Maria
Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute
Situation
[under construction]
…:
Dialects
[under construction]
According to Dutton (1970: CITE) …:
…:
The known vocabularies of Maria are divisible into four dialect groups as follows:
Maria
North Maria – Maranomu (Didigaru)
Central Maria – Maria
Oiso – Oiso
South Maria – Maiagolo (Imila,) Orai-i-u, Uderi
The most divergent dialect, and in some ways the most conservative, is Didigaru as represented by Dutton's (1970: 951-976) vocabulary of Maranomu village. Phonologically, the documented dialects of Maria form a chain from north to south with Didigaru at one end and Uderi at the other. The division between these dialect groups is illustrated by the following isoglosses:
| Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | |
| fish | 'uena | |||||
| fish | 'oru-'ʔari | 'oru-'ari | olu-ali | 'oru-'ari | ||
| palm/sole | 'raho | |||||
| palm/sole | hera | 'hera | hela | hera | ||
| one | joʔohi | |||||
| one | 'aibuhi | |||||
| one | 'a'i'fu'i | 'aifi-ma | aifoi | 'aifo-ma | ||
| big | 'hora | 'hora | ||||
| big | 'baki | 'baki | bagi | 'baki | ||
| mountain | 'baʔa- | 'baʔo | ||||
| mountain | 'hu | hu | 'hu | |||
| nape | 'ʔuri | 'ʔuri | ||||
| nape | u'duma | u'duma | ||||
| foot/leg | 'nuʔa | 'nuʔe | 'ru'ʔe | |||
| foot/leg | o'neʔa | one-a | oneʔa | |||
| stone | 'vaiga | 'aʔika | 'aʔiga | |||
| stone | baga | 'baga |
Sources
[under construction]
Bastard (1917-1918: 92) 169 comparative terms for Orai-i-u of Kanigaba village
Ray (1929) …
Ray (1938: 183, 192-197) reprints excerpts drawn from Bastard's (1917-1918) Orai-i-u
Dutton (1970: 951-976) … comparative terms for Maria of Maranomu no. 1, Maria, Maiagolo and Uderi
Weimer and Weimer (1977: 8-11) 140 comparative terms for Oiso
Ross (2014) draft reconstruction of Manubaran and proto-Maria with attestations drawn from Dutton (1970: 951-976)
Historical phonology
[under construction]
Proto-Maria had 11 consonants and 5 vowels as follows:
| *m | *n | |||
| *ʔ | ||||
| *b | *d | *g | ||
| *ɸ | *h | |||
| *w | *ɾ | *j |
| *i | *u | |
| *e | *o | |
| *a |
Any consonant may occur initially or medially. Neither final consonants nor consonant clusters occur.
Vowel length is not contrastive. There is no obvious distinction between diphthongs and sequential vowels. The following vowel sequences have been observed:
…
…:
…
…:
Bilabial nasal /*m/ is retained as such in all dialects:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *m- | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
| child | *mida | 'mida | mida | 'mita | mi'da | mida | mi'da |
| rain | *mi[j]a | mi'a | 'mia | ||||
| take | *me- | me- | me- | me- | me- | me- | |
| give | *ma- | ma- | ma- | 'ma- | ma- | ma- | ma- |
| vine/rope | *mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | |
| sun | *meidaʔa | mei'daʔa | mei'daʔa | 'medaʔa | ma'daʔa | masa | madaʔa |
| fruit | *meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meko | ||
| lake | *moʔa | 'moʔa | |||||
| *-m- | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
| only/one (?) | *-ma[ʔa] | -ma | -ma | -ma | -ma | -ma | -ma |
| man/husband | *ami[j]e | 'ame | 'amie | a'mie | 'amie | 'amie | |
| ear | *anema | a'nema | a'nema | a'nema | a'nema | anema | a'nema |
| snake | *aɾuma | a'ruma | a'ruma | a'ruma | a'ruma | ||
| back | *uboma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | uboma | u'boma |
| egg | *unema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | |
| nose | *uɾuma | 'uruma | u'ruma | u'runu (?) | u'ruma | uluma | |
| mosquito | *nemoʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | ||||
| yam | *ʔiɾoma | 'iroma | |||||
| singsing | *gamVga | 'kamuka | ka'moka | kamaka | kamaga | kamaka | |
| right (side) | *ɾama | ra- (?) | ra'ma- | 'rama- | 'rama- | ||
| two | *jema | 'jema | 'jema | i'jema | 'jema | iema | 'jema |
Apical nasal /*n/ is retained as such in all dialects:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *n- | n | n | n | n | n | n | |
| speak/say | *ni- | ni- | ni- | ni- | ni- | ||
| sister | *ninaini | 'nina'ini | 'nina'ini | ni'na'ini | 'nina'ini | ninaini | |
| go down | *ne- | ne | ne- | ne- | |||
| hear | *neide- | nede- | nete- ≈ nede- | nede- | nale- | nete- ≈ nede- | |
| eye | *neuna | 'nouŋa | ne'una | 'ne'una | ne'una | ne-una | ne'una |
| mosquito | *nemoʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | ||||
| bone | *nena | 'nena | 'nena | 'nena | 'nena | nene- | 'nena |
| 1 sg. | *na | na | na | na | na | na | |
| face/forehead | *nao | 'na'a | 'nao | 'nau | 'nao | 'nao | |
| chop | *nu- | nu- | nu- | nu- | |||
| *-n- | n | n | n | n | n | n | |
| 3 sg./pl. | *ina | ina | ina | ina | |||
| rotten | *iʔoni | 'iʔoni< | |||||
| left | *enana | ena- | ena- | e'nana- | 'enana- | ||
| bird | *eɾena | e'rena | e'rena | e'rena | e'rena | edena | e'rena |
| dog | *auna | 'auna | 'auna | a'una | 'auna | 'auna | |
| old man | *auʔana | 'au'ʔana | a'ʔu'wana | 'au'ʔana | 'au'ʔana | ||
| ear | *anema | a'nema | a'nema | a'nema | a'nema | anema | a'nema |
| sit | *oudanu- | outanu- | ouʔanu- | ou'tanu- | ou'tanu- | odanu | outanu- |
| foot/leg | *oneʔa | o'neʔa | one-a | oneʔa | |||
| fish | *ojena | 'uena | |||||
| 1 pl. | *[o/u]na | ona | una | una | 'una | ||
| egg | *unema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | |
| mouth | *u[w]ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena ≈ 'uena | |
| cook (tr.) | *uɾenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | ||||
| vine/rope | *mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | |
| taro | *bani | 'bani ≈ pa'ni- | 'bani | 'bani | |||
| sister | *ninaini | 'nina'ini | 'nina'ini | ni'na'ini | 'nina'ini | ninaini | |
| eye | *neuna | 'nouŋa | ne'una | 'ne'una | ne'una | ne-una | ne'una |
| mosquito | *nemoʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | ||||
| bone | *nena | 'nena | 'nena | 'nena | 'nena | nene- | 'nena |
| all | *hena | hena | hena- | henama | hena- | ||
| old/before | *hena-gi | enagi | he'naki | ||||
| pig | *dona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | |
| black | *ʔino | 'ʔino | 'ʔino | 'ino | 'ʔino | ino | 'ʔino |
| areca nut | *ʔo[e]-ʔan[i] | 'ʔoeʔani | 'ʔoeʔani | ||||
| earth/ground | *ʔono | 'ʔono | 'ʔono | 'ʔono | ono | ono | 'ono |
| hand/arm | *wana | 'vana | 'ana | 'ana | 'ana | ana | 'ana |
| be hungry | *ɾaunaɾe- | 'rau'nare- | raunare- | ||||
| cassowary | *jadina | ja'dina | ja'dina | a'tina |
Bilabial fricative /*ɸ/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *ɸ- | |||||||
| shoot | *ɸidi[ɾe]- | fisire- | |||||
| sweat | *ɸaɾe- | hare- | hare- | ||||
| white | *ɸoɾe | 'hore | hore | 'bore (?) | 'hore | ole | 'hore |
| blow | *ɸuɾe- | hure- | fure- | fure- | |||
| *-ɸ- | ɸ [ɸ h] | ɸ [ɸ h] | ɸ [ɸ h x] | ɸ [ɸ h] | ɸ [ɸ h] | ɸ [ɸ h] | |
| pandanus sp. | *iɸa | i'fa | i'fa | i'fa | |||
| knee | *[i/e]ɸo | eho | eho | 'ifo | eho | ||
| one | *aiɸoi(-ma) | 'a'i'fu'i | 'aifi-ma | aifoi | 'aifo-ma | ||
| tongue | *aɸi[j]e | a'hie | a'hie | a'fie | a'fie ≈ a'hie | afi-e | a'tie (?) |
| sugarcane | *aɾeɸa | 'arehæ | 'areha | a'raxa | a'ra | araha | |
| shoulder | *oɸeʔa | 'ʔoheha | o'ʔeha | oʔe'ha | o'heʔa | ohea | |
| near | *waɸe[i]ʔa | va'heiʔa | |||||
| palm/sole | *ɾaɸo | 'raho |
Unoccluded fricative /*h/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *h- | h | h | h [h x] | h | ø | ||
| cloud | *h[e]uja | 'houja | 'hoja | 'xo'ia | 'hoja | ||
| on top | *h[e]bo | hobo- | hobo- | ||||
| all | *hena | hena | hena- | hena-ma | hena- | ||
| old/before | *hena-gi | enagi | he'naki | ||||
| yam (taitu) | *haihu | hæhu | |||||
| many | *ha[u] | 'hao-'bodo | |||||
| smell | *hau- | hau- | hau- | ||||
| big | *hoɾa | 'hora | 'hora | ||||
| heavy | *hoʔeɾe- | hoe're- | hoere- | 'hoʔe | o-e | ||
| *-h- | h | h | h | h | ø | h | |
| be in pain | *ehiʔaɾe- | heiʔare- | |||||
| wing | *eha | e'ha | e'ha | e'ha | |||
| cough | *eho | eho- | eho- | ||||
| sore | *ehu | e'hu | e'hu | ||||
| hot | *oha | 'oha | 'oha | 'oha | 'oha | ||
| heart | *ohoʔa | o'haʔa | o'hoʔa | o'hoʔa | o'hoʔa | o-oa | o'hoʔa |
| fence | *ʔoha | ʔoha | ʔoha | oha | |||
| put down/bury | *wahi | vahi- | ahi- | ||||
| one | *joʔohi | joʔohi |
…:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *h-/i_ | h | h [t] | h [s] | h [s] | h [t] | ||
| breast | *hihu | 'hihu | 'titu | 'sisu | 'susu | 'tutu |
When medial /*h/ follows high front vowel /*i/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *-h-/i_ | h [h s] | h [s t] | h [s] | h [s] | h [s] | h [t] | |
| fire | *iha | 'isa | 'isa | 'isa | 'isa | isa | 'ita |
| weeping/crying | *ihaʔa | isaʔa- | isa- | isaʔa- | itaʔa- | ||
| cold | *ihu | 'ihu | 'isu | 'isu | 'isu | 'itu | |
| yesterday | *agiha | 'aki'sa | akea (?) | ||||
| breast | *hihu | 'hihu | 'titu | 'sisu | 'susu | 'tutu | |
| yam (taitu) | *haihu | hæhu | |||||
| bad/rotten | *ʔoih[o]ʔa | 'ho'soʔa | 'oifuʔa (?) | ʔo'soʔa | oso-a | 'ʔoito |
When medial /*h/ follows high back vowel /*u/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *-h-/u_ | |||||||
| swallow | *uhu- | uhu- | |||||
| night | *uɾuha | 'uruha | 'urufa | u'ru | ulu | 'uruha | |
| village | *[ɾ/j]auha | 'raufa | 'raufa | 'jaufa |
Glottal stop /*ʔ/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *ʔ- | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | |
| black | *ʔino | 'ʔino | 'ʔino | 'ino | 'ʔino | ino | 'ʔino |
| yam | *ʔiɾoma | 'iroma | |||||
| liver | *ʔewa | 'ʔeva | 'ea | 'ea | 'ea | 'ea | |
| who? | *ʔaeɾ[e/a] | 'ʔære | a'era | era | ale- | ||
| red/ripe | *ʔaʔa | 'ʔaʔa | ʔaʔa | 'a'ʔa | 'ʔaʔa | 'ʔaʔa | |
| sharp | *ʔaɾiʔa | ariʔa | |||||
| small | *ʔoiʔa | 'eiʔa | 'eiʔa | e'ʔija | ʔoiʔa | oi-ia | 'ʔoiʔe |
| bad/rotten | *ʔoih[o]ʔa | 'ho'soʔa (?) | 'oifuʔa | ʔo'soʔa | oso-a | 'ʔoito | |
| areca nut | *ʔo[e](-ʔan[i]) | 'ʔoeʔani | 'ʔoeʔani | 'ʔoe | 'ʔoe | ||
| earth/ground | *ʔono | 'ʔono | 'ʔono | 'ʔono | ono | ono | 'ono |
| fence | *ʔoha | ʔoha | ʔoha | oha | |||
| old | *ʔoɾi | 'ʔori | 'ori | 'ori | |||
| water/river | *ʔoɾu | 'ʔoru | 'ʔoru | 'o'ru | 'oru ≈ 'ʔou | oru ≈ olu- | 'oru |
| nape | *ʔuɾi | 'ʔuri | 'ʔuri | ||||
| *-ʔ- | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | ʔ [ʔ ø] | |
| tie | *iduʔa[ɾe]- | ituʔare- | iduʔe- | ||||
| rotten | *iʔoni | 'iʔoni< | |||||
| smoke | *iɾo[u]ʔa | iraʔa | i'roʔa | 'irou'ʔa | i'loʔa | ||
| be in pain | *ehiʔaɾe- | heiʔare- | |||||
| moon | *e[j]oʔa | 'ejo | e'oʔa | 'eoʔa | e'oʔa | e-owa | eoʔa |
| old man | *auʔana | 'au'ʔana | a'ʔu'wana | 'au'ʔana | 'au'ʔana | ||
| navel | *adiʔa | a'tiʔa | a'tiʔa | a'sia | atia | ||
| bite | *aʔiɾe- | aʔiɾe- | 'ai're- | iɾe- | |||
| shoulder | *oɸeʔa | 'ʔoheha | o'ʔeha | oʔe'ha | o'heʔa | ohea | |
| foot/leg | *oneʔa | o'neʔa | one-a | oneʔa | |||
| heart | *ohoʔa | o'haʔa | o'hoʔa | o'hoʔa | o'hoʔa | o-oa | o'hoʔa |
| hair/feather(s) | *u[w]eʔa | u'eʔa | u'eʔa | 'u'ea | 'uia ≈ uʔia | uwe-a | 'uia ≈ uʔia |
| on shoulder | *u[w][e]ʔai | ueʔa | |||||
| cook (tr.) | *uɾenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | ||||
| sun | *meidaʔa | mei'daʔa | mei'daʔa | 'medaʔa | ma'daʔa | masa | madaʔa |
| fruit | *meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meko | ||
| lake | *moʔa | 'moʔa | |||||
| what? | *beiʔa | bei- | be'ʔa | beʔa- | vea- | ||
| mountain | *baʔo | 'baʔa- | 'baʔo | ||||
| fat/grease | *buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'bun'ʔa | 'buniʔa | buniʔa | |
| mosquito | *nemoʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | ||||
| heavy | *hoʔeɾe- | hoe're- | hoere- | 'hoʔe | o-e | ||
| blood | *daweʔa | 'tæʔæ | 'taeʔa | 'ta'ʔea | 'taeʔa | dai-a | |
| wet/rain | *douʔa | 'tou | 'touʔa | to'ʔua | 'souʔa | ||
| red/ripe | *ʔaʔa | 'ʔaʔa | ʔaʔa | 'a'ʔa | 'ʔaʔa | 'ʔaʔa | |
| sharp | *ʔaɾiʔa | ariʔa | |||||
| small | *ʔoiʔa | 'eiʔa | 'eiʔa | e'ʔija | ʔoiʔa | oi-ia | 'ʔoiʔe |
| bad/rotten | *ʔoih[o]ʔa | 'ho'soʔa | 'oifuʔa | ʔo'soʔa | oso-a | 'ʔoito (?) | |
| areca nut | *ʔo[e]-ʔan[i] | 'ʔoeʔani | 'ʔoeʔani | ||||
| where? | *goʔi-na | koinæ | ko'ina | 'koʔina- | koʔina- | ||
| dig | *goʔe- | goʔe- | keʔe- | ||||
| near | *waɸe[i]ʔa | va'heiʔa | |||||
| cook (intr.) | *waʔi- | 'vai- | 'aʔi- | ||||
| stone | *waʔiga | 'vaiga | 'aʔika | 'aʔiga | |||
| call | *ɾaʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | ||
| name | *ɾoʔa | 'roʔa | 'roʔa | 'ro'ʔa | 'roʔa | roʔa | |
| skin/bark | *ɾoʔo | 'roo | ro'o ≈ 'roo | ro | 'roʔo | lo- | 'roʔo |
| foot/leg | *ɾuʔe | 'nuʔa | 'nuʔe | 'ru'ʔe | |||
| new | *ɾuaʔai | 'ruaʔa | ru'aʔi | 'ru'a'ʔi | 'ruʔai | lu-ai | 'ruʔai |
| three | *jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | i-ie-abu | 'jeʔabu | |
| song | *jauʔa | jauʔa | jauʔa | jauʔa | |||
| dream | *jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | ||
| morning | *uruha-jaʔu | 'uriʔahu | 'urufa'jaʔu | ||||
| one | *joʔohi | joʔohi |
Bilabial voiced stop /*b/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *b- | b | b | b | b | b | b [b p β] | |
| what? | *beiʔa | bei- | be'ʔa | beʔa- | vea- | ||
| butterfly | *bebe(-ɾo) | be'bero | be'bero | 'bebe | 'pepe | ||
| come | *bae- | bæ- | bae- | ba'e- | bae- | bai | |
| taro | *bani | 'bani ≈ pa'ni- | 'bani | 'bani | |||
| mountain | *baʔo | 'baʔa- | 'baʔo | ||||
| big | *bagi | 'baki | 'baki | bagi | 'baki | ||
| yellow | *boɾa | 'bora | bo'ra-ra | 'fo'ra-'ra (?) | 'bora | bora | |
| fat/grease | *buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'bun'ʔa | 'buniʔa | buniʔa | |
| *-b- | b | b | b | b | b | b [b p β] | |
| potential | *-bo | -bo | |||||
| other | *ebi | 'ebi | 'ebi | ||||
| back | *uboma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | uboma | u'boma |
| butterfly | *bebe(-ɾo) | be'bero | be'bero | 'bebe | 'pepe | ||
| on top | *h[e]bo | hobo- | hobo- | ||||
| knowledge | *diba | siba | |||||
| sand | *gibudi | ki'bidi | ki'buti | 'kitibu (?) | ki'budi | ki'budi | |
| taro | *gabu | 'kabu | 'gavu | ||||
| banana | *wagabod[o] | agavoto | |||||
| three | *jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | i-ie-abu | 'jeʔabu | |
| tree | *jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | iabo | 'javo |
Apical voiced stop /*d/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *d- | |||||||
| walk/go | *di- | di- | di- | di- | di- | ||
| knowledge | *diba | siba | |||||
| not | *de | de | -de | -'te | de | -de | -de |
| stand/get up | *dadi- | dadi- | -dadi- | ta'ti- | tadi- | dadi- | |
| blood | *daweʔa | 'tæʔæ | 'taeʔa | 'ta'ʔea | 'taeʔa | dai-a | |
| root | *daɾu | 'tara-na | ta'ra-na | 'taru | 'daru | ||
| path | *daja | 'taje | taja | 'taja | 'daja | ||
| kunai grass | *doi | 'toi | 'toi | 'toi | 'doi | ||
| wet/rain | *douʔa | 'tou | 'touʔa | to'ʔua | 'souʔa | ||
| fly (n.) | *douɾe(-ma) | tou're-ma | tou're-ma | tou're-ma | 'toure | ||
| pig | *dona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | |
| netbag | *duɾa | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | |
| *-d- | |||||||
| no | *ide | ide | i'te | ide | ide | ide | |
| tie | *iduʔa[ɾe]- | ituʔare- | iduʔe- | ||||
| dry | *edeɾe | e'dere | 'e're're (?) | e'dere | |||
| navel | *adiʔa | a'tiʔa | a'tiʔa | a'sia | atia | ||
| head | *ada | a'da | a'da | 'a'ta | a'da | a'da | |
| chin/jaw | *adu | 'atu | 'adu | e'tu | |||
| sit | *oudanu- | outanu- | ouʔanu- (?) | ou'tanu- | ou'tanu- | odanu | outanu- |
| fall | *ode- | ode- | |||||
| ashes | *udo | u'to | u'to | 'u'to | u'so | u'to | |
| child | *mida | 'mida | mida | 'mita | mi'da | mida | mi'da |
| sun | *meidaʔa | mei'daʔa | mei'daʔa | 'medaʔa | ma'daʔa | masa | madaʔa |
| shoot | *ɸidi[ɾe]- | fisire- | |||||
| hear | *neide- | nede- | nete- ≈ nede- | nede- | nale- (?) | nete- ≈ nede- | |
| stand/get up | *dadi- | dadi- | -dadi- | ta'ti- | tadi- | dadi- | |
| sand | *gibudi | ki'bidi | ki'buti | 'kitibu (?) | ki'budi | ki'budi | |
| elbow | *gedu[na] | 'gedu | 'geduna | ke'tuna | |||
| tooth | *gade | 'gade | 'gate | 'ate | gade | ||
| good | *gado | 'gato | 'kato | 'gado | gado | 'kado | |
| banana | *wagabod[o] | agavoto | |||||
| cassowary | *jadina | ja'dina | ja'dina | a'tina | |||
| dream | *jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa |
Velar voiced stop /*g/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *g- | |||||||
| sand | *gibudi | ki'bidi | ki'buti | 'kitibu | ki'budi | ki'budi | |
| elbow | *gedu[na] | 'gedu | 'geduna | ke'tuna | |||
| long | *gege | 'gege | 'keke | 'gege | gege | 'gege | |
| illness | *gau | 'kau- | |||||
| singsing | *gamVga | 'kamuka | ka'moka | kamaka | kamaga | kamaka | |
| taro | *gabu | 'kabu | 'gavu | ||||
| tooth | *gade | 'gade | 'gate | 'ate (?) | gade | ||
| good | *gado | 'gato | 'kato | 'gado | gado | 'kado | |
| where? | *goʔi-na | koinæ | ko'ina | 'koʔina- | koʔina- | ||
| dig | *goʔe- | goʔe- | keʔe- | ||||
| throat | *goɾo | 'koro | 'koro | 'ko'ro | 'goro | golo | 'goro |
| louse | *gu[w]e | 'gue | 'ku'e | 'kue | |||
| sky | *guɾe | 'gure | 'kure | 'gure | gule | 'kure | |
| *-g- | |||||||
| yesterday | *agiha | 'aki'sa | akea | ||||
| word | *ago | ago | |||||
| big | *bagi | 'baki | 'baki | bagi | 'baki | ||
| old/before | *hena-gi | enagi | he'naki | ||||
| long | *gege | 'gege | 'keke | 'gege | gege | 'gege | |
| singsing | *gamVga | 'kamuka | ka'moka | kamaka | kamaga | kamaka | |
| banana | *wagabod[o] | agavoto | |||||
| stone | *waʔiga | 'vaiga | 'aʔika | 'aʔiga | |||
| green | *j[e]gu | 'jogu | 'jogu | eku | |||
| laughter | *joga | joga- | joga- | joga- | ioga |
Bilabial non-stop /*w/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *w- | v | ø | ø | ø | ø | ø | |
| near | *waɸe[i]ʔa | va'heiʔa | |||||
| put down/bury | *wahi | vahi- | ahi- | ||||
| hand/arm | *wana | 'vana | 'ana | 'ana | 'ana | ana | 'ana |
| cook (intr.) | *waʔi- | 'vai- | 'aʔi- | ||||
| banana | *wagabod[o] | agavoto | |||||
| stone | *waʔiga | 'vaiga | 'aʔika | 'aʔiga | |||
| lie down | *waɾe- | are- | a're- | are- | |||
| *-w- | |||||||
| lie down | *ne-waɾe- | ne-wa- | ne-ware- | ||||
| blood | *daweʔa | 'tæʔæ | 'taeʔa | 'ta'ʔea | 'taeʔa | dai-a | |
| liver | *kewa | 'ʔeva | 'ea | 'ea | 'ea | 'ea | |
| belly | *ɾiwo | 'rivo | 'ri'jo | 'rio | 'rio | ||
| house | *jauwa | 'java | 'jauwa | 'ja'wa | 'java | iawa | 'java |
Apical non-stop /*ɾ/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *ɾ- | |||||||
| belly | *ɾiwo | 'rivo | 'ri'jo | 'rio | 'rio | ||
| be hungry | *ɾaunaɾe- | 'rau'nare- | raunare- | ||||
| right (side) | *ɾama | ra- | ra'ma- | 'rama- | 'rama- | ||
| palm/sole | *ɾaɸo | 'raho | |||||
| call | *ɾaʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | ||
| name | *ɾoʔa | 'roʔa | 'roʔa | 'ro'ʔa | 'roʔa | roʔa | |
| skin/bark | *ɾoʔo | 'roo | ro'o ≈ 'roo | ro | 'roʔo | lo- | 'roʔo |
| new | *ɾuaʔai | 'ruaʔa | ru'aʔi | 'ru'a'ʔi | 'ruʔai | lu-ai | 'ruʔai |
| *-ɾ- | |||||||
| locative | *-ɾo | -ro | -ro | -ro | |||
| eat/drink | *iɾi- | iri- | iri- | i'ri- | iri- | idi ≈ ili- | iri- |
| smoke | *iɾo[u]ʔa | iraʔa | i'roʔa | 'irou'ʔa | i'loʔa | ||
| be in pain | *ehiʔaɾe- | heiʔare- | |||||
| dry | *edeɾe | e'dere | 'e're're | e'dere | |||
| bird | *eɾena | e'rena | e'rena | e'rena | e'rena | edena (?) | e'rena |
| wind | *auɾa | 'aura | 'a'u'ro | 'aura | a-ula | 'aura | |
| bite | *aʔiɾe- | aʔiɾe- | 'ai're- | iɾe- | |||
| sugarcane | *aɾeɸa | 'arehæ | 'areha | a'raxa | a'ra | araha | |
| stand | *aɾeɾe- | aɾeɾe- | |||||
| snake | *aɾuma | a'ruma | a'ruma | a'ruma | a'ruma | ||
| be afraid | *oɾiɾe- | orire- | orire- | orire- | |||
| burn (tr.) | *oɾe- | ore- | ore- | ole | |||
| spear | *oɾa | ora | ora | 'ora | ora | ola | |
| cook (tr.) | *uɾenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | ||||
| nose | *uɾuma | 'uruma | u'ruma | u'runu | u'ruma | uluma | |
| night | *uɾuha | 'uruha | 'urufa | u'ru | ulu | 'uruha | |
| sweat | *ɸaɾe- | hare- | hare- | ||||
| white | *ɸoɾe | 'hore | hore | 'bore | 'hore | ole | 'hore |
| blow | *ɸuɾe- | hure- | fure- | fure- | |||
| yellow | *boɾa | 'bora | bo'ra-ra | 'fo'ra-'ra (?) | 'bora | bora | |
| heavy | *hoʔeɾe- | hoe're- | hoere- | 'hoʔe | o-e | ||
| big | *hoɾa | 'hora | 'hora | ||||
| root | *daɾu | 'tara-na | ta'ra-na | 'taru | 'daru | ||
| fly (n.) | *douɾe(-ma) | tou're-ma | tou're-ma | tou're-ma | 'toure | ||
| netbag | *duɾa | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | |
| yam | *ʔiɾoma | 'iroma | |||||
| who? | *ʔaeɾ[e/a] | 'ʔære | a'era | era | ale- | ||
| old | *ʔoɾi | 'ʔori | 'ori | 'ori | |||
| water/river | *ʔoɾu | 'ʔoru | 'ʔoru | 'o'ru | 'oru ≈ 'ʔou (?) | oru ≈ olu- | 'oru |
| nape | *ʔuɾi | 'ʔuri | 'ʔuri | ||||
| throat | *goɾo | 'koro | 'koro | 'ko'ro | 'goro | golo | 'goro |
| sky | *guɾe | 'gure | 'kure | 'gure | gule | 'kure | |
| lie down | *waɾe- | are- | a're- | are- | ne-wa- | ne-ware- | |
| be hungry | *ɾaunaɾe- | 'rau'nare- | raunare- |
…:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *ɾ- | n (?) | n (?) | |||||
| foot/leg | *ɾuʔe | 'nuʔa (?) | 'nuʔe (?) | 'ru'ʔe |
…:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *[ɾ/j]- | |||||||
| village | *[ɾ/j]auha | 'raufa | 'raufa | 'jaufa |
Palatal non-stop /*j/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *j- | |||||||
| two | *jema | 'jema | 'jema | i'jema | 'jema | iema | 'jema |
| three | *jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | i-ie-abu | 'jeʔabu | |
| green | *j[e]gu | 'jogu | 'jogu | eku | |||
| 2 sg./pl. | *ja | ja | ja | ja | ia | ja | |
| tree | *jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | iabo | 'javo |
| song | *jauʔa | jauʔa | jauʔa | jauʔa | |||
| house | *jauwa | 'java | 'jauwa | 'ja'wa | 'java | iawa | 'java |
| dream | *jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | ||
| yes | *jo | jo | io | ||||
| seed | *jo | jo- |   | ||||
| one | *joʔohi | joʔohi | |||||
| laughter | *joga | joga- | joga- | joga- | ioga | ||
| *-j- | |||||||
| moon | *e[j]oʔa | 'ejo | e'oʔa | 'eoʔa | e'oʔa | e-owa | eoʔa |
| fish | *ojena | 'uena | |||||
| morning | *uruha-jaʔu | 'uriʔahu | 'urufa'jaʔu | ||||
| cloud | *h[e]uja | 'houja | 'hoja | 'xo'ia | 'hoja | ||
| path | *daja | 'taje | taja | 'taja | 'daja |
Vowels /*i *u *e *o *a/ ….
High front vowel /*i/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *i | |||||||
| speak/say | *ni- | ni- | ni- | ni- | ni- | ||
| walk/go | *di- | di- | di- | di- | di- | ||
| eat/drink | *iɾi- | iri- | iri- | i'ri- | iri- | idi ≈ ili- | iri- |
| cold | *ihu | 'ihu | 'isu | 'isu | 'isu | 'itu | |
| breast | *hihu | 'hihu | 'titu | 'sisu | 'susu (?) | 'tutu (?) | |
| sand | *gibudi | ki'bidi | ki'buti | 'kitibu (?) | ki'budi | ki'budi | |
| tie | *iduʔa[ɾe]- | ituʔare- | iduʔe- | ||||
| no | *ide | ide | i'te | ide | ide | ide | |
| shoot | *ɸidi[ɾe]- | fisire- | |||||
| black | *ʔino | 'ʔino | 'ʔino | 'ino | 'ʔino | ino | 'ʔino |
| belly | *ɾiwo | 'rivo | 'ri'jo | 'rio | 'rio | ||
| rotten | *iʔoni | 'iʔoni< | |||||
| smoke | *iɾo[u]ʔa | iraʔa | i'roʔa | 'irou'ʔa | i'loʔa | ||
| yam | *ʔiɾoma | 'iroma | |||||
| pandanus sp. | *iɸa | i'fa | i'fa | i'fa | |||
| 3 sg./pl. | *ina | ina | ina | ina | |||
| fire | *iha | 'isa | 'isa | 'isa | 'isa | isa | 'ita |
| child | *mida | 'mida | mida | 'mita | mi'da | mida | mi'da |
| rain | *mi[j]a | mi'a | 'mia | ||||
| knowledge | *diba | siba | |||||
| weeping/crying | *ihaʔa | isaʔa- | isa- | isaʔa- | itaʔa- | ||
| sister | *ninaini | 'nina'ini | 'nina'ini | ni'na'ini | 'nina'ini | ninaini | |
| tail | *u[w]i | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | |
| nape | *ʔuɾi | 'ʔuri | 'ʔuri | ||||
| fat/grease | *buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'bun'ʔa | 'buniʔa | buniʔa | |
| other | *ebi | 'ebi | 'ebi | ||||
| be in pain | *ehiʔaɾe- | heiʔare- | |||||
| old | *ʔoɾi | 'ʔori | 'ori | 'ori | |||
| one | *joʔohi | joʔohi | |||||
| be afraid | *oɾiɾe- | orire- | orire- | orire- | |||
| where? | *goʔi-na | koinæ | ko'ina | 'koʔina- | koʔina- | ||
| mosquito | *nemoʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | ||||
| taro | *bani | 'bani ≈ pa'ni- | 'bani | 'bani | |||
| big | *bagi | 'baki | 'baki | bagi | 'baki | ||
| stand/get up | *dadi- | dadi- | -dadi- | ta'ti- | tadi- | dadi- | |
| cook (intr.) | *waʔi- | 'vai- | 'aʔi- | ||||
| put down/bury | *wahi | vahi- | ahi- | ||||
| navel | *adiʔa | a'tiʔa | a'tiʔa | a'sia | atia | ||
| yesterday | *agiha | 'aki'sa | akea (?) | ||||
| sharp | *ʔaɾiʔa | ariʔa | |||||
| stone | *waʔiga | 'vaiga | 'aʔika | 'aʔiga | |||
| cassowary | *jadina | ja'dina | ja'dina | a'tina | |||
| bite | *aʔiɾe- | aʔiɾe- | 'ai're- | iɾe- | |||
| old/before | *hena-gi | enagi | he'naki |
High back vowel /*u/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *u | |||||||
| hit | *u- | u- | u- | u- | u- | u- | |
| chop | *nu- | nu- | nu- | nu- | |||
| swallow | *uhu- | uhu- | |||||
| tail | *u[w]i | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | |
| nape | *ʔuɾi | 'ʔuri | 'ʔuri | ||||
| fat/grease | *buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'bun'ʔa | 'buniʔa | buniʔa | |
| blow | *ɸuɾe- | hure- | fure- | fure- | |||
| louse | *gu[w]e | 'gue | 'ku'e | 'kue | |||
| sky | *guɾe | 'gure | 'kure | 'gure | gule | 'kure | |
| foot/leg | *ɾuʔe | 'nuʔa | 'nuʔe | 'ru'ʔe | |||
| egg | *unema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | |
| mouth | *u[w]ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena ≈ 'uena | |
| hair/feather(s) | *u[w]eʔa | u'eʔa | u'eʔa | 'u'ea | 'uia ≈ uʔia | uwe-a | 'uia ≈ uʔia |
| on shoulder | *u[w][e]ʔai | ueʔa | |||||
| cook (tr.) | *uɾenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | ||||
| ashes | *udo | u'to | u'to | 'u'to | u'so | u'to | |
| back | *uboma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | uboma | u'boma |
| netbag | *duɾa | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | |
| nose | *uɾuma | 'uruma | u'ruma | u'runu | u'ruma | uluma | |
| night | *uɾuha | 'uruha | 'urufa | u'ru | ulu | 'uruha | |
| morning | *uruha-jaʔu | 'uriʔahu | 'urufa'jaʔu | ||||
| cold | *ihu | 'ihu | 'isu | 'isu | 'isu | 'itu | |
| breast | *hihu | 'hihu | 'titu | 'sisu | 'susu | 'tutu | |
| sand | *gibudi | ki'bidi | ki'buti | 'kitibu (?) | ki'budi | ki'budi | |
| tie | *iduʔa[ɾe]- | ituʔare- | iduʔe- | ||||
| yam (taitu) | *haihu | hæhu | |||||
| sore | *ehu | e'hu | e'hu | ||||
| green | *j[e]gu | 'jogu | 'jogu | eku | |||
| elbow | *gedu[na] | 'gedu | 'geduna | ke'tuna | |||
| water/river | *ʔoɾu | 'ʔoru | 'ʔoru | 'o'ru | 'oru ≈ 'ʔou | oru ≈ olu- | 'oru |
| chin/jaw | *adu | 'atu | 'adu | e'tu | |||
| root | *daɾu | 'tara-na (?) | ta'ra-na (?) | 'taru | 'daru | ||
| taro | *gabu | 'kabu | 'gavu | ||||
| snake | *aɾuma | a'ruma | a'ruma | a'ruma | a'ruma | ||
| dream | *jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | ||
| sit | *oudanu- | outanu- | ouʔanu- | ou'tanu- | ou'tanu- | odanu | outanu- |
| three | *jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | i-ie-abu | 'jeʔabu |
Mid front vowel /*e/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *e | |||||||
| take | *me- | me- | me- | me- | me- | me- | |
| go down | *ne- | ne- | ne- | ne | |||
| not | *de | de | -de | -'te | de | -de | -de |
| butterfly | *bebe(-ɾo) | be'bero | be'bero | 'bebe | 'pepe | ||
| long | *gege | 'gege | 'keke | 'gege | gege | 'gege | |
| dry | *edeɾe | e'dere | 'e're're | e'dere | |||
| other | *ebi | 'ebi | 'ebi | ||||
| sore | *ehu | e'hu | e'hu | ||||
| be in pain | *ehiʔaɾe- | heiʔare- | |||||
| elbow | *gedu[na] | 'gedu | 'geduna | ke'tuna | |||
| cough | *eho | eho- | eho- | ||||
| fruit | *meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meko | ||
| mosquito | *nemoʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | ||||
| moon | *e[j]oʔa | 'ejo | e'oʔa | 'eoʔa | e'oʔa | e-owa | eoʔa |
| wing | *eha | e'ha | e'ha | e'ha | |||
| bone | *nena | 'nena | 'nena | 'nena | 'nena | nene- | 'nena |
| all | *hena | hena | hena- | hena- | hena- | ||
| liver | *ʔewa | 'ʔeva | 'ea | 'ea | 'ea | 'ea | |
| two | *jema | 'jema | 'jema | i'jema | 'jema | iema | 'jema |
| bird | *eɾena | e'rena | e'rena | e'rena | e'rena | edena | e'rena |
| left | *enana | ena- | ena- | e'nana- | 'enana- | ||
| old/before | *hena-gi | enagi | he'naki | ||||
| three | *jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | i-ie-abu | 'jeʔabu | |
| no | *ide | ide | i'te | ide | ide | ide | |
| be afraid | *oɾiɾe- | orire- | orire- | orire- | |||
| hear | *neide- | nede- | nete- ≈ nede- | nede- | nale- | nete- ≈ nede- | |
| bite | *aʔiɾe- | aʔiɾe- | 'ai're- | iɾe- | |||
| blow | *ɸuɾe- | hure- | fure- | fure- | |||
| louse | *gu[w]e | 'gue | 'ku'e | 'kue | |||
| sky | *guɾe | 'gure | 'kure | 'gure | gule | 'kure | |
| foot/leg | *ɾuʔe | 'nuʔa (?) | 'nuʔe | 'ru'ʔe | |||
| egg | *unema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | |
| mouth | *u[w]ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena ≈ 'uena | |
| hair/feather(s) | *u[w]eʔa | u'eʔa | u'eʔa | 'u'ea | 'uia ≈ uʔia | uwe-a | 'uia ≈ uʔia |
| on shoulder | *u[w][e]ʔai | ueʔa | |||||
| cook (tr.) | *uɾenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | ||||
| fly (n.) | *douɾe | tou're-ma | tou're-ma | tou're-ma | 'toure | ||
| fall | *ode- | ode- | |||||
| burn (tr.) | *oɾe- | ore- | ore- | ole | |||
| white | *ɸoɾe | 'hore | hore | 'bore | 'hore | ole | 'hore |
| dig | *goʔe- | goʔe- | keʔe- | ||||
| heavy | *hoʔeɾe- | hoe're- | hoere- | 'hoʔe | o-e | ||
| shoulder | *oɸeʔa | 'ʔoheha | o'ʔeha | oʔe'ha | o'heʔa | ohea | |
| foot/leg | *oneʔa | o'neʔa | one-a | oneʔa | |||
| fish | *ojena | 'uena | |||||
| sweat | *ɸaɾe- | hare- | hare- | ||||
| tooth | *gade | 'gade | 'gate | 'ate | gade | ||
| lie down | *waɾe- | are- | a're- | are- | ne-wa- | ne-ware- | |
| stand | *aɾeɾe- | aɾeɾe- | |||||
| ear | *anema | a'nema | a'nema | a'nema | a'nema | anema | a'nema |
| sugarcane | *aɾeɸa | 'arehæ | 'areha | a'raxa | a'ra | araha | |
| blood | *daweʔa | 'tæʔæ | 'taeʔa | 'ta'ʔea | 'taeʔa | dai-a | |
| be hungry | *ɾaunaɾe- | 'rau'nare- | raunare- |
Mid-back vowel /*o/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *o | |||||||
| potential | *-bo | -bo | |||||
| locative | *-ɾo | -ro | -ro | -ro | |||
| yes | *jo | jo | io | ||||
| seed | *jo | jo- |   | ||||
| earth/ground | *ʔono | 'ʔono | 'ʔono | 'ʔono | ono | ono | 'ono |
| throat | *goɾo | 'koro | 'koro | 'ko'ro | 'goro | golo | 'goro |
| skin/bark | *ɾoʔo | 'roo | ro'o ≈ 'roo | ro | 'roʔo | lo- | 'roʔo |
| old | *ʔoɾi | 'ʔori | 'ori | 'ori | |||
| one | *joʔohi | joʔohi | |||||
| be afraid | *oɾiɾe- | orire- | orire- | orire- | |||
| where? | *goʔi-na | koinæ | ko'ina | 'koʔina- | koʔina- | ||
| mosquito | *nemoʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | ||||
| water/river | *ʔoɾu | 'ʔoru | 'ʔoru | 'o'ru | 'oru ≈ 'ʔou | oru ≈ olu- | 'oru |
| fall | *ode- | ode- | |||||
| burn (tr.) | *oɾe- | ore- | ore- | ole | |||
| white | *ɸoɾe | 'hore | hore | 'bore | 'hore | ole | 'hore |
| dig | *goʔe- | goʔe- | keʔe- | ||||
| heavy | *hoʔeɾe- | hoe're- | hoere- | 'hoʔe | o-e | ||
| shoulder | *oɸeʔa | 'ʔoheha | o'ʔeha | oʔe'ha | o'heʔa | ohea | |
| foot/leg | *oneʔa | o'neʔa | one-a | oneʔa | |||
| fish | *ojena | 'uena | |||||
| hot | *oha | 'oha | 'oha | 'oha | 'oha | ||
| spear | *oɾa | ora | ora | 'ora | ora | ola | |
| lake | *moʔa | 'moʔa | |||||
| yellow | *boɾa | 'bora | bo'ra-ra | 'fo'ra-'ra (?) | 'bora | bora | |
| big | *hoɾa | 'hora | 'hora | ||||
| pig | *dona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | |
| fence | *koha | ʔoha | ʔoha | oha | |||
| name | *ɾoʔa | 'roʔa | 'roʔa | 'ro'ʔa | 'roʔa | roʔa | |
| laughter | *joga | joga- | joga- | joga- | ioga | ||
| heart | *ohoʔa | o'haʔa | o'hoʔa | o'hoʔa | o'hoʔa | o-oa | o'hoʔa |
| black | *ʔino | 'ʔino | 'ʔino | 'ino | 'ʔino | ino | 'ʔino |
| belly | *ɾiwo | 'rivo | 'ri'jo | 'rio | 'rio | ||
| rotten | *iʔoni | 'iʔoni< | |||||
| yam | *ʔiɾoma | 'iroma | |||||
| rotten | *ʔoiho[ʔa] | ʔosoʔa | 'ʔoito | ||||
| knee | *[i/e]ɸo | eho | eho | 'ifo | eho | ||
| ashes | *udo | u'to | u'to | 'u'to | u'so | u'to | |
| back | *uboma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | uboma | u'boma |
| cough | *eho | eho- | eho- | ||||
| fruit | *meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meʔo | 'meko | ||
| on top | *h[e]bo | hobo- | hobo- | ||||
| moon | *e[j]oʔa | 'ejo | e'oʔa | 'eoʔa | e'oʔa | e-owa | eoʔa |
| word | *ago | ago | |||||
| mountain | *baʔo | 'baʔa- (?) | 'baʔo | ||||
| good | *gado | 'gato | 'kato | 'gado | gado | 'kado | |
| palm/sole | *ɾaɸo | 'raho | |||||
| tree | *jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | iabo | 'javo |
| banana | *wagabod[o] | agavoto | |||||
| cook (tr.) | *uɾenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- |
Low central vowel /*a/ …:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *a | |||||||
| give | *ma- | ma- | ma- | 'ma- | ma- | ma- | ma- |
| 1 sg. | *na | na | na | na | na | na | |
| 2 sg./pl. | *ja | ia | ja | ja | ja | ja | |
| head | *ada | a'da | a'da | 'a'ta | a'da | a'da | |
| vine/rope | *mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | 'mana | |
| only/one (?) | *-ma[ʔa] | -ma | -ma | -ma | -ma | -ma | -ma |
| path | *daja | 'taje | taja | 'taja | 'daja | ||
| red/ripe | *ʔaʔa | 'ʔaʔa | ʔaʔa | 'a'ʔa | 'ʔaʔa | 'ʔaʔa | |
| hand/arm | *wana | 'vana | 'ana | 'ana | 'ana | ana | 'ana |
| right (side) | *ɾama | ra- | ra'ma- | 'rama- | 'rama- | ||
| call | *ɾaʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | raʔa- | ||
| taro | *bani | 'bani ≈ pa'ni- | 'bani | 'bani | |||
| big | *bagi | 'baki | 'baki | bagi | 'baki | ||
| stand/get up | *dadi- | dadi- | -dadi- | ta'ti- | tadi- | dadi- | |
| cook (intr.) | *waʔi- | 'vai- | 'aʔi- | ||||
| put down/bury | *wahi | vahi- | ahi- | ||||
| man/husband | *ami[j]e | 'ame | 'amie | a'mie | 'amie | 'amie | |
| tongue | *aɸi[j]e | a'hie | a'hie | a'fie | a'fie ≈ a'hie | afi-e | a'tie |
| bite | *aʔiɾe- | aʔiɾe- | 'ai're- | iɾe- | |||
| navel | *adiʔa | a'tiʔa | a'tiʔa | a'sia | atia | ||
| yesterday | *agiha | 'aki'sa | akea | ||||
| sharp | *ʔaɾiʔa | ariʔa | |||||
| stone | *waʔiga | 'vaiga | 'aʔika | 'aʔiga | |||
| cassowary | *jadina | ja'dina | ja'dina | a'tina | |||
| chin/jaw | *adu | 'atu | 'adu | e'tu (?) | |||
| root | *daɾu | 'tara-na | ta'ra-na | 'taru | 'daru | ||
| taro | *gabu | 'kabu | 'gavu | ||||
| snake | *aɾuma | a'ruma | a'ruma | a'ruma | a'ruma | ||
| dream | *jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | jaduʔa | ||
| sweat | *ɸaɾe- | hare- | hare- | ||||
| tooth | *gade | 'gade | 'gate | 'ate | gade | ||
| lie down | *waɾe- | are- | a're- | are- | ne-wa- | ne-ware- | |
| stand | *aɾeɾe- | aɾeɾe- | |||||
| ear | *anema | a'nema | a'nema | a'nema | a'nema | anema | a'nema |
| sugarcane | *aɾeɸa | 'arehæ | 'areha | a'raxa | a'ra | araha | |
| blood | *daweʔa | 'tæʔæ | 'taeʔa | 'ta'ʔea | 'taeʔa | dai-a | |
| near | *waɸe[i]ʔa | va'heiʔa | |||||
| word | *ago | ago | |||||
| mountain | *baʔo | 'baʔa- | 'baʔo | ||||
| good | *gado | 'gato | 'kato | 'gado | gado | 'kado | |
| palm/sole | *ɾaɸo | 'raho | |||||
| tree | *jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | 'jabo | iabo | 'javo |
| banana | *wagabod[o] | agavoto | |||||
| pandanus sp. | *iɸa | i'fa | i'fa | i'fa | |||
| 3 sg./pl. | *ina | ina | ina | ina | |||
| fire | *iha | 'isa | 'isa | 'isa | 'isa | isa | 'ita |
| child | *mida | 'mida | mida | 'mita | mi'da | mida | mi'da |
| rain | *mi[j]a | mi'a | 'mia | ||||
| knowledge | *diba | siba | |||||
| weeping/crying | *ihaʔa | isaʔa- | isa- | isaʔa- | itaʔa- | ||
| fat/grease | *buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'buniʔa | 'bun'ʔa | 'buniʔa | buniʔa | |
| what? | *beiʔa | bei- | be'ʔa | beʔa- | vea- | ||
| sun | *meidaʔa | mei'daʔa | mei'daʔa | 'medaʔa | ma'daʔa | masa | madaʔa |
| be in pain | *ehiʔaɾe- | heiʔare- | |||||
| small | *ʔoiʔa | 'eiʔa | 'eiʔa | e'ʔija | ʔoiʔa | oi-ia | 'ʔoiʔe |
| where? | *goʔi-na | koinæ | ko'ina | 'koʔina- | koʔina- | ||
| mosquito | *nemoʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | 'nemo'ʔina | ||||
| netbag | *duɾa | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | 'tura | |
| nose | *uɾuma | 'uruma | u'ruma | u'runu (?) | u'ruma | uluma | |
| night | *uɾuha | 'uruha | 'urufa | u'ru (?) | ulu (?) | 'uruha | |
| morning | *uruha-jaʔu | 'uriʔahu | 'urufa'jaʔu | ||||
| cloud | *h[e]uja | 'houja | 'hoja | 'xo'ia | 'hoja | ||
| wet/rain | *douʔa | 'tou | 'touʔa | to'ʔua | 'souʔa | ||
| sit | *oudanu- | outanu- | ouʔanu- | ou'tanu- | ou'tanu- | odanu | outanu- |
| dog | *auna | 'auna | 'auna | a'una | 'auna | 'auna | |
| wind | *auɾa | 'aura | 'a'u'ro | 'aura | a-ula | 'aura | |
| song | *jauʔa | jauʔa | jauʔa | jauʔa | |||
| house | *jauwa | 'java | 'jauwa | 'ja'wa | 'java | iawa | 'java |
| old man | *auʔana | 'au'ʔana | a'ʔu'wana | 'au'ʔana | 'au'ʔana | ||
| be hungry | *ɾaunaɾe- | 'rau'nare- | raunare- | ||||
| tie | *iduʔa[ɾe]- | ituʔare- | iduʔe- | ||||
| wing | *eha | e'ha | e'ha | e'ha | |||
| bone | *nena | 'nena | 'nena | 'nena | 'nena | nene- (?) | 'nena |
| all | *hena | hena | hena- | hena- | hena- | ||
| liver | *ʔewa | 'ʔeva | 'ea | 'ea | 'ea | 'ea | |
| two | *jema | 'jema | 'jema | i'jema | 'jema | iema | 'jema |
| left | *enana | ena- | ena- | e'nana- | 'enana- | ||
| bird | *eɾena | e'rena | e'rena | e'rena | e'rena | edena | e'rena |
| old/before | *hena-gi | enagi | he'naki | ||||
| three | *jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | jeʔabu | 'jeʔabu | i-ie-abu | 'jeʔabu | |
| egg | *unema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | u'nema | |
| mouth | *u[w]ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena ≈ 'uena | |
| hair/feather(s) | *u[w]eʔa | u'eʔa | u'eʔa | 'u'ea | 'uia ≈ uʔia | uwe-a | 'uia ≈ uʔia |
| cook (tr.) | *uɾenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | urenaʔaʔo- | ||||
| shoulder | *oɸeʔa | 'ʔoheha | o'ʔeha | oʔe'ha | o'heʔa | ohea | |
| foot/leg | *oneʔa | o'neʔa | one-a | oneʔa | |||
| fish | *ojena | 'uena | |||||
| hot | *oha | 'oha | 'oha | 'oha | 'oha | ||
| spear | *oɾa | ora | ora | 'ora | ora | ola | |
| lake | *moʔa | 'moʔa | |||||
| yellow | *boɾa | 'bora | bo'ra-ra | 'fo'ra-'ra (?) | 'bora | bora | |
| big | *hoɾa | 'hora | 'hora | ||||
| pig | *dona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | 'tona | |
| fence | *ʔoha | ʔoha | ʔoha | oha | |||
| name | *ɾoʔa | 'roʔa | 'roʔa | 'ro'ʔa | 'roʔa | roʔa | |
| laughter | *joga | joga- | joga- | joga- | ioga | ||
| heart | *ohoʔa | o'haʔa | o'hoʔa | o'hoʔa | o'hoʔa | o-oa | o'hoʔa |
| smoke | *iɾo[u]ʔa | iraʔa | i'roʔa | 'irou'ʔa | i'loʔa | ||
| yam | *ʔiɾoma | 'iroma | |||||
| bad/rotten | *ʔoih[o]ʔa | 'ho'soʔa | 'oifuʔa | ʔo'soʔa | oso-a | 'ʔoito (?) | |
| back | *uboma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | u'boma | uboma | u'boma |
| moon | *e[j]oʔa | 'ejo | e'oʔa | 'eoʔa | e'oʔa | e-owa | eoʔa |
… vowel sequences ….
…:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *i[j]e | |||||||
| leaf | *i[j]e | 'je | 'ije | 'e | 'e | ||
| man/husband | *ami[j]e | 'ame | 'amie | a'mie | 'amie | 'amie | |
| tongue | *aɸi[j]e | a'hie | a'hie | a'fie | a'fie ≈ a'hie | afi-e | a'tie (?) |
| *i[j]a | |||||||
| star | *i[j]a(-ma) | 'ia | 'iama | 'i'jama | 'iamana | i-ama | 'iamana |
…:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *u[w]i | |||||||
| tail | *u[w]i | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | 'ui | |
| *u[w]e | |||||||
| mouth | *u[w]ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena | u'ena ≈ 'uena | |
| hair/feather(s) | *u[w]eʔa | u'eʔa | u'eʔa | 'u'ea | 'uia ≈ uʔia | uwe-a | 'uia ≈ uʔia |
| on shoulder | *u[w][e]ʔai | ueʔa | |||||
| louse | *gu[w]e | 'gue | 'ku'e | 'kue |
…:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *e[j]i | |||||||
| *… | |||||||
| *e[j]o | |||||||
| moon | *e[j]oʔa | 'ejo | e'oʔa | 'eoʔa | e'oʔa | e-owa | eoʔa |
…:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *o[w]i | |||||||
| *… | |||||||
| *o[w]u | |||||||
| *… | |||||||
| *o[w]e | |||||||
| woman | *o[w]e | 'oue | 'oue | 'o'uwe | 'oue | owe | 'oue |
| see | *o[w]e- | oje | oja- (?) | o'e- | oe- | oi- | oe- |
…:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| *… | |||||||
| *… |
Pronouns
[under construction]
Maria free pronouns are reconstructed as follows, with Orai-i-u attestations drawn from Bastard (1917-1918: 92) and those of other dialects from Dutton (1970: 952.) No distinction is drawn between singulars and plurals in the second or third persons:
| Maria | Maranomu | Maria | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| 1 sg. | *na | na | na | na | na | na |
| 2 sg./pl. | *ja | ja | ja | ja | ia | ja |
| 3 sg./pl. | *ina | [hena] | ina | ina | [ia-iemaili] | ina |
| 1 pl. | *[o/u]na | ona | una | una | [hena-na] | 'una |
The term /*hena/, given by Dutton as the Maranomu third person plural and by Bastard as the first person plural, means “all” (above.)
Additionally, Dutton (1970: CITE) gives suffixed verbal objects for … as follows:
…
Verbal morphology
[under construction]
…:
Loans from neighboring families
[under construction]
Loans from Musa River … Moikodi and Aneme Wake … Weimer and Weimer's (1977: 8-11) Oiso shows the greatest number of loans:
| Musa River | Maranomu | Maria | Oiso | Maiagolo | Orai-i-u | Uderi | |
| Dutton | Dutton | Weimer | Dutton | Bastard | Dutton | ||
| wing | *baba | 'baba | |||||
| tooth | *nio | 'nio | 'nio | ||||
| many/all | *teu(-weɾe) | heure | he-u | heure | |||
| path | *daʔaba | ta'ʔaba | |||||
| wet | *dopoʔu | tofo'ʔu | |||||
| yam | *kaʔu | kaʔu | 'xaʔu | 'kaʔu | |||
| long | *japa | 'jafa |