Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute
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The internal classification of Balim Valley is as follows:
Balim Valley
Wano
Nggem
Dani
Ngalik-Nduga
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van Nouhuys (1912: 269-273) …
Galis (1955) …
Le Roux …
van der Stap (1966) grammar of Mugogo Dani
Bromley (1966-1967) Dani historical phonology and (pp. 305-306) 111 comparative terms for Upper Pyramid, Pyramid-Wodo, Mid-Grand Valley, Lower Valley of Hitigima, Lower Valley of Tangma, Kiniageima Amo and Jalimo Angguruk
Bromley …
Bromley …
Larson …
Voorhoeve (1975: 105) …
Fahrner (1979) …
Stokhof ed. (1983) …
Dale (1993) …
Purba, Warwer and Fatubun (1993) … of Dani Barat and (pp. 81-112) …
Clouse (1997: 165-230) … comparative terms for Dani (Western Dani) after Berryman 1986
Sawaki (1998) … Middle Yali
Biniluk, Wanimbo, Corris, Cɾowther, Donohue and Jigwa (2000) … terms for Lani (Western Dani) of Kanggime village
Etherington (2002) grammar of Nggem of Kobakma and Wamena villages
Burung (2007) phonology of and (pp. 64-82) … comparative terms for Wano of Biricare and Iratoi villages
Zöllner (n.d.) …
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Proto-Balim Valley had probably 17 consonants and 7 or 8 vowels as follows:
| *m | *n | ||||
| *p | *pʷ | *t | *k | *kʷ | |
| *mb | *mbʷ | *nd | *ŋg | *ŋgʷ | |
| *ɓ | *ɗ | ||||
| *w | *l | *j |
| *i | *u | |
| *ɪ | *ʊ | |
| *e | [*ɐ] | *o |
| *a |
This is identical to the inventory proposed in Bromley (1966-1967) save for the addition of rounded bilabial stops /*pʷ *mbʷ/, which are found only in a few examples and are neutralized to /*p *mb/ in the languages which formed the core of Bromley's study, and the possible addition of central vowel /*ɐ / which might be needed to explain the varying realizations of preposed inalienable possessors.
In addition to the simple vowels given above, diphthongs are found as follows:
| *eⁱ | *oᵘ |
| *aⁱ | *aᵘ |
Only a restricted set of consonants is known to occur root-finally:
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Consonant clusters do not occur initially or finally. Medially, they are uncommon and in most or all instances reflect a compound.
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