Southeast Awyu
Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute
Situation
[under construction]
The southeast Awyu subfamily is comprised of three closely-related languages, Edera River Awyu, Lower Kia River Awyu and Upper Kia River Awyu, spoken along and between the Edera and Kia tributaries to the Digul River in Indonesia's …
Subclassification
[under construction]
…
Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 13-19) provide lexical similarity figures between five Southeast Awyu villages as follows:
Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | ||
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
Upper Kia | Ujung Kia | — | 58 | 52 | 47 | 43 |
Lower Kia | Ujung Kia | 58 | — | 65 | 45 | 41 |
Lower Kia | Meto | 52 | 65 | — | 51 | 40 |
Edera | Bhakti | 47 | 45 | 51 | — | 52 |
Edera | Yame | 43 | 41 | 40 | 52 | — |
Sources
Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47) 239 comparative terms for Edera Awyu of Meto, Ujung Kia, Yame and Bhakti villages and for Jair Awyu of Ujung Kia
Historical phonology
[under construction]
…
These correspondences are exemplified as follows, with all attestations drawn from Lebold, Kriens and Susanto (2013: 36-47.) The reliability of the reconstructions is limited by uncertainties in the data …
…
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
* | |||||
…
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
* | |||||
…
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
* | |||||
…
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
* | |||||
…
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | |
* | |||||
Final /*t/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*-t | ø | t | ʔ | ø | ø | |
louse | *aŋgot | a:ŋgu | gut | gu:ʔ | go | go |
High front vowel /*i/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*i | i | i | i | i | i | |
star | *mi | mi: | mi | mi | mi | mi |
mother's mother | *api | a'pi | a'pi | a'pi | a'bi | |
older sister | *ani | a'ni | a'ni | a'niʔ | a'ni | a'ni |
dog | *aŋgi | 'aŋɣi | a'ɣi | 'aɣi | a'ɣi | 'agi |
pig | *[u]wi | wi | wi | wi | wi | wi |
male | *basiN | -batʃiŋ | 'basiŋ | -βasiŋ | -bisiŋ | -bati |
name | *ɸi | hi | ɸi | ɸi | ɸi | ɸi |
woman | *ɸin[i]gi | 'hənaŋgi | 'ɸinigi | ɸini'gi | ɸi | |
nose | *siN | si | si | si | ˌsim-bi'gi- | ˌsim-bə'gi- |
above | *siji | si | si: ≈ si | si | si: | si |
wind | *k[i/u]ɸi | ki'hi | ku'ɸi | ku'ɸi | ||
fence | *xaⁱti | xaⁱti | xati | |||
bird | *ji | i: | i: | i: | ji ≈ i: | ji ≈ i |
path | *j[a]di | i'di | 'jɛdi | i'ri ≈ ja'ri | i'ɾi | ɪ'di |
snake | *w[i]ti | u'tʃi | wi'si ≈ wiʃ- | wi'si | ɯ'si | u'ti |
river | *w[i]di | 'uri | wi'ri | wi- | 'wij- | uri |
High central vowel /*ʉ/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*ʉ | ʉ ɯ | ʉ ɯ | ʉ ɯ | ɯ | ɯ u | |
night | *asʉ | a'sʉ | a'sʉ | a'sʉ | 'asɯ | 'ɑsɯ |
village | *b[u]tʉ | bɯ'tʃu | bɯ'sɯ | bɯ'sɯ | bu'sɯ | bu'tu |
banana | *tʉ | tsɯ | sɯ | sɯ | sɯ | ʈu |
High back vowel /*u/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*u | u | u | u | u | u | |
smoke | *[a]ku | əku | ə'ku | ə'ku | -iku | -aku |
egg | *mug[ijɔ] | mu'gʲu | mu'gio | mu'go ≈ mu'ɣɔ | məgu | mugu |
sago | *du | ɖu ≈ du: | ɖu(:) | dʲu | ɖu | ɖu |
bow | *duN | ɖũ | ɖu | dʲu | ɖiŋ ≈ ɖuŋ | ɖuŋ |
sea | *duɸu | 'dʲuɸu | 'ɖuɸu | 'ɖuɸu | ||
bamboo | *sumb[a] | su'ba | su'ba | |||
younger sibling | *kudɜ | 'kuda | kudʒo ≈ kuɖo | 'kure | kurɛ | 'kuɾe |
garden | *xɔju | xoⁱ | xoᵘ | xoᵘ | xoᵘ ≈ hu: | 'xaju |
speech | *[j]u | u | u | u | ||
inside | *wɔmu | wo'mu | 'womu | 'womu | ɯ'mu | 'aᵘmu |
High mid front vowel /*e̝/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*e̝ | i | i | i | e ɛ i | e ɛ | |
3 sg. | *ɛge̝ | 'ɛgɛ | ||||
long | *pe̝j[a] | pi | 'pija: | 'pijaʔ | 'pe- | pe |
leech | *t[ɛ]se̝N | 'tesi:ŋ | si'si | si'sin | te'sɛ | |
tooth | *t[a]je̝ | tsi | si | tɛ | tɛ | |
be | *ke̝ | ki | kɛ | kɛ | ||
friend | *xabe̝N | 'xabi | 'xabiŋ | 'xabi | 'xabiŋ | xa'bɛ |
High mid back vowel /*o̝/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*o̝ | u o | u | u o | o ɔ u | o | |
louse | *aŋgo̝t | a:ŋgu | gut | gu:ʔ | go | go |
1 sg. | *no̝ | no | nu | nũ | nu ≈ nɔ | no |
1 pl. | *no̝go̝ | 'noɣo | 'nuɣu | nugu | 'nugu ≈ 'nogo | noɣo |
person | *no̝xo̝ | nu | 'noɣo | no'ɣo | ||
knife | *so̝ko̝ | 'suku | 'soku | so:'ko | ||
moon | *kamo̝ | ka'mɛ | ka'mu | ka'mu | ka'mu | |
wash | *ko̝(m) | kum-a | kum-ɛ | kum-u | kom-ɛ | |
sleep (n.) | *ko̝no̝(m) | kunu:ŋ- ≈ 'kɨrum- | kunuŋ- ≈ 'kunum- | 'kuni ≈ konəm- | kono ≈ 'hunum- | ko'no |
flesh | *ko̝do̝ | kə'ru | 'kuru | ku'ruʔ | ko'ro | 'koro ≈ koɾo |
stone axe | *[k/x]abo̝ | 'xaβu | 'kaɸo | 'ka:mbo | 'xabu | |
2 sg. | *go̝ | gu ≈ guʔ | gu | gu ≈ guʔ | gɔ | go |
2 pl. | *go̝go̝ | 'gũŋgo | 'gogo | 'gogo | ||
crocodile | *xajambo̝[s] | xaⁱ'bu | haⁱbu | 'xaⁱbu | 'xaⁱm'bo | 'ɣajambos |
husband | *xo̝ | xu | hu | ɣo |
Low mid front vowel /*ɛ/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*ɛ | ||||||
tongue | *ɸagɛ | 'ɸake | 'ɸakɛ | 'ɸakɛ | 'ɸo:kɛ |
Low mid central vowel /*ɜ/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*ɜ | ɛ a | o a | ||||
water | *ɜjɜ | æ: ≈ ɛ | ||||
dry | *sɜ[N] | sɛ | so | sɔ | sa:(ŋ) | 'ʂaŋ |
sun | *s[a]wɜ | su'wɛ | sa'wa | sa'wa | sɯ'wɛ | sija |
younger sibling | *kudɜ | 'kuda | kudʒo ≈ kuɖo | 'kure | kurɛ | 'kuɾe |
mouth | *xatɜ | 'xata | 'xatɛ | 'xata | ||
left | *wɜ | wɛ: | wa | wa | wɛ | wa |
Low mid back vowel /*ɔ/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*ɔ | o | o | ɔ | o | o | |
excrement | *ɔ | 'o- | 'o- | ɔ- | ɔ: | 'o- |
breast | *ɔN | õŋ | õŋ | õŋ | 'ono | |
water | *ɔxɔ | 'oho ≈ o: | ɔ̃: ≈ o: | o'ɣo | 'oɣo | |
behind | *mɔ | mɔ:ʔ | mɔ: | mɔ | mɔʔ | |
afraid | *mɔke̝ | 'mo:ki | mo'kuŋ | mo'ku | 'mokɛ | mo'kɛ |
father | *bɔ | -mo | -bɔ | |||
earth/ground | *sɔxɔ | 'sogo ≈ 'soɣo | 'sogo ≈ 'soɣo | sɔ: | so'ɣo | |
red | *kaŋgɔ | kãŋ | kaŋ'go | kɐ̃:ŋ | kaŋ'gu | kaŋ'go |
blood | *gɔN | gõŋ | gõŋ | gõŋ | gõŋ | gõŋ |
man | *xɔ | ho | xo | xo | xo | |
fruit/seed | *jɔ | ɔ: | -o | ju | jo | |
leaf/hair | *jɔN | õ ≈ ɔ̃ŋɔ̃ | joŋ | 'ono ≈ ɔnɔ | u | joŋ |
3 pl. | *jɔxɔ | 'joɣo | 'joɣo | |||
inside | *wɔmu | wo'mu | 'womu | 'womu | ɯ'mu | 'aᵘmu |
…
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*[a/o] | ||||||
bone |
Low central vowel /*a/ …
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
*a | a | a [a ɑ] | a | a [a ɑ] | a | |
rain | *a | a: | a | a | a | a |
mother's mother | *api | a'pi | a'pi | a'pi | a'bi | |
house | *aɸaxaⁱN | axĩŋ | 'aɸaŋ | 'ãɸɐ̃ŋ | 'aɸagaŋ | 'aɸaɣa |
older sister | *ani | a'ni | a'ni | a'niʔ | a'ni | a'ni |
night | *asʉ | a'sʉ | a'sʉ | a'sʉ | 'asɯ | 'ɑsɯ |
dog | *aŋgi | 'aŋɣi | a'ɣi | 'aɣi | a'ɣi | 'agi |
fish | *axaᵉ | 'aɣɛ | aⁱ | a | a'ɣaᶦ | 'aɣaᶦ |
tooth | *maga | 'məga- | 'maga | 'mag- | ||
male | *basiN | -batʃiŋ | 'basiŋ | -βasiŋ | -bisiŋ | -bati |
tongue | *ɸagɛ | 'ɸake | 'ɸakɛ | 'ɸakɛ | 'ɸo:kɛ | |
in front | *samaN | 'samaŋ | sa'ma | |||
moon | *kamo̝ | ka'mɛ | ka'mu | ka'mu | ka'mu | |
red | *kaŋgɔ | kãŋ | kaŋ'go | kɐ̃:ŋ | kaŋ'gu | kaŋ'go |
stone axe | *[k/x]abo̝ | 'xaβu | 'kaɸo | 'ka:mbo | 'xabu | |
skin/bark | *xa | ga ≈ ka ≈ -ɣa | xɑ | xa | xa ≈ -ɣa | 'xaᶦ ≈ -ɣajɛ |
lime | *xam[i] | xa'mi | qa'mi | |||
friend | *xabe̝N | 'xabi | 'xabiŋ | 'xabi | 'xabiŋ | xa'bɛ |
head | *xabaN | 'xabaŋ | 'xab- | 'xabaŋ | xa'baŋ | xa'baŋ |
mouth | *xatɜ | 'xata | 'xatɛ | 'xata | ||
crocodile | *xajambo̝[s] | xaⁱ'bu | haⁱbu | 'xaⁱbu | 'xaⁱm'bo | 'ɣajambos |
woman/wife | *raN | ã: | ɐ̃ŋ ≈ ã:ŋ | ã | jaŋ |
Pronouns
Southeast Awyu free pronouns are reconstructed as follows (q.v. Lebold, Kriens and Susanto 2013: 38):
SE. Awyu | Upper Kia | Lower Kia | Lower Kia | Edera | Edera | |
Ujung Kia | Ujung Kia | Meto | Bhakti | Yame | ||
1 sg. | *no̝ | no | nu | nũ | nu ≈ nɔ | no |
2 sg. | *go̝ | gu ≈ guʔ | gu | gu ≈ guʔ | gɔ | go |
3 sg. | *ɛge̝ | 'ɛgɛ | ||||
1 pl. | *no̝go̝ | 'noɣo | 'nuɣu | nugu | 'nugu ≈ 'nogo | noɣo |
2 pl. | *go̝go̝ | 'gũŋgo | 'gogo | 'gogo | ||
3 pl. | *jɔxɔ | 'joɣo | 'joɣo |
(n.b. pronouns misassigned in the source have been corrected above.)