Southeast Awyu

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

[under construction]

The southeast Awyu subfamily is comprised of three closely-related languages, Edera River Awyu, Lower Kia River Awyu and Upper Kia River Awyu, spoken along and between the Edera and Kia tributaries to the Digul River in Indonesia's …

Subclassification

[under construction]



Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 13-19) provide lexical similarity figures between five Southeast Awyu villages as follows:

Upper Kia Lower Kia Lower Kia Edera Edera
Ujung Kia Ujung Kia Meto Bhakti Yame
Upper KiaUjung Kia 58 52 47 43
Lower KiaUjung Kia 58 65 45 41
Lower KiaMeto 52 65 51 40
Edera Bhakti 47 45 51 52
Edera Yame 43 41 40 52

Sources

Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47) 239 comparative terms for Edera Awyu of Meto, Ujung Kia, Yame and Bhakti villages and for Jair Awyu of Ujung Kia

Historical phonology

[under construction]



These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with all attestations drawn from Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47.) The reliability of the reconstructions is limited by uncertainties in the data …

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
*

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
*

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
*

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
*

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
*

Final /*t/ …

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
*-t ø t ʔ ø ø
louse*aŋgot a:ŋgu gut gu:ʔ go go

High front vowel /*i/ …

SE. Awyu Upper KiaLower Kia Lower Kia Edera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung Kia Meto Bhakti Yame
*i i i i i i
star *mi mi: mi mi mi mi
mother's mother*api a'pi a'pi a'pi a'bi
older sister *ani a'ni a'ni a'niʔ a'ni a'ni
dog *aŋgi 'aŋɣi a'ɣi 'aɣi a'ɣi 'agi
pig *[u]wi wi wi wi wi wi
male *basiN -batʃiŋ 'basiŋ -βasiŋ -bisiŋ -bati
name *ɸi hi ɸi ɸi ɸi ɸi
woman *ɸin[i]gi'hənaŋgi 'ɸinigi ɸini'gi ɸi
nose *siN si si si ˌsim-bi'gi-ˌsim-bə'gi-
above *siji si si: ≈ si si si: si
wind *k[i/u]ɸiki'hi ku'ɸi ku'ɸi
fence *xaⁱti xaⁱti xati
bird *ji i: i: i: ji ≈ i: ji ≈ i
path *j[a]di i'di 'jɛdi i'ri ≈ ja'rii'ɾi ɪ'di
snake *w[i]ti u'tʃi wi'si ≈ wiʃ-wi'si ɯ'si u'ti
river *w[i]di 'uri wi'ri wi- 'wij- uri

High central vowel /*ʉ/ …

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
ʉ ɯ ʉ ɯ ʉ ɯ ɯ ɯ u
night *asʉ a'sʉ a'sʉ a'sʉ 'asɯ 'ɑsɯ
village*b[u]tʉ bɯ'tʃu bɯ'sɯ bɯ'sɯ bu'sɯ bu'tu
banana *tʉ tsɯ ʈu

High back vowel /*u/ …

SE. Awyu Upper KiaLower Kia Lower Kia Edera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung Kia Meto Bhakti Yame
*u u u u u u
smoke *[a]ku əku ə'ku ə'ku -iku -aku
egg *mug[ijɔ]mu'gʲu mu'gio mu'go ≈ mu'ɣɔməgu mugu
sago *du ɖu ≈ du: ɖu(:) dʲu ɖu ɖu
bow *duN ɖũ ɖu dʲu ɖiŋ ≈ ɖuŋɖuŋ
sea *duɸu 'dʲuɸu 'ɖuɸu 'ɖuɸu
bamboo *sumb[a] su'ba su'ba
younger sibling*kudɜ 'kuda kudʒo ≈ kuɖo'kure kurɛ 'kuɾe
garden *xɔju xoⁱ xoᵘ xoᵘ xoᵘ ≈ hu:'xaju
speech *[j]u u u u
inside *wɔmu wo'mu 'womu 'womu ɯ'mu 'aᵘmu

High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …

SE. Awyu Upper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto Bhakti Yame
*e̝ i i i e ɛ ie ɛ
3 sg. *ɛge̝ 'ɛgɛ
long *pe̝j[a] pi 'pija: 'pijaʔ 'pe- pe
leech *t[ɛ]se̝N'tesi:ŋ si'si si'sin te'sɛ
tooth *t[a]je̝ tsi si
be *ke̝ ki
friend*xabe̝N 'xabi 'xabiŋ 'xabi 'xabiŋ xa'bɛ

High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …

SE. Awyu Upper Kia Lower Kia Lower Kia Edera Edera
Ujung Kia Ujung Kia Meto Bhakti Yame
*o̝ u o u u o o ɔ u o
louse *aŋgo̝t a:ŋgu gut gu:ʔ go go
1 sg. *no̝ no nu nu ≈ nɔ no
1 pl. *no̝go̝ 'noɣo 'nuɣu nugu 'nugu ≈ 'nogo noɣo
person *no̝xo̝ nu 'noɣo no'ɣo
knife *so̝ko̝ 'suku 'soku so:'ko
moon *kamo̝ ka'mɛ ka'mu ka'mu ka'mu
wash *ko̝(m) kum-a kum-ɛ kum-u kom-ɛ
sleep (n.)*ko̝no̝(m) kunu:ŋ- ≈ 'kɨrum-kunuŋ- ≈ 'kunum-'kuni ≈ konəm-kono ≈ 'hunum-ko'no
flesh *ko̝do̝ kə'ru 'kuru ku'ruʔ ko'ro 'koro ≈ koɾo
stone axe *[k/x]abo̝ 'xaβu 'kaɸo 'ka:mbo 'xabu
2 sg. *go̝ gu ≈ guʔ gu gu ≈ guʔ go
2 pl. *go̝go̝ 'gũŋgo 'gogo 'gogo
crocodile *xajambo̝[s]xaⁱ'bu haⁱbu 'xaⁱbu 'xaⁱm'bo 'ɣajambos
husband *xo̝ xu hu ɣo

Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ …

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
tongue*ɸagɛ 'ɸake 'ɸakɛ 'ɸakɛ 'ɸo:kɛ

Low mid central vowel /*ɜ/ …

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower Kia Lower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung Kia Meto BhaktiYame
ɛ a o a
water *ɜjɜ æ: ≈ ɛ
dry *sɜ[N] so sa:(ŋ)'ʂaŋ
sun *s[a]wɜ su'wɛ sa'wa sa'wa sɯ'wɛ sija
younger sibling*kudɜ 'kuda kudʒo ≈ kuɖo'kure kurɛ 'kuɾe
mouth *xatɜ 'xata 'xatɛ 'xata
left *wɜ wɛ: wa wa wa

Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ …

SE. AwyuUpper Kia Lower Kia Lower Kia Edera Edera
Ujung Kia Ujung Kia Meto BhaktiYame
o o ɔ o o
excrement 'o- 'o- ɔ- ɔ: 'o-
breast *ɔN õŋ õŋ õŋ 'ono
water *ɔxɔ 'oho ≈ o: ɔ̃: ≈ o: o'ɣo 'oɣo
behind *mɔ mɔ:ʔ mɔ: mɔʔ
afraid *mɔke̝ 'mo:ki mo'kuŋ mo'ku 'mokɛ mo'kɛ
father *bɔ -mo -bɔ
earth/ground*sɔxɔ 'sogo ≈ 'soɣo'sogo ≈ 'soɣosɔ: so'ɣo
red *kaŋgɔ kãŋ kaŋ'go kɐ̃:ŋ kaŋ'gukaŋ'go
blood *gɔN gõŋ gõŋ gõŋ gõŋ gõŋ
man *xɔ ho xo xo xo
fruit/seed *jɔ ɔ: -o ju jo
leaf/hair *jɔN õ ≈ ɔ̃ŋɔ̃ joŋ 'ono ≈ ɔnɔu joŋ
3 pl. *jɔxɔ 'joɣo 'joɣo
inside *wɔmu wo'mu 'womu 'womu ɯ'mu 'aᵘmu

SE. Awyu Upper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto BhaktiYame
*[a/o]
bone

Low central vowel /*a/ …

SE. Awyu Upper Kia Lower Kia Lower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung Kia Ujung Kia Meto Bhakti Yame
*a a a [a ɑ]a a [a ɑ]a
rain *a a: a a a a
mother's mother*api a'pi a'pi a'pi a'bi
house *aɸaxaⁱN axĩŋ 'aɸaŋ 'ãɸɐ̃ŋ 'aɸagaŋ 'aɸaɣa
older sister *ani a'ni a'ni a'niʔ a'ni a'ni
night *asʉ a'sʉ a'sʉ a'sʉ 'asɯ 'ɑsɯ
dog *aŋgi 'aŋɣi a'ɣi 'aɣi a'ɣi 'agi
fish *axaᵉ 'aɣɛ aⁱ a a'ɣaᶦ 'aɣaᶦ
tooth *maga 'məga- 'maga 'mag-
male *basiN -batʃiŋ 'basiŋ -βasiŋ -bisiŋ -bati
tongue *ɸagɛ 'ɸake 'ɸakɛ 'ɸakɛ 'ɸo:kɛ
in front *samaN 'samaŋ sa'ma
moon *kamo̝ ka'mɛ ka'mu ka'mu ka'mu
red *kaŋgɔ kãŋ kaŋ'go kɐ̃:ŋ kaŋ'gu kaŋ'go
stone axe *[k/x]abo̝ 'xaβu 'kaɸo 'ka:mbo 'xabu
skin/bark *xa ga ≈ ka ≈ -ɣaxa xa ≈ -ɣa 'xaᶦ ≈ -ɣajɛ
lime *xam[i] xa'mi qa'mi
friend *xabe̝N 'xabi 'xabiŋ 'xabi 'xabiŋ xa'bɛ
head *xabaN 'xabaŋ 'xab- 'xabaŋ xa'baŋ xa'baŋ
mouth *xatɜ 'xata 'xatɛ 'xata
crocodile *xajambo̝[s]xaⁱ'bu haⁱbu 'xaⁱbu 'xaⁱm'bo 'ɣajambos
woman/wife *raN ã: ɐ̃ŋ ≈ ã:ŋ ã jaŋ

Pronouns

Southeast Awyu free pronouns are reconstructed as follows (q.v. Lebold, Kriens and Susanto 2013: 38):

SE. AwyuUpper KiaLower KiaLower KiaEdera Edera
Ujung KiaUjung KiaMeto Bhakti Yame
1 sg.*no̝ no nu nu ≈ nɔ no
2 sg.*go̝ gu ≈ guʔ gu gu ≈ guʔ go
3 sg.*ɛge̝ 'ɛgɛ
1 pl.*no̝go̝ 'noɣo 'nuɣu nugu 'nugu ≈ 'nogonoɣo
2 pl.*go̝go̝ 'gũŋgo 'gogo 'gogo
3 pl.*jɔxɔ 'joɣo 'joɣo

(n.b. pronouns misassigned in the source have been corrected above.)