West Kainantu
Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute
Situation
The West Kainantu family is comprised of perhaps nine languages spoken in the Kainantu, Okapa and Obura-Wonenara subdistricts of Papua New Guinea's Eastern Highlands province.
Subclassification
The internal classification of West Kainantu is as follows:
West Kainantu
North Kainantu
Agarabi
Kambaira
Gadsup
Oyana
Ontena
Akuna-Tompena
Central and South Kainantu
Central Kainantu
Awiyaana
Usarufa
South Kainantu
Awa
Oweina
The placement of Oyana above is based upon McKaughan (1964: 99-101, 1973: xvi, 403, 695-698, 699) and Frantz (1976: 75,) as no Oyana data is available to us at this time.
Wurm (q.v. McKaughan 1973: 698) …:
Gadsup | Oyana | Auyana | Awa | |
Gadsup | — | 69 | 46 | ? |
Oyana | 69 | — | 53 | ? |
Auyana | 46 | 53 | — | 46 |
Awa | ? | ? | 46 | — |
(Gadsup i.e. Akuna)
McKaughan (1964: 99-101, 1973: 695-698) calculates lexicostatistical resemblances between nine West Kainantu villages as follows:
Gadsup | Auyana | Awa | ||||||||
Oyana | Akuna | Tompena | Kawaina | Kosena | Asempa | Tauna | Ilakia | Mobuta | ||
Gadsup | Oyana | — | 85.7 | 84.7 | 70.4 | 72.2 | 71.4 | 66.7 | 63.5 | 63.5 |
Akuna | 85.7 | — | 97.9 | 65.6 | 66.3 | 67.7 | 66.0 | 63.9 | 63.3 | |
Tomp. | 84.7 | 97.9 | — | 64.6 | 65.3 | 69.4 | 64.6 | 63.5 | 61.8 | |
Auyana | Kawaina | 70.4 | 65.6 | 64.6 | — | 93.9 | 91.9 | 76.3 | 73.2 | 72.4 |
Kosena | 72.2 | 66.3 | 65.3 | 93.9 | — | 97.9 | 76.0 | 73.9 | 71.9 | |
Asempa | 71.4 | 67.7 | 69.4 | 91.9 | 97.9 | — | 78.3 | 75.2 | 74.2 | |
Awa | Tauna | 66.7 | 66.0 | 64.6 | 76.3 | 76.0 | 78.3 | — | 82.6 | 86.3 |
Ilakia | 63.5 | 63.9 | 63.5 | 73.2 | 73.9 | 75.2 | 92.6 | — | 88.4 | |
Mobuta | 63.5 | 63.3 | 61.8 | 72.4 | 71.9 | 74.2 | 86.3 | 88.4 | — |
Sources
[under construction]
…
Historical phonology
[under construction]
Proto-West Kainantu had 8 consonants and 6 vowels as follows:
*m | *n | |
*p | *t | *s |
*w | *ɾ | *j |
*i | *u | |
*e: | *ɐ | *o: |
*ɑ: |
In addition to the simple vowels above, four diphthongs occur:
*ɐⁱ | *ɐᵘ |
*o:ⁱ | |
*ɑ:ⁱ |
…
Only a restricted set of consonants occurs finally. Finals /*N/ and /*ʔ/ are archiphonemes resulting from the conflation of nasals and stops respectively in final position:
*N | |
*ʔ | |
*ɾ | *j |
…
Bee's (1965: 1-37, 1973: 739-768) reconstruction of Eastern Family, while formally including Tairora and Afaqina (Binumarien,) is in most respects a reconstruction of West Kainantu. Bee's values are not unreasonable, but are not entirely consistent, and are based upon too few (60) comparative terms to support a reliable system. Equivalences between the values adopted here and those of Bee are as follows:
Usher | Bee |
*m | *m *b |
*n | *n |
*p | *p |
*t- | *k |
*-t- | *r *d |
*s | *t |
*s | *h |
*w- | *kw |
*-w- | *w |
*ɾ | *d |
*j | *j |
*-ø | *-V |
*-N | *-N |
*-ʔ | *-Q |
*-ɾ | *-V |
*-j | *-V |
*i | *i |
*u | *u |
*ɐ | *ə *a |
*e: | *e |
*o: | *o |
*ɑ: | *ɔ |
*ɐⁱ | — |
*ɐᵘ | *au |
*o:ⁱ | *oi |
*ɑ:ⁱ | — |
…
…
Pronouns
[under construction]
…
Verbal morphology
[under construction]
…