South Kainantu
Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute
Situation
[under construction]
The South Kainantu family is comprised of two languages, Awa and Oweina spoken …
Subclassification
The internal classification of South Kainantu is as follows:
South Kainantu
Awa
Oweina
Sources
Loving (1962: 28-43) Awa nominal suffixes, reprinted in McKaughan ed, (1973. 19-30)
Loving and McKaughan (1964: 1-30) Awa dependent verb morphology, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 56-64)
Loving and McKaughan (1964: 31-44) Awa independent verb morphology, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 36-55)
McKaughan (1964: 98-121) 546 comparative terms from Awa of Ilakia village, reprinted in McKaughan ed. (1973: 694-738)
Loving (1965) Awa possessive prefixes
Loving (1966: 23-32) Awa phonology
Loving (1973: 6-9) lexicostatistical comparison of Awa dialects
McKaughan and Loving (1973: 31-35) Awa possessive prefixes
Loving (1973: 10-18) Awa phonology, a revised version of Loving (1966)
Loving (1973: 65-87) Awa grammar
McKaughan, compiler (1973: 88-175) Awa texts
Kerr (1973: 769-799) Awa reflexes of proto-Kainantu kin terms
Loving and Loving (1975) dictionary of Awa of Mobuta village (Southern dialect)
Loving (1992) Awa sketch phonology
Xiao (1990) comparison of Awa with Binumarien and Hua
Loving (n.d.) survey vocabulary of Oweina provided in digitalized form by Paul Whitehouse via the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ukarumpa
Gajudsek (1980) brief ethnological description and a few words for Oweina-Waisara
Historical phonology
[under construction]
Proto-South Kainantu had perhaps 7 consonants and 6 vowels as follows:
*m | *n | ||
*p | *t | *s | |
*w | *j |
*i | *u | |
*e: | *ɐ | *o: |
*ɑ: |
…
In addition to the simple vowels above, three diphthongs occur:
*o:ⁱ | |
*ɐⁱ | *ɐᵘ |
Two archiphonemes /*N/ and /*ʔ/ are found finally, resulting from the conflation of nasals and stops respectively in final position:
*N |
*ʔ |
Word-initial consonants correspond as follows:
S. Kai. | Oweina | Awa |
*m- | ||
*n- | nd | n |
*p- | ||
*s- | ||
*k- | ||
*w- | ||
*j- | j | s [ts] |
Simple word-medial consonants correspond as follows:
S. Kai. | Oweina | Awa |
*-m- | ||
*-n- | ||
*-p- | ||
*-s- | ||
*-k- | ||
*-w- | ||
*-j- | j | j |
Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ correspond as follows:
S. Kai. | Oweina | Awa |
*-Nm- | mb | m |
*-Nn- | ||
*-Np- | mp | p |
*-Nt- | nt | t |
*-Ns- | ||
*-Nw- | ||
*-Nj- |
Medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*ʔ/ correspond as follows:
S. Kai. | Oweina | Awa |
*-ʔm- | ||
*-ʔn- | ||
*-ʔp- | ||
*-ʔt- | ||
*-ʔs- | ||
*-ʔw- | ||
*-ʔj- |
Final consonants correspond as follows:
S. Kai. | Oweina | Awa |
*-N | ø | (N) |
*-ʔ | ʔ | ʔ |
Vowels and diphthongs correspond as follows:
S. Kai. | Oweina | Awa |
*i | i | i |
*u | u | u |
*ɐ | ɐ | ɐ |
*e: | e | e |
*o: | o | o |
*ɑ: | ɑ | ɑ |
*ɐⁱ | ɐⁱ | æ |
*ɐᵘ | ɐᵒ | o |
*o:ⁱ | oⁱ | oᵉ |
These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with Oweina attestations drawn from Dodd via Whitehouse, Awa of Mobuta from Loving and Loving (1975 ibid.) and Awa of Ilakia from McKaughan (1973:721-738.)
… /*m/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*m | |||
*… |
Initial apical nasal /*n/ is preoccluded to [nd] in Oweina:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*n- | nd- | n- | n- | |
mother | *no:(-wɐ) | ndo | ɐ̀-nò-wɐ̀ | no-wɐ |
water | *no:N | ndo | nò(N) | no |
louse | *nuN | ndu | nù(N) | nu |
…:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*n- | n- | n- | n- | |
1 sg. | *ne: | ne | né | ne |
… /*p/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*p | |||
*… |
… apical stop /*t/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*t- | t | t | t | |
three | *tɑ:Nmo: | tɑmbo | tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo | tɑmoro |
flying fox | *tɑ:NpɑN | tɑmpɐ | tɑ̀pɑ̀(N) | tɑpɑ |
*-t- | ɾ <r> | ɾ | r | |
liver | *(ɐ-)tuN | ɐ-ɾ u | ɐ̀-ɾù(N) | ɐ-ɾu |
fire | *itɐ | iɾɐ | ìɾɐ̀ | iɾɐ |
woman | *ɑ:te: | ɑɾe | ɑ̀ɾè | ɑɾe |
… /*k/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*k | |||
*… |
… /*w/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*w- | w [w β <v>] | w | w | |
name | *wiʔ | ɐ-wiʔ | ɐ̀-wíʔ | ɐ-wiʔ |
tooth | *wɐⁱ | ɐ-βɐⁱsɐ | ɐ́-wǽ | ɐ-wæ |
… /*ɾ/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*ɾ | |||
*… |
Initial palatal non-stop /*j/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*j- | j | s [ts] | t | |
tree | *jɐⁱ | ijɐⁱ | tɐ | |
*-j- | j | j | j | |
hair/feather | *jɐᵘ | ɐⁱ-jɐᵒ | ɐ́-jó | ɐ-jo |
hand/arm | *jɑ:N | ɐ-jɑ | ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N) | ɐ-jɑ |
… simple medial consonants …:
… /*m/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-m- | |||
*… |
… /*n/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-n- | |||
*… |
… /*p/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-p- | |||
*… |
… /*s/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-s- | |||
*… |
… /*k/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-k- | |||
*… |
… /*w/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-w- | |||
*… |
… /*ɾ/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-ɾ- | |||
*… |
… /*j/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-j- | |||
*… |
… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*N/ …:
… /*Nm/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*-Nm- | mb | m | m | |
three | *tɑ:Nmo: | tɑmbo | tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo | tɑmoro |
… /*Nn/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-Nn- | |||
*… |
… /*Np/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*-Np- | mp | p | p | |
flying fox | *tɑ:NpɑN | tɑmpɐ | tɑ̀pɑ̀(N) | tɑpɑ |
… /*Ns/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-Ns- | |||
*… |
… /*Nk/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-Nk- | |||
*… |
… /*Nw/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-Nw- | |||
*… |
… /*Nj/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-Nj- | |||
*… |
… medial consonant clusters with syllable-final /*ʔ/ …:
… /*ʔm/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-ʔm- | |||
*… |
… /*ʔn/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-ʔn- | |||
… /*ʔp/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-ʔp- | |||
*… |
… /*ʔs/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-ʔs- | |||
*… |
… /*ʔk/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-ʔk- | |||
*… |
… /*ʔw/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-ʔw- | |||
*… |
… /*ʔj/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-ʔj- | |||
*… |
… final consonants …:
Final /*N/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*-N | ø | (N) | ø | |
path | *ɑ:N | ɑ | ɑ̀(N) | ɑ |
*no:N | ndo | nò(N) | no | |
louse | *nuN | ndu | nù(N) | nu |
flying fox | *tɑ:NpɑN | tɑmpɐ | tɑ̀pɑ̀(N) | tɑpɑ |
liver | *tuN | ɐ-ɾu | ɐ̀-ɾù(N) | ɐ-ɾu |
hand/arm | *jɑ:N | ɐ-jɑ | ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N) | ɐ-jɑ |
Final /*ʔ/ … :
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*-ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | ʔ | |
rain | *ɑ:ʔ | ɑʔ | ɑʔ | |
name | *wiʔ | ɐ-wiʔ | ɐ̀-wíʔ | ɐ-wiʔ |
Final /*j/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*-j | |||
*… |
…
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia |
*… | |||
*… |
… vowels …:
High front vowel /*i/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*i | i | i | i | |
foot/leg | *i | ɐ-i | ɐ-i | |
fire | *itɐ | iɾɐ | ìɾɐ̀ | iɾɐ |
name | *wiʔ | ɐ-wiʔ | ɐ̀-wíʔ | ɐ-wiʔ |
High back vowel /*u/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*u | u | u | u | |
egg | *u | ɐ-u | ɐ-u | |
louse | *nuN | ndu | nù(N) | nu |
liver | *tuN | ɐ-ɾu | ɐ̀-ɾù(N) | ɐ-ɾu |
Mid central vowel /*ɐ/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*ɐ | ɐ <ʌ> | ɐ | ɐ | |
fire | *itɐ | iɾɐ | ìɾɐ̀ | iɾɐ |
Long mid front vowel /*e:/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*e: | e | e | e | |
woman | *ɑ:te: | ɑɾe | ɑ̀ɾè | ɑɾe |
1 sg. | *ne: | ne | né | ne |
Long mid back vowel /*o:/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*o: | o | o | o | |
mother | *no:(-wɐ) | ndo | ɐ̀-nò-wɐ̀ | no-wɐ |
*no:N | ndo | nò(N) | no | |
three | *tɑ:Nmo: | tɑmbo | tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo | tɑmoro |
Long low central vowel /*ɑ:/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*ɑ: | ɑ <a> | ɑ | ɑ | |
path | *ɑ:N | ɑ | ɑ̀(N) | ɑ |
rain | *ɑ:ʔ | ɑʔ | ɑʔ | |
woman | *ɑ:te: | ɑɾe | ɑ̀ɾè | ɑɾe |
three | *tɑ:Nmo: | tɑmbo | tɑ̂mɐ̀ɾo | tɑmoro |
flying fox | *tɑ:NpɑN | tɑmpɐ | tɑ̀pɑ̀(N) | tɑpɑ |
hand/arm | *jɑ:N | ɐ-jɑ | ɐ̀-jɑ̌(N) | ɐ-jɑ |
Diphthong /*ɐⁱ/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*ɐⁱ | ɐⁱ | æ | æ | |
tooth | *wɐⁱ | ɐ-βɐⁱ-sɐ | ɐ́-wǽ | ɐ-wæ |
tree | *jɐⁱ | ijɐⁱ | tɐ |
Diphthong /*ɐᵘ/ is merged with mid back vowel /o/ in Awa:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*ɐᵘ | ɐᵒ | o | o | |
hair/feather | *jɐᵘ | ɐⁱ-jɐᵒ | ɐ́-jó | ɐ-jo |
Diphthong /*o:ⁱ/ …:
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
*o:ⁱ | oⁱ | oᵉ | oᵉ | |
wing/fin/tail | *[j]o:ⁱ | ɐⁱ-joⁱʔ | òè | owe |
Pronouns
[under construction]
…
South Kainantu | Oweina | Mobuta | Ilakia | |
1 sg. | *ne: | ne | ne | ne |
2 sg. | *… | enɑʔ(ompo/se) | ɐre | ɐre |
3 sg. | *… | miβɐⁱse | ||
1 pl. | *… | ijokɐetenɑ:hɾo | ||
2 pl. | *… | itenɐⁱsɐ | ||
3 pl. | *… | misɐ | ||
1 dl. | *… | tenɐɾɑ | ||
2 dl. | *… | tɐⁱsɐ ɾenɑ | ||
3 dl. | *… | muʔnɑⁱntɐ |
Verbal morphology
The verbal morphology of Awa is extensively described by Loving and McKaughan (1964, 1973: 36-55, 56-64,) but there is currently no known source of information about Oweina verbal morphology.