Balim Valley

Timothy Usher, Santa Fe Institute

Situation

[under construction]

Subclassification

[under construction]

The internal classification of Balim Valley is as follows:

Balim Valley

Wano

Nggem

Dani

Ngalik-Nduga

Sources

[under construction]

van Nouhuys (1912: 269-273) …

Galis (1955) …

Le Roux …

van der Stap (1966) grammar of Mugogo Dani

Bromley (1966-1967) Dani historical phonology and (pp. 305-306) 111 comparative terms for Upper Pyramid, Pyramid-Wodo, Mid-Grand Valley, Lower Valley of Hitigima, Lower Valley of Tangma, Kiniageima Amo and Jalimo Angguruk

Bromley …

Bromley …

Larson …

Voorhoeve (1975: 105) …

Fahrner (1979) …

Stokhof ed. (1983) …

Dale (1993) …

Purba, Warwer and Fatubun (1993) … of Dani Barat and (pp. 81-112) …

Clouse (1997: 165-230) … comparative terms for Dani (Western Dani) after Berryman 1986

Sawaki (1998) … Middle Yali

Biniluk, Wanimbo, Corris, Cɾowther, Donohue and Jigwa (2000) … terms for Lani (Western Dani) of Kanggime village

Etherington (2002) grammar of Nggem of Kobakma and Wamena villages

Burung (2007) phonology of and (pp. 64-82) … comparative terms for Wano of Biricare and Iratoi villages

Zöllner (n.d.) …

Historical phonology

[under construction]

Proto-Balim Valley had probably 17 consonants and 7 or 8 vowels as follows:

*m *n
*p *pʷ *t *k *kʷ
*mb *mbʷ *nd *ŋg *ŋgʷ
*w *l *j
*i *u
*e [*ɐ] *o
*a

This is identical to the inventory proposed in Bromley (1966-1967) save for the addition of rounded bilabial stops /*pʷ *mbʷ/, which are found only in a few examples and are neutralized to /*p *mb/ in the languages which formed the core of Bromley's study, and the possible addition of central vowel /*ɐ / which might be needed to explain the varying realizations of preposed inalienable possessors.

In addition to the simple vowels given above, diphthongs are found as follows:

*eⁱ *oᵘ
*aⁱ *aᵘ

Only a restricted set of consonants is known to occur root-finally:



Consonant clusters do not occur initially or finally. Medially, they are uncommon and in most or all instances reflect a compound.





Pronouns

[under construction]

Verbal morphology

[under construction]