulu no-ulu 'no-ulu 'no-uɾu
old paʔalo paʔalo pɑ'ʔɑlo pɑʔɑlo pɑʔɑlo
taro pulali pu'ɾali pu'lalí pu'lalí
wet bibile bibire 'bibile 'bibilé 'bibilé
many bedele bede bedele be'dele bedé
shoulder belo bɛlo 'belo 'belo 'belo
spear bogolo bo'golo 'bo:ló bo:ló
lie down/sleeptelo- be-telo oi-telo ≈mo-tela'mo-teɑ etɑé-telo 'mo-teɑ
fire taeli taⁱli taeli 'tɑlí tɑelí tɑlí
house dalimo dalimɔ dɑi'mo dɑimó dɑimó
good (m.) dale dale dɑlé dɑlé
rain daleɸo dalɛhɔ
good (n.) dalo dalo dalo 'jɑló ≈ dɑlódɑló dɑló
breast dolo dolo dolo doló do'ló do'ló
new giala giala gi'ɑlɑ́ giɑlɑ́ giɑlɑ́
knife gili giɾi 'gili gi'ɾí gi'li
horn gewale 'gewɑle ge'vɑle ge'vɑle
bandicoot geleɸo gele'ɸo gele'fo gefó ≈ 'gelefó
long goliwoliwogoliolive golioliwo 'golioliwo 'golio'livo'golio'liβo
rain goloi gozoi ≈ golóigoloi 'goloʔi 'goloí 'goloí
ashes gutale gutale gu'tɑle gu'tɑle gu'tɑle
who? wotei-lo vetai ́i-ro wotɛi-ɾo wɑ'tei wotei-lo wotei-lo

Velar voiceless stop /k/ occurs only in loans, Inland Gulf /*k/ having been deoccluded to glottal stop /ʔ/:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie
k- k k k k
steel axe kabi kabi kɑ'bi kɑbí kɑbíʰ
bush wallabykalia kalia kɑliɑ́ kɑliɑ́ kɑliɑ́
banana kobila 'kobilɑ́ kobilɑ kobilɑ
flying fox kubiai kubiai kubiɑ'ʔi kubiɑí kubiɑí
-k- k k k k k
light (m.) akake ɑkɑke
light (n.) akako akako ɑ'kɑko ɑ'kɑko ɑ'kɑko
mountain akabu hakapu kakabu
two ukia ukia ukia 'ukijɑ́ 'ukiɑ́ ʔukiɑ́



High front vowel /i/ …:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie
i

High back vowel /u/ …:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie
u

Mid front vowel /e/ …:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie
e

Mid back vowel /o/ …:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie
o

Low central vowel /a/ …:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie
a
nota- a- ɑ- ɑ- ɑ-

…:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie

…:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie

…:

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzieMacKenzieMacKenzie

Gender ablaut

[under construction]

Pronouns

Mubami free pronouns are as follows, with attestations drawn from Franklin (1973: CITE,) Reesink (1976: 31, n.d.) and MacKenzie (2002):

Mubami Tao-SuamatoTao-SuamatoUgu/Kala Parieme Sogae
phonemicFranklin Reesink MacKenzie MacKenzieMacKenzie
1 sg. no no no no no no
2 sg. go go go go go
3 sg. m.ete ? ɛtɛ 'etie e'te ?
3 sg. f.etu ? ? 'etu ? ?
1 pl. ni ni ni ni ni ni
2 pl. do do do do do do
3 pl. eti eti ? 'eti ≈ étietí 'eti

Verbal morphology

Nothing is known about Mubami verbal morphology.

Counting system

[under construction]

….

Loans from neighboring languages

[under construction]

Loans from Dibiyaso … with Dibiyaso attestations drawn from Rueck, MacKenzie and Alemán (2005: 8-20 following MacKenzie and Carr):

MubamiDibiyaso Bosavi
path idi iti *idi
tooth bese bese-repa*bese
bush wallabykalia kalija ?