East Pauwasi River

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

[under construction]

The East Pauwasi River family consists of three or four closely-related languages spoken …

Subclassification

The internal classification of East Pawuasi River is as follows:

East Pauwasi River

Zorop

Emem-Karkar

Emem

North Emem

South Emem

Karkar

While Zorop is clearly the most distinct of these languages, there are a number of meanings for which North Emem shares a root with Zorop and South Emem with Karkar, likely due to loans following the breakup of East Pauwasi River although they typically observe the expected correspondences, presenting the appearance of a chain.

Sources

[under construction]

Anceaux (Smits and Voorhoeve 1994) 104 comparative terms for Yafi/Wargarindem (Zorop) of Tokondo village after Walton, Warlef village after Mallo, Emumu/Kiamerop/Imimkal (Emem) of Fanggri village after Mallo and Yambrap village collected by Anceaux

Galis (1956: appendix 1-12, i.e. 85-97) … comparative terms for …

Voorhoeve (1971: 98-109) 102 comaprative terms for Jafi after Galis (1956)

Voorhoeve (1975: 114) 39 comparative terms for Yafi and Emumu after Galis (1956)

Price (1975) phonology of Karkar (unobtained)

Price (1978) Karkar rhetorical predicates

Price (1981) Karkar stress

Price (1987) orthography of Karkar-Yuri

Price (1987) Karkar-Yuri discourse

Price (1987) Karkar-Yuri plurals

Price and Rigden (1988) dictionary of Karkar-Yuri (unobtained)

Price (1992) phonology of Karkar-Turi

Rigden (1985) Karkar-Yuri …

Rigden (1986) Karkar-Yuri …

Rigden (n.d.) grammar of Karkar-Yuri (unobtained)

Lee (2005) … comparative terms for Zorop of Warlef village

Lebold and Lee (20016: 24-31) 239 comparative terms for Emem of Yuruf, Umuaf, Yambraf Dua and Semografi villages

History of classification

[under construction]

…

Historical phonology

[under construction]

Proto-East Pauwasi River had 11 consonants and perhaps 11 vowels as follows:

*m	*n
*p	*t		*k
*mb	*nd		*ŋg
*w	*ɺ	*j

*i	*ɨ	*u
*e̝	*…	*o̝
*ɛ	*ɜ	*ɔ
	*a	*ɒ

…

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ does not occur initially because Pauwasi River initial /*k/ was dropped in proto-East Pauwasi River..

…

Initial consonants correspond as follows:

E. Pauwasi	Zorop	Emem	Karkar
*m-	m	m	m
*n-	n	n	n
*p-	f	f	f
*t-	t	s	s
*mb-	mb	p	p
*nd-	nd	t	t
*ŋg-	ŋg	k	k
*w-	w	w	w
*j-	j	j	j

Medial consonants correspond as follows:

E. Pauwasi	Zorop	Emem	Karkar
*-m-	m	m	m
*-n-	n	n	n
*-p-	p	p	p
*-t-	t	r	r
*-k-	k	k	k
*-mb-	mb	mb	mb
*-nd-	nd	nd	nd
*- ŋg-	ŋg	ŋg	ŋg
*-w-	w	w	w
*-ɺ-	ɺ-	l	r
*-j-	j	j	j

Final consonants correspond as follows:

E. Pauwasi	Zorop	Emem	Karkar
*-…

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

E. Pauwasi	Zorop	Emem	Karkar
*…
*…
*…
*…
*…
*…
*…
*…
*…
*…
*a
*a/#_NC
*ɒ
*ɛⁱ
*ɔᵘ
*aⁱ
* *aᵘ

These correspondences are exemplified as follows …

… initial consonants …

Initial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*m-	m	m	m	m	m	m
in front/before	*mik	mig-		mik	mik-		mek
nose	*mɛⁱ	mei-	mɛ-	mɛ-	mɛ-		mɛi-
head/hair	*mɛ	me-	me- ~ mɛ-		mæ-	mɛ	me
inside	*mɛk	mɛ-mɛkʰ		mɛk	mɛk	mek	mek
this	*mVmV	mama-	mama	məˈma	məˈma-	mɐmɐ
kunai grass	*mVŋg			maŋk			maoŋk
tongue	*mɜtaɺVp	mɔtaːlep	mɛtaləp	ˈmenarəp
blood	*mɜp	mopʰ	məp	mɜp
path	*mVwaⁱ		mai	mai	mai	mʷaᵉ	mwɛi
red	*mɔŋgwaⁱ	moŋguwalɛ (?)	muŋgwai	moŋgai	mɔŋgai
breast	*mɵ̝m	mijam	mwam	mɔm	mɔm		mɔm
over there	*muŋga	muŋ-			ˈmuŋgʷa-

Initial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*n-	n	n	n	n	n	n
know	*nɨk	nəkʰ		nik	nik	ˈnɨk
sago	*nV			nɛ́ ~ ne- ~ nɨ-	nɛi ~ nei- ~ nɨ-	ni	ni
village	*nɜmb	numpʰ		namb	némb	nəmp	nəmp
house	*nap	naʙ ~ nab-		nap ~ naːp	naːp	nap	nap
older sister	*nanV	nanao		ˈnana	ˈnana
tree	*naɺV	-naːɭɛ ~ -nali		-ˈnaɭi ~ -naɭɛ	ˈnaɭi
older brother	*najV			ˈnaja	ˈnaja		nɛi

… /*n/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*…	n	n	n	n	j	j
1 pl.	*ninV	nɪn	nin	ninao	ninao	jinɔ (?)	jinɔ (?)

Initial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is fricated to labiodental /f/ in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*p-	f	f	f	f	f	f
wet	*piki	figi		fiˈgi			fiʔ
shoulder/ten	*pVɺɛ			fɭɨk	flɛ	fəˈɽe	fəre
fence	*p[e/a]ɺ<	fal		feˈɭe-	feɭ-
pig	*pVɺ			feɽ	fɛɭ		fʌɾ-
eat/drink	*pɜɺ	fɔl	fəli ~ fələ-	fəɭ	fəɭ	fɐɽ	fʌɾ
stand/get up	*pɜɺVp	fɔləpʰ		fɭəp	fɭəp	fɐˈɽɐmp
afraid	*pɜɺkap	fɔrgapʰ		fərˈgap	fəlˈgap
short	*paⁱ	faːɛ-		fai	ˈfai-	faᵉ	fɛi
stab	*paɺVp	faːlupʰ		faɭop	faləp		fʌraɔp
garden	*pɒt	fɔtʰ		faːr
side (?)	*pɔkap	-fɔgapʰ		-fɔgap	-fɔgap
blow	*puɺ	fulɨ		fuɭ	fuɭ		fur

Initial apical viceless stop /*t/ is fricated to /s/ in Emem and Karkar:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*t-	t	t	s	s	s	s
hit	*tVkVɺ	təgɔl		sigiɭ	sigiɭ
that	*tVma	tama-	səma	sma
3 sg./pl.	*tVma-V	tamao	təmau	smao	smao		maɔʔ (?)
give	*tVnVŋg			sənɨŋ	seneŋg	sɐŋk	sʌŋk
upper arm/nine	*tVɺVk	-lokʰ (?)		-srok	srok
speak	*te̝ɺ	tijal		seɭ	seɭ	ˈsəɽ	sər
wash	*t[e̝]te̝ɺ	titijal		sreɭ	sreɭ
tree kangaroo	*tVmbV	tomβui		ˈsaːmbʷɛ
smoke	*tVɺ[i]	-tol	-tol	sor	-sor		suriʔ
die	*tumbi			sumbi	sumbi	ˈsumpʷi	sumβwi

One example in which Zorop as well as Emem and Karkar has initial /s/ is a regional loan (below):

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*S-	s	s	s	s	s	s
sweet potato	*SVp…	sɛbul		sebro [Umuaf]	sebro		sepər

Velar voiceless stop /*k/ does not occur initially because it has been lost in proto-East Pauwasi River.

Initial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ is denasalized and devoiced to /p/ in Emem and Karkar:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*mb-	mb [b β ʙ]	mb [b]	p	p	p	p
roof	*mbVɺi	βəli		pɭi	pɭi
stone	*mbVɺi				pəɭi	ˈpəɽi	pəri
rat	*mbVɺVɺV			-ˈpreli [Umuaf]	-ˈpreli		pəɾəɾi-
cassowary	*mbVn				pən	pɐn	pʌnʔ
leech	*mbVtaɺ	βətal		ˈpraɭ	ˈpraɭ		pʌrar
young	*mbVɺV	-bli		ple
right (side)	*mbVɺVk	βələgə-		-pɭag-	-pɭɛk-		pʌrʌk
goanna	*mbam	ʙaːm			pam
sago flour	*mban			pan	pán	paʔn	pan
rattan/rope	*mbVk				paːk ~ pak-		paok
bamboo	*mbVm	βuːɔm-					pom
leaf/hair	*mbVwaⁱ	βəwei ~ -pai	bai ~ -mbai	pai	pai	pʷaᵉ	pwɛi
foot/leg	*mbu	βo	fu-	pu-	pú	pu	pu

Initial apical prenasalzed voiced stop /*nd/ is denasalized and devoiced to /t/ in Emem and Karkar. In Lee's Zorop it is usually denasalized and, like medial /*nd/ (below,) is often realized with a rhotic offglide [dr ɖr]:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*nd-	nd [d ɖ dr ɖr nɖr]	nd [d]	t	t	t	t
star	*ndVɺmV			tərmɨ	teɭmei		təɾemiʔ
rattan/rope	*ndaŋg	raŋkʰ ~ ɖraŋg- (?)		taːŋk ~ taŋk-
sit	*ndaŋg	draŋkʰ		taŋk	taŋk	&nbspˈ;taŋk	taŋk
mouth/lip(s)	*ndɔp	drop- ~ drap-		tɔp-	tɔp-	tɔp	tɔp
big/many	*ndVkaⁱ			tɔxai-	tɔxai	tɔˈɣʷaᵉ	toɣwɛi
six	*ndVkambVk	ɖogambukʰ		tokʷambək	ˈtokʷambək
excrement	*ndɔkɛ	nɖrokʰ		tɔkɔɨ	tɔxɔi		tuɣwi
hot	*ndVwi	ɖur (?)	dui	to	ˈtuwi	ˈtowi	towi
urine	*nduŋguɺ	ɖuŋguɭ		ˈtuŋguɭ	ˈtuŋguɭ		tuŋgur

Initial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ŋg-	ŋg	ŋg	k	k	k	k
nail	*ŋgVmVndi	-gɛmbi	gɛməndi	kɨmdi
nail	*ŋgVpVn				kɨβin		kəβən
good	*ŋge̝p	kijɔpʰ		kep [Umuaf]
look for	*ŋgVjVt	kijatʰ			kejar [Sem.]
young	*ŋgVɺɛⁱ	kɔːlɛ		-kɭɛ	kɭei ~ -kɭɛ		kəreʔ
sand	*ŋgVɺɜk	gərɔkʰ	gələk	ˈkəɭək	ˈkəɭək		karʌk
split (tr.)	*ŋgVtVkap	kɔkaβ		kerˈgap	kerˈgap	kaɽɐɣap	kʌraɣap
run	*ŋgaⁱ	ŋkai		kai- [Umuaf]	kai-
speech/voice	*ŋgɒɺ	ŋgɔl		kaɭ	kaɭ	kaɽ	kar
cloud	*ŋgV			kɔː	kɔː
yellow	*ŋgVŋgVn	koŋgowanə-	koŋkwan	kɔŋga- [Umuaf]	kɔŋˈgan [Sem.]
bone	*ŋgVɺ			kɔl	kɔl	koɽ	kor
tail	*ŋgɔɺɛⁱ	koli-	guleî	kɔɭɛ-	kɔɭɛi ~ kɔɭɛ		kɔre
come	*ŋgɔɺɔp	koropʰ	kwolop-	kɭop	kɭob-	kɔɽɔp	kɔrɔp
night	*ŋgVmVt			kuˈmur	kuˈmur	komoɽ ~ kumuɽ	komor
mud/soil	*ŋgVwɒt	guwɔtʰ		kʷar-	kʷar-	kʷaɽ	kwar

Initial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*w-	w [v β]	w [v]	w	w	w	w
thorn/sharp	*wi	vi		wií ~ wi	wií	wi	wiː ~ wi
behind	*wɜjak	vog-		wak-			weak
white	*wVɺV	βʊli	vuli	weɭe
hear	*waᵘ	vɔu		wau	wau	waᵒ	waoʔ
tree	*waɺ	var- ~ valə-		waɭ- ~ ˈwaɭ-
ear	*wVpi			wuˈbi-	wɔbij	wɔβʷi	woβwi
white	*wVpV				wɔbi ~ -ˈwubi		woβwe
scratch	*wut	βutʰ		wur	wur	wuɽ

Apical non-stop /*ɺ/ does not occur initially.

Initial palatal non-stop /*j is retained as such in all descendants. It is occluded to [z …] in Zorop:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*j-	j [z dʒ]	j [j ɟ]	j	j	j	j
eye	*ji	zi ~ dʒi-	ji	jií	jií ~ ˈji-	ji	ji
skin/bark	*jipi				jiˈbi	jəβi	jiβi
three	*jiniŋg	ziniŋg-	jiniŋg-	jiniŋg [Umuaf]	jiniŋg		jiniŋk
green/new	*jiki	zigi-	ɟiki	dʒigi-	jigi-		jiki-
laugh	*jɜnd	zɔnɖrɔkʰ		jind	jind
louse	*jəmVɺ	zəmal	jiməl	jeməɭ	jemeɭ		jʌmʌr
sun/sky	*jəmaɺ	zəmal	jəmal	ˈjemaɭ	jemaɭ ~ jɛmaɭ	jɐˈmaɽ	jʌmar
tie	*jəkaⁱ	zəkai		jexai
head	*jVpV			jɛˈbe- ~ ˈjɛbe-	jɛˈbe		jəβe
egg	*jVn	zən		jɛ́n	jɛ́n
burn (tr.)	*jVŋg[ap]	zəŋgapʰ		jaŋg	jeŋgap
mosquito	*jɜŋgɒɺ	dʒɔŋgɔl	jəŋgal	ˈjɛŋgaɭ
blood	*jVɺi				jɛˈɭi	ˈjeɽi	jəri
man/husband	*jɵ̝pɛ	zepʰ		ˈjɔβɛ ~ jɔbɔi	jɔbɔi
four	*jɵ̝ɺ	zɛjal		-jaɭ	-jaɭ		jɔr
arm/hand	*jaⁱ	zaːi ~ zaː-	ɟa-	jai-	jai	jaᵉ	jɛi
marsupial sp.	*jaⁱɺi				jaiɭi		jɛiri
fire/wood	*jaᵘ	zo ~ zu-	ɟo ~ ji-	jau	jao ~ jau	jaᵒ	jaɔ
net bag	*jam	zam		jam	jam	jam	jam
bite	*jamb				jamb	jamp	jamp
sago porridge	*jat	zatʰ
shoot/kill	*jVŋgVp			jaˈŋgop	jaˈŋgop	ˈjaŋgɔp	jaɔŋgɔp
black	*jVkVɺV				jægɭɛ		jʌɣʌre
belly	*jaɺV[k]	zarkʰ	jalək	ˈjaɭɨ	ˈjaɭɛ
yellow	*jaɺ			jaɭ	jar-		jar
garden	*jVpVɺ				joβaɭ	jɔβʷaɽ	jɔβwar
bad	*jɔpɔɺ	zɔbɔl		jɔbɔɭ	jɔbɔɭ
elbow/eight	*jVkup	-zukup ~ -zugupʰ		jogub- [Umuaf]	jogub [Sem.]
dig	*jɔkɔɺ	zugul		jogoɭ	jogoɭ		jɔkɔr
liver	*jɵ̝ŋgaⁱ	zéŋgai		jɔŋgʷai	jɔŋgʷai	ˈjɔŋkʷaᵉ	jɔŋgwɛi
seed/tooth	*jɔ	zuː ~ zu-	-ɟu ~ ju-	jɔ-	jɔ		jo ~ ju-
bite	*jɔk	zukʰ		jog
moon	*juŋg	zuŋkʰ	ɟuŋg	ɟuŋg	ɟuŋg		ɟuŋk
betel pepper	*juɺ	zur		jur ~ juɭ	jur ~ juɭ		juru

… medial consonants …

Medial bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-m-	m	m	m	m	m	m
flesh/meat	*Vmi	mɪʔ ~ -mi		mi ~ -mi	mi ~ -mi	əˈmi	emiʔ
woman	*VɺVm[i]	aləm	əlim	ˈɛɭmɨ	ˈɛɭmɨ
left	*amVk[V]	amogo-		-amgʷ-	-amgʷ-
mother	*ɵ̝mu	jamu		ˈɔmu	ˈɔmu
this	*mVmV	mama-	mama	məˈma	məˈma-	mɐmɐ
that	*tVma	tama-	səma	sma
3 sg./pl.	*tVma-V	tamao	təmau	smao	smao		maɔʔ (?)
star	*ndVɺmV			tərmɨ	teɭmei		təɾemiʔ
nail	*ŋgVmVndi	-gɛmbi	gɛməndi	kɨmdi
night	*ŋgVmVt			kuˈmur	kuˈmur	komoɽ ~ kumuɽ	komor
louse	*jVmVɺ	zəmal	jiməl	jeməɭ	jemeɭ		jʌmʌr
sun/sky	*jəmaɺ	zəmal	jəmal	ˈjemaɭ	jemaɭ ~ jɛmaɭ	jɐˈmaɽ	jʌmar

Medial apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-n-	n	n	n	n	n	n
two	*anVŋg	aniŋg-	aŋg-	anəŋk-	anaŋk ~ anəŋ-	ˈanɐŋk	anʌŋk
1 pl.	*[n/j]inV	nɪn	nin	ninao	ninao	jinɔ	jinɔ
older sister	*nanV	nanao		ˈnana	ˈnana
give	*tVnVŋg			sənɨŋ	seneŋg	sɐŋk	sʌŋk
three	*jiniŋg	ziniŋg-	jiniŋg-	jiniŋg [Umuaf]	jiniŋg		jiniŋk

Medial bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-p-					p [β]
skin/bark	*apV	aβɛi		aβɨ ~ -abi ~ -abɛ
earth/ground	*apVɺ	abrə- ~ aβle-	abi	aβɛɭ- ~ aβəɭ-	aβɛɭ- ~ aβɭu-	aβɐɽ ~ aβəɽ-
low/below	*apVɺVk	abrɔkʰ ~ aβələkʰ		abˈlək	abˈlək ~ aβɭək-	aβəɽɔk
father	*apV	abaʷ		ˈaβao	aβa
coconut	*apuk	abukʰ ~ abuk		ɔbuk-	ɔbuk-		ɔpuk
look for	VpVɺ			oˈboɭ	oboɭ		or-oβor
nail	*ŋgVpVn				kɨβin		kəβən
ear	*wVpi			wuˈbi-	wɔbij	wɔβʷi	woβwi
white	*wVpV				wɔbi ~ -ˈwubi		woβwe
skin/bark	*jipi				jiˈbi	jəβi	jiβi
head	*jVpV			jɛˈbe- ~ ˈjɛbe-	jɛˈbe		jəβe
man/husband	*jɵ̝pɛ	zepʰ		ˈjɔβɛ ~ jɔbɔi	jɔbɔi
garden	*jVpVɺ				joβaɭ	jɔβʷaɽ	jɔβwar
bad	*jɔpɔɺ	zɔbɔl		jɔbɔɭ	jɔbɔɭ

… /*p/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-P-	p		p	p		p
ftther's father	*aPV	apɛ		aˈpe	apɛj [Sem.]	ape	apːeʔ

Medial apical voiceless stop /*t/ is uncommon … one illustrative example is Karkar for which the “die (pl.)” is /suˈɽumpʷi/ rather than /suˈsumpʷi/ as both /s/ and /ɽ/ reflect /*t/ initially and medially respectively (Price 1987: 12.):

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-t-
one	*aŋgVtamb	aŋgtamβ		grakamb	ŋgrak		aŋgʌraŋk
tongue	*mɜtaɺVp	mɔtaːlep	mɛtaləp	ˈmenarəp (?)
leech	*mbVtaɺ	βətal		ˈpraɭ	ˈpraɭ		pʌrar
wash	*t[e̝]te̝ɺ	titijal		sreɭ	sreɭ
split (tr.)	*ŋgVtVkap	kɔkaβ		kerˈgap	kerˈgap	kaɽɐɣap	kʌraɣap

… /*t/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-T-	t		t	t		t
father	*aTV	atao		aˈta	atao		ataʔ

… /*S/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-S-
cassowary	*mbVSi	pasi		ˈpasɨ
tree kangaroo	*mbVSi				pəˈsi

Medial velar voiceless stop /*k/ is generally voiced and/or fricated to [g x ɣ] in all descendants

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-k-	k [g k]	k [g k]	k [g x k]	k [g x]	k [ɣ]	k [ɣ k ʔ]
from	*-kamb	-gámpʰ		-ˈkamb	-ˈkamb	-ɣamp<	-ɣam
knee	*akuɺ[i[	agri-	ogələ-	ɔguɭ-	ɔguɭ-
walk/go	*VkVp	kʷɔβ ~ -kwɔpʰ	kwapɛ	kʷap ~ -kʷab	aˈgɔp ~ -ˈaxɔp	aᵒˈɣʷap	-aoɣɔp
wet	*piki	figi		fiˈgi			fiʔ (?)
afraid	*pɜɺkap	fɔrgapʰ		fərˈgap	fəlˈgap
side (?)	*pɔkap	-fɔgapʰ		-fɔgap	-fɔgap
hit	*tVkVɺ	təgɔl		sigiɭ	sigiɭ
big/many	*ndVkaⁱ			tɔxai-	tɔxai	tɔˈɣʷaᵉ	toɣwɛi
split (tr.)	*ŋgVtVkap	kɔkaβ		kerˈgap	kerˈgap	kaɽɐɣap	kʌraɣap
green/new	*jiki	zigi-	ɟiki	dʒigi-	jigi-		jiki-
black	*jVkVɺV				jægɭɛ		jʌɣʌre
tie	*jəkaⁱ	zəkai		jexai
elbow/eight	*jVkup	-zukup ~ -zugupʰ	jogub- [Umuaf]	jogub [Sem.]
dig	*jɔkɔɺ	zugul		jogoɭ	jogoɭ		jɔkɔr

In a few instances in which Zorop has lost final low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ (below,) /*k/ is realized as as aspirated [kʰ] as is final /*k/ (below):

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-kV	k [kʰ]		kV [x k]	kV [x]	kV [ɣ]	kV [ɣ]
salt	*ɔkɛ	ɔkʰ		ɔxʷɛ	ɔxʷɛi	oɣʷe	ɔɣwi
excrement	*ndɔkɛ	nɖrokʰ		tɔkɔɨ	tɔxɔi		tuɣwi

The failure of /*k/ to lenit may indicate a compound:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-k-	k [g]		k [k]	k [k]
six	*ndVkambVk	ɖogambukʰ		tokʷambək	ˈtokʷambək

Medial bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-mb-
cough	*ambum	amβʊm		bum	ombum
tree kangaroo	*tVmbV	tomβui		ˈsaːmbʷɛ
die	*tumbi			sumbi	sumbi	ˈsumpʷi	sumβwi
six	*ndVkambVk	ɖogambukʰ		tokʷambək	ˈtokʷambək
from	*-kamb	-gámpʰ		-ˈkamb	-ˈkamb	-ɣamp<	-ɣam

Medial apical prenasalized voiced stop /*nd/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-nd-
five	*andik	aɳɖrikʰ		dik-	dik		əndik
bone/dry	*andaⁱ	andɾai	anrai	ndai	ndai
ashes	*andV	aɳɖo-	unduh	ndu	ndu-		ndu
nail	*ŋgVmVndi	-gɛmbi (?)	gɛməndi	kɨmdi

Medial velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-ŋg-
body part sfx/	*-ŋgV	-ŋgɛ	-ŋgɛ ~ -ŋgi ~ -gi	-kɛ ~ kɨ
one	*aŋgVtamb	aŋgtamβ		grakamb	ŋgrak		aŋgʌraŋk
blunt/dull	*aŋg[o/u]	aŋgu		ŋgo-	ŋgo-
worm	*Vŋgi			ᵑɡwi	gwi		oŋkwiʔ
red	*mɔŋgwaⁱ	moŋguwalɛ (?)	muŋgwai	moŋgai	mɔŋgai
over there	*muŋga	muŋ-			ˈmuŋgʷa-
urine	*nduŋguɺ	ɖuŋguɭ		ˈtuŋguɭ	ˈtuŋguɭ		tuŋgur
yellow	*ŋgVŋgVn	koŋgowanə-	koŋkwan	kɔŋga- [Umuaf]	kɔŋˈgan [Sem.]
burn (tr.)	*jVŋg[ap]	zəŋgapʰ		jaŋg	jeŋgap
shoot/kill	*jVŋgVp			jaˈŋgop	jaˈŋgop	ˈjaŋgɔp	jaɔŋgɔp
mosquito	*jɜŋgɒɺ	dʒɔŋgɔl	jəŋgal	ˈjɛŋgaɭ
liver	*jɵ̝ŋgaⁱ	zéŋgai		jɔŋgʷai	jɔŋgʷai	ˈjɔŋkʷaᵉ	jɔŋgwɛi

IMedial bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-w-
wind	*Vwi	aui	oβi	uwi	uwi	owi	ɔwi

Medial apical non-stop /*ɺ/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-ɺ-
long	*ɜɺi	ɔlu-	lî-	ɭi	eɭi-	əˈɽi	əriː
woman	*VɺVm[i]	aləm	əlim	ˈɛɭmɨ	ˈɛɭmɨ
knee	*akuɺ[i[	agri-	ogələ-	ɔguɭ-	ɔguɭ-
vein/tendon	*aɺVk		arək			ˈaɽɐk	aɾʌk
person	*aɺɔp	aɭəpʰ ~ aɭɔpʰ &nbsp~ aləb-	alop ~ - alup	aləp ~ aɭəp	aləp	aɽɔp	aɾɔp
tongue	*mɜtaɺVp	mɔtaːlep	mɛtaləp	ˈmenarəp
stab	*paɺVp	faːlupʰ		faɭop	faləp		fʌraɔp
stand/get up	*pɜɺVp	fɔləpʰ		fɭəp	fɭəp	fɐˈɽɐmp (?)
shoulder/ten	*pVɺɛ			fɭɨk	flɛ	fəˈɽe	fəre
afraid	*pɜɺkap	fɔrgapʰ		fərˈgap	fəlˈgap
roof	*mbVɺi	βəli		pɭi	pɭi
stone	*mbVɺi				pəɭi	ˈpəɽi	pəri
rat	*mbVɺVɺV			-ˈpreli [Umuaf]	-ˈpreli		pəɾəɾi-
young	*mbVɺV	-bli		ple
right (side)	*mbVɺVk	βələgə-		-pɭag-	-pɭɛk-		pʌrʌk
tree	*naɺV	-naːɭɛ ~ -nali		-ˈnaɭi ~ -naɭɛ	ˈnaɭi
upper arm/nine	*tVɺVk	-lokʰ (?)		-srok	srok
star	*ndVɺmV			tərmɨ	teɭmei		təɾemiʔ
young	*ŋgVɺɛⁱ	kɔːlɛ		-kɭɛ	kɭei ~ -kɭɛ		kəreʔ
sand	*ŋgVɺVk	gərɔkʰ	gələk	ˈkəɭək	ˈkəɭək		karʌk
tail	*ŋgɔɺɛⁱ	koli-	guleî	kɔɭɛ-	kɔɭɛi ~ kɔɭɛ		kɔre
come	*ŋgɔɺɔp	koropʰ	kwolop-	kɭop	kɭob-	ˈkɔɽɔp	kɔrɔp
white	*wVɺV	βʊli	vuli	weɭe
blood	*jVɺi				jɛˈɭi	ˈjeɽi	jəri
black	*jVkVɺV				jægɭɛ		jʌɣʌre
marsupial sp.	*jaⁱɺi				jaiɭi		jɛiri
belly	*jaɺV[k]	zarkʰ	jalək	ˈjaɭɨ	ˈjaɭɛ

Medial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-j-
	*…
older brother	*najV			ˈnaja	ˈnaja		nɛi
look for	*ŋgVjVt	kijatʰ			kejar [Sem.]
behind	*wɜjak	vog-		wak-			weak

… final consonants …

Final bilabial nasal /*m/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-m	m	m	m	m	m	m
weep/cry	*Vm	am	am-	em	em	əm	əm
cough	*ambum	amβʊm		bum	ombum
breast	*mɵ̝m	mijam	mwam	mɔm	mɔm		mɔm
goanna	*mbam	ʙaːm			pam
bamboo	*mbVm	βuːɔm-					pom
net bag	*jam	zam		jam	jam	jam	jam

Final apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-n	n	n	n	n	n	n
cassowary	*mbVn				pən	pɐn	pʌnʔ
sago flour	*mban			pan	pán		pan
nail	*ŋgVpVn				kɨβin		kəβən
yellow	*ŋgVŋgVn	koŋgowanə-	koŋkwan	kɔŋga- [Umuaf]	kɔŋˈgan [Sem.]
egg	*jVn	zən		jɛ́n	jɛ́n

Final bilabial voiceless stop /*p/ is retained as such in all descendants. In …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-p	p [pʰ p β ʙ ]	p	p [p b]	p [p b]	p	p
bow	*ap	aβ		aːp-	aːp-		ap
wing	*ap	aːpə-		aːp-
walk/go	*VkVp	kʷɔβ ~ -kwɔpʰ	kwapɛ	kʷap ~ -kʷab	aˈgɔp ~ -ˈaxɔp	aᵒˈɣʷap	-aoɣɔp
person	*aɺɔp	aɭəpʰ ~ aɭɔpʰ &nbsp~ aləb-	alop ~ - alup	aləp ~ aɭəp	aləp	aɽɔp	aɾɔp
side (?)	*pɔkap	-fɔgapʰ		-fɔgap	-fɔgap
blood	*mɜp	mopʰ	məp	mɜp
tongue	*mɜtaɺVp	mɔtaːlep	mɛtaləp	ˈmenarəp
stab	*paɺVp	faːlupʰ		faɭop	faləp		fʌraɔp
stand/get up	*pɜɺVp	fɔləpʰ		fɭəp	fɭəp	fɐˈɽɐmp
afraid	*pɜɺkap	fɔrgapʰ		fərˈgap	fəlˈgap
house	*nap	naʙ ~ nab-		nap ~ naːp	naːp	nap	nap
mouth/lip(s)	*ndɔp	drop- ~ drap-		tɔp-	tɔp-	tɔp	tɔp
good	*ŋge̝p	kijɔpʰ		kep [Umuaf]
split (tr.)	*ŋgVtVkap	kɔkaβ		kerˈgap	kerˈgap	kaɽɐɣap	kʌraɣap
come	*ŋgɔɺɔp	koropʰ	kwolop-	kɭop	kɭob-	ˈkɔɽɔp	kɔrɔp
burn (tr.)	*jVŋg[ap]	zəŋgapʰ		jaŋg (?)	jeŋgap
shoot/kill	*jVŋgVp			jaˈŋgop	jaˈŋgop	ˈjaŋgɔp	jaɔŋgɔp
elbow/eight	*jVkup	-zukup ~ -zugupʰ		jogub- [Umuaf]	jogub [Sem.]

Final apical voiceless stop /*t/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-t	t [tʰ]
garden	*pɒt	fɔc		faːr
look for	*ŋgVjVt	kijatʰ			kejar [Sem.]
night	*ŋgVmVt			kuˈmur	kuˈmur	kumuɽ	komor
mud/soil	*ŋgVwɒt	guwɔtʰ		kʷar-	kʷar-	kʷaɽ	kwar
scratch	*wut	βutʰ		wur	wur	wuɽ
sago porridge	*jat	zatʰ

Final velar voiceless stop /*k/ is retained as such in all descendatns. In …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-k	k [kʰ k ]	k	k [k g]	k [k]	k [x]	k
coconut	*apuk	abukʰ ~ abuk		ɔbuk-	ɔbuk-		ɔpuk
five	*andik	aɳɖrikʰ		dik-	dik		əndik
vein/tendon	*aɺVk		arək			ˈaɽɐk	aɾʌk
new	*ɵ̝k		uwag-	ˈok-	ogu-
in front/before	*mik	mig-		mik	mik-		mek
inside	*mɛk	mɛ-mɛkʰ		mɛk	mɛk	mek	mek
right (side)	*mbVɺVk	βələgə-		-pɭag-	-pɭɛk-		pʌrʌk
rattan/rope	*mbVk				paːk ~ pak-		paok
know	*nVk	nəkʰ		nik	nik	ˈnɨk
upper arm/nine	*tVɺVk	-lokʰ (?)		-srok	srok
six	*ndVkambVk	ɖogambukʰ		tokʷambək	ˈtokʷambək
sand	*ŋgVɺVk	gərɔkʰ	gələk	ˈkəɭək	ˈkəɭək		karʌk
behind	*wɜjak	vog-		wak-			weak
bite	*jɔk	zukʰ		jog

… /*k/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-k
	*…
belly	*jaɺV[k]	zarkʰ	jalək	ˈjaɭɨ	ˈjaɭɛ

Final bilabial prenasalized voiced stop /*mb/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-mb	mb [mpʰ mβ]		mb [mb]	mb [mb]		mb [mp]
sleep	*amb	aːmpʰ		amb	amb	ˈamp
arrow	*ɵ̝mb	jɔɲβ (?)		omb	omb	ɔmp	ɔmp
village	*nɜmb	numpʰ		namb	némb	nəmp	nəmp
bite	*jamb				jamb	jamp	jamp

One example shows an irregular change of final /*mb/ to velar /*ŋg/ in South Emem and Karkar, probably due to the anological influence of /*anVŋg/ “two” and /*jiniŋg/ “three” (below):

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-mb
one	*aŋgVtamb	aŋgtamβ		grakamb	ŋgrak		aŋgʌraŋk

Final apical prenasalzed voiced stop /*nd/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-nd
water	*Vnd	jɔɳɖ	ɟəndr	end ~ ˈendə- ~ ndɛ-	énd ~ ndɛ-	ənt	ənt ~ əndə-
bird	*and	aːɳɖ	andr		and	ant	ant
laugh	*jɜnd	zɔnɖrɔkʰ		jind	jind

Final velar prenasalized voiced stop /*ŋg/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-ŋg
two	*anVŋg	aniŋg-	aŋg-	anəŋk-	anaŋk ~ anəŋ-	ˈanɐŋk	anʌŋk
kunai grass	*mVŋg			maŋk			maoŋk
give	*tVnVŋg			sənɨŋ	seneŋg	sɐŋk	sʌŋk
rattan/rope	*ndaŋg	raŋkʰ ~ ɖraŋg- (?)		taːŋk ~ taŋk-
sit	*ndaŋg	draŋkʰ		taŋk	taŋk	ˈtaŋk	taŋk
three	*jiniŋg	ziniŋg-	jiniŋg-	jiniŋg [Umuaf]	jiniŋg		jiniŋk
moon	*juŋg	zuŋkʰ	ɟuŋg	ɟuŋg	ɟuŋg		ɟuŋk

Final apical non-stop /*ɺ/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*-ɺ
lime	*Vɺ	jɔːɭ
earth/ground	*apVɺ	abrə- ~ aβle-	abi	aβɛɭ- ~ aβəɭ-	aβɛɭ- ~ aβɭu-	aβɐɽ ~ aβəɽ-
rain	*aɺ	aɭ	al	aɭ	aɭ
swim	*ɵ̝ɺ	jar	jul-	oɭ	oɭ		ər
look for	VpVɺ			oˈboɭ	oboɭ		or-oβor
fence	*p[e/a]ɺ<	fal		feˈɭe-	feɭ-
pig	*pVɺ			feɽ	fɛɭ		fʌɾ-
eat/drink	*pɜɺ	fɔl	fəli ~ fələ-	fəɭ	fəɭ	fɐɽ	fʌɾ
blow	*puɺ	fulɨ (?)		fuɭ	fuɭ		fur
leech	*mbVtaɺ	βətal		ˈpraɭ	ˈpraɭ		pʌrar
hit	*tVkVɺ	təgɔl		sigiɭ	sigiɭ
speak	*te̝ɺ	tijal		seɭ	seɭ	ˈsəɽ	sər
wash	*t[e̝]te̝ɺ	titijal		sreɭ	sreɭ
urine	*nduŋguɺ	ɖuŋguɭ		ˈtuŋguɭ	ˈtuŋguɭ		tuŋgur
speech/voice	*ŋgɒɺ	ŋgɔl		kaɭ	kaɭ	kaɽ	kar
bone	*ŋgVɺ			kɔl	kɔl	koɽ	kor
louse	*jVmVɺ	zəmal	jiməl	jeməɭ	jemeɭ		jʌmʌr
sun/sky	*jəmaɺ	zəmal	jəmal	ˈjemaɭ	jemaɭ ~ jɛmaɭ	jɐˈmaɽ	jʌmar
yellow	*jaɺ			jaɭ	jar-		jar
mosquito	*jɜŋgɒɺ	dʒɔŋgɔl	jəŋgal	ˈjɛŋgaɭ
garden	*jVpVɺ				joβaɭ	jɔβʷaɽ	jɔβwar
bad	*jɔpɔɺ	zɔbɔl		jɔbɔɭ	jɔbɔɭ
four	*jɵ̝ɺ	zɛjal		-jaɭ	-jaɭ		jɔr
dig	*jɔkɔɺ	zugul		jogoɭ	jogoɭ		jɔkɔr
betel pepper	*juɺ	zur		jur ~ juɭ	jur ~ juɭ		juru

… vowels and diphthongs …

High front vowel /*i/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*i	i	i	i	i	i	i
thorn/sharp	*wi	vi		wií ~ wi	wií	wi	wiː ~ wi
eye	*ji	zi ~ dʒi-	ji	jií	jií ~ ˈji-	ji	ji
in front/before	*mik	mig-		mik	mik-		mek (?)
skin/bark	*jipi				jiˈbi	jəβi	jiβi
green/new	*jiki	zigi-	ɟiki	dʒigi-	jigi-		jiki-
three	*jiniŋg	ziniŋg-	jiniŋg-	jiniŋg [Umuaf]	jiniŋg		jiniŋk
flesh/meat	*Vmi	mɪʔ ~ -mi		mi ~ -mi	mi ~ -mi	əˈmi	emiʔ
long	*ɜɺi	ɔlu- (?)	lî-	ɭi	eɭi-	əˈɽi	əriː
five	*andik	aɳɖrikʰ		dik-	dik		əndik

High back rounded vowel /*u/ is retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*u	u	u	u	u	u	u
foot/leg	*mbu	βo (?)	fu-	pu-	pú	pu	pu
blow	*puɺ	fulɨ		fuɭ	fuɭ		fur
scratch	*wut	βutʰ		wur	wur	wuɽ
moon	*juŋg	zuŋkʰ	ɟuŋg	ɟuŋg	ɟuŋg		ɟuŋk
betel pepper	*juɺ	zur		jur ~ juɭ	jur ~ juɭ		juru
mother	*ɵ̝mu	jamu		ˈɔmu	ˈɔmu
coconut	*apuk	abukʰ ~ abuk		ɔbuk-	ɔbuk-		ɔpuk
cough	*ambum	amβʊm		bum	ombum
knee	*akuɺ[i[	agri-	ogələ-	ɔguɭ-	ɔguɭ-

High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*e̝
speak (sp.)	*te̝ɺ	tijal		seɭ	seɭ	ˈsəɽ	sər
good	*ŋge̝p	kijɔpʰ		kep [Umuaf]
wash	*t[e̝]te̝ɺ	titijal		sreɭ	sreɭ

High mid central rounded vowel /*ɵ̝/ …

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɵ̝	[ija ɛja e]	[uwa u]
arrow	*ɵ̝mb	jɔɲβ (?)		omb	omb	ɔmp	ɔmp
new	*ɵ̝k		uwag-	ˈok-	ogu-
swim	*ɵ̝ɺ	jar	jul-	oɭ	oɭ		ər
breast	*mɵ̝m	mijam	mwam	mɔm	mɔm		mɔm
four	*jɵ̝ɺ	zɛjal		-jaɭ (?)	-jaɭ (?)		jɔr
mother	*ɵ̝mu	jamu		ˈɔmu	ˈɔmu
man/husband	*jɵ̝pɛ	zepʰ		ˈjɔβɛ ~ jɔbɔi	jɔbɔi
liver	*jɵ̝ŋgaⁱ	zéŋgai		jɔŋgʷai	jɔŋgʷai	ˈjɔŋkʷaᵉ	jɔŋgwɛi

High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …:

East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
	Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
	Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
*o̝
*…

Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɛ					e
head/hair	*mɛ	me-	me- ~ mɛ-		mæ-	mɛ	me
inside	*mɛk	mɛ-mɛkʰ		mɛk	mɛk	mek	mek

When final /*ɛ/ follows a rounded vowel /*ɵ̝ *ɔ/ in the previous syllable, … [*oⁱ] …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɛ/ɵ̝C_
man/husband	*jɵ̝pɛ	zepʰ		ˈjɔβɛ ~ jɔbɔi	jɔbɔi
	*ɛ/ɔC_
salt	*ɔkɛ	ɔkʰ		ɔxʷɛ	ɔxʷɛi	oɣʷe	ɔɣwi
excrement	*ndɔkɛ	nɖrokʰ		tɔkɔɨ	tɔxɔi		tuɣwi

Low mid central vowel /*ɜ/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɜ	ɔ [ɔ o]
blood	*mɜp	mopʰ	məp	mɜp
eat/drink	*pɜɺ	fɔl	fəli ~ fələ-	fəɭ	fəɭ	fɐɽ	fʌɾ ~ -fil ~ -fir
long	*ɜɺi	ɔlu-	lî-	ɭi	eɭi-	əˈɽi	əriː
village	*nɜmb	numpʰ (?)		namb	némb	nəmp	nəmp
laugh	*jɜnd	zɔnɖrɔkʰ		jind	jind
stand/get up	*pɜɺVp	fɔləpʰ		fɭəp	fɭəp	fɐˈɽɐmp
mosquito	*jɜŋgɒɺ	dʒɔŋgɔl	jəŋgal	ˈjɛŋgaɭ
behind	*wɜjak	vog-		wak-			weak
tongue	*mɜtaɺVp	mɔtaːlep	mɛtaləp	ˈmenarəp
afraid	*pɜɺkap	fɔrgapʰ		fərˈgap	fəlˈgap

Low mid back rounded vowel /*ɔ/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɔ	ɔ [ɔ o]				ɔ	ɔ
mouth/lip(s)	*ndɔp	drop- ~ drap- (?)		tɔp-	tɔp-	tɔp	tɔp
come	*ŋgɔɺɔp	koropʰ	kwolop-	kɭop	kɭob-	ˈkɔɽɔp	kɔrɔp
bad	*jɔpɔɺ	zɔbɔl		jɔbɔɭ	jɔbɔɭ
tail	*ŋgɔɺɛⁱ	koli-	guleî (?)	kɔɭɛ-	kɔɭɛi ~ kɔɭɛ		kɔre
salt	*ɔkɛ	ɔkʰ		ɔxʷɛ	ɔxʷɛi	oɣʷe	ɔɣwi
excrement	*ndɔkɛ	nɖrokʰ		tɔkɔɨ	tɔxɔi		tuɣwi (?)
side (?)	*pɔkap	-fɔgapʰ		-fɔgap	-fɔgap

When following palatal non-stop /*j, /*ɔ/ is raised to /u/ in Zorop:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɔ/j_	u
seed/tooth	*jɔ	zuː ~ zu-	-ɟu ~ ju-	jɔ-	jɔ		jo ~ ju-
bite	*jɔk	zukʰ		jog
dig	*jɔkɔɺ	zugul		jogoɭ	jogoɭ		jɔkɔr

…:

East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
	Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
	Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
*…
*…

Low central vowel /*a/ is generally retained as such in all descendants:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*a	a	a	a	a	a	a
sleep	*amb	aːmpʰ		amb	amb	ˈamp
bird	*and	aːɳɖ	andr		and	ant	ant
rain	*aɺ	aɭ	al	aɭ	aɭ
house	*nap	naʙ ~ nab-		nap ~ naːp	naːp	nap	nap
rattan/rope	*ndaŋg	raŋkʰ ~ ɖraŋg- (?)		taːŋk ~ taŋk-
sit	*ndaŋg	draŋkʰ		taŋk	taŋk	ˈtaŋk	taŋk
from	*-kamb	-gámpʰ		-ˈkamb	-ˈkamb	-ɣamp<	-ɣam
net bag	*jam	zam		jam	jam	jam	jam
sago porridge	*jat	zatʰ
skin/bark	*apV	aβɛi		aβɨ ~ -abi ~ -abɛ
person	*aɺɔp	aɭəpʰ ~ aɭɔpʰ &nbsp~ aləb-	alop ~ - alup	aləp ~ aɭəp	aləp	aɽɔp	aɾɔp
earth/ground	*apVɺ	abrə- ~ aβle-	abi	aβɛɭ- ~ aβəɭ-	aβɛɭ- ~ aβɭu-	aβɐɽ ~ aβəɽ-
two	*anVŋg	aniŋg-	aŋg-	anəŋk-	anaŋk ~ anəŋ-	ˈanɐŋk	anʌŋk
vein/tendon	*aɺVk		arək			ˈaɽɐk	aɾʌk
side (?)	*pɔkap	-fɔgapʰ		-fɔgap	-fɔgap
sun/sky	*jəmaɺ	zəmal	jəmal	ˈjemaɭ	jemaɭ ~ jɛmaɭ	jɐˈmaɽ	jʌmar

… /*a/ followed by high back rounded /*u/ in the next syllable …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*a/_Cu
coconut	*apuk	abukʰ ~ abuk		ɔbuk-	ɔbuk-		ɔpuk
cough	*ambum	amβʊm		bum	ombum
knee	*akuɺ[i[	agri-	ogələ-	ɔguɭ-	ɔguɭ-

When intiial /*a/ is followed by a non-final prenasalized voiced stop /*mb *nd *ŋg/ it is lost in Emem and sometimes in Karkar:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*a/#_mbV	a
cough	*ambum	amβʊm		bum	ombum
	*a/#_ndV	a
five	*andik	aɳɖrikʰ		dik-	dik		əndik
bone/dry	*andaⁱ	andɾai	anrai	ndai	ndai
ashes	*andV	aɳɖo-	unduh	ndu	ndu-		ndu
	*a/#_ŋgV	a
one	*aŋgVtamb	aŋgtamβ		grakamb	ŋgrak		aŋgʌraŋk
blunt/dull	*aŋg[o/u]	aŋgu		ŋgo-	ŋgo-

Low back rounded vowel /*ɒ/ is uncommon. …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɒ
garden	*pɒt	fɔtʰ		faːr
speech/voice	*ŋgɒɺ	ŋgɔl		kaɭ	kaɭ	kaɽ	kar
mud/soil	*ŋgVwɒt	guwɔtʰ		kʷar-	kʷar-	kʷaɽ	kwar
mosquito	*jɜŋgɒɺ	dʒɔŋgɔl	jəŋgal	ˈjɛŋgaɭ

… /*eⁱ/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɛⁱ
nose	*mɛⁱ	mei-	mɛ-	mɛ-	mɛ-		mɛi-
young	*ŋgVɺɛⁱ	kɔːlɛ		-kɭɛ	kɭei ~ -kɭɛ		kəreʔ
tail	*ŋgɔɺɛⁱ	koli-	guleî	kɔɭɛ-	kɔɭɛi ~ kɔɭɛ		kɔre

…

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɛⁱ/#_	jeⁱ [jɛi]	jeⁱ	eⁱ	eⁱ		eⁱ [e]
name	*ɛⁱ	jɛi	jei	ei	ei		e

… /*aⁱ/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*aⁱ					aᵉ
short	*paⁱ	faːɛ-		fai	ˈfai-	faᵉ	fɛi
run	*ŋgaⁱ	ŋkai		kai- [Umuaf]	kai-
arm/hand	*jaⁱ	zaːi ~ zaː-	ɟa-	jai-	jai	jaᵉ	jɛi
marsupial sp.	*jaⁱɺi				jaiɭi		jɛiri
path	*mVwaⁱ		mai	mai	mai	mʷaᵉ	mwɛi
leaf/hair	*mbVwaⁱ	βəwei ~ -pai	bai ~ -mbai	pai	pai	pʷaᵉ	pwɛi
tie	*jəkaⁱ	zəkai		jexai
liver	*jɵ̝ŋgaⁱ	zéŋgai		jɔŋgʷai	jɔŋgʷai	ˈjɔŋkʷaᵉ	jɔŋgwɛi
big/many	*ndVkaⁱ			tɔxai-	tɔxai	tɔˈɣʷaᵉ	toɣwɛi
red	*mɔŋgwaⁱ	moŋguwalɛ (?)	muŋgwai	moŋgai	mɔŋgai
bone/dry	*andaⁱ	andɾai	anrai	ndai	ndai

… /*ɔᵘ/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*ɔᵘ
breadfruit	*ɔᵘ	ju		ou	ou		ɔwip

… /*aᵘ/ …:

	East Pauwasi	Zorop	Zorop	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
		Warlef	Tokondo	Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
		Lee	Walton	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
	*aᵘ					aᵒ
hear	*waᵘ	vɔu		wau	wau	waᵒ	waoʔ
fire/wood	*jaᵘ	zo ~ zu-	ɟo ~ ji-	jau	jao ~ jau	jaᵒ	jaɔ

Pronouns

[under construction]

…

Verbal morphology

[under construction]

…

Counting system

[under construction]

…

Loans to and from neighboring languages

[under construction]

…

Zorop in particular has borrowed a good number of words from Senggi of the Tami River-Bewani Range family to the northwest, some of which are found also in North Emem presumably via Zorop. Senggi attestations are drawn from …::

…

… Senagi …

…

Emem and Karkar … Kwomtari-Nai family to the east …

	Kwomtari	Biaka	Emem	Emem	Karkar	Karkar
			Yuruf	Yambraf Dua	…	Main
	Baron	Baron	Lebold	Lebold	Price	[SIL]
dog	mau	mau
pig	fɔri	worie ~ fwɔri	feɽ	fɛɭ		fʌɾ-

…Emem and Tebi of the Tebi-Towe subgroiup to the west …

…

… regional …

…

East Pauwasi River

Situation

Subclassification

Sources

History of classification

Historical phonology

Pronouns

Verbal morphology

Counting system

Loans to and from neighboring languages

Table of Contents