Yale

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

[under construction]

Yale, also known as Kosarek, is spoken by … people living in eight villages (1992) in the valley of the Denkomne and In rivers … central mountain range … Indonesia's Papua province. The people call themselves the Yalenang /ʝalɛnaŋ/ “east-people” and their language Yale Yubu /ʝalɛ ʝubu/ “east language.” The term Kosarek, used by missionaries and the Indonesian government, properly refers to the area around the airstrip. The staple crop of the Yale region is the sweet potato (Heeschen 1992: 7.)

Sources

Bromley (n.d.) unpublished survey vocabulary of Wanam (unobtained)

Voorhoeve (1975: 117) 39 comparative terms for Wanam after Bromley (n.d.)

Heeschen (1978) comparative notes and (pp. 41-44) 100 comparative terms for Kosarek

Heeschen (1982) comparative notes

Heeschen (1992) grammar and dictionary of Yale (Kosarek)

Heeschen (2000) (unobtained)

Phonology

Heeschen (1992: 9-14) gives 15 consonants and 5 vowels for Yale as follows:

m n ŋ
[pʰ] [tʰ]
k
b d
[f] s h
β l ʝ ʕ
i u
ɛ ɔ
a

[under construction]



Six diphthongs are found as follows:

ɛⁱ ɔᵘ
aⁱ aᵘ
aᵋ aᵓ

Pronouns

Heeschen (1992: 16) gives Yale free pronouns and verbal objects as follows:

nominativeobject
1 sg.na -nɛ-
2 sg.an -kɛ-
3 sg.ɛl -ø-
1 pl.nu(n) -sɛ-
2 pl.ʕaᵘn -sɛ-
3 pl.sin -ø-

Verbal morphology

[under construction]

Heeschen (1992: 27-28) gives subject desinences for Kosarek final and medial verbs as follows:

present future remote pastnear pastpotentialimperativemedial
1 sg.-na ≈ -n-nu-n -si -nɔ -sɛ-nɛ -nɛ
2 sg.-lam -lu-lam-lum -ɔm -s-ɔm -mɛn
3 sg.-la ≈ -l-lu-l -ɔk -s-ɔ -lɛ
1 pl.-ab -uk-ab -ubu -ɔbɔ -sɛ-bɛ -lam-dud -bɛ
2 pl.-lɔm -lu-lɔm-lum -ɔm -s-ɔm ? -mum
3 pl.-aŋ -uk-aŋ -ɛk -ɔŋ -sɛ-ŋ -ɛk
1 dl.-nam -nu-nam-numu -nɔmɔ -sɛ-nɛmɛ -lam-kud -nɛmɛb
2 dl.-dɔm -du-dɔm-dum -dɔm -sɛ-dɔm -lam-sud -dumun
3 dl.-daŋ -dukaŋ -dɛk -dɔŋ -sɛ-dɛŋ -dɛk

Counting system

Yale has a body-part counting system of the type characteristic of the central west New Guinea region, in which, excepting one, two, and three, the term for the number is generally the same as that for the body part which is touched during tallying. Counting begins from the left pinkie at one, proceeding to the thumb and then up the left side of the body until reaching the top of the head, then proceeding downward on the right side of the body as follows (Heescben 1992: 23):

left side right side
[pinkie] 1 nhɔn 27 sɛlɛk, dɛŋ nhɔn
[ring finger] 2 pʰɛndɛ 26 pʰɛndɛ-ba
[middle finger]3 βilindi 25 βilindi-ba
index finger 4 dɔm-badɛ 24 dɔm-dada
thumb 5 lam-badɛ 23 lam-dada
wrist (pulse) 6 naʕɔb-badɛ 22 naʕɔb-dada
forearm 7 saᵋk-badɛ 21 saᵋk-dada
elbow (inside) 8 lin-badɛ 20 lin-dada
upper arm 9 subna-badɛ 19 subna-dada
shoulder 10 saʕɔ-badɛ 18 saʕɔ-dada
side of neck 11 kɔʕɔlɔm-badɛ17 kɔʕɔlɔm-dada
ear 12 aᵓ-badɛ 16 aᵓ-dada
temple 13 nɔᵘβal-badɛ 15 nɔᵘβal-dada
top of skull 14 mɛk-badɛ