South Kainantu

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

[under construction]

The South Kainantu family is comprised of two languages, Awa and Oweina spoken …

Subclassification

The internal classification of South Kainantu is as follows:

South Kainantu

Awa

Oweina

Sources

Loving (1962: 28-43) Awa nominal suffixes, reprinted in McKaughan ed, (1973. 19-30)

Loving and McKaughan (1964: 1-30) Awa dependent verb morphology, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 56-64)

Loving and McKaughan (1964: 31-44) Awa independent verb morphology, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 36-55)

McKaughan (1964: 98-121) 546 comparative terms from Awa of Ilakia village, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 694-738)

Loving (1965) Awa possessive prefixes

Loving (1966: 23-32) Awa phonology

Loving (1973: 6-9) lexicostatistical comparison of Awa dialects

McKaughan and Loving (1973: 31-35) Awa possessive prefixes

Loving (1973: 10-18) Awa phonology, a revised version of Loving (1966)

Loving (1973: 65-87) Awa grammar

McKaughan, compiler (1973: 88-175) Awa texts

Kerr (1973: 769-799) Awa reflexes of proto-Kainantu kin terms

Loving and Loving (1975) dictionary of Awa of Mobuta village (Southern dialect)

Loving (1992) Awa sketch phonology

Xiao (1990) comparison of Awa with Binumarien and Hua

Loving (n.d.) survey vocabulary of Oweina provided in digitalized form by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ukarumpa

Gajudsek (1980) brief ethnological description and a few words for Oweina-Waisara

Historical phonology

[under construction]

Proto-South Kainantu had perhaps 7 consonants and 6 vowels as follows:

*m *n
*p *t *s
*w *j
*i *u
*e: *o:
*ɑ:



In addition to the simple vowels above, three diphthongs occur:

*o:ⁱ
*ɐⁱ *ɐᵘ

Two archiphonemes /*N/ and /*ʔ/ are found finally, resulting from the conflation of nasals and stops respectively in final position:

*N

Word-initial consonants correspond as follows:

S. Kai. Oweina Awa
*m-
*n- nd n
*p-
*s-
*k-
*w-
*j- j s [ts]

Simple word-medial consonants correspond as follows:

S. Kai. Oweina Awa
*-m-
*-n-
*-p-
*-s-
*-k-
*-w-
*-j- j j

Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ correspond as follows:

S. Kai. Oweina Awa
*-Nm- mb m
*-Nn-
*-Np- mp p
*-Nt- nt t
*-Ns-
*-Nw-
*-Nj-

Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*ʔ/ correspond as follows:

S. Kai. Oweina Awa
*-ʔm-
*-ʔn-
*-ʔp-
*-ʔt-
*-ʔs-
*-ʔw-
*-ʔj-

Final consonants correspond as follows:

S. Kai. Oweina Awa
*-N ø (N)
*-ʔ ʔ ʔ

Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:

S. Kai. Oweina Awa
*i i i
*u u u
ɐ ɐ
*e: e e
*o: o o
*ɑ: ɑ ɑ
*ɐⁱ ɐⁱ æ
*ɐᵘ ɐᵒ o
*o:ⁱ oⁱ oᵉ

These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Oweina attestations drawn from Dodd via Whitehouse, Awa of Mobuta from Loving and Loving (1975 ibid.) and Awa of Ilakia from McKaughan (1973:721-738.)


… /*m/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*m
*…

Initial apical nasal /*n/ is preoccluded to [nd] in Oweina:

South KainantuOweina Mobuta Ilakia
*n- nd-n- n-
mother*no:(-wɐ) ndo ɐ̀-nò-wɐ̀no-wɐ
water *no:N ndo nò(N) no
louse *nuN ndu nù(N) nu

…:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*n- n-n-n-
1 sg.*ne: ne ne

… /*p/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*p
*…

… apical stop /*t/ …:

South KainantuOweina Mobuta Ilakia
*t- t t t
three *tɑ:Nmo: tɑmbo tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo tɑmoro
flying fox*tɑ:NpɑN tɑmpɐ tɑ̀pɑ̀(N)tɑpɑ
*-t- ɾ <r>ɾ r
liver *(ɐ-)tuN ɐ-ɾ u ɐ̀-ɾù(N) ɐ-ɾu
fire *itɐ iɾɐ ìɾɐ̀ iɾɐ
woman *ɑ:te: ɑɾe ɑ̀ɾè ɑɾe

… /*k/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*k
*…

… /*w/ …:

South KainantuOweina MobutaIlakia
*w- w [w β <v>]w w
name *wiʔ ɐ-wiʔ ɐ̀-wíʔɐ-wiʔ
tooth*wɐⁱ ɐ-βɐⁱsɐ ɐ́-wǽ ɐ-wæ

… /*ɾ/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*…

Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobuta Ilakia
*j- j s [ts]t
tree *jɐⁱ ijɐⁱ
*-j- j j j
hair/feather*jɐᵘ ɐⁱ-jɐᵒɐ́-jó ɐ-jo
hand/arm *jɑ:N ɐ-jɑ ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N) ɐ-jɑ

… simple medial consonants …:

… /*m/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-m-
*…

… /*n/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-n-
*…

… /*p/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-p-
*…

… /*s/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-s-
*…

… /*k/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-k-
*…

… /*w/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-w-
*…

… /*ɾ/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ɾ-
*…

… /*j/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-j-
*…

… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ …:

… /*Nm/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobuta Ilakia
*-Nm- mbm m
three*tɑ:Nmo: tɑmbo tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾotɑmoro

… /*Nn/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-Nn-
*…

… /*Np/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobuta Ilakia
*-Np- mpp p
flying fox*tɑ:NpɑN tɑmpɐ tɑ̀pɑ̀(N)tɑpɑ

… /*Ns/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-Ns-
*…

… /*Nk/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-Nk-
*…

… /*Nw/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-Nw-
*…

… /*Nj/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-Nj-
*…

… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*ʔ/ …:

… /*ʔm/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ʔm-
*…

… /*ʔn/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ʔn-

… /*ʔp/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ʔp-
*…

… /*ʔs/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ʔs-
*…

… /*ʔk/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ʔk-
*…

… /*ʔw/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ʔw-
*…

… /*ʔj/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ʔj-
*…

… final consonants …:

Final /*N/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobuta Ilakia
*-N ø (N) ø
path *ɑ:N ɑ ɑ̀(N) ɑ
*no:N ndo nò(N) no
louse *nuN ndu nù(N) nu
flying fox*tɑ:NpɑN tɑmpɐ tɑ̀pɑ̀(N)tɑpɑ
liver *tuN ɐ-ɾu ɐ̀-ɾù(N) ɐ-ɾu
hand/arm *jɑ:N ɐ-jɑ ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N)ɐ-jɑ

Final /*ʔ/ … :

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-ʔ ʔ ʔ ʔ
rain*ɑ:ʔ ɑʔ ɑʔ
name*wiʔ ɐ-wiʔ ɐ̀-wíʔɐ-wiʔ

Final /*j/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*-j
*…

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*…
*…

… vowels …:

High front vowel /*i/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*i i i i
foot/leg*i ɐ-i ɐ-i
fire *itɐ iɾɐ ìɾɐ̀ iɾɐ
name *wiʔ ɐ-wiʔ ɐ̀-wíʔɐ-wiʔ

High back vowel /*u/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobuta Ilakia
*u u u u
egg *u ɐ-u ɐ-u
louse*nuN ndu nù(N) nu
liver*tuN ɐ-ɾu ɐ̀-ɾù(N)ɐ-ɾu

Mid central vowel /*ɐ/ …:

South KainantuOweina MobutaIlakia
ɐ <ʌ>ɐ ɐ
fire*itɐ iɾɐ ìɾɐ̀ iɾɐ

Long mid front vowel /*e:/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*e: e e e
woman*ɑ:te: ɑɾe ɑ̀ɾè ɑɾe
1 sg.*ne: ne ne

Long mid back vowel /*o:/ …:

South KainantuOweinaMobuta Ilakia
*o: o o o
mother*no:(-wɐ) ndo ɐ̀-nò-wɐ̀no-wɐ
*no:N ndo nò(N) no
three *tɑ:Nmo: tɑmbo tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo tɑmoro

Long low central vowel /*ɑ:/ …:

South KainantuOweina Mobuta Ilakia
*ɑ: ɑ <a>ɑ ɑ
path *ɑ:N ɑ ɑ̀(N) ɑ
rain *ɑ:ʔ ɑʔ ɑʔ
woman *ɑ:te: ɑɾe ɑ̀ɾè ɑɾe
three *tɑ:Nmo: tɑmbo tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo tɑmoro
flying fox*tɑ:NpɑN tɑmpɐ tɑ̀pɑ̀(N)tɑpɑ
hand/arm *jɑ:N ɐ-jɑ ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N)ɐ-jɑ

Diphthong /*ɐⁱ/ …:

South KainantuOweina MobutaIlakia
*ɐⁱ ɐⁱ æ æ
tooth*wɐⁱ ɐ-βɐⁱ-sɐɐ́-wǽ ɐ-wæ
tree *jɐⁱ ijɐⁱ

Diphthong /*ɐᵘ/ is merged with mid back vowel /o/ in Awa:

South KainantuOweinaMobutaIlakia
*ɐᵘ ɐᵒo o
hair/feather*jɐᵘ ɐⁱ-jɐᵒɐ́-jó ɐ-jo

Diphthong /*o:ⁱ/ …:

South KainantuOweina MobutaIlakia
*o:ⁱ oⁱ oᵉoᵉ
wing/fin/tail*[j]o:ⁱ ɐⁱ-joⁱʔòè owe

Pronouns

[under construction]

South KainantuOweina MobutaIlakia
1 sg.*ne: ne ne ne
2 sg.*… enɑʔ(ompo/se) ɐre ɐre
3 sg.*… miβɐⁱse
1 pl.*… ijokɐetenɑ:hɾo
2 pl.*… itenɐⁱsɐ
3 pl.*… misɐ
1 dl.*… tenɐɾɑ
2 dl.*… tɐⁱsɐ ɾenɑ
3 dl.*… muʔnɑⁱntɐ

Verbal morphology

The verbal morphology of Awa is extensively described by Loving and McKaughan (1964, 1973: 36-55, 56-64,) but there is currently no known source of information about Oweina verbal morphology.